1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:06,500 I'm W.I.S. Beaker then, for FU, the committee. 2 00:00:06,500 --> 00:00:15,000 J.B. have Dr. Trovordi, who I'm going to talk to us about neuroscience and psychology, 3 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:17,000 and all the other things. 4 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:21,000 Right now, he is a professor of National Security Studies, University of New Haven. 5 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:27,000 This book is teaching National Security Studies, Domestic International Intelligence 6 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:31,000 Analysis and issues in the department of health and health. 7 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:35,000 Dr. Mori is developing a concentration in the human aspects, intelligence analysis, 8 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:40,000 and psychological operations, arenas that are relevant to the intelligence community. 9 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:45,000 He has a pretty robust background with military folks doing research at Searschool, 10 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:50,000 helping with selection processes, for special research, courses done for Bragg, etc. 11 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:53,000 So, if you have any questions, I will hand it up to you. 12 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:57,000 It's nice to be here. Actually, it was in Navy. 13 00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:59,000 It wasn't Army, but it had done more work with the Army. 14 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:02,000 I think over all these years than I ever did with the Navy. 15 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:09,000 So, I would like to talk to you a little bit about today, is something I was asked to do in 2010 16 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:10,000 in 2011. 17 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:14,000 I was getting ready to leave over CIA, where I worked for a number of years. 18 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:18,000 And the intelligence science board said, could you give us a brief? 19 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:21,000 What's in store for us in the future? 20 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:24,000 I was like, I don't know, predicting the future is really hard. 21 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:29,000 So, I told my boss at the time, and said, well, I think the best I'll do is make an estimate over what 22 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:34,000 I think is going to happen in the next five years, given certain technologies that were being developed at the time. 23 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:36,000 And this is a bit of an extension about it. 24 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:41,000 I presented to the SSG, and it was some information I think some people didn't know, 25 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:45,000 and I think it's good for people to be aware of what's going on out there. 26 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:50,000 The one thing that makes predicting a little bit of the future easier when you look at biomedical science, 27 00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:56,000 is that labs are working fairly systematically with overtly stated goals. 28 00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:00,000 So, if you think about it, science is not really done in a haphazard way. 29 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:02,000 It takes time preparation. 30 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:05,000 You have to test multiple hypotheses, develop techniques. 31 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:10,000 So, it is not really rocket science to look at a lab and say, this is where they're going. 32 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:15,000 And here are probably two of the Achilles heel points in the design. 33 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:19,000 But if they circumvent those, they will probably achieve what they say they want to do. 34 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:22,000 So, that's a little bit of what this is about. 35 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:26,000 I was going to give you my thoughts on mind body and beyond. 36 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:28,000 Gene slicing. 37 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:30,000 The Dr. Ventner's work. 38 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:32,000 DNA encryption. 39 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:38,000 And something about memory that the past is not what it used to be. 40 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:46,000 What I'd like you to consider for a minute is that one of the things that most people have a hard time understanding is that there is a difference between 41 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:48,000 the brain, our mind and our body. 42 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:54,000 Your personal experience is usually of an integrated operating system since the time you were little. 43 00:02:54,000 --> 00:03:02,000 However, there has been a plan in many labs to figure out how do we help people whose bodies don't work in the way that they want them to do. 44 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:04,000 We'll have neurologic defects. 45 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,000 Could you start the first video? 46 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:13,000 So, as a way of surrounding that, people are experimenting five or six years ago. 47 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,000 Or is there only a 2008, somebody has some face? 48 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,000 With whether or not you can do a brain robotic interface. 49 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:22,000 I don't know if there's a volume for that. 50 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:29,000 And that we go through with our monkeys as they go through and try to learn how to use this robot. 51 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:32,000 So, they're using brain signals. 52 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:42,000 So, signals from their motor cortex that we pull out of wires into our system and our computers then decode what it is that the monkey is intending to do. 53 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:49,000 And drive the endpoint of this arm forward and backward and around through space. 54 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:55,000 The monkeys have brain control over this robotic arm to move it forward and grab a piece of fruit. 55 00:03:55,000 --> 00:04:00,000 This is presented in the brain back to their mouth to feed themselves. 56 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,000 Incredibles it may seem. 57 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:10,000 These monkeys learn to feed themselves with a robot arm that was being directly controlled by their brains. 58 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:13,000 As if it was simply part of them. 59 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:21,000 This is a biophie back closely, kind of experiment, and that there's an automatic, almost an automatic learning that's going on. 60 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:25,000 We're a work communicating with you. 61 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:30,000 So, essentially, when you're little and you're growing up and you're learning how to work your appendages, 62 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:34,000 you are making good motor neuron connections and inhibitory connections. 63 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:45,000 And what they're able to do back in 2008 with a primary is have it learn through trial and error that by thinking it can move a robotic arm and feed itself. 64 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:50,000 It didn't take too long for the neural interface issue to be resolved. 65 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:59,000 Once people figured out, you could implant electrodes on brain tissue and then take a biological signal and turn it into an electrical signal and amplify it. 66 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:03,000 It took a little while for the monkeys to figure out how to do it early on. 67 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:07,000 They would give it a little joystick, so it was like playing a video game. 68 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:12,000 And pretty soon, the monkeys actually, there's a chip that's done it as well. 69 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:17,000 She figured out she just didn't need to use the little joystick and could just think about it. 70 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:22,000 And then the arm would move and the monkey would be an experiment and would think about where it wanted the arm to go. 71 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:25,000 So it was learning I have a new appendage. 72 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:32,000 The same is true in people. You can see just four years later, we see it being done in humans. 73 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:36,000 You can start that for me please. 74 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:44,000 With people who have neurologic and breathing can't use their limbs. 75 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:48,000 I don't know if it'll play. 76 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,000 Yeah, try and hover over the screen. 77 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:55,000 There we go. 78 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:58,000 Oh, try it down. 79 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:00,000 There you go. Perfect. 80 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:01,000 It's right. 81 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:04,000 My life has changed dramatically since the accident. 82 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:07,000 As of right now, there's nothing to cure paralysis. 83 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:09,000 Besides maybe a miracle. 84 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:12,000 The first thing I'll do if I get more arms back, I would hug my daughter. 85 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:17,000 Be really nice to scoop something up on a spoon and feed on it. 86 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:20,000 This is going to go beyond spinal cord if this works. 87 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:21,000 This is going to go MS. 88 00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:22,000 This is going to go stroke. 89 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:23,000 This is huge. 90 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:26,000 This is millions and millions and millions of people. 91 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:33,000 I'm pretty much broken from the neck down, I guess you could say. 92 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:38,000 The only thing that I have left that is untouched is my brain. 93 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:41,000 And obviously I'm able to use it very good. 94 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:43,000 I'm able to do this and do that. 95 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:45,000 No memory loss and nothing. 96 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:51,000 So I opted for experimental surgery to go at the one thing that I still have. 97 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:57,000 What we try to do is put a grid in place that's capable of recording signals from the brain. 98 00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:02,000 So when you think when you think I want to move, there's actually electrical impulses in the brain. 99 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:08,000 We want to be able to record those electrical impulses and then decode what what the electrical impulses mean 100 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:12,000 and use that to control an object or an arm. 101 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:16,000 People have thought for a long time that we might be able to tap into the brain, 102 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:19,000 but it's only recently that we've gotten closer and closer. 103 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:25,000 There's some great work going on here at the University of Pittsburgh by a gentleman named Andy Schwartz. 104 00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:32,000 And Andy has shown that he can get a monkey to control robotic arm with an amazing degree of freedom by thought. 105 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:38,000 We've developed technology where we can implant the array of electrodes, microelectroids, 106 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:41,000 and the cerebral cortex of monkeys. 107 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:45,000 And we can record activity from many neurons in the brain simultaneously. 108 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:50,000 And from that signal, we can extract the monkeys intention to move its arm. 109 00:07:50,000 --> 00:08:01,000 And now that we have that, we can have intercept that signal and use it instead of moving the monkeys on arm to use it to move a prosthetic arm. 110 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:02,000 Just to eat something he said he asked. 111 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:06,000 What it takes to get people is a large team. 112 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:12,000 So we've basically been somewhat isolating our laboratory, working on monkeys, 113 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:18,000 proving the technology, just making discoveries, validating the technology, developing new ways of doing this. 114 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:26,000 And what we've been able to do recently is pass a lot of this knowledge that we've gained to clinical colleagues. 115 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:29,000 They came to the laboratory and learned a lot of what we're doing. 116 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:36,000 And then took it back to the clinic and developed the technology that's appropriate for humans. 117 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:44,000 We were expecting our first patient who was on the child to play some doggo for electrical systems, 118 00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:51,000 but we were expecting an attempt to use them as a brain and human if they also go to the hospital and press that a call. 119 00:08:51,000 --> 00:09:03,000 The most sought out quickly is trying to get the patient to be involved in helping the patients to get the patient to be able to control their problems. 120 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:13,000 Two days after the surgery, we plugged me in and started to basically train my brain, train the computer to my brain the way I'm thinking. 121 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:17,000 The computer doesn't know up-down left right, it just knows the signals that I'm thinking. 122 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:22,000 For a first couple days, it was just what's up, what's down. 123 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:29,000 How I do it is I look at the ball at the top and through my peripheral vision, I see the ball that's moving. 124 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:38,000 So I'm focusing on the target and almost with my peripheral, if I want to go up with my mental eyes or whatever you want to call it, 125 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:42,000 lifting up, trying to get that ball to go up or trying to get it to go down. 126 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:47,000 I'm focusing on the target while watching the moving ball with my peripheral. 127 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:52,000 It's like a one-player video game. I'm trying to be my own score because there is a scoring, there's a certain percentage. 128 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:58,000 It's at a each time I do it, it's at a 16 balls, if you want to say. 129 00:09:58,000 --> 00:10:04,000 And I wanted to know that number. It's 13, I want the 14, I want the 15. 130 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:14,000 So it's just a challenge to myself. One thing I found out that if I focus too hard, it doesn't work right. It has to be very natural. 131 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:15,000 That's pretty good. 132 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:16,000 Yeah, not too bad. 133 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:24,000 We're making such a grand on this every single day, every other day we're just going to leave some bounds and knowing that we're doing that. 134 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:28,000 If I had another week or two weeks or month, where would we be that? 135 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:31,000 We've already done stuff that's unprecedented. 136 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:39,000 I've been doing stuff I've been told that with the 3D curse control people have been doing it for a year, two years. 137 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:47,000 That they haven't got the type of control and percentages that I've gotten in a day. 138 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,000 Literally a day. 139 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:55,000 The highlight was 45 minutes ago. 140 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:59,000 You got to use a robotic arm for the first time. 141 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:07,000 And we got to reach out and touch my first time in seven years. 142 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:13,000 So what you see is people struggled with how to get the electrodes on the surface of the brain, how to do the brain learning. 143 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:18,000 The computer algorithms have improved because it's by trial and error as it begins to recognize what the subject's brain is. 144 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:26,000 But after that, if you look at that as a scientific development in medicine, you can quickly see the possibilities that emerge. 145 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:31,000 They're playing with motor function and linking it to thought. 146 00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:44,000 So the next step really when you think about it was to simultaneously try it with another nonhuman animal and find out if she could run a robot on the other side of the planet. 147 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:56,000 And the essence of this experiment is at first she had to walk on the treadmill to keep the robot walking that she could observe on a computer screen and then she just stopped walking and it would run the robot in Japan. 148 00:11:56,000 --> 00:12:07,000 So you can have a brain here in the United States plugged in running a robotic device, a mechanical device via the internet somewhere else in the world. 149 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:09,000 So that was pretty cool. 150 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:19,000 It also has some fun implications. If you see now, where do you imagine this going? When you think of it as an offensive or defensive opportunity with respect to the intelligence community. 151 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:31,000 The natural segue then would be, if I can send motor function from a brain to a mechanical arm, is it possible to send motor functions from one human to another human. 152 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:37,000 So I call it the possession experiment. 153 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:50,000 Oh, that one. Yeah, just to hover the, there you go. Right there. 154 00:12:50,000 --> 00:13:03,000 For our weekly tech report. Now do you know the phrase brain power? Well, it turns out that scientists at the University of Washington are trying to hold that power and transmit it to another brain. 155 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:11,000 The researchers call it direct a brain to brain communication and they do it by passing a signal from one mind to the next using the internet. 156 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:19,000 Nonetheless, so does it sound a little sci-fi, star trek, my mouth, Jedi, mind trick, andception, ask to you? Well, it did to me too. 157 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:23,000 So I brought one of the researchers onto the show to tell me how it works. 158 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:32,000 Dr. Andrea Stoco is an assistant research professor at the University of Washington, and he told me why this concept is not as weird as it sounds. 159 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:44,000 Oh, it's not so science fiction. We use current existing technologies to read the brain patterns in a person and to transmit them to an elephant person. 160 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:52,000 And we can only do it with very simple impulses right now like multiple commands to control the hand for instance. 161 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:58,000 So it's not that science fiction. He was definitely possible years ago is that we were the first to try it. 162 00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:08,000 Sure. So can you go on to a little bit more detail about how specifically it works or what you need from the person and also what you need from wireless internet to make it come together? 163 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:17,000 Yes, it works more or less like this. Our person is sitting on a chair and we quote this person the first brain or the sender and he's connected to an EG cap. 164 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:29,000 They g-cap the text and let's take a TV to all around the brain and he's capable of recognizing when the brain patterns are doors that a person produces when he's trying to move the right hand those thinking about moving the right hand. 165 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:53,000 These very bad design type of computer that controls a second computer is connected by the internet and the second computer actually controls stimulating call the producer of a native field and he's the very nice of you that he's going to direct you to over the head in such a way as to reproduce a particular command in a selected part of the brain in this case the part of the brain that controls the right hand. 166 00:14:53,000 --> 00:15:06,000 The wireless connection enters only the communication between the two computers that your computer is convenient to say and we're going to connect it to the other computer in any parts of the world and talking to each other to the internet. 167 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:16,000 So, you can watch the video but essentially what's happening is when one person is playing the video game they're not using their hands they're simply looking at targets. 168 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:27,000 What's going on in the other room is a trans cranial magnetic stimulation device that creates a magnetic field that excites neurons and it's the other man's hand that begins to move and hits the targets. 169 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:37,000 So, you've co-opted the portion of a body of another human and then their hand can behave in the way that you wanted to do his goal you'll see later if you download the video. 170 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:53,000 You would like to have a cap that you could put on and have a surgeon direct your hands to do battlefield surgery or something somewhere else in the world where they don't have a doctor who has the technical skills you can put on the cap and your hands become an extension of that expert's body. 171 00:15:53,000 --> 00:16:06,000 They find motor skill manipulation at that point in time was not great but the person on the receiving end described this sensation as rather odd so I didn't know anything until I saw my hand beginning to move. 172 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:20,000 And felt that it was something other and its hand was moving hand could punch in the code hand could do a number of things but the really fun part was that you're taking over somebody else's physical body with the mind of another human. 173 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,000 So what do you think would be the next step? 174 00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:34,000 You follow medical research you say you can make a robot move you can make a human hand move what would you do next? 175 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:46,000 You say wow they're getting brains connected to run things and you have to begin to think either like doctors or like security and intelligence people. 176 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:53,000 Can you actually send and receive sensory information like the matrix? 177 00:16:53,000 --> 00:17:07,000 I'll show you a little bit of this experiment the short answer is yes. 178 00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:20,000 We were able to transmit brain derived information from one rat to another and basically got this pair of animals collaborating to solve tactile and motor tasks. 179 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:29,000 There's a behavior box where the first animal is located and this animal is called the encoder because he's the one who does all the work. 180 00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:44,000 He's basically using his forepaws or his whiskers to perform either a motor or a tactile discrimination task and while he's doing that we are monitoring its behavior and recording the brain activity that is being produced by this animal's brain. 181 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:52,000 And transmitting in real time all these electrical signals to a second animal that is called the decoder. 182 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:57,000 Well these animals has the lucky job of not having to do anything for getting a reward. 183 00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:11,000 The only thing he has to do is to receive this brain activity into its own brain and then decode the pattern of information that the encoder has generated in indicate to us as a behavior. 184 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:16,000 What it is that the first animal has discovered out there in the environment. 185 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:27,000 So if the decoder gets a rate both animals get a nice, just a reward and that's what they want and that's how the collaborate to actually get this job done. 186 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:40,000 Here you see in the next slide, in the encoder animal waiting for a light stimulus that tells the animal which of two levels he has to press to get a little bit of a 187 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:46,000 water ship and the light says either pressed left or the right lever. 188 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:56,000 So when the animal gets the light and is about to press the lever we record the activity, electrical activity from lots of cells in the motor cortex of this animal. 189 00:18:56,000 --> 00:19:06,000 And instantaneously transmitting this information through the brain of a second animal that is in another box and cannot see the light and cannot see what the first animal is doing. 190 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:20,000 This is the decoder and he's receiving this information through very tiny little pulses of electrical activity that are delivered to the analogous part of the brain that the encoder is using to solve the task. 191 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:38,000 So as the decoder gets this information and basically decodes the brain pattern originated in the encoder's brain, it responds to us behaviorally by pressing one or the other lever to tell us that he got it right or not. 192 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,000 So it took some learning trials but not many. 193 00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:53,000 It's a 75 between them to achieve an accuracy rate of over 85% in just training their rats for a little while in the cages, but this is a milestone because it was not simply using the motor cortex to run a device. 194 00:19:53,000 --> 00:20:06,000 This is actually having one animal learn something and seeing and recording that activity and put it into the sensory cortex of the second animal and that animal acquires the knowledge. 195 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:12,000 It is able to act on the knowledge from the experience of for something it has not ever done. 196 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:22,000 Which is really fun when you think about it with this facilitates language learning with this let you upload information when you don't know how to operate a device. 197 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:26,000 Does it serve well for covert communication? This is done between two rats. 198 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:33,000 What we do know is that DARPA did get permission for 500 operations to do deep brain electrode implants. 199 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:43,000 It hasn't published anything yet, but my guess is what you're looking at is human human thought transference and certainly in the open science world that was published last month. 200 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:51,000 Actually the brain to brain transfer sensory information in two humans and they achieved a success rate of being right 85% of the time. 201 00:20:51,000 --> 00:21:03,000 So you can attach one human brain to a device, you can attach the human brain to another human brain, you can direct motor activity or you can send communication and information. 202 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:11,000 What we know from the training trial data so far is that it probably requires a proper required training trial between people as well. 203 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:18,000 And we don't know from an encryption and encoding standpoint whether everybody's communication will follow the same patterns or not. 204 00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:25,000 It may be that two people have to train and then it's unique and then you have a decryption problem for someone if they decide they can intercept a signal. 205 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:38,000 That would be, but you could plug in somewhere else in the world and learn something or see something or have somebody acquire the information that you have and you wouldn't have to carry a different device. 206 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:44,000 So that's what people are doing. There's a whole world out there of biohacking. I don't know if you're aware of it, but you should be. 207 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:52,000 So normally at the university we are well regulated by the federal laws about studying and experimenting on humans. 208 00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:56,000 There's a biohacking community that is not part of the official science community. 209 00:21:56,000 --> 00:22:00,000 That is busy trying to attach hardware to humans and they do it in their basements. 210 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:07,000 They study up on how to do the surgeries, how to connect devices, how to put motherboards in people. 211 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:13,000 They may use it for some purposes like fishing using RFID signals in their hands to take information from you. 212 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:19,000 But there are some other interesting developments when you start thinking about the fluidity of what you can do with the brain. 213 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:25,000 They're experimenting with CE6 and giving people with eye drops and night vision. 214 00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:30,000 For several hours a person receiving the night drops can see over 160 feet in the dark. 215 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:34,000 It's a lot easier to look through your own eyes than it is to put on nods. 216 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:39,000 And it will be a short time before you get a better solution than we get from the biohacking community. 217 00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:43,000 But it could also be readily available to almost anybody on the planet. 218 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:51,000 It's going to be harder to keep this under control than it is to keep the special lenses in night vision technology. 219 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:59,000 So I think it's really important that people pay attention to this kind of thing because that can give humans the natural ability for a while to see in the dark. 220 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:08,000 The other new possibility coming along is that seeing in the dark is something you don't really naturally do that well. 221 00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:17,000 But with animals who have been able to achieve a number of other things, one of which is giving them an extra sensory ability, if you will. 222 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:25,000 Show your short clip. People decided they want to know if they could give the rat an ability to do something it does not naturally have. 223 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:33,000 Recently researchers have given rats an implant which allows the animal to obtain as they call it a sixth sense. 224 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:42,000 The laboratory subjects were able to search and detect infrared lights, which is an exceptional accomplishment given that rats cannot normally see infrared lights. 225 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:51,000 A team at Duke University placed infrared detectors which were wired up to tiny electrodes into the part of their brains that processes tangible information. 226 00:23:52,000 --> 00:24:04,000 A source involved with the experiment Eric Thompson states, this is the first paper in which a neuro prosthetic device was used to augment function, literally enabling a normal animal to acquire a sixth sense. 227 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:10,000 Researchers claim that the device could also help humans regain sight if placed in the appropriate part of the brain. 228 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:17,000 Last year researchers used a computer chip written prosthetic system to help transmit light signals in the brains of mice. 229 00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:24,000 Once behind the study, hope to move on to human trials using the retinal device to restore sight to those who had lost their vision. 230 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:34,000 So people are playing with chemicals, enhanced the human capacity. They're also experimenting now with how do you add a device to the mammalian brain to give it an extra sensory ability. 231 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:40,000 You may not want to detect infrared, you might want to have a room temperature detector of radiation. 232 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:48,000 Depending on what your job is in life. So when you think about it, the possibility now is there to develop different kinds of devices. 233 00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:57,000 They could be perhaps used either by intelligence people or by people in the military to have an extra ability to be able to see through walls. 234 00:24:57,000 --> 00:25:08,000 To see heart beats, we used to play with the 18 gigahertz microwave detectors where we could pick up heart beats through anything but solid steel and water. 235 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:14,000 But that could easily be a human who can see the unique heartbeat that's behind the wall over there that's thermal and sensitive. 236 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:23,000 So it doesn't have to be IR. It can be a number of things. Anything that you can co-op is theoretically now possible to adapt to human brain functioning. 237 00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:29,000 All you'd have to learn is the code. You'd have to train with it. You might not be natural at first. You might not understand the signal you're getting. 238 00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:32,000 But you can add to human brain function. 239 00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:35,000 You can also use it to intercept signals. 240 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:43,000 The experiment that was just released this last month, as I said, demonstrated that people could transfer knowledge from one human to another. 241 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:53,000 And I commented to a couple of my colleagues and I said, I think right now, the most direct application of that is going to be either covert communication or running drones. 242 00:25:53,000 --> 00:26:03,000 The set of experiments I didn't have videos to show you, but there have been a series that have shown you can connect the human brain to a rat and control its motor movement and its tail. 243 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:06,000 So you can have non-human animal drones. 244 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:17,000 You can have the human brain probably run a regular drone at this point, but running a non-human drone, something like a cockroach or rat would be awesome. 245 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:21,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 246 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:26,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 247 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:30,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 248 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:35,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 249 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:40,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 250 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:46,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 251 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:50,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 252 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:55,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 253 00:26:55,000 --> 00:27:00,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 254 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:06,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 255 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:10,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 256 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:14,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 257 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:18,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 258 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:22,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 259 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:26,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 260 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:32,000 And you can have a lot of information about the data that you're using. 261 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:37,000 So that I recommend people becoming aware of that from the human drone technology standpoint. 262 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,000 The second field that people may or may not be aware of. 263 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:46,000 And I always tell my students, I said it wasn't around when they developed atomic weapons. 264 00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:57,000 But Dr. Ventner's work is my view, the equivalent of the development of nuclear weapons when you realize that he created life in a cell back in 2010. 265 00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:05,000 I don't know if people are familiar with his work, but this technology paired with something called CRISPR, which is like an editing software for genes. 266 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:08,000 Makes a number of things immediately available. 267 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:12,000 What he did is he programmed yeast cells to produce anything he wanted. 268 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:22,000 They can produce perfume, they can produce petroleum, they can produce any peptide anything we program the DNA to do, and it's in the living cell. 269 00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:29,000 So in medicine, the goal in medicine now is to be able to do a designer medicine in therapy. 270 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:41,000 If we can design a cell to get into your body and release the right product for you, you won't be losing half the drugs you take through your liver when you swallow a pill and it gets digested. 271 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:47,000 These can be inserted into you through the hypospray needles, almost like Dr. McCoy on Star Trek. 272 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:52,000 Give you the hyperspace, it just blasts now plasmids into your scramous cells. 273 00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:57,000 But Ventner was able to do that and has the patent on the technology, but you can engineer anything. 274 00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:01,000 You can engineer a unique thing that would only kill one person in the world. 275 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:10,000 It's how it's done. You put in a specific gene slicing, you program what you like, you put it in the cell, and it can reproduce, and make as much as you like. 276 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:24,000 Those of you who don't know, your DNA is usually all wrapped up in tight little coils, and so what you're doing is when the create plasmids and put them into cells, it sends a signal and tells which portion of the DNA should unrap unfold and produce a product. 277 00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:26,000 This is the future of medicine. 278 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:31,000 When you look at this technology in medicine and say, this is going to be done to help people, right? 279 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:35,000 We want to be able to give them medicines. We actually want to correct for genetic deficits. 280 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:39,000 If a kid's born with a genetic anomaly, with the CRISPR technology, 281 00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:44,000 the feeling is we can create the portion of a gene they're missing and go have it spliced back in. 282 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:53,000 And that may help a child, either if it's in utero development or once they're older, to have the missing substance actively produced. 283 00:29:53,000 --> 00:30:00,000 What would you do with this if you were in security and intelligence? 284 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:09,000 Well, you can do a number of things. You could decide if you make this gene, we know that certain people in the world who function at very high altitudes, 285 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:18,000 very very well, do it because they had a special mutation in their genome that we don't have because we didn't grow up in the Himalayas. 286 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:21,000 But they can function at very high altitudes. 287 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:27,000 Could you give this to people who are going to have to do warfiting in high altitudes, and they don't require extra support? 288 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:34,000 Their body makes them much more efficient use and can work under conditions of lower oxygen than the rest of us. 289 00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:43,000 You start letting your mind wander, can it also produce a substance that lets you function longer underwater without oxygen? 290 00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:56,000 But these are run by certain mutations in genes, and with CRISPR we have the ability to actually make these and see what happens when we give them to animals, non-human or human animals that don't have it naturally. 291 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:04,000 You get of the forest gump gene, because there's a gene that just makes you stronger. 292 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:16,000 I would say that most of this technology is probably going to be employed by a state and not non-state actors because it's quite technical. 293 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:26,000 But I say that with a caveat, when we study the Umshan Rikyo, if people remember, they had both uranium mines and regular laboratories where they experimented on both the same way. 294 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:36,000 They experimented on both animals and had a whole series of laboratory experiments to develop the different kinds of gases that they wanted. 295 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:48,000 Their goal was to actually mine uranium and probably come up with their own version of a nuclear weapon, but they recruited scientists, PhD level folks, and their goal was to be the rightful people running country of Japan. 296 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:55,000 But we can't assume that just because of non-state actors, they will not make use of some technology around this. 297 00:31:57,000 --> 00:32:06,000 Related to this is an idea called Dreads. These are designer receptors that can be remotely controlled. 298 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:18,000 So think about it for a moment. You can create a designer receptor, you can create a cell, you can put it somewhere in the body, and you can remotely activate it. 299 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:30,000 When the brain's exposed to the right signal, using this technology, people have been able to transfer memories from one fruit fly to another by signaling through a light stimulus into the retina. 300 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:40,000 Right now in most animals it's done by putting a substance into the body that will actually activate the neuron in the way that you want it. 301 00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:49,000 So you have the capacity to create any product as long as you know the DNA sequence, you can insert it into a living system, and you can remotely control it. 302 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:58,000 So in medicine we think about how we do that to help people, how we do to repair deficits, other people are going to think about how to do it to expand possibilities. 303 00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:08,000 One of the challenges that we have is that when you create a cell and you put it in somebody's body, you have to figure out where you want it. What if you want it in their brain? 304 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:16,000 Right? If you want it in their brain, and you can't figure out you don't want to do surgery to plant it in their brain. 305 00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:26,000 If I want a product produced in your brain that may affect the way you think, the way you act, one root to that is through stem cells. 306 00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:34,000 If you're a quick brush up on your biology stem cells or cells, they're column God cells, they can turn into anything. 307 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:41,000 They hold the potential unlike other cells in your body to become anything you want them to become. 308 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:47,000 And they can go find their home in the body and park there and do the work that you'd like them to do. 309 00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:57,000 You can infuse them and they will find their way into the brain. 310 00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:12,000 So once you know that the technology is there to edit, splice and program a cell, and the technology currently exists to administer somebody and have it go park anywhere you program it to go park proliferate and do its function. 311 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:19,000 You can have things activated in other people's brains. 312 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:30,000 So if you take these three key points, hopefully you can see it opens up a number of both alarming and exciting possibilities. 313 00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:35,000 You can have the time to release of information on demand. 314 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:45,000 Hopefully when I mentioned the word CRISPR and word editing and creating molecules with CRISPR out of playing with DNA, some of you thought encryption and encoding. 315 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:54,000 So DNA encryption, I think eight articles published by China in the course of three years, in the last three years. 316 00:34:54,000 --> 00:35:06,000 And it's quite important. The coding system, DNA stake andography, I'll just say, the short story on this is people have figured out how to hide imagery in the DNA of bacteria. 317 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:18,000 And when you phosphoresce the bacteria, you can discover the information, or you can have the, those are just to remind me, you can have the information, reproduce in a stream form is form of a protein. 318 00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:27,000 And the research up at Harvard has shown quite well that you can store a lot of information in one gram of DNA. 319 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:37,000 It's essentially, yeah, that many, that many iPads in one gram at room temperature, no super cooling required DNA is highly stable. 320 00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:40,000 It's been around on the planet a very long time. 321 00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:48,000 In CRISPR, the storage capacity and programming cells, the new way to hide information is going to be in DNA. 322 00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:52,000 The commercial application is going to be a bit like on Star Trek years ago. 323 00:35:52,000 --> 00:36:00,000 Why would you have a digital system when you can have a DNA system, can store all the information you'd ever need records, photos, anything. 324 00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:06,000 It's simply another way of storing information. It had just been so slow up until five years ago. 325 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:14,000 It wouldn't be thought to be practical. But it is. This is the first experiment showing what imagery you can hide in bacteria. 326 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:18,000 This is the latest. It's a gift file. 327 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:23,000 It was actually programmed into the DNA of bacteria last year. 328 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:31,000 The bacteria reproduced and the offspring from the reproduction cycle would still produce this movie. 329 00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:35,000 Pretty cool. You can hide information in bacteria. 330 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:40,000 When the bacteria multiply, they can go into a sport form and last for a very long time. 331 00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:44,000 No one can scan you and find a bacteria. 332 00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:49,000 We don't have anything that can detect that when you, people don't. 333 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:56,000 So if you want to be able to encode information, take pictures of information, create something in DNA and don't want it in your own body. 334 00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:59,000 It can be bacteria on some portion of your body. 335 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:05,000 All they have to do is scrape it, let it grow in the petri-dition, unpack the information. 336 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:15,000 This is all available now. This isn't science fiction, but you can encode movies. 337 00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:19,000 Well, this is what the Chinese are doing with DNA. 338 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:25,000 So in your own neck of the woods, you can begin inquiring. We are doing things with DNA as well. 339 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:31,000 But the Chinese are fairly convinced that DNA encryption encoding would be one tremendous challenge even for quantum computing. 340 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:39,000 So this is where the race is right now. Trying to merge quantum computing with what you call a wet hard drive with DNA. 341 00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:52,000 Merging DNA systems with quantum computing will be really quite an amazing and both lethal threat for that. 342 00:37:53,000 --> 00:38:00,000 The next thing I want to mention to you is memory. You play this in a really hopefully you'll recognize this. 343 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:12,000 Hey, whoever you guys are going to be showing me some idea if you're going to be in this. 344 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:16,000 Hey, whoever you guys are going to be. 345 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,000 Hey, whoever you guys are. 346 00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:23,000 What do you stop that? What? 347 00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:25,000 That everything is going to give a brain cancer as something. 348 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,000 Hey, whoever you guys are. 349 00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,000 So what to do with memory? 350 00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:40,000 In medicine, we think of memory as a potentially harmful thing when people present with post-traumatic stress disorder. 351 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:45,000 They can't stop thinking about the thing that's creating emotional distress. 352 00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:52,000 It's a very active development in the field to figure out can we erase memory? Can we modify memory? Can we change memory? 353 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:56,000 Coach short answer is yes. 354 00:38:56,000 --> 00:39:09,000 Several years ago with the PMZ data out of Duke University, this is the first time that anyone had ever demonstrated that if you wash an area of the brain called the hippocampus. 355 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:19,000 It's an area of a brain that's crucial for forming short memories, spatial memories, and then facilitating the transfer from a short term memory to something that's more permanent and stable over time. 356 00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:31,000 That he could train the mice to run the maze, document the number of trials and errors, and then flood their hippocampus or expose it to this. 357 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:35,000 And the memory would be completely gone. 358 00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:41,000 Meaning when the rats or the mice had to learn it over again, it was the same number of learning trials. 359 00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:44,000 Now there's no trace of the memory left. 360 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:52,000 Now the good news for us when we study rats and mice is we put electrodes and cannulite into their brain and can directly affect that area of the brain. 361 00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:57,000 If you want to poke your own hippocampus, you'd have to stick your finger through your eye and go right back in there. 362 00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:00,000 Sounds impossible to get to. 363 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:04,000 Not if you program a cell to go there. 364 00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:15,000 So if you decide you wanted to program something that would selectively release, pkmsata, after you're meeting with someone, they probably would have no memory of it. 365 00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:18,000 That's what's happening in the rats. 366 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:23,000 Right? So the technical challenge right now is how do we get a cell in there to do that in human? 367 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,000 I can assure you they're working on that in non-human primates right now. 368 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,000 How many, what's the point specificity? Can we get it in there? 369 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,000 Close enough to the hippocampus. 370 00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:35,000 Will those cells start reproducing in the next day? 371 00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,000 Make enough of that stuff to wipe out a memory. 372 00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:51,000 Related to this, once you start thinking about memory, our chemicals that not only wipe out memory, the chemicals that enhance it. 373 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:59,000 So if you want a better human camera, a better individual who can just go see and remember everything. 374 00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:05,000 That's the direction that the research in this lane is taking to help people with Alzheimer's. 375 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:07,000 How to give them memory back. 376 00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:11,000 So what's being actively studied are the few people on the planet who have hypermnesia. 377 00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:14,000 Others, they remember everything that's ever happened to them. 378 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:19,000 We're actively trying to understand how to unlock that and unpack that and figure out why it is. 379 00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:23,000 Their memory does seem to record and they retain everything they've seen. 380 00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:25,000 They don't find it pleasant. 381 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:33,000 And medicine would like to people in medicine want to try and understand that so they can turn it into something beneficial for people who are losing memory. 382 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:40,000 From a security and intelligence standpoint, it is a really unique opportunity to begin to discover. 383 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:45,000 Can you administer drug that enhances human memory for a certain number of hours? 384 00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:47,000 Does it have to be permanent? 385 00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:53,000 So rather than carrying technical toys somewhere to try and record and collect information. 386 00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:56,000 You're brain just remembers it. 387 00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:59,000 Which doesn't give anybody anything really to detect. 388 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:05,000 That's one potential use for it and that is one lane of research that's going on. 389 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:10,000 I was just my picture to remind me that the man who knew too much if you remember the old Hitchcock film. 390 00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:12,000 Essentially that's what he'd done. 391 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,000 Remember his memorise all the steps on how to make a bomb. 392 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,000 He'd remembered the code, see you remembered everything. 393 00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:23,000 That research on hyper memory has gone more slowly than I thought in 2010. 394 00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:27,000 I thought by about 2015 there would be some progress. 395 00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:31,000 There hasn't been much yet in expanding memory very much. 396 00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,000 It seems to be a harder nut to crack than a racing memory. 397 00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:37,000 Racing memory seems to be far easier. 398 00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:41,000 The last topic I wanted to review with you is memory. 399 00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:46,000 I don't know if you recognize any of the imagery up there, but I'll walk you through it. 400 00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:56,000 With memory in the last five years what's been demonstrated is that you can train a fruit fly around a diverse experience. 401 00:42:56,000 --> 00:43:02,000 And you can transfer that memory to the brain of another fruit fly by manipulating the rods. 402 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:05,000 And it gives it a memory for something that's never had before. 403 00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:12,000 And then it reacts to the stimulus in the same way as the animal who did have the diverse learning experience. 404 00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:19,000 It's been done in mice. I'll talk a little bit about Beth Loughdus and I have done two men and women going through CIRSchool and changing memory. 405 00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:24,000 And I put the last slide up because this is in flatworms and this came out two years ago. 406 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:28,000 That memory really is something beyond what we typically understand in flatworms. 407 00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:32,000 You can cut their head off and their body still remembers stuff. 408 00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:41,000 So the just beginning to encode or decode where and how is memory stored in the body of this little creature. 409 00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:48,000 So we can translate that into memory in animals that look different than that little creature. 410 00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:51,000 It's evolved it for a very interesting reason. 411 00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,000 So this is in 2009 using light. 412 00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,000 They've transferred memory. 413 00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:01,000 You can turn things on and off using light in animals to activate the hippocampus. 414 00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:03,000 Turn memory on and off. 415 00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:08,000 And so where are we with humans in creating false memories, giving the memories that they've never had. 416 00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:14,000 We've come a long way. My colleague is Beth Loughdus. This was her early work. It was called Lost in a Mall. 417 00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:17,000 And what she did is she asked a person to be in the study. 418 00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:21,000 You could be in her study if you had a sibling that was at least five years older than you. 419 00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,000 And she'd say, we're interested in your memory from when you were a kid. 420 00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:29,000 I've asked your older sibling, your older brother or sister, to give me four stories about you. 421 00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,000 And I wanted to know how much you remember. 422 00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:35,000 What people didn't know is that there were four different stories. 423 00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:41,000 One of them was fake. And she wanted to see how long it would take for them to adopt a false memory. 424 00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:49,000 The quick answer is after two interview sessions, 30% of the subjects believed that they remembered the person who'd found them when they were lost at a mall. 425 00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:54,000 And actually argued with the researcher about whether or not the memory was true or not. 426 00:44:54,000 --> 00:45:00,000 And that's how I met her and we decided to get together and run up to Brunswick to Searschool and try a memory experiment. 427 00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:02,000 This is her design. 428 00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:07,000 If you're not familiar with Sears, there's a classroom phase, there's an experiential phase. 429 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:13,000 We were interested in sampling people when they were in isolation, when they were returning their gear and at the end. 430 00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:16,000 And we tried a couple of different techniques. 431 00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:18,000 Group one, there's no misinformation. 432 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:22,000 We simply want to sample accuracy of human memory for their experience. 433 00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:26,000 And we told them at the beginning of Sears, we want you to be the best little human collector possible. 434 00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,000 We are going to quiz you about your memory. 435 00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,000 Don't let us trick you. We want to know what you remember. 436 00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:35,000 Group two, we told them the same thing, but we lied. 437 00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:40,000 When they took their questionnaire at the end, we incorporated several techniques from false memory techniques, 438 00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:44,000 which are a little bit of leading questions to see whether or not we could create false memories. 439 00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:53,000 In the third group, we exposed them to an erroneous photograph of their interrogator and in group three we used the group four we used a video. 440 00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:55,000 So here's what we did. 441 00:45:55,000 --> 00:46:00,000 By exposing them to a photograph after they had been interrogated and placed in isolation stress, 442 00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:04,000 it could change them from this guy to this guy. 443 00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:07,000 48 hours later on, who they would identify in the lineup. 444 00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:14,000 Their level of confidence was an eight out of ten that that was the person they had met. 445 00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:20,000 We found that we could make them believe that there were guns, that there were knives, that there were caches of weapons, 446 00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:24,000 simply by altering the phrasing of a question or inserting something into a video. 447 00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:26,000 I'll give you an example. 448 00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:28,000 If we said, did you interrogator wear a weapon? 449 00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,000 If so, please describe it. 450 00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:36,000 We only got about a two percent endorsement of the presence of a weapon in the interrogation phase. 451 00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:45,000 If we said, when you are being interrogated by your interrogator and the guy with the weapon interrupted the interrogation, 452 00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:47,000 what did they argue about? 453 00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:49,000 You can care what the answer was. 454 00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:50,000 I'll give you an example. 455 00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:51,000 I'll give you an example. 456 00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:52,000 I'll give you an example. 457 00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:53,000 I'll give you an example. 458 00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:55,000 I'll give you an example. 459 00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:57,000 I'll give you an example. 460 00:46:57,000 --> 00:46:58,000 I'll give you an example. 461 00:46:58,000 --> 00:46:59,000 I'll give you an example. 462 00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:00,000 I'll give you an example. 463 00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:01,000 I'll give you an example. 464 00:47:01,000 --> 00:47:02,000 I'll give you an example. 465 00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:03,000 I'll give you an example. 466 00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:04,000 I'll give you an example. 467 00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:05,000 I'll give you an example. 468 00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:06,000 I'll give you an example. 469 00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:07,000 I'll give you an example. 470 00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:08,000 I'll give you an example. 471 00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:09,000 I'll give you an example. 472 00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:10,000 I'll give you an example. 473 00:47:10,000 --> 00:47:11,000 I'll give you an example. 474 00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:12,000 I'll give you an example. 475 00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:13,000 I'll give you an example. 476 00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:14,000 I'll give you an example. 477 00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:15,000 I'll give you an example. 478 00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:16,000 I'll give you an example. 479 00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:17,000 I'll give you an example. 480 00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:18,000 I'll give you an example. 481 00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:19,000 I'll give you an example. 482 00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:20,000 I'll give you an example. 483 00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:21,000 I'll give you an example. 484 00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,000 I'll give you an example. 485 00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:24,000 I'll give you an example. 486 00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:25,000 I'll give you an example. 487 00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:26,000 I'll give you an example. 488 00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:27,000 I'll give you an example. 489 00:47:27,000 --> 00:47:28,000 I'll give you an example. 490 00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:29,000 I'll give you an example. 491 00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:30,000 I'll give you an example. 492 00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:31,000 I'll give you an example. 493 00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:32,000 I'll give you an example. 494 00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:33,000 I'll give you an example. 495 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:34,000 I'll give you an example. 496 00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:35,000 I'll give you an example. 497 00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:36,000 I'll give you an example. 498 00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:37,000 I'll give you an example. 499 00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:38,000 I'll give you an example. 500 00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:39,000 I'll give you an example. 501 00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:40,000 I'll give you an example. 502 00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:44,680 The short story is people got to, they were exposed to some misinformation about a man who 503 00:47:44,680 --> 00:47:49,760 addressed in the Pluto outfit at Disney and he had been inappropriately rubbing his large fabric 504 00:47:49,760 --> 00:47:54,160 tongue on children pleasurably and not pleasurably. 505 00:47:54,160 --> 00:47:57,320 There were two different conditions and there was a neutral condition. 506 00:47:57,320 --> 00:48:02,680 If people adopted the false memory and their memory was for something negative, they 507 00:48:02,680 --> 00:48:05,680 did not want to buy the Pluto toy. 508 00:48:05,680 --> 00:48:08,560 When they went down their list, what they would not buy. 509 00:48:08,560 --> 00:48:09,560 She's done it with food. 510 00:48:09,560 --> 00:48:12,920 I was from her series with Alan Ordha. 511 00:48:12,920 --> 00:48:17,480 She did the false memory that he'd been sick one time eating devil eggs. 512 00:48:17,480 --> 00:48:21,680 Here they offer him one at the picnic on film and you get the classic disgust wrinkle. 513 00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:24,120 He said, now I got sick one time eating them. 514 00:48:24,120 --> 00:48:25,120 It's not a true memory. 515 00:48:25,120 --> 00:48:26,120 It was planted. 516 00:48:26,120 --> 00:48:29,160 She's done it now with strawberries and ice cream. 517 00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:32,160 Also done it with pickles and has done it with alcohol. 518 00:48:32,160 --> 00:48:36,520 Study last year was that if you give college students the false memory that they were 519 00:48:36,520 --> 00:48:40,880 terribly hung over, they had a wicked hangover from drinking too much to healer. 520 00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:45,160 Then when they're given free range options at the bar, like a week later, they decline 521 00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:47,440 it at twice the rate of everybody else. 522 00:48:47,440 --> 00:48:49,720 They got sick, doing that. 523 00:48:49,720 --> 00:48:51,240 Think about it. 524 00:48:51,240 --> 00:48:55,360 If you change the past, you change human behavior. 525 00:48:55,360 --> 00:48:57,960 We are a case-based reasoning animal. 526 00:48:57,960 --> 00:49:01,760 When we think about what we're going to do, we think about the last time we did something 527 00:49:01,760 --> 00:49:04,800 or what we heard about or what we think it would have done. 528 00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:09,760 So to change human motivation, we don't have to persuade people. 529 00:49:09,760 --> 00:49:18,960 You can just change their memory. 530 00:49:18,960 --> 00:49:23,040 Think about the defensive and offensive capabilities of that. 531 00:49:23,040 --> 00:49:28,480 If you think about this from a defensive standpoint, you have the ability to change the 532 00:49:28,480 --> 00:49:32,120 memory of a person who's been debriefed in safe house. 533 00:49:32,120 --> 00:49:37,480 What the identities of who they met, the layout, is we've looked at altering memory for 534 00:49:37,480 --> 00:49:40,440 four plans, for faces, for timing. 535 00:49:40,440 --> 00:49:45,880 If they're wrapped up by their intelligence service, they don't have anything to lie 536 00:49:45,880 --> 00:49:50,360 about or what they remember is actually genuine, but it's wrong. 537 00:49:50,360 --> 00:49:55,920 That might be a defensive way of applying the technique in medicine. 538 00:49:55,920 --> 00:49:59,960 People are arguing about whether or not you can use false memories to help people. 539 00:50:00,040 --> 00:50:04,800 Can I give you a false memory that leads you to stop smoking or is it unethical? 540 00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:07,440 Because I can't tell you I gave you a false memory. 541 00:50:07,440 --> 00:50:11,680 I'd have to do it outside of your permission for your good. 542 00:50:11,680 --> 00:50:13,280 Most of the things, probably unethical. 543 00:50:13,280 --> 00:50:14,680 And this is how to read the memory. 544 00:50:14,680 --> 00:50:20,480 You probably should be an informed consumer, but it's a possibility that you can do. 545 00:50:20,480 --> 00:50:25,840 When I think about this, I think about its relevance in this day and age when you start 546 00:50:25,840 --> 00:50:29,720 wondering what information is real and what information is trustworthy. 547 00:50:29,720 --> 00:50:35,120 And you start running into people and debriefing them and you have sources who claim things 548 00:50:35,120 --> 00:50:37,440 when you can learn how to create false memories. 549 00:50:37,440 --> 00:50:42,240 A person can be genuine and the information they remember is they are a little dangle, 550 00:50:42,240 --> 00:50:43,240 idea. 551 00:50:43,240 --> 00:50:46,040 You can put information out that's simply not true. 552 00:50:46,040 --> 00:50:51,240 But in the current social media age, the ability to actually manage people's memories 553 00:50:51,240 --> 00:50:55,360 and change them is just enhanced compared to what it used to be. 554 00:50:55,360 --> 00:51:01,360 Now you can fix the videos and pictures and expose people to audio and visual information 555 00:51:01,360 --> 00:51:05,000 and we know that even if they know that's a possibility, people don't recognize when 556 00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:06,600 they adopt a false memory. 557 00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:08,600 It's a bit of a trojan horse effect. 558 00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:10,360 You don't know that it's happened to you. 559 00:51:10,360 --> 00:51:13,280 And if you're smart and you have a good memory, you'll believe that happens to other 560 00:51:13,280 --> 00:51:15,960 people but not you because your memory is true. 561 00:51:15,960 --> 00:51:19,600 So it bypasses some critical reasoning on our part. 562 00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:24,320 And I think it's particularly effective. 563 00:51:24,320 --> 00:51:29,000 That's where the state of the art is right now for creating false memories in humans 564 00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:34,040 is doing that verbally or by these manipulations with either what we say, what we show 565 00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:36,480 them, what we expose them to. 566 00:51:36,480 --> 00:51:41,240 But the chemical implanting of memories has now occurred in monkeys. 567 00:51:41,240 --> 00:51:46,480 So in trying to restore memory, there is probably, I would say in the next two years, 568 00:51:46,480 --> 00:51:50,920 we should see the science experiment come out that says a memory has actually been transferred 569 00:51:50,920 --> 00:51:56,440 or created and planted back into a human brain that wasn't done by a classic false memory 570 00:51:56,440 --> 00:51:57,440 technique. 571 00:51:57,440 --> 00:52:00,520 But I would anticipate that's the direction the research is going. 572 00:52:00,520 --> 00:52:04,480 How do you rebuild memories and people have had a TBI? 573 00:52:04,480 --> 00:52:09,320 Active research is going on about that on a nanomite reconstruction of brain, brain cells, 574 00:52:09,320 --> 00:52:11,320 and brain networks. 575 00:52:11,320 --> 00:52:15,320 And the idea in the mental health community is people lost part of their brain. 576 00:52:15,320 --> 00:52:17,600 We want to restore memory and brain function. 577 00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:19,240 Can we put the memories back in? 578 00:52:19,320 --> 00:52:25,000 So it's probably only science fiction for another two years given the state of the art 579 00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:27,400 and the progress around that. 580 00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:31,360 And then, and the last thing I'll say, I didn't have any videos for it. 581 00:52:31,360 --> 00:52:37,440 I really wanted to show you one, but the French have published a very interesting paper. 582 00:52:37,440 --> 00:52:39,560 And it is this. 583 00:52:39,560 --> 00:52:46,080 While people were sleeping, they were able to train them and sample their knowledge in what 584 00:52:46,080 --> 00:52:47,680 they trained them in. 585 00:52:47,680 --> 00:52:51,880 While they were asleep, and while they were later awake, and didn't know that they'd 586 00:52:51,880 --> 00:52:56,600 learned the information. 587 00:52:56,600 --> 00:52:58,400 So I'll say it again. 588 00:52:58,400 --> 00:53:04,400 In people who were asleep, they were able to tell what people knew around word recognition 589 00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:08,800 lists without ever waking the person up. 590 00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:15,680 They were also able to train new memory and information outside the person's awareness 591 00:53:15,680 --> 00:53:20,480 well they were asleep. 592 00:53:20,480 --> 00:53:24,760 Where that technology can go is a very interesting place. 593 00:53:24,760 --> 00:53:28,880 It would really raise, since I was in the lane of DS&T and we talked about deception and 594 00:53:28,880 --> 00:53:31,680 everybody is arguing about how to interrogate people. 595 00:53:31,680 --> 00:53:35,400 It raises an immediate question about whether or not you can sample information in people's 596 00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:37,800 brains outside of their awareness. 597 00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:41,840 The problem with a cat scan and a pet scan and any technologies you have to have a willing 598 00:53:41,880 --> 00:53:46,480 subject they do need to sit still. 599 00:53:46,480 --> 00:53:50,120 If people are asleep and you can begin to sample what they're brain recognizes, it offers 600 00:53:50,120 --> 00:53:55,280 a number of opportunities that looking at guilty knowledge, brain recognition waveforms, 601 00:53:55,280 --> 00:53:58,560 and sampling some kinds of information. 602 00:53:58,560 --> 00:54:04,560 I don't know how soon it would be when you can link someone's brain to somebody else's 603 00:54:04,560 --> 00:54:06,160 while they're asleep. 604 00:54:06,160 --> 00:54:08,600 But I would imagine that that can't be far off. 605 00:54:08,680 --> 00:54:15,040 I'd probably ball park at say probably five years if they have to do the brain implants 606 00:54:15,040 --> 00:54:21,320 will no sooner because I can't see any other reason why DARPA got approval for 500 deep 607 00:54:21,320 --> 00:54:22,320 brain implants. 608 00:54:22,320 --> 00:54:27,320 I think the next step is going to be a hive brain that's already been done in rats. 609 00:54:27,320 --> 00:54:32,480 You can link multiple brains and as a hive they solve problems much faster than the individual 610 00:54:32,480 --> 00:54:33,480 rat. 611 00:54:33,480 --> 00:54:35,040 So that technology is here. 612 00:54:35,080 --> 00:54:40,440 I'm assuming they'll link people who they've given permission to link their brains to have a 613 00:54:40,440 --> 00:54:45,800 productive life live in virtual reality, move robotic things they can probably solve. 614 00:54:45,800 --> 00:54:49,720 So I think in the next year's, that's what we'll see is brain to brain linking for problem 615 00:54:49,720 --> 00:54:53,160 solving that is to see if it makes it more efficient. 616 00:54:53,160 --> 00:54:56,320 But those are a couple of technologies that one make you aware of. 617 00:54:56,320 --> 00:54:59,480 And then you can run away and think about their more direct applications. 618 00:54:59,480 --> 00:55:03,480 I tend to think of things from a medical perspective and from an intelligence information 619 00:55:03,560 --> 00:55:08,640 perspective but it's no longer really science fiction and most of these fields have moved faster 620 00:55:08,640 --> 00:55:11,760 than I actually thought in 2010. 621 00:55:11,760 --> 00:55:15,960 The only one has been expanding memory that hasn't moved as fast. 622 00:55:15,960 --> 00:55:19,440 But I thought he would show that with you and that's all I had to say. 623 00:55:19,440 --> 00:55:21,440 Thank you for your time. 624 00:55:21,440 --> 00:55:22,440 Yeah. 625 00:55:22,440 --> 00:55:27,440 Thank you Dr. Morgan. 626 00:55:27,440 --> 00:55:31,320 We're pretty much out of time but we'll be hanging out up here for a little bit so if anybody 627 00:55:31,320 --> 00:55:32,920 has questions feel free to come up. 628 00:55:32,920 --> 00:55:34,920 Thank you for coming out.