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I have therefore chosen
this time and place

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to discuss a topic on which
ignorance too often abounds

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and the truth
too rarely perceived,

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and that is the most important
topic on earth, peace.

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What kind of a peace do I mean

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and what kind of
a peace do we seek?

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Not a Pax Americana
enforced on the world

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by American weapons of war.

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Not the peace of the grave

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or the security of the slave.

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I am talking about
genuine peace,

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the kind of peace that makes
life on earth worth living.

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The kind that enables men
and nations to grow

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and to hope

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and build a better life
for their children,

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not merely peace for Americans,
but peace for all men and women.

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Not merely peace in our time,
but peace in all time.

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That straight, sleek look
that it should have,

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and very often you'll find

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a zipper hidden in the...
arm and--

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Good afternoon,
ladies and gentlemen.

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You'll excuse the fact
that I'm out of breath,

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but about 10 or 15 minutes ago,

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a tragic thing,
from all indications at this point,

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has happened
in the city of Dallas.

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This is Walter Cronkite
in our newsroom.

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Here's a... piece of copy
that was rushed to-- to me

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and was torn off
from the United Press.

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President Kennedy
has been shot in Dallas.

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Along with
Governor Connally of Texas.

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They've been taken
to Parkland Hospital there,

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where their condition is,
as yet, unknown.

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And just now we've received
reports here at Parkland

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that Governor Connally was
shot in the upper left chest,

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and the first unconfirmed reports

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say the President
was hit in the head.

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That's an unconfirmed report

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that the President
was hit in the head.

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Police began chasing

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an unknown gunman
across the railroad tracks.

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Would you see if they need
some coffee or something?

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These people
are awfully shaken up.

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They were in the line of fire.

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The President's car
was some 50 feet

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when we heard the first shot.

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And then as the car
got directly in front of us,

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a gunshot from
the top of the hill

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hit the President's side--
side of the temple.

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Where did the shots come from?

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The shots came from the hill.

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Excuse me
just a moment, John.

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There was just word
from the hospital

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that they have dispatched
a call for a neurosurgeon.

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All we can do now
is pray for him,

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and that's about all we can do.

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President's wife,
Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt.

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She walked into the hospital.
A priest has been ordered.

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Emergency supplies of blood

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also being rushed
to the hospital.

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Just a moment.
We have a bulletin coming in.

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We'll now put you directly
through Parkland Hospital

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and KBLX news director,
Bill Hamdon.

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Two priests, who were with

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President Kennedy,
say he is dead.

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- Just two priests announced it?
- Yes.

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But it's not the truth, is it?

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The flash, apparently official,

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President Kennedy died

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at 1:00 p.m.
Central Standard Time,

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some 38 minutes ago.

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I just can't see
why anybody would want

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to shoot Mr. Kennedy
for all the things he's done for us.

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He tried to keep us from
getting into war and everything.

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It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.

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All the information
that we have received

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now indicates that it did come

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from about the fifth or fourth floor
of that building.

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We're checking it out now.

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10-4 now, and 112.

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We found empty rifle hulls,

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and it looked like the man
had been there for some time.

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Police made a systematic search
of the building.

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They found no weapon.

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We just got the word.

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Lyndon B. Johnson
has been sworn in

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as the President
of the United States

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just prior to a takeoff
to return to Washington.

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Behind the casket
is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.

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They are helping her down.

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Now, new President,
Lyndon Baines Johnson.

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We have suffered a loss
that cannot be weighed.

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At Bethesda Naval Hospital,

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the autopsy team
has completed work.

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Now the body of the slain President
and his widow

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are at last brought home
to the White House.

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Who do you think
would do something like this?

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Probably some segregationist crackpot
or something.

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Just...
They had it all planned out.

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I really believe that his blood
will be on their hands.

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Here is the suspect.
Can we roll it please?

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People have given me a hearing

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without legal representation
or anything.

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- Did you shoot the President?
- I didn't shoot anybody.

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I emphatically
deny these charges.

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This is
24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.

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He answers the description
of a young man

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sighted at the
Book Depository Building.

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Police chased
Oswald into a movie theater.

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Police said he fired at them,
killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.

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A rifle was found in a building
where he worked.

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Police refused
to say whether they have

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any fingerprints
from that weapon as yet.

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The man obviously was an
excellent shot, or very lucky,

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in that witnesses
said three shots were fired,

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at least two of them
found their marks.

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At the Capitol Rotunda,

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there will be
three short speeches

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before the public is allowed
to start viewing the body.

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Chief, do you have any concern
for the safety of your prisoner?

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No, but because necessary

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precautions
will be taken, of course.

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Is there
any doubt in your mind, Chief,

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that Oswald is the man
who killed the President?

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I think this is the man
who killed the President.

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I'm just a patsy.

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So great is the crush
outside the Capitol,

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that people who have not
been in line can't possibly.

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We are now switching to Dallas

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where they are about to move
Lee Oswald and whether--

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He's been shot.

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There's a man with a gun.

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Lee Harvey Oswald,

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the man who Dallas police say
killed President Kennedy,

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himself is dead.

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The man Dallas police
seized at the scene,

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and are holding, has been
identified as Jack Ruby.

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He is being held by the Dallas police.
Now, back to Washington.

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Fifty-three countries

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are represented in all today.

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There are a dozen members
of ruling royal families,

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30 foreign ministers.

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Things should be all right
in the few months ahead.

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I'm sure the...

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entire citizenry of the nation

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will stand faithfully
behind the government.

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This bizarre sequence of double killings
raise great questions.

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Who actually fired the shots
that killed Kennedy?

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Was there a conspiracy?

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The first wound described is
a wound in the back of the head

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and would seem to indicate
a shot from behind.

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But the doctors
also said there was

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a wound in the throat
at the front,

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which seemed to indicate a shot
from the other direction.

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The new President,
Lyndon Johnson,

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appointed a commission
of seven prominent Americans

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to investigate
the whole affair.

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Earl Warren, Chief Justice
of the United States.

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Richard B. Russell,
senator from Georgia.

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John Sherman Cooper,
senator from Kentucky.

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Hale Boggs,
representative from Louisiana.

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Gerald R. Ford,
representative from Michigan.

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John J. McCloy,
presidential adviser.

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Allen W. Dulles,
ex-head of the CIA.

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Are you convinced that he was shot
from the School Book Depository?

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Well, I think we better leave
all that, you know.

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The evidence report
will cover all-- all of that.

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The Warren Commission
makes these major findings.

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00:09:03,334 --> 00:09:06,045
Lee Harvey Oswald
assassinated President Kennedy.

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He did it alone.

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He was not a part
of any conspiracy,

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either domestic or foreign.

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Some other details

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will be of interest
mainly to historians

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and others having
some special interest.

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But there was one
further piece of evidence

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that the public cannot see.

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Abraham Zapruder's film
of the actual assassination.

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This murder now
is the most thoroughly

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documented crime
in American history.

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And for those
who care to pursue it

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down to the last detail,
it's all there.

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This is Dealey Plaza.

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To this day,
it remains a crime scene.

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In the years
since the Warren Report,

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many significant
re-investigations were made

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into the murder
of President Kennedy.

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Each one revealed
new facts and evidence

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that shed more light on what
really happened here that day.

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Starting in 1975,
after the Watergate scandal,

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00:10:12,653 --> 00:10:15,323
Senator Frank Church
conducted an investigation

191
00:10:15,364 --> 00:10:19,493
into the abuses and crimes
of the FBI and CIA.

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During that time,
the public learned of the CIA plots

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to assassinate foreign leaders

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like Patrice Lumumba
of the Republic of Congo

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and Fidel Castro of Cuba.

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00:10:30,171 --> 00:10:34,091
Plots orchestrated
under Director Allen Dulles.

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But the Church committee
didn't stop there.

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00:10:36,385 --> 00:10:39,138
Senators Richard Schweiker
and Gary Hart

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00:10:39,180 --> 00:10:42,683
were tasked to reexamine
the roles of the CIA and FBI

200
00:10:42,725 --> 00:10:46,520
as the chief investigators
for the Warren Commission,

201
00:10:46,562 --> 00:10:49,607
and look for signs
of conflicts or cover-ups.

202
00:10:50,566 --> 00:10:52,026
J. Edgar Hoover writes,

203
00:10:52,068 --> 00:10:54,362
"Yes, we did have
a relationship with Mr. Ruby

204
00:10:54,403 --> 00:10:57,031
"and he acted as our informant."

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00:10:57,073 --> 00:10:59,950
Now, who said that at the time
of the Warren Commission report?

206
00:10:59,992 --> 00:11:03,829
Did anybody ever imply that--
that Jack Ruby

207
00:11:03,871 --> 00:11:06,457
was a confidential informant
for the FBI?

208
00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:09,960
Nobody breathed that.
That was classified.

209
00:11:10,002 --> 00:11:12,171
Faith in what
the American public was told

210
00:11:12,213 --> 00:11:15,383
by the Warren Commission
was starting to unravel.

211
00:11:15,424 --> 00:11:18,386
The intelligence agencies
did all the wrong things

212
00:11:18,427 --> 00:11:21,055
if they really
were looking for conspiracy

213
00:11:21,097 --> 00:11:23,391
or to find out
who killed John Kennedy.

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00:11:23,432 --> 00:11:27,103
The search for real
answers gained momentum.

215
00:11:27,144 --> 00:11:29,397
Then, 12 years
after the assassination,

216
00:11:29,438 --> 00:11:32,358
the most iconic
piece of evidence was leaked

217
00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:34,610
and finally
shown to the public.

218
00:11:34,652 --> 00:11:36,696
It's the film shot by the Dallas

219
00:11:36,737 --> 00:11:40,157
dress manufacturer,
Abraham Zapruder.

220
00:11:40,199 --> 00:11:43,536
And it's the execution
of President Kennedy,

221
00:11:43,577 --> 00:11:45,329
and Bob and Dick,

222
00:11:45,371 --> 00:11:46,831
would you please narrate

223
00:11:46,872 --> 00:11:48,999
what we're seeing
as we show this film?

224
00:11:49,041 --> 00:11:50,710
Now, before
he goes behind the sign,

225
00:11:50,751 --> 00:11:52,420
the President
is waving to the crowd.

226
00:11:52,461 --> 00:11:54,171
When he comes out from
behind the sign, he is shot.

227
00:11:54,213 --> 00:11:55,881
Then Governor Connally is shot.

228
00:11:55,923 --> 00:11:57,091
He's already been hit.

229
00:11:57,133 --> 00:11:58,509
He's already been hit.

230
00:11:58,551 --> 00:12:00,261
And now?

231
00:12:00,302 --> 00:12:02,930
At the bottom of
the screen, the head shot.

232
00:12:02,972 --> 00:12:05,433
That's the shot
that blew off his head.

233
00:12:05,474 --> 00:12:07,685
That's the most upsetting thing
I've ever seen.

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00:12:07,727 --> 00:12:08,936
We'll talk about it in a minute.

235
00:12:08,978 --> 00:12:10,938
Seeing the shock and brutality

236
00:12:10,980 --> 00:12:13,274
of the actual assassination

237
00:12:13,315 --> 00:12:14,775
caused a public outcry.

238
00:12:14,817 --> 00:12:16,444
The government formed

239
00:12:16,485 --> 00:12:21,741
the House Select Committee
on Assassinations, the HSCA.

240
00:12:21,782 --> 00:12:23,993
The committee
will come to order.

241
00:12:24,034 --> 00:12:26,579
The HSCA
re-interviewed witnesses

242
00:12:26,620 --> 00:12:28,122
and took new testimonies

243
00:12:28,164 --> 00:12:29,957
that exposed
massive inconsistencies

244
00:12:29,999 --> 00:12:32,251
with the original
Warren Report.

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00:12:32,293 --> 00:12:34,628
Has any other scientist to date

246
00:12:34,670 --> 00:12:39,633
linked the so-called pristine
bullet to the injuries?

247
00:12:39,675 --> 00:12:41,469
Not that I'm aware of. No.

248
00:12:41,510 --> 00:12:47,725
The Pentagon has destroyed
its Kennedy assassination file,

249
00:12:47,767 --> 00:12:50,978
and we don't know
why that was done.

250
00:12:51,020 --> 00:12:52,980
But at
the end of that investigation,

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00:12:53,022 --> 00:12:55,775
what the HSCA
learned was considered

252
00:12:55,816 --> 00:12:58,152
too damaging to be made public.

253
00:12:58,194 --> 00:13:00,446
And close to
a half-million records

254
00:13:00,488 --> 00:13:03,991
were to remain
sealed until 2029,

255
00:13:04,033 --> 00:13:06,494
a fact that we made clear

256
00:13:06,535 --> 00:13:09,330
at the conclusion
to our 1991 film, JFK.

257
00:13:10,831 --> 00:13:12,416
The media controversy
that accompanied

258
00:13:12,458 --> 00:13:15,336
the film forced Congress
to do something about

259
00:13:15,377 --> 00:13:19,465
the secrecy that still surrounded
these classified files.

260
00:13:19,507 --> 00:13:21,759
Hearings were held
on Capitol Hill.

261
00:13:21,801 --> 00:13:23,260
Most Americans did not

262
00:13:23,302 --> 00:13:25,221
believe or support the verdict

263
00:13:25,262 --> 00:13:27,640
of the Warren Commission
initially.

264
00:13:27,681 --> 00:13:30,392
And now more than three in four,

265
00:13:30,434 --> 00:13:33,479
according to all recent samplings
of public opinion,

266
00:13:33,521 --> 00:13:36,941
think some conspiracy
was involved.

267
00:13:36,982 --> 00:13:39,151
And in 1992,
the John F. Kennedy

268
00:13:39,193 --> 00:13:41,862
Records Collection Act
was passed.

269
00:13:41,904 --> 00:13:43,239
Clerk will report the title.

270
00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:45,074
Senate 3006, an act to provide

271
00:13:45,115 --> 00:13:47,243
for the expeditious
disclosure of records

272
00:13:47,284 --> 00:13:50,287
relevant to the assassination
of President John F. Kennedy.

273
00:13:50,329 --> 00:13:52,122
This act provided funding

274
00:13:52,164 --> 00:13:55,251
and formed the Assassination
Records Review Board,

275
00:13:55,292 --> 00:13:57,336
the ARRB.

276
00:13:57,378 --> 00:14:00,714
The public wasn't going
to have to wait until 2029.

277
00:14:00,756 --> 00:14:03,884
Declassification
was to begin now.

278
00:14:03,926 --> 00:14:05,511
The board was given a budget

279
00:14:05,553 --> 00:14:07,847
and timeline
of four years to declassify

280
00:14:07,888 --> 00:14:10,015
and make public
as many documents

281
00:14:10,057 --> 00:14:12,685
and records as possible.

282
00:14:12,726 --> 00:14:15,062
They managed to collect
over two million pages

283
00:14:15,104 --> 00:14:18,524
of declassified records
and artifacts.

284
00:14:18,566 --> 00:14:22,069
They are all housed at the
National Archives in Maryland,

285
00:14:22,111 --> 00:14:24,238
and since then,
the public has been free

286
00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:28,242
to view, study,
and investigate.

287
00:14:28,284 --> 00:14:30,911
There is now so much more
that we know,

288
00:14:30,953 --> 00:14:33,080
and with those facts in hand,

289
00:14:33,122 --> 00:14:35,291
we will go back
and piece together

290
00:14:35,332 --> 00:14:37,167
what really happened that day,

291
00:14:37,209 --> 00:14:40,254
and discover the reasons why.

292
00:14:42,006 --> 00:14:43,090
Let's begin.

293
00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:46,343
Something has happened
in the motorcade.

294
00:14:46,385 --> 00:14:47,428
Standby, please.

295
00:14:47,469 --> 00:14:48,971
The JFK case

296
00:14:49,013 --> 00:14:51,390
was such a mass of confusion.

297
00:14:51,432 --> 00:14:53,809
For example,
the Warren Commission

298
00:14:53,851 --> 00:14:56,729
was limited
to only three shots,

299
00:14:56,770 --> 00:15:00,024
because three shells
were found on the sixth floor

300
00:15:00,065 --> 00:15:02,151
of the School Book Depository.

301
00:15:02,192 --> 00:15:04,320
On that floor,

302
00:15:04,361 --> 00:15:06,947
we found the three empty shells
that had been fired,

303
00:15:06,989 --> 00:15:08,908
but they had
characteristics on them

304
00:15:08,949 --> 00:15:10,868
so that our ballistics expert

305
00:15:10,910 --> 00:15:14,038
was able to prove that
they were fired by this gun.

306
00:15:14,079 --> 00:15:15,456
Any of them fired at me?

307
00:15:15,497 --> 00:15:16,957
No, there was never any...

308
00:15:16,999 --> 00:15:18,626
All three at the President?

309
00:15:18,667 --> 00:15:21,045
All three at the President,
and we have them.

310
00:15:21,086 --> 00:15:22,463
The FBI concluded that

311
00:15:22,504 --> 00:15:24,381
all three bullets
struck inside the car.

312
00:15:24,423 --> 00:15:26,383
He was hit
by the first and the third.

313
00:15:26,425 --> 00:15:28,218
The second shot
hit the governor.

314
00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:29,929
The third shot
tore a large part

315
00:15:29,970 --> 00:15:32,723
of the President's head off.

316
00:15:32,765 --> 00:15:35,768
The Warren Commission
put itself in a straitjacket.

317
00:15:35,809 --> 00:15:39,063
They could not possibly allow
more than three shots,

318
00:15:39,104 --> 00:15:41,023
because four shots or more

319
00:15:41,065 --> 00:15:43,067
would have clearly
indicated conspiracy.

320
00:15:43,108 --> 00:15:44,860
And they were not going there.

321
00:15:53,202 --> 00:15:54,370
...scratched my face.

322
00:15:54,745 --> 00:15:56,914
Records show the first shot

323
00:15:56,956 --> 00:15:59,249
had missed
its target completely,

324
00:15:59,291 --> 00:16:02,461
and the final shot
hit Kennedy in the head.

325
00:16:02,503 --> 00:16:06,298
So, how does one account for
one bullet hitting two victims,

326
00:16:06,340 --> 00:16:08,717
and doing all this damage?

327
00:16:08,759 --> 00:16:11,595
Arlen Specter was
a Yale Law School graduate

328
00:16:11,637 --> 00:16:14,682
working in the
Philadelphia district attorney's office,

329
00:16:14,723 --> 00:16:18,018
when he was asked to serve
on the Warren Commission.

330
00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:22,189
Aha! What if one bullet
made all seven wounds?

331
00:16:22,231 --> 00:16:23,857
Arlen Specter, he is the one

332
00:16:23,899 --> 00:16:26,276
that gave birth to
the single-bullet theory.

333
00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:28,696
What if one bullet went into
Kennedy's back

334
00:16:28,737 --> 00:16:31,365
and came out his neck,

335
00:16:31,407 --> 00:16:34,535
and then went into Connally's back,
piercing the lung,

336
00:16:34,576 --> 00:16:37,121
destroying four inches
of the right fifth rib,

337
00:16:37,162 --> 00:16:39,164
exiting from
the front of his chest,

338
00:16:39,206 --> 00:16:40,749
going into
the back of the wrist,

339
00:16:40,791 --> 00:16:42,793
shattering the distal end
of the radius.

340
00:16:42,835 --> 00:16:44,378
In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,

341
00:16:44,420 --> 00:16:46,964
that's a big heavy bone
comminuted fracture.

342
00:16:47,006 --> 00:16:48,716
Exits from
the front of the wrist,

343
00:16:48,757 --> 00:16:50,926
goes into his left thigh.

344
00:16:50,968 --> 00:16:53,262
Whatever you want,
whatever you need,

345
00:16:53,303 --> 00:16:56,265
this bullet happily
and readily obliges you.

346
00:16:56,306 --> 00:16:58,392
It is indeed a magic bullet.

347
00:16:59,727 --> 00:17:02,646
CE-399 was the magic bullet,

348
00:17:02,688 --> 00:17:05,691
and all government
investigations so far

349
00:17:05,733 --> 00:17:08,277
have treated that bullet

350
00:17:08,318 --> 00:17:11,280
as absolutely foundational
to this case.

351
00:17:11,321 --> 00:17:12,990
How important
is chain of custody

352
00:17:13,032 --> 00:17:15,075
in a legal proceeding?

353
00:17:15,117 --> 00:17:16,994
Chain of custody
basically refers to

354
00:17:17,036 --> 00:17:18,537
the integrity of evidence.

355
00:17:18,579 --> 00:17:20,581
If I pick up
a piece of evidence

356
00:17:20,622 --> 00:17:22,916
and I transfer it
to somebody else

357
00:17:22,958 --> 00:17:24,710
for holding or processing,

358
00:17:24,752 --> 00:17:27,212
my name is the first name
on this list.

359
00:17:27,254 --> 00:17:28,756
The second person
who touches this

360
00:17:28,797 --> 00:17:30,674
and takes possession
of it is next.

361
00:17:30,716 --> 00:17:33,427
And if you don't do that,
there's no way to prove

362
00:17:33,469 --> 00:17:35,387
that the evidence
you collected on day one

363
00:17:35,429 --> 00:17:38,265
is the same one you get on
day 25 when you go to court.

364
00:17:38,307 --> 00:17:40,017
Can you walk us through

365
00:17:40,059 --> 00:17:42,519
the magic bullet's
chain of custody

366
00:17:42,561 --> 00:17:47,733
from the Parkland employees to
the Secret Service to the FBI?

367
00:17:47,775 --> 00:17:50,986
Well, the magic bullet was
supposedly found on a stretcher

368
00:17:51,028 --> 00:17:52,446
at Parkland Hospital,

369
00:17:52,488 --> 00:17:54,490
and went through several hands

370
00:17:54,531 --> 00:17:57,743
before it got
to the Secret Service.

371
00:17:57,785 --> 00:18:00,579
Richard Johnsen was the
first Secret Service agent

372
00:18:00,621 --> 00:18:04,416
to handle it, and he carried it
back to Washington, D.C.

373
00:18:04,458 --> 00:18:06,877
When he got back
to Washington, D.C.,

374
00:18:06,919 --> 00:18:09,171
he gave it to
the chief of the Secret Service,

375
00:18:09,213 --> 00:18:11,173
who was James Rowley.

376
00:18:12,716 --> 00:18:15,260
And at the White House,
James Rowley

377
00:18:15,302 --> 00:18:18,430
gave it to Elmer Lee Todd,

378
00:18:18,472 --> 00:18:20,390
and Todd then took it
to the FBI lab

379
00:18:20,432 --> 00:18:23,477
and gave it to Robert Frazier.

380
00:18:23,519 --> 00:18:27,481
We have interesting information
produced by John Hunt,

381
00:18:27,523 --> 00:18:29,900
a private citizen
who went to the archives

382
00:18:29,942 --> 00:18:31,777
on four or five occasions

383
00:18:31,819 --> 00:18:35,489
to track down the story
about the magic bullet,

384
00:18:35,531 --> 00:18:37,950
and what he found
was truly astounding.

385
00:18:37,991 --> 00:18:40,327
He practically moved into

386
00:18:40,369 --> 00:18:42,913
the National Archives
in Washington, D.C.

387
00:18:42,955 --> 00:18:45,040
They allowed him
to set up a desk

388
00:18:45,082 --> 00:18:48,252
with a computer
and his own scanner.

389
00:18:48,293 --> 00:18:51,630
And he also...
did something different.

390
00:18:51,672 --> 00:18:55,050
He didn't interview policemen
and FBI people,

391
00:18:55,092 --> 00:18:58,053
and he wasn't
swayed by their excuses.

392
00:18:58,095 --> 00:18:59,847
He went straight to,

393
00:18:59,888 --> 00:19:03,642
"This is what you told
and you signed your name."

394
00:19:03,684 --> 00:19:05,477
Working with the FBI

395
00:19:05,519 --> 00:19:07,271
and Warren Commission
documents,

396
00:19:07,312 --> 00:19:10,399
John Hunt asked
the most basic question.

397
00:19:10,440 --> 00:19:13,819
"Was CE-399 in evidence

398
00:19:13,861 --> 00:19:17,072
"the same bullet
that was found on the stretcher?"

399
00:19:18,115 --> 00:19:20,200
At 7:30 at night,

400
00:19:20,242 --> 00:19:22,035
this is the day
of the assassination,

401
00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:24,496
November 22nd, 1963,

402
00:19:24,538 --> 00:19:27,457
a bullet appears in the record,

403
00:19:27,499 --> 00:19:31,461
and it's signed for
by Robert Frazier,

404
00:19:31,503 --> 00:19:34,423
who is the main investigator
at the FBI lab.

405
00:19:35,674 --> 00:19:37,551
And it's not just one document.

406
00:19:37,593 --> 00:19:39,970
There are multiple documents
that indicate

407
00:19:40,012 --> 00:19:45,684
that Frazier signed for
a bullet at 7:30 that night.

408
00:19:45,726 --> 00:19:48,020
Now, here's where
things get interesting.

409
00:19:48,061 --> 00:19:51,940
Elmer Lee Todd received
the bullet at the White House

410
00:19:51,982 --> 00:19:56,820
from chief of the Secret Service,
James Rowley.

411
00:19:56,862 --> 00:20:01,116
And Todd documents,
very clearly in writing,

412
00:20:01,158 --> 00:20:05,787
that he got this bullet
at 8:50 p.m.

413
00:20:05,829 --> 00:20:06,997
How is that possible?

414
00:20:07,039 --> 00:20:09,458
How can Robert Frazier
receive the bullet

415
00:20:09,499 --> 00:20:13,462
in the lab at 7:30
from Elmer Lee Todd,

416
00:20:13,503 --> 00:20:16,715
when Todd didn't get
the bullet until 8:50?

417
00:20:16,757 --> 00:20:20,552
You would think that they would
have handled it, you know,

418
00:20:20,594 --> 00:20:22,930
like it would have been gold
going to the bank.

419
00:20:22,971 --> 00:20:24,640
There it is in the record,

420
00:20:24,681 --> 00:20:28,143
someone is lying about
when they got the bullet.

421
00:20:28,185 --> 00:20:29,186
It gets worse, though.

422
00:20:29,228 --> 00:20:30,938
Todd initialed that bullet,

423
00:20:30,979 --> 00:20:35,234
the one that he got at 8:50,

424
00:20:35,275 --> 00:20:37,486
and everyone else
who touched the bullet

425
00:20:37,527 --> 00:20:39,529
after that initialed it too,

426
00:20:39,571 --> 00:20:40,948
including Robert Frazier.

427
00:20:40,989 --> 00:20:43,575
I went to the archives
to look at this bullet.

428
00:20:43,617 --> 00:20:45,911
And specifically,
what we want to know is,

429
00:20:45,953 --> 00:20:49,081
do we see Todd's initials
on this bullet?

430
00:20:49,122 --> 00:20:51,416
He said he initialed the bullet.

431
00:20:51,458 --> 00:20:53,627
It is not there.

432
00:20:53,669 --> 00:20:56,797
Todd's initials are not
on the magic bullet.

433
00:20:58,632 --> 00:21:01,301
I was very interested in finding out
what the Review Board

434
00:21:01,343 --> 00:21:02,886
would show us about this.

435
00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:05,973
So, we began scouring
their evidence,

436
00:21:06,014 --> 00:21:08,141
and we found out
something very interesting.

437
00:21:08,183 --> 00:21:10,060
We found out
that the Warren Report

438
00:21:10,102 --> 00:21:11,812
had from an FBI report

439
00:21:11,853 --> 00:21:13,689
saying that the guys
that found the bullet

440
00:21:13,730 --> 00:21:16,024
later identified that
as the bullet they'd seen.

441
00:21:16,066 --> 00:21:17,776
The internal record
didn't show that at all.

442
00:21:17,818 --> 00:21:19,653
The internal records
said this bullet

443
00:21:19,695 --> 00:21:21,488
didn't look like
that bullet at all.

444
00:21:21,530 --> 00:21:23,949
But the FBI had reported to the
Warren Commission that it did.

445
00:21:23,991 --> 00:21:24,866
They'd lied.

446
00:21:24,908 --> 00:21:26,660
We then talk to the FBI agent

447
00:21:26,702 --> 00:21:28,787
that was supposed to have
carried that bullet around.

448
00:21:28,829 --> 00:21:30,497
His name was Bardwell Odum.

449
00:21:30,539 --> 00:21:32,499
I got Bardwell Odum
on the phone.

450
00:21:32,541 --> 00:21:35,544
I sent him the documents that
said that he had done this.

451
00:21:35,585 --> 00:21:37,337
He said,
"I never had that bullet.

452
00:21:37,379 --> 00:21:39,006
"I never showed any bullet
to anyone.

453
00:21:39,047 --> 00:21:40,966
"If I'd had the bullet,
there'd be a 302.

454
00:21:41,008 --> 00:21:42,884
"I would have filed a report,
particularly in that area.

455
00:21:42,926 --> 00:21:45,470
"Everybody was very uptight
about getting everything right."

456
00:21:45,512 --> 00:21:47,597
So, we scoured for 302 reports.

457
00:21:47,639 --> 00:21:49,516
His name appears nowhere
in the record.

458
00:21:49,558 --> 00:21:51,476
This is just something
that the FBI invented.

459
00:21:51,518 --> 00:21:54,354
It's conceivable
that some mysterious bullet

460
00:21:54,396 --> 00:21:55,897
showed up from who knows where.

461
00:21:57,024 --> 00:21:58,650
Todd did not initial it,

462
00:21:58,692 --> 00:22:02,779
and it ended up in
the FBI lab as the magic bullet.

463
00:22:02,821 --> 00:22:05,949
One can only surmise
that, somewhere in the FBI,

464
00:22:05,991 --> 00:22:08,702
they realized they had to
close the loop on Oswald's guilt.

465
00:22:08,744 --> 00:22:10,495
And so they just
switched it out.

466
00:22:10,537 --> 00:22:13,540
Because none
of the four people,

467
00:22:13,582 --> 00:22:15,375
either the guys at Parkland,

468
00:22:15,417 --> 00:22:16,543
or the two
Secret Service agents,

469
00:22:16,585 --> 00:22:18,170
could identify the bullet.

470
00:22:18,211 --> 00:22:20,047
The guy who is supposed to have
gotten confirmation that

471
00:22:20,088 --> 00:22:23,342
they did identify the bullet
said he never did it.

472
00:22:23,383 --> 00:22:24,843
And the record supports that.

473
00:22:24,885 --> 00:22:27,054
So, there's--
there's good reason to be

474
00:22:27,095 --> 00:22:29,765
very suspicious
about the magic bullet.

475
00:22:29,806 --> 00:22:35,187
The chain of custody doesn't
start from the laboratory.

476
00:22:35,228 --> 00:22:37,856
It starts from the crime scene.

477
00:22:37,898 --> 00:22:40,525
Each piece of evidence
should be photographed,

478
00:22:40,567 --> 00:22:44,738
documented,
and preserved properly.

479
00:22:45,739 --> 00:22:47,657
From the scene,

480
00:22:47,699 --> 00:22:51,328
evidence is collected,
sent to the laboratory.

481
00:22:51,370 --> 00:22:54,164
We have to keep
the chain of custody

482
00:22:54,206 --> 00:22:55,499
when they enter the lab.

483
00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:56,958
Who examined?

484
00:22:58,377 --> 00:23:00,712
Who did the further analysis?

485
00:23:00,754 --> 00:23:04,508
And each step have to maintain

486
00:23:04,549 --> 00:23:07,052
until you submit to the court.

487
00:23:07,094 --> 00:23:08,678
If this chain broke,

488
00:23:09,971 --> 00:23:12,974
then my evidence
becomes inadmissible.

489
00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:16,395
The other problem

490
00:23:16,436 --> 00:23:18,271
is the lack of damage
to the bullet

491
00:23:18,313 --> 00:23:22,067
after going through two men,
smashing two bones,

492
00:23:22,109 --> 00:23:24,069
and making seven wounds.

493
00:23:24,111 --> 00:23:25,946
Dr. Joseph Dolce

494
00:23:25,987 --> 00:23:30,158
was a much-honored battlefield surgeon
during World War II.

495
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,452
He worked
for the Warren Commission.

496
00:23:32,494 --> 00:23:36,706
And so they gave us the original rifle,
the Mannlicher-Carcano,

497
00:23:36,748 --> 00:23:40,585
plus 100 bullets,
6.5 millimeters.

498
00:23:40,627 --> 00:23:44,005
And we went
and we shot the cadaver wrists,

499
00:23:44,047 --> 00:23:46,842
and in every instance,

500
00:23:46,883 --> 00:23:50,679
the front or the tip
of the bullet was smashed.

501
00:23:50,720 --> 00:23:52,722
Under no circumstances,

502
00:23:52,764 --> 00:23:55,267
do I feel that this bullet
could hit the wrist,

503
00:23:55,308 --> 00:23:56,810
and still not be deformed.

504
00:23:56,852 --> 00:23:58,603
Dolce came to believe

505
00:23:58,645 --> 00:24:01,314
that two bullets
had struck Connally.

506
00:24:01,356 --> 00:24:03,650
Since Arlen Specter
pre-screened

507
00:24:03,692 --> 00:24:05,777
the medical witnesses
for the commission,

508
00:24:05,819 --> 00:24:08,613
Dolce's name is not in
the Warren Report,

509
00:24:08,655 --> 00:24:11,825
and his testimony
is not in the volumes.

510
00:24:11,867 --> 00:24:14,327
And even Connally
refused to accept

511
00:24:14,369 --> 00:24:15,996
the single-bullet theory.

512
00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:21,293
Former Senator
John Sherman Cooper

513
00:24:21,334 --> 00:24:23,462
is the first member
of the Warren Commission

514
00:24:23,503 --> 00:24:25,338
to agree to talk on television

515
00:24:25,380 --> 00:24:28,800
about what went on
inside the deliberations.

516
00:24:28,842 --> 00:24:30,677
Yes, there were disagreements.

517
00:24:30,719 --> 00:24:33,388
I think the most serious one

518
00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:36,892
that comes to me
the most vividly,

519
00:24:36,933 --> 00:24:40,687
of course, is the question of
whether or not the first shot

520
00:24:40,729 --> 00:24:42,606
went through President Kennedy

521
00:24:42,647 --> 00:24:45,025
and then through
Governor Connally.

522
00:24:45,066 --> 00:24:46,693
Although it never specified

523
00:24:46,735 --> 00:24:48,862
the order of the shots,

524
00:24:48,904 --> 00:24:51,698
the Warren Report
had one bullet

525
00:24:51,740 --> 00:24:54,451
going through Kennedy
and Governor Connally,

526
00:24:54,493 --> 00:24:56,161
another missing the car,

527
00:24:56,203 --> 00:24:59,831
hitting a bystander on
Commerce Street, James Tague,

528
00:24:59,873 --> 00:25:02,667
and the final shot
hitting Kennedy in the head.

529
00:25:03,585 --> 00:25:05,921
I could not convince myself

530
00:25:05,962 --> 00:25:09,216
that the same bullet
struck both of them, although...

531
00:25:09,257 --> 00:25:12,385
You mean
that you yourself didn't--

532
00:25:12,427 --> 00:25:14,304
Weren't convinced about the
single-bullet theory, which...

533
00:25:14,346 --> 00:25:16,973
No, I wasn't convinced by it.
Neither was Senator Russell.

534
00:25:17,015 --> 00:25:19,059
Senator
Richard Russell of Georgia

535
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:21,895
did not want
to serve on the commission.

536
00:25:21,937 --> 00:25:24,022
After he attended
the first meeting,

537
00:25:24,064 --> 00:25:27,192
he quickly became disenchanted
with the proceedings.

538
00:25:27,234 --> 00:25:30,237
Particularly the roles
of J. Edgar Hoover

539
00:25:30,278 --> 00:25:34,157
and acting attorney general
Nicholas Katzenbach.

540
00:25:34,199 --> 00:25:37,285
His personal papers at the
University of Georgia Library

541
00:25:37,327 --> 00:25:38,912
contain a memo

542
00:25:38,954 --> 00:25:42,749
written after the initial
December 5th, 1963,

543
00:25:42,791 --> 00:25:44,834
executive session.

544
00:25:44,876 --> 00:25:47,254
"Something strange
is happening.

545
00:25:47,295 --> 00:25:50,382
"Warren and Katzenbach know
all about the FBI

546
00:25:50,423 --> 00:25:53,343
"and are apparently
planning to show Oswald

547
00:25:53,385 --> 00:25:55,512
"as the only one considered.

548
00:25:55,554 --> 00:25:59,474
"This to me is
an untenable position."

549
00:25:59,516 --> 00:26:02,602
His papers revealed that he
wrote a dissenting opinion

550
00:26:02,644 --> 00:26:04,854
for the presentation
at the final

551
00:26:04,896 --> 00:26:07,691
commission meeting
of September 18th.

552
00:26:07,732 --> 00:26:10,360
On that day,
he shared his concerns

553
00:26:10,402 --> 00:26:11,945
with President Johnson.

554
00:26:50,692 --> 00:26:54,446
He also thought
that Oswald did not act alone.

555
00:26:54,487 --> 00:26:57,407
Russell was strongly influenced
by the Zapruder film

556
00:26:57,449 --> 00:27:00,410
and by the testimony
of Governor Connally.

557
00:27:00,452 --> 00:27:02,203
I understand there's some...

558
00:27:02,245 --> 00:27:04,623
some question
in the minds of the experts

559
00:27:04,664 --> 00:27:06,791
about whether or not

560
00:27:06,833 --> 00:27:09,294
we could both have been hit
by the same bullet,

561
00:27:09,336 --> 00:27:10,837
and that was the first bullet.

562
00:27:10,879 --> 00:27:13,548
I just don't happen
to believe that.

563
00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:15,508
I don't believe
that I will believe it.

564
00:27:15,550 --> 00:27:17,385
This forced
the other commissioners

565
00:27:17,427 --> 00:27:20,180
to include Connally's dissent
in the report.

566
00:27:20,221 --> 00:27:23,600
And as a result,
they could not absolutely deny

567
00:27:23,642 --> 00:27:27,145
the possibility
of a conspiracy.

568
00:27:27,187 --> 00:27:29,147
Russell became
the first commissioner

569
00:27:29,189 --> 00:27:32,150
to criticize
the Warren Report in public.

570
00:27:32,192 --> 00:27:34,027
He was followed
by commission members

571
00:27:34,069 --> 00:27:38,198
John Sherman Cooper
and Hale Boggs.

572
00:27:38,239 --> 00:27:41,618
But then Walter Cronkite
interviewed John McCloy

573
00:27:41,660 --> 00:27:45,705
during a four-night special,
co-hosted by Dan Rather.

574
00:27:45,747 --> 00:27:48,500
Are you satisfied
that as much effort

575
00:27:48,541 --> 00:27:53,046
was put into challenging that case
as into establishing it?

576
00:27:53,088 --> 00:27:54,297
I'll answer that
in just a moment.

577
00:27:54,339 --> 00:27:56,257
If I may just say one thing,
I would--

578
00:27:56,299 --> 00:27:57,467
I'd like to say
in the first place,

579
00:27:57,509 --> 00:27:59,052
I had some questions

580
00:27:59,094 --> 00:28:01,262
as to the propriety
of my appearing here

581
00:28:01,304 --> 00:28:03,431
as a former member
of the commission

582
00:28:03,473 --> 00:28:05,684
to comment on
the evidence of the commission.

583
00:28:05,725 --> 00:28:09,187
McCloy never
answered Cronkite's question.

584
00:28:09,229 --> 00:28:12,691
But even worse,
CBS employee Roger Feinman

585
00:28:12,732 --> 00:28:15,068
later discovered
internal documents

586
00:28:15,110 --> 00:28:17,195
showing McCoy
consulted extensively

587
00:28:17,237 --> 00:28:19,739
on the series
through his daughter, Ellen,

588
00:28:19,781 --> 00:28:24,577
an administrative assistant to
CBS President Richard Salant.

589
00:28:24,619 --> 00:28:28,081
In 1992,
reporter Jerry Policoff

590
00:28:28,123 --> 00:28:31,167
confronted Salant
and Ellen McCoy

591
00:28:31,209 --> 00:28:34,546
with the documents revealing
John McCloy's instructions

592
00:28:34,587 --> 00:28:36,631
for the content of the show.

593
00:28:36,673 --> 00:28:40,677
Only then did Salant
admit to their concealment.

594
00:28:40,719 --> 00:28:43,430
CBS, NBC,
and The New York Times

595
00:28:43,471 --> 00:28:46,349
continued to support
the commission's finding

596
00:28:46,391 --> 00:28:48,143
and never publicly reviewed

597
00:28:48,184 --> 00:28:52,605
the 26 volumes
of supplemental evidence.

598
00:28:52,647 --> 00:28:55,400
Mr. Dulles, let me put some
of the criticisms to you.

599
00:28:55,442 --> 00:28:56,776
Surely.

600
00:28:56,818 --> 00:28:58,653
Some of the papers
and some of the documents

601
00:28:58,695 --> 00:29:01,197
that are in the archives are--
are there

602
00:29:01,239 --> 00:29:04,701
but are withheld from public view
by the FBI, the CIA,

603
00:29:04,743 --> 00:29:07,412
an organization with which
you have some experience.

604
00:29:07,454 --> 00:29:10,248
Is there anything in those
which years from now,

605
00:29:10,290 --> 00:29:12,500
when they may be released,
will upset applecarts?

606
00:29:12,542 --> 00:29:14,002
Oh, no, I don't think so.

607
00:29:14,043 --> 00:29:17,046
No, I think everything
that really is-- is vital

608
00:29:17,088 --> 00:29:19,090
insofar as forming
a judgment as to what

609
00:29:19,132 --> 00:29:21,926
really happened
has been made available.

610
00:29:24,763 --> 00:29:27,682
The Warren Commission
was aware of something else

611
00:29:27,724 --> 00:29:29,350
that was wrong
with their evidence.

612
00:29:29,392 --> 00:29:32,479
All kinds of ballistic tests
show that the bullets, in fact,

613
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,981
came from that rifle.
That was his rifle.

614
00:29:35,023 --> 00:29:36,983
You took
a picture of him with it.

615
00:29:37,025 --> 00:29:38,777
- No, no.
- His home prints and fingerprints

616
00:29:38,818 --> 00:29:40,987
are all over
the School Book Depository.

617
00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:42,739
You have been misinformed.

618
00:29:42,781 --> 00:29:47,243
The ballistics tests
did not prove anything at all.

619
00:29:47,285 --> 00:29:49,370
This is
the weapon that was used.

620
00:29:49,412 --> 00:29:53,124
A rather well-worn
military rifle.

621
00:29:53,166 --> 00:29:57,754
We know that Oswald
had possession of that rifle

622
00:29:57,796 --> 00:29:59,464
because we have him
photographed with it.

623
00:29:59,506 --> 00:30:03,426
And we have his wife
saying that it was, quote,

624
00:30:03,468 --> 00:30:05,845
"Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald."

625
00:30:07,222 --> 00:30:09,390
Is the rifle in evidence today

626
00:30:09,432 --> 00:30:11,059
the same rifle
the commission said

627
00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:13,019
Oswald ordered
through the mail?

628
00:30:13,061 --> 00:30:15,188
The rifle that Lee Oswald

629
00:30:15,230 --> 00:30:18,858
allegedly ordered
under an alias of Alex Hidell,

630
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:21,444
was obtained through
Klein's Sporting Goods store in Chicago.

631
00:30:21,486 --> 00:30:25,198
It was a mail-order, got it out of
American Rifleman magazine.

632
00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:27,492
He wrote on the coupon
he wanted

633
00:30:27,534 --> 00:30:29,869
a 36-inch model,
Mannlicher-Carcano,

634
00:30:29,911 --> 00:30:34,165
6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.

635
00:30:34,207 --> 00:30:36,417
Robert Frazier
was one of the examiners

636
00:30:36,459 --> 00:30:38,545
and he was
a firearms expert for the FBI.

637
00:30:38,586 --> 00:30:40,964
And he testified
that he did measure it,

638
00:30:41,005 --> 00:30:41,965
and the measurement

639
00:30:42,006 --> 00:30:44,050
was 40.2 inches in length,

640
00:30:44,092 --> 00:30:45,718
from barrel to stock.

641
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:48,221
There's a 4.2-inch difference
in the one he ordered,

642
00:30:48,263 --> 00:30:51,391
versus what they found
in the Book Depository.

643
00:30:51,432 --> 00:30:54,060
Klein's may have indeed delivered

644
00:30:54,102 --> 00:30:57,397
a different Mannlicher-Carcano
model to Oswald,

645
00:30:57,438 --> 00:31:00,650
but there are other
anomalies to the story.

646
00:31:00,692 --> 00:31:02,861
The model that Oswald ordered

647
00:31:02,902 --> 00:31:05,238
showed these
strap attachment points

648
00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,740
on the bottom
of the barrel and stock.

649
00:31:07,782 --> 00:31:10,076
In the photograph
is Lieutenant Carl Day,

650
00:31:10,118 --> 00:31:11,411
with the
Dallas Police Department

651
00:31:11,452 --> 00:31:13,913
bringing a rifle out
of the Book Depository.

652
00:31:13,955 --> 00:31:17,375
One of the straps at the back of the gun
is on the left side

653
00:31:17,417 --> 00:31:20,420
of the stock
embedded in the stock.

654
00:31:20,461 --> 00:31:22,463
That's clearly not the rifle
that was ordered,

655
00:31:22,505 --> 00:31:25,633
or at least appears in the
Klein's Sporting Goods store.

656
00:31:25,675 --> 00:31:28,720
The straps shown in the
so-called backyard photos

657
00:31:28,761 --> 00:31:32,765
are on the bottom,
and not on the side of the stock.

658
00:31:32,807 --> 00:31:37,020
Marina Oswald took
backyard photographs of Lee Oswald

659
00:31:37,061 --> 00:31:40,273
holding a rifle
and a pistol on his hip.

660
00:31:40,315 --> 00:31:43,860
And in that first photograph,
that she took three of,

661
00:31:43,902 --> 00:31:49,532
Commission Exhibit
133A and 133B

662
00:31:49,574 --> 00:31:54,704
show a ring on the ring finger
of the right hand.

663
00:31:54,746 --> 00:31:59,125
133C, the ring appears
on the left hand.

664
00:31:59,167 --> 00:32:01,628
In fact, the Dallas Police
showed Lee Oswald

665
00:32:01,669 --> 00:32:04,130
one of the pictures
while he was still in custody.

666
00:32:04,172 --> 00:32:05,965
He said, "That's my face,
but I don't remember

667
00:32:06,007 --> 00:32:08,801
"ever having that picture taken of me."

668
00:32:08,843 --> 00:32:11,220
But after all these questions
are asked,

669
00:32:11,262 --> 00:32:13,932
the underlying mystery remains.

670
00:32:13,973 --> 00:32:17,977
Why would anyone use a rifle
in an assassination,

671
00:32:18,019 --> 00:32:20,104
knowing there was a paper trail

672
00:32:20,146 --> 00:32:23,483
that would lead
right back to them?

673
00:32:23,524 --> 00:32:26,527
Was there a palm print
found on the rifle?

674
00:32:26,569 --> 00:32:31,157
The foremost fingerprint expert
the FBI had, Sebastian Latona,

675
00:32:31,199 --> 00:32:34,661
took that rifle and attempted
to lift prints off of the rifle,

676
00:32:34,702 --> 00:32:36,496
the stock and/or the barrel.

677
00:32:36,537 --> 00:32:38,373
He testified
to the Warren Commission

678
00:32:38,414 --> 00:32:41,125
that he found no usable prints

679
00:32:41,167 --> 00:32:45,004
anywhere on that rifle,
on the metal or the stock.

680
00:32:45,046 --> 00:32:47,840
But yet,
Lieutenant Day in Dallas,

681
00:32:47,882 --> 00:32:51,052
before the rifle went
to Washington, said he found

682
00:32:51,094 --> 00:32:53,680
a partial palm print on the
trigger guard on the left side

683
00:32:53,721 --> 00:32:57,809
and a partial print underneath
the stock on the barrel.

684
00:32:57,850 --> 00:33:00,019
But Sebastian Latona
said there was no evidence

685
00:33:00,061 --> 00:33:01,437
that a lift had
even been attempted.

686
00:33:01,479 --> 00:33:03,147
No partials at all?

687
00:33:03,189 --> 00:33:04,774
Nothing that he could
use in court.

688
00:33:04,816 --> 00:33:07,276
There has to be
eight points of identification.

689
00:33:07,318 --> 00:33:10,321
He found nothing
that would match that.

690
00:33:10,363 --> 00:33:13,992
J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192.

691
00:33:14,033 --> 00:33:14,742
Yes?

692
00:33:14,784 --> 00:33:18,538
I've seen the reports
on this investigation.

693
00:33:18,579 --> 00:33:21,958
This man, Oswald,
he had fired three shots.

694
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,002
He then threw the gun aside,

695
00:33:24,043 --> 00:33:30,508
and... he apparently had come
down the five flights of steps.

696
00:33:30,550 --> 00:33:33,177
A stairway
from the fifth floor.

697
00:33:33,219 --> 00:33:34,846
You can prove that?

698
00:33:34,887 --> 00:33:37,181
Oh, yes.
Oh, yes, we can prove that.

699
00:33:37,223 --> 00:33:40,184
Did anybody hear,
anybody see him?

700
00:33:40,226 --> 00:33:43,062
Most of the employees
were down on a lower floor, but

701
00:33:43,104 --> 00:33:46,858
he was stopped at the second floor
by a police officer.

702
00:33:46,899 --> 00:33:49,736
And some workers,
some manager in the building

703
00:33:49,777 --> 00:33:51,863
told the police officer, "Well,
he's all right, he works here.

704
00:33:51,904 --> 00:33:53,406
"You needn't hold him."

705
00:33:53,448 --> 00:33:55,825
So they let him go.
That's how he got out.

706
00:33:55,867 --> 00:33:58,119
At the time
that I heard those shots,

707
00:33:58,161 --> 00:34:02,040
I ran into that building and
made it up to the second floor.

708
00:34:02,081 --> 00:34:05,418
It was approximately
a minute and a half to two minutes.

709
00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:07,920
In possibly
less than two minutes,

710
00:34:07,962 --> 00:34:10,506
investigators came
to the School Book Building

711
00:34:10,548 --> 00:34:12,884
with stopwatches
and critical eyes.

712
00:34:12,925 --> 00:34:15,845
Not only police and government agents
traced that route,

713
00:34:15,887 --> 00:34:18,347
Chief Justice Warren
and some other commission members

714
00:34:18,389 --> 00:34:19,766
did it for themselves.

715
00:34:21,392 --> 00:34:23,436
I was interested in finding

716
00:34:23,478 --> 00:34:26,272
a specific witness
to the assassination,

717
00:34:26,314 --> 00:34:28,274
which was Victoria Adams.

718
00:34:29,901 --> 00:34:31,611
She worked on the fourth floor

719
00:34:31,652 --> 00:34:33,946
of the Texas School Book Depository,

720
00:34:33,988 --> 00:34:36,324
and she knew Oswald.

721
00:34:36,365 --> 00:34:38,576
I went to the National Archives

722
00:34:38,618 --> 00:34:42,830
searching for
her original testimony.

723
00:34:42,872 --> 00:34:44,624
I was told that the tape

724
00:34:44,665 --> 00:34:47,460
containing her testimony
was missing.

725
00:34:47,502 --> 00:34:49,962
And later I learned that
that tape

726
00:34:50,004 --> 00:34:53,257
had been destroyed
by the Warren Commission.

727
00:34:53,299 --> 00:34:55,510
And so I finally
ended up finding her

728
00:34:55,551 --> 00:34:58,638
and getting
her side of the story.

729
00:34:58,679 --> 00:35:02,225
Vicki Adams was 22
at the time of the assassination,

730
00:35:02,266 --> 00:35:04,185
and she testified
that immediately

731
00:35:04,227 --> 00:35:07,021
after the assassination,

732
00:35:07,063 --> 00:35:09,273
she ran down the back stairs

733
00:35:09,315 --> 00:35:11,317
to get outside
to see what was going on.

734
00:35:12,110 --> 00:35:13,653
If that were true,

735
00:35:13,694 --> 00:35:17,907
she would have seen Oswald
on the back stairs.

736
00:35:17,949 --> 00:35:20,660
But she testified that she
saw and heard no one.

737
00:35:21,994 --> 00:35:24,330
She had realized
that something was wrong,

738
00:35:24,372 --> 00:35:26,415
because no one
was believing her.

739
00:35:26,457 --> 00:35:29,919
So she asked David Belin,
who was questioning her,

740
00:35:29,961 --> 00:35:31,838
"Interview Sandra Styles,

741
00:35:31,879 --> 00:35:35,341
"a coworker who went
down the stairs with me."

742
00:35:35,383 --> 00:35:37,760
This became
a rather serious problem

743
00:35:37,802 --> 00:35:39,554
for the Warren Commission,

744
00:35:39,595 --> 00:35:45,184
because discrediting one woman
was easy to do.

745
00:35:45,226 --> 00:35:48,271
But discrediting
a corroborating witness,

746
00:35:48,312 --> 00:35:50,690
that may have been
a little bit tougher.

747
00:35:50,731 --> 00:35:54,485
So Belin said,
"We don't need Sandra Styles,

748
00:35:54,527 --> 00:35:55,803
"we have you."

749
00:35:56,571 --> 00:35:57,822
We've had Mr. Belin here

750
00:35:57,864 --> 00:35:59,365
with us too,
one of our counselors

751
00:35:59,407 --> 00:36:01,284
who's been here
several times, and...

752
00:36:01,325 --> 00:36:05,204
He knows this city now
as very few people do.

753
00:36:05,246 --> 00:36:08,958
According to Vicki's
original FBI testimony,

754
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:11,544
she left the window
on the fourth floor

755
00:36:11,586 --> 00:36:15,047
within 15 to 30 seconds
of the assassination.

756
00:36:15,089 --> 00:36:18,384
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to one minute.

757
00:36:18,426 --> 00:36:21,220
She said she arrived
on the first floor

758
00:36:21,262 --> 00:36:24,056
within 60 seconds
of the assassination.

759
00:36:24,098 --> 00:36:28,186
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to several minutes.

760
00:36:28,227 --> 00:36:30,646
So what
the Warren Commission did

761
00:36:30,688 --> 00:36:32,982
was successfully
deceive the public

762
00:36:33,024 --> 00:36:36,903
into thinking that Vicki was
just another confused witness.

763
00:36:36,944 --> 00:36:37,945
Case closed.

764
00:36:37,987 --> 00:36:39,405
Reenactments prove,

765
00:36:39,447 --> 00:36:42,033
the report says,
that Oswald did have time,

766
00:36:42,074 --> 00:36:45,244
just enough time to
fire the shots, secret the rifle,

767
00:36:45,286 --> 00:36:47,663
and get down to the
second floor cafeteria.

768
00:36:49,540 --> 00:36:55,338
But in 1999, I found a document
in the National Archives

769
00:36:55,379 --> 00:36:59,258
that had been suppressed
for 35 years.

770
00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:01,636
It was a letter written

771
00:37:01,677 --> 00:37:05,514
by Assistant US Attorney
Martha Jo Stroud.

772
00:37:05,556 --> 00:37:08,684
It was a transmittal letter
forwarding

773
00:37:08,726 --> 00:37:11,979
Vicki's signed testimony
to J. Lee Rankin,

774
00:37:12,021 --> 00:37:14,398
the head honcho
of the Warren Commission's

775
00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:16,859
investigation at that point.

776
00:37:16,901 --> 00:37:19,195
In the last paragraph
of that letter,

777
00:37:19,237 --> 00:37:21,239
almost as an afterthought,

778
00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:25,701
we're introduced to a woman
by the name of Dorothy Garner.

779
00:37:25,743 --> 00:37:29,747
Garner was Vicki's
immediate supervisor

780
00:37:29,789 --> 00:37:32,792
who had stood
at the window with Vicki.

781
00:37:32,833 --> 00:37:36,087
The letter quotes Garner
as saying that she saw

782
00:37:36,128 --> 00:37:38,047
Vicki go down the stairs

783
00:37:38,089 --> 00:37:43,970
before she saw
Officer Baker and Roy Truly come up.

784
00:37:44,011 --> 00:37:47,348
When I found and interviewed
Dorothy Garner,

785
00:37:47,390 --> 00:37:49,225
she confirmed everything.

786
00:37:49,267 --> 00:37:52,019
She said that she had been
at the window with Vicki,

787
00:37:52,061 --> 00:37:55,731
that Vicki had left
the window immediately,

788
00:37:55,773 --> 00:37:59,902
that she actually followed
Vicki outside the office

789
00:37:59,944 --> 00:38:03,864
and to a point where she could
see her going down the stairs.

790
00:38:03,906 --> 00:38:07,243
And during that whole time,
she never saw Oswald.

791
00:38:07,285 --> 00:38:10,997
So the Stroud letter became
a very dangerous document

792
00:38:11,038 --> 00:38:13,958
for the Warren Commission.

793
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,295
Without the Review Board's
declassification process,

794
00:38:17,336 --> 00:38:21,048
we would never have learned
of the corroborating testimony

795
00:38:21,090 --> 00:38:24,885
of three witnesses
that provide powerful evidence

796
00:38:24,927 --> 00:38:27,388
that Oswald was not
on the sixth floor

797
00:38:27,430 --> 00:38:29,807
at the time of the shooting.

798
00:38:41,277 --> 00:38:45,656
Legally speaking, the autopsy
should have been done in Dallas,

799
00:38:45,698 --> 00:38:48,701
and there was a forensic pathologist,
Earl Rose.

800
00:38:48,743 --> 00:38:51,078
He was there
to assume jurisdiction

801
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:53,289
and to do the autopsy.

802
00:38:53,331 --> 00:38:55,458
He was pushed up
against the wall

803
00:38:55,499 --> 00:38:57,668
and threatened,
hands on guns,

804
00:38:57,710 --> 00:38:59,587
a lot of expletives and so on.

805
00:38:59,628 --> 00:39:01,422
He followed them
out of the driveway,

806
00:39:01,464 --> 00:39:04,717
and they took the body
illegally out of Dallas

807
00:39:04,759 --> 00:39:07,553
in violation of the laws
in the state of Texas.

808
00:39:08,846 --> 00:39:10,473
After Air Force One

809
00:39:10,514 --> 00:39:12,183
left Dallas for Washington,

810
00:39:12,224 --> 00:39:15,478
two of the key doctors who had
tried to save Kennedy's life

811
00:39:15,519 --> 00:39:18,647
at Parkland Hospital,
held a press conference.

812
00:39:18,689 --> 00:39:22,568
They were Dr. Malcolm Perry
and Dr. Kemp Clark.

813
00:39:22,610 --> 00:39:25,029
When were the
two major points of evidence

814
00:39:25,071 --> 00:39:26,489
revealed by Kemp Clark
and Malcolm Perry

815
00:39:26,530 --> 00:39:28,324
at the press conference?

816
00:39:28,366 --> 00:39:30,409
Dr. Perry performed
the tracheotomy

817
00:39:30,451 --> 00:39:32,828
to help Kennedy breathe,

818
00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:34,997
and at a press conference
right after

819
00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:37,958
the failed resuscitation efforts
in Dallas,

820
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:39,585
he was asked,
"Well, where was the bullet?"

821
00:39:39,627 --> 00:39:41,379
He said, "The bullet looked like
it was coming at him.

822
00:39:41,420 --> 00:39:43,255
"He had an entrance wound
in the throat."

823
00:39:44,340 --> 00:39:45,674
Kemp Clarke

824
00:39:45,716 --> 00:39:47,051
was the head of neurosurgery
at Parkland.

825
00:39:47,093 --> 00:39:50,304
He said that the President
had a gaping wound

826
00:39:50,346 --> 00:39:51,931
in the occipital-parietal area.

827
00:39:51,972 --> 00:39:54,308
That's, you know,
the right rear of the head.

828
00:39:54,350 --> 00:39:56,394
And so the description
he gave of that

829
00:39:56,435 --> 00:39:59,480
was entirely consistent with
an exit wound.

830
00:39:59,522 --> 00:40:00,815
We have a transcript today

831
00:40:00,856 --> 00:40:02,400
of what they said
at the press conference.

832
00:40:02,441 --> 00:40:05,653
So it's White House transcript
1327C.

833
00:40:05,694 --> 00:40:07,238
That's a very important
historical document,

834
00:40:07,279 --> 00:40:10,408
because the Secret Service
confiscated the videotapes

835
00:40:10,449 --> 00:40:12,243
from the local TV stations.

836
00:40:12,284 --> 00:40:16,163
There is, however,
a surviving clip of Dr. Perry

837
00:40:16,205 --> 00:40:19,083
recorded not long after the
press conference.

838
00:40:32,471 --> 00:40:35,224
What Clark and Perry
both revealed that day

839
00:40:35,266 --> 00:40:39,061
would indicate
an assassin from the front.

840
00:40:39,103 --> 00:40:41,313
And Assistant White House Press Secretary

841
00:40:41,355 --> 00:40:43,649
Malcolm Kilduff's statement

842
00:40:43,691 --> 00:40:47,153
seems to support
this conclusion.

843
00:40:47,194 --> 00:40:53,576
It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.

844
00:40:55,703 --> 00:40:57,079
The day after the shooting,

845
00:40:57,121 --> 00:40:59,999
Dr. Perry was seen
by Nurse Audrey Bell,

846
00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:02,334
who had been with him
in the operating room.

847
00:41:02,376 --> 00:41:05,087
Saturday morning,
when I got over there,

848
00:41:05,129 --> 00:41:07,339
Dr. Perry
came up to the office.

849
00:41:07,381 --> 00:41:08,841
I said, "You look awful.

850
00:41:08,883 --> 00:41:11,177
"Did you get
any sleep last night?"

851
00:41:11,218 --> 00:41:13,429
He said, "Well, not too much,

852
00:41:13,471 --> 00:41:17,349
"between the calls from Bethesda
that came in during the night."

853
00:41:17,391 --> 00:41:18,851
I said, "What about?"

854
00:41:18,893 --> 00:41:21,896
He said, "Oh, whether
that was an entrance wound

855
00:41:21,937 --> 00:41:23,856
"or an exit wound
in the throat."

856
00:41:23,898 --> 00:41:26,074
He said, "They were wanting me
to change my mind."

857
00:41:26,901 --> 00:41:28,861
In his Warren Commission
testimony,

858
00:41:28,903 --> 00:41:31,530
he basically retracted
what he had said

859
00:41:31,572 --> 00:41:33,824
and they forced him
to back down

860
00:41:33,866 --> 00:41:36,243
and intimidated him
on the witness stand.

861
00:41:36,285 --> 00:41:38,996
It was really quite embarrassing
for me as a physician

862
00:41:39,038 --> 00:41:41,624
to see how someone else
who was telling the truth

863
00:41:41,665 --> 00:41:44,210
was basically forced
to recant his own opinion.

864
00:41:44,251 --> 00:41:46,921
Did it occur to you at the time
or did you think,

865
00:41:46,962 --> 00:41:51,175
"Was this an entry wound
or was this an exit wound?"

866
00:41:51,217 --> 00:41:53,719
Actually, I didn't really
give it much thought

867
00:41:53,761 --> 00:41:55,513
and I realized that perhaps

868
00:41:55,554 --> 00:41:57,515
it would have been better
had I done so.

869
00:41:57,556 --> 00:42:00,518
But I actually
applied my energies,

870
00:42:00,559 --> 00:42:02,520
and those of us there all did,

871
00:42:02,561 --> 00:42:04,313
to the problem at hand.

872
00:42:04,355 --> 00:42:06,315
And I didn't really
concern myself too much

873
00:42:06,357 --> 00:42:08,692
with how it happened or why.

874
00:42:08,734 --> 00:42:13,239
In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me

875
00:42:13,280 --> 00:42:16,492
on the faculty
at the University of Washington

876
00:42:16,534 --> 00:42:18,494
in the cardiac surgery division.

877
00:42:18,536 --> 00:42:22,581
So I got to know Malcolm
when I joined the faculty.

878
00:42:22,623 --> 00:42:24,875
We developed
a professional relationship,

879
00:42:24,917 --> 00:42:28,546
and we would operate together
on complex cases.

880
00:42:28,587 --> 00:42:34,552
I was particularly interested in...
Dr. Perry's position

881
00:42:34,593 --> 00:42:36,303
with the JFK assassination

882
00:42:36,345 --> 00:42:40,391
because he did the tracheotomy
on him after he was shot.

883
00:42:40,432 --> 00:42:44,478
The problem is that Malcolm
categorically refused

884
00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:48,148
to ever discuss
the assassination,

885
00:42:48,190 --> 00:42:51,110
and he wouldn't answer
my questions about that neck wound.

886
00:42:51,151 --> 00:42:53,862
And then one night
after we had operated together

887
00:42:53,904 --> 00:42:57,032
for many hours
on a complex case,

888
00:42:57,074 --> 00:42:59,118
we were sitting in
the surgeons' lounge alone,

889
00:42:59,159 --> 00:43:01,120
drinking coffee,

890
00:43:01,161 --> 00:43:04,873
and I once again asked him
about that neck wound.

891
00:43:04,915 --> 00:43:10,754
And this time, he said
it was an entrance wound,

892
00:43:10,796 --> 00:43:14,758
unquestionably
an entrance wound.

893
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,054
One of the-- the main reasons
Dr. Perry changed his testimony

894
00:43:19,096 --> 00:43:21,974
and publicly agreed
it was an exit wound

895
00:43:22,016 --> 00:43:25,978
is a Secret Service agent
put the pressure on him,

896
00:43:26,020 --> 00:43:28,814
and that person was Elmer Moore.

897
00:43:29,982 --> 00:43:32,443
In 1970,
Elmer Moore was the head

898
00:43:32,484 --> 00:43:35,321
of the Secret Service office
in Seattle

899
00:43:35,362 --> 00:43:38,699
and a graduate student
named Jim Gochenaur

900
00:43:38,741 --> 00:43:40,659
became friends with him,

901
00:43:40,701 --> 00:43:43,412
and he admitted
to Gochenaur that he regretted

902
00:43:43,454 --> 00:43:46,790
putting pressure on Dr. Perry.

903
00:43:46,832 --> 00:43:48,917
So I asked him directly.

904
00:43:48,959 --> 00:43:54,548
I said, "Mr. Moore,
did you pressure Dr. Perry?"

905
00:43:54,590 --> 00:43:55,924
He stopped for a minute.

906
00:43:55,966 --> 00:43:58,344
He says, "Well, I was
ordered to do that."

907
00:43:58,385 --> 00:43:59,803
He expanded on it.

908
00:43:59,845 --> 00:44:01,263
And he said
that Inspector Kelley

909
00:44:01,305 --> 00:44:04,808
had ordered him
to talk with Perry

910
00:44:04,850 --> 00:44:06,769
and convince him
that it could be

911
00:44:06,810 --> 00:44:09,521
either an exit
or an entry wound,

912
00:44:09,563 --> 00:44:12,024
not an entry wound.

913
00:44:12,066 --> 00:44:15,527
And I thought
it was pretty interesting

914
00:44:15,569 --> 00:44:20,199
that he would admit to something
that's pretty close to a felony.

915
00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:22,993
Elmer Moore was also in charge

916
00:44:23,035 --> 00:44:24,703
of getting
the doctors at Parkland

917
00:44:24,745 --> 00:44:26,997
to change their testimony,

918
00:44:27,039 --> 00:44:28,832
and agree
that there was no big hole

919
00:44:28,874 --> 00:44:32,044
in the back of Kennedy's head.

920
00:44:32,086 --> 00:44:34,963
Charles Crenshaw,
a third year resident,

921
00:44:35,005 --> 00:44:38,258
was in the emergency room
at Parkland that day.

922
00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:41,804
He later said in public that
he felt the wounds in Kennedy

923
00:44:41,845 --> 00:44:44,306
originated from the front.

924
00:44:44,348 --> 00:44:46,809
From here, through.

925
00:44:46,850 --> 00:44:49,019
Charles Crenshaw wrote a book,

926
00:44:49,061 --> 00:44:51,522
Conspiracy of Silence,
in the wake of the film JFK,

927
00:44:51,563 --> 00:44:53,732
saying, "Look,
I was at Parkland Hospital.

928
00:44:53,774 --> 00:44:56,694
"I saw Kennedy,
I was involved in the treatment,

929
00:44:56,735 --> 00:44:58,404
"and Kennedy's wounds
were not consistent

930
00:44:58,445 --> 00:45:00,489
"with a shot from above
and behind because

931
00:45:00,531 --> 00:45:03,242
"he had a defect involving
the right rear of his head."

932
00:45:05,452 --> 00:45:06,995
Using the most precise

933
00:45:07,037 --> 00:45:08,497
medical terminology
that you can use.

934
00:45:08,539 --> 00:45:09,915
Okay, let's see,

935
00:45:09,957 --> 00:45:13,252
it was on the right rear

936
00:45:13,293 --> 00:45:17,256
and he shifted the head,
a little bit, to the left,

937
00:45:17,297 --> 00:45:21,593
lifted up the, well, kind of
the matted area, the flap.

938
00:45:21,635 --> 00:45:25,556
And you could see the... hole,

939
00:45:25,597 --> 00:45:27,933
and there was...

940
00:45:27,975 --> 00:45:32,271
brain and spinal fluid
dripping down out of it.

941
00:45:32,312 --> 00:45:35,107
Then I noticed it was dripping,
you know, down into a bucket.

942
00:45:37,568 --> 00:45:39,319
As early as 1981,

943
00:45:39,361 --> 00:45:41,905
copies of the autopsy photos
were leaked

944
00:45:41,947 --> 00:45:45,075
and distributed
among JFK researchers.

945
00:45:45,117 --> 00:45:46,744
The image
of Kennedy's head wound

946
00:45:46,785 --> 00:45:51,415
contradicted what was witnessed
by the Parkland doctors.

947
00:45:51,457 --> 00:45:56,253
I recall the injury being
right along in this area.

948
00:45:59,423 --> 00:46:02,843
It's as if the autopsy materials
were designed

949
00:46:02,885 --> 00:46:05,304
to hide what
was really happening,

950
00:46:05,345 --> 00:46:07,723
as opposed to what
they should usually do.

951
00:46:07,765 --> 00:46:12,352
They're supposed to reveal
the full extent of things.

952
00:46:12,394 --> 00:46:14,438
The evening
of the assassination,

953
00:46:14,480 --> 00:46:18,233
the body of President Kennedy
was returned to Washington.

954
00:46:18,275 --> 00:46:21,653
The autopsy was performed
at Bethesda Medical Center,

955
00:46:21,695 --> 00:46:23,739
a naval institution.

956
00:46:23,781 --> 00:46:25,616
All of the top
forensic pathologists

957
00:46:25,657 --> 00:46:27,159
in the United States

958
00:46:27,201 --> 00:46:30,788
were within one-hour drive
or flying time from D.C.

959
00:46:30,829 --> 00:46:32,831
Not one of them was called upon.

960
00:46:32,873 --> 00:46:34,833
There were two
Navy pathologists,

961
00:46:34,875 --> 00:46:36,418
Commander James Humes

962
00:46:36,460 --> 00:46:38,504
and his associate,
J. Thornton Boswell.

963
00:46:38,545 --> 00:46:42,257
These two military pathologists
who had never done

964
00:46:42,299 --> 00:46:45,803
a single gunshot-wound autopsy
in their entire careers.

965
00:46:45,844 --> 00:46:47,387
This is something that really

966
00:46:47,429 --> 00:46:49,389
has to be emphasized
to every American.

967
00:46:49,431 --> 00:46:51,558
I don't care,
Democrat, Republican, liberal, conservative.

968
00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:53,018
This is your president,

969
00:46:53,060 --> 00:46:55,270
and you've got
multiple gunshot wounds

970
00:46:55,312 --> 00:46:58,524
to determine angles, trajectory,
range, sequence.

971
00:46:58,565 --> 00:46:59,942
And then you've got to correlate

972
00:46:59,983 --> 00:47:01,568
with the multiple
gunshot wounds in Connally.

973
00:47:01,610 --> 00:47:04,154
This is a formidable task
that would have required

974
00:47:04,196 --> 00:47:08,283
two or three major forensic
pathologists to-- to undertake.

975
00:47:08,325 --> 00:47:10,494
So they called
Humes and Boswell.

976
00:47:10,536 --> 00:47:11,870
They realized
they were over their head.

977
00:47:11,912 --> 00:47:13,247
They called in an expert

978
00:47:13,288 --> 00:47:15,040
from the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology,

979
00:47:15,082 --> 00:47:16,625
a guy named Pierre Finck.

980
00:47:16,667 --> 00:47:19,169
Dr. Humes and Boswell
started the autopsy

981
00:47:19,211 --> 00:47:21,547
before their forensics
consultant even got there,

982
00:47:21,588 --> 00:47:23,549
but they realized
they were in over their head.

983
00:47:23,590 --> 00:47:26,718
So they asked to have
a medical examiner, because Dr. Finck,

984
00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:29,888
who is a forensic pathologist,
wasn't doing autopsies.

985
00:47:29,930 --> 00:47:31,557
He hadn't done one
in more than two years.

986
00:47:31,598 --> 00:47:33,559
So they asked for permission
to bring in somebody

987
00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:37,479
who knew what they were doing.
Permission was denied.

988
00:47:37,521 --> 00:47:40,023
There were a lot of people
at the Bethesda morgue.

989
00:47:40,065 --> 00:47:41,316
The latest count
by all the researchers

990
00:47:41,358 --> 00:47:43,902
that I know of is
about 33 people.

991
00:47:43,944 --> 00:47:46,196
There was a gallery, bleachers.

992
00:47:46,238 --> 00:47:49,241
Apparently, all three rows
were filled with people.

993
00:47:49,283 --> 00:47:52,327
These three autopsy pathologists
were given a body,

994
00:47:52,369 --> 00:47:53,537
told, "Here's the body,

995
00:47:53,579 --> 00:47:55,289
"he was shot from behind,
he fell forward,"

996
00:47:55,330 --> 00:47:57,291
which they wrote
in their autopsy report,

997
00:47:57,332 --> 00:47:58,458
figure out how the wounds fit

998
00:47:58,500 --> 00:48:00,460
the known circumstances
of the shooting.

999
00:48:00,502 --> 00:48:04,006
But what this really speaks to
is the fact that the autopsy

1000
00:48:04,047 --> 00:48:05,465
was not in the control
of the surgeons

1001
00:48:05,507 --> 00:48:07,551
that were charged
with doing it.

1002
00:48:07,593 --> 00:48:09,678
It was in the control of people
who were there,

1003
00:48:09,720 --> 00:48:12,890
who were telling them
what they could do and what they couldn't do.

1004
00:48:12,931 --> 00:48:15,601
Let's talk about
those two wounds, Captain.

1005
00:48:15,642 --> 00:48:18,103
You examined this
whole area of the back.

1006
00:48:18,145 --> 00:48:19,354
Yes, sir.

1007
00:48:19,396 --> 00:48:21,064
So on the night of the autopsy,

1008
00:48:21,106 --> 00:48:23,108
Humes and Boswell said,

1009
00:48:23,150 --> 00:48:25,193
"Hey, we got a bullet hole
in the President's back,"

1010
00:48:25,235 --> 00:48:28,113
which they
examined with the finger,

1011
00:48:28,155 --> 00:48:29,573
then with an instrument,
then took x-rays,

1012
00:48:29,615 --> 00:48:31,366
then took out the lungs.

1013
00:48:31,408 --> 00:48:32,618
And no bullets.

1014
00:48:32,659 --> 00:48:34,119
In a murder case,

1015
00:48:34,161 --> 00:48:36,788
that is a very serious
problem for them.

1016
00:48:36,830 --> 00:48:38,332
So where did that bullet go?

1017
00:48:38,373 --> 00:48:41,084
It was just, like you say,
a work of fiction.

1018
00:48:41,126 --> 00:48:43,420
A call came in
from the FBI in Dallas.

1019
00:48:43,462 --> 00:48:45,005
A bullet was found.

1020
00:48:45,047 --> 00:48:46,590
Darrell Tomlinson,
a maintenance man

1021
00:48:46,632 --> 00:48:48,300
at Parkland Hospital,

1022
00:48:48,342 --> 00:48:51,136
trying to get to the men's room,
passing by the ER,

1023
00:48:51,178 --> 00:48:52,888
found the stretchers
blocking the way,

1024
00:48:52,930 --> 00:48:55,015
bent down,
moved the stretcher,

1025
00:48:55,057 --> 00:48:56,767
and there was a bullet.

1026
00:48:56,808 --> 00:48:58,143
How did that bullet get there?

1027
00:48:58,185 --> 00:48:59,853
Humes and Boswell came up

1028
00:48:59,895 --> 00:49:02,147
with this totally
absurd conclusion

1029
00:49:02,189 --> 00:49:04,191
that when the President lay

1030
00:49:04,232 --> 00:49:07,277
on the stretcher,
supine position,

1031
00:49:07,319 --> 00:49:09,237
and pressure
was applied to his chest

1032
00:49:09,279 --> 00:49:11,657
for cardiopulmonary
resuscitation,

1033
00:49:11,698 --> 00:49:15,243
that pressure, applied
anteriorly, forced the bullet,

1034
00:49:15,285 --> 00:49:17,371
which had gone
deeply into the tissues,

1035
00:49:17,412 --> 00:49:19,039
back out through like a tunnel.

1036
00:49:19,081 --> 00:49:21,333
In and out, a car in reverse.

1037
00:49:21,375 --> 00:49:24,211
And what's
very important to note is

1038
00:49:24,252 --> 00:49:26,838
bullets don't go
in and out like that.

1039
00:49:26,880 --> 00:49:30,509
The bullet becomes encased.
But that was their conclusion.

1040
00:49:30,550 --> 00:49:34,012
Keep in mind, they did not know
that there was a bullet hole

1041
00:49:34,054 --> 00:49:35,847
in the front of
the President's neck.

1042
00:49:35,889 --> 00:49:38,225
Commander.
Now, Captain Humes,

1043
00:49:38,266 --> 00:49:40,352
how many autopsies
have you performed?

1044
00:49:40,394 --> 00:49:42,354
Approximately 1,000.

1045
00:49:42,396 --> 00:49:47,025
It wasn't until the next morning
when Humes decided,

1046
00:49:47,067 --> 00:49:48,443
"Hey, maybe we outta talk with

1047
00:49:48,485 --> 00:49:50,904
"the surgeons
at Parkland Hospital."

1048
00:49:50,946 --> 00:49:53,740
Earlier that day,
the doctors at Parkland Hospital

1049
00:49:53,782 --> 00:49:55,575
had determined that the bullet

1050
00:49:55,617 --> 00:49:57,494
had fortuitously
ripped through the trachea.

1051
00:49:57,536 --> 00:50:00,539
So they enlarged
that bullet hole.

1052
00:50:00,580 --> 00:50:02,791
And now they learned,
for the first time,

1053
00:50:02,833 --> 00:50:04,835
that there was a tracheostomy

1054
00:50:04,876 --> 00:50:07,087
superimposed
upon a bullet wound.

1055
00:50:07,129 --> 00:50:09,881
"Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.

1056
00:50:09,923 --> 00:50:11,383
"Now we know!"

1057
00:50:11,425 --> 00:50:14,136
The shot fired from the rear,
entered the back,

1058
00:50:14,177 --> 00:50:16,596
moving around
2,000 feet per second,

1059
00:50:16,638 --> 00:50:19,474
comes out, then stops,
sees the starched white collar,

1060
00:50:19,516 --> 00:50:22,060
gets frightened to death,
plops into the front of his clothing.

1061
00:50:22,102 --> 00:50:23,729
And that's where
the bullet came from,

1062
00:50:23,770 --> 00:50:25,731
found by Tomlinson
on the stretcher.

1063
00:50:25,772 --> 00:50:27,274
Four or five months later,

1064
00:50:27,315 --> 00:50:29,860
under Arlen Specter's
single-bullet theory,

1065
00:50:29,901 --> 00:50:32,571
that bullet has been rejuvenated,
it's been revitalized.

1066
00:50:32,612 --> 00:50:33,947
That bullet has
now gone through

1067
00:50:33,989 --> 00:50:35,741
Kennedy, through Connally,

1068
00:50:35,782 --> 00:50:39,953
and now, as of April of 1964,
the Stretcher Bullet,

1069
00:50:39,995 --> 00:50:41,830
Commission Exhibit #399,

1070
00:50:41,872 --> 00:50:43,582
the hero of the
Warren Commission report,

1071
00:50:43,623 --> 00:50:46,668
is now from
Connally's left thigh.

1072
00:50:46,710 --> 00:50:48,879
How is that possible?

1073
00:50:48,920 --> 00:50:50,881
It's unbelievable!

1074
00:50:50,922 --> 00:50:53,759
...which is scientific evidence

1075
00:50:53,800 --> 00:51:00,265
that the wound was made from behind,
and passed forward.

1076
00:51:00,307 --> 00:51:03,852
Dr. Humes destroyed
his original autopsy notes.

1077
00:51:03,894 --> 00:51:05,729
Now, Dr. Humes,
the chief autopsy pathologist,

1078
00:51:05,771 --> 00:51:07,689
and what we all know
as doctors,

1079
00:51:07,731 --> 00:51:09,608
notes taken while
you're doing something

1080
00:51:09,649 --> 00:51:11,109
are much more important,

1081
00:51:11,151 --> 00:51:12,944
and are likely
to be closer to the truth

1082
00:51:12,986 --> 00:51:15,530
than anything you write later.

1083
00:51:15,572 --> 00:51:18,075
And he admitted that
he'd destroyed autopsy notes.

1084
00:51:18,116 --> 00:51:20,118
You destroyed
your original notes

1085
00:51:20,160 --> 00:51:21,787
in a medical legal autopsy?

1086
00:51:21,828 --> 00:51:25,290
And remember, that night
Oswald is still alive.

1087
00:51:25,332 --> 00:51:26,792
You're going
to be asked, doctor,

1088
00:51:26,833 --> 00:51:31,505
at some point in time under oath
to give sworn testimony.

1089
00:51:31,546 --> 00:51:33,757
Why did you
destroy those notes, doctor?

1090
00:51:33,799 --> 00:51:36,760
Doesn't a pathologist
keep his notes?

1091
00:51:36,802 --> 00:51:39,471
And he said, "Well,
I destroyed my own autopsy notes

1092
00:51:39,513 --> 00:51:41,890
"because they were splattered
with the President's blood

1093
00:51:41,932 --> 00:51:44,768
"and I didn't want them to become
objects of morbid curiosity."

1094
00:51:44,810 --> 00:51:46,311
The third doctor, Dr. Finck,

1095
00:51:46,353 --> 00:51:48,271
who was there,
also wrote some notes

1096
00:51:48,313 --> 00:51:49,856
and complained bitterly
about the fact

1097
00:51:49,898 --> 00:51:51,441
that his notes disappeared, too.

1098
00:51:51,483 --> 00:51:53,568
He was so upset
because he had to go home

1099
00:51:53,610 --> 00:51:56,029
and reconstruct
all of his notes from memory.

1100
00:51:58,031 --> 00:51:59,950
The two FBI agents
at the autopsy,

1101
00:51:59,991 --> 00:52:02,619
Frank O'Neill and James Sibert,

1102
00:52:02,661 --> 00:52:05,580
they reported what they heard
during the autopsy,

1103
00:52:05,622 --> 00:52:08,333
what they heard
the pathologists say,

1104
00:52:08,375 --> 00:52:10,418
specifically Dr. Humes.

1105
00:52:10,460 --> 00:52:15,006
They were interviewed
by Arlen Specter in early 1964.

1106
00:52:15,048 --> 00:52:19,177
He proceeded to write
very unfavorable comments

1107
00:52:19,219 --> 00:52:21,930
about them in a summary memo
for the record.

1108
00:52:21,972 --> 00:52:23,348
We know with confidence

1109
00:52:23,390 --> 00:52:25,225
why he didn't like
what they had to say,

1110
00:52:25,267 --> 00:52:27,352
because they were
providing evidence

1111
00:52:27,394 --> 00:52:29,521
that the single-bullet theory
could not be true.

1112
00:52:29,563 --> 00:52:31,857
Neither Sibert nor O'Neill

1113
00:52:31,898 --> 00:52:34,568
were asked to testify
for the Warren Commission,

1114
00:52:34,609 --> 00:52:37,154
and their written notes
became classified.

1115
00:52:37,195 --> 00:52:39,698
In 1997,
their depositions were taken

1116
00:52:39,739 --> 00:52:42,826
by the Assassination Records
Review Board.

1117
00:52:42,868 --> 00:52:45,078
Both Sibert and O'Neill

1118
00:52:45,120 --> 00:52:48,290
were shown the photographs
of the back of JFK's head,

1119
00:52:48,331 --> 00:52:51,501
the autopsy photographs that
are the most controversial.

1120
00:52:51,543 --> 00:52:53,128
And they both said
that they didn't

1121
00:52:53,170 --> 00:52:55,172
see anything like that
at the autopsy.

1122
00:52:55,213 --> 00:52:57,465
O'Neill had said,
"It looks like it's been doctored.

1123
00:52:57,507 --> 00:52:59,009
"I don't mean the photo
has been doctored.

1124
00:52:59,050 --> 00:53:01,052
"It looks like the head
has been put back together,

1125
00:53:01,094 --> 00:53:02,637
"you know, by embalmers,
and then photographed."

1126
00:53:02,679 --> 00:53:04,222
That was what
he said under oath.

1127
00:53:04,264 --> 00:53:06,558
Sibert did not remember

1128
00:53:06,600 --> 00:53:09,352
drawing a diagram of the wound
for the House committee.

1129
00:53:09,394 --> 00:53:11,479
So he drew a new one
for the Review Board.

1130
00:53:11,521 --> 00:53:13,523
And it's one of our
most important wound diagrams.

1131
00:53:13,565 --> 00:53:15,984
And it shows what
could only be an exit defect

1132
00:53:16,026 --> 00:53:17,602
in the right rear of the skull.

1133
00:53:24,409 --> 00:53:26,745
This new evidence,
combined with

1134
00:53:26,786 --> 00:53:29,915
the Review Board's
declassification of 40 witnesses

1135
00:53:29,956 --> 00:53:32,751
who saw a hole in the back
of Kennedy's head,

1136
00:53:32,792 --> 00:53:37,214
constitutes powerful evidence
of a shot from the front.

1137
00:53:42,427 --> 00:53:44,137
Who was
the autopsy photographer?

1138
00:53:44,179 --> 00:53:46,514
John Stringer.

1139
00:53:46,556 --> 00:53:49,100
He was a Navy civilian.
He was widely respected.

1140
00:53:49,142 --> 00:53:50,310
He had written a textbook

1141
00:53:50,352 --> 00:53:52,229
on medical photography
for the Navy.

1142
00:53:52,270 --> 00:53:53,688
So he was
the photographer of record.

1143
00:53:53,730 --> 00:53:55,941
He photographed
the autopsy itself

1144
00:53:55,982 --> 00:53:59,486
and also photographed
the President's brain.

1145
00:53:59,527 --> 00:54:01,696
The autopsy photos
of the President's brain

1146
00:54:01,738 --> 00:54:03,949
are housed
at the National Archives.

1147
00:54:03,990 --> 00:54:07,035
These photos cannot be
scanned or reproduced,

1148
00:54:07,077 --> 00:54:09,955
but are only available
to be viewed on site

1149
00:54:09,996 --> 00:54:13,792
by researchers
authorized by the Kennedy family.

1150
00:54:13,833 --> 00:54:15,794
Half of the brain photos
are taken

1151
00:54:15,835 --> 00:54:18,421
of a brain from above,
superior views,

1152
00:54:18,463 --> 00:54:21,758
which is what Stringer said
he shot of the complete organ.

1153
00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:24,386
But the other half
of the brain photos in the archives

1154
00:54:24,427 --> 00:54:27,806
are taken of the bottom,
called basilar views.

1155
00:54:27,847 --> 00:54:30,767
Now, we were very careful
to question Mr. Stringer

1156
00:54:30,809 --> 00:54:32,811
about all the photographs
he took,

1157
00:54:32,852 --> 00:54:35,939
and ask him what kind of film
he used for black and white,

1158
00:54:35,981 --> 00:54:37,607
what kind of film
he used for color.

1159
00:54:37,649 --> 00:54:39,526
Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer

1160
00:54:39,567 --> 00:54:43,530
the color positive
transparencies of the brain,

1161
00:54:43,571 --> 00:54:45,115
and Stringer immediately noted,

1162
00:54:45,156 --> 00:54:47,701
"Well, these aren't Kodak.
These might be Ansco."

1163
00:54:47,742 --> 00:54:50,245
He said, "I don't see the name
of the manufacturer on here,

1164
00:54:50,287 --> 00:54:53,164
"but these don't have
the right notches in the corner."

1165
00:54:53,206 --> 00:54:54,916
So Jeremy Gunn said,

1166
00:54:54,958 --> 00:54:57,043
"Did you use this film
with these notches in it?"

1167
00:54:57,085 --> 00:54:58,753
Stringer said, "No."

1168
00:54:58,795 --> 00:55:00,880
"Did you take basilar views
when you shot the brain?"

1169
00:55:00,922 --> 00:55:03,591
And he says,
"Not as far as I know."

1170
00:55:03,633 --> 00:55:06,136
Doesn't this all lead to the question

1171
00:55:06,177 --> 00:55:09,806
if Stringer did not take these photographs,
then who did?

1172
00:55:11,683 --> 00:55:14,853
Robert Knudsen
was a Navy photographer

1173
00:55:14,894 --> 00:55:17,981
who was detailed
to the White House in 1958.

1174
00:55:18,023 --> 00:55:21,192
If you read his obituaries in
The New York Times

1175
00:55:21,234 --> 00:55:22,485
and The Washington Post,

1176
00:55:22,527 --> 00:55:24,779
you will see
that he is credited

1177
00:55:24,821 --> 00:55:27,365
with photographing
Kennedy's autopsy,

1178
00:55:27,407 --> 00:55:30,785
except officially he was not.

1179
00:55:30,827 --> 00:55:34,956
Robert Knudsen was not interviewed
by the Warren Commission.

1180
00:55:34,998 --> 00:55:39,002
So they finally found
Robert Knudsen in 1978.

1181
00:55:39,044 --> 00:55:41,171
And to its credit,
the House Select Committee

1182
00:55:41,212 --> 00:55:42,756
did a deposition of him.

1183
00:55:42,797 --> 00:55:45,383
To their discredit,
they never published it.

1184
00:55:45,425 --> 00:55:49,763
They buried it for 50 years
and it got released in 1993.

1185
00:55:49,804 --> 00:55:51,639
And I know why they buried it,

1186
00:55:51,681 --> 00:55:54,559
because everything he told them
about autopsy photography

1187
00:55:54,601 --> 00:55:56,144
contradicted what
they thought they knew

1188
00:55:56,186 --> 00:55:57,520
in the official record.

1189
00:55:57,562 --> 00:56:00,273
After his death in 1989,

1190
00:56:00,315 --> 00:56:01,983
his wife was interviewed by

1191
00:56:02,025 --> 00:56:04,402
the Assassination Records
Review Board.

1192
00:56:16,456 --> 00:56:19,709
He told her that one photograph
in particular,

1193
00:56:19,751 --> 00:56:21,252
presumably
the back of the head,

1194
00:56:21,294 --> 00:56:23,755
had been severely altered.

1195
00:56:23,797 --> 00:56:25,757
Where was the wound covered?

1196
00:56:31,304 --> 00:56:34,015
In one sense,
probably worth saying

1197
00:56:34,057 --> 00:56:35,600
that what you're saying
is very different

1198
00:56:35,642 --> 00:56:37,727
from what
the United States government

1199
00:56:37,769 --> 00:56:39,979
has said for a long time.

1200
00:56:40,021 --> 00:56:43,566
And why didn't he say
something to somebody?

1201
00:57:04,587 --> 00:57:06,423
John Stringer is still

1202
00:57:06,464 --> 00:57:08,049
the autopsy photographer
of record,

1203
00:57:08,091 --> 00:57:09,843
I think they both took pictures
and I personally think

1204
00:57:09,884 --> 00:57:12,679
that many of
John Stringer's pictures

1205
00:57:12,720 --> 00:57:14,514
never made it
into the official collection.

1206
00:57:14,556 --> 00:57:15,807
And a lot of the ones
we're looking at

1207
00:57:15,849 --> 00:57:17,642
are Robert Knudsen's pictures.

1208
00:57:21,187 --> 00:57:24,482
Saundra Spencer worked
at the Anacostia Facility,

1209
00:57:24,524 --> 00:57:26,568
a Naval Photographic Center,

1210
00:57:26,609 --> 00:57:28,987
which was quite separate
from the Bethesda lab.

1211
00:57:29,028 --> 00:57:32,323
That weekend,
she received film.

1212
00:57:32,365 --> 00:57:34,993
The photographs
that Saundra Spencer developed,

1213
00:57:35,034 --> 00:57:37,162
which never made it
into the official record.

1214
00:57:37,203 --> 00:57:39,831
The only evidence we have of them
is her testimony.

1215
00:57:41,666 --> 00:57:43,835
Saundra Spencer
was visibly upset

1216
00:57:43,877 --> 00:57:46,337
when she looked at the
official autopsy photographs

1217
00:57:46,379 --> 00:57:49,924
because she said,
"I developed pictures of him and his family

1218
00:57:49,966 --> 00:57:52,677
"for almost three years,
and he never looked like this."

1219
00:57:52,719 --> 00:57:54,929
She said, "He looks terrible
in these photographs."

1220
00:57:59,434 --> 00:58:01,978
- She started to cry.
- In front of the Review Board?

1221
00:58:02,020 --> 00:58:04,355
Yes, she started to cry
in front of Jeremy and I

1222
00:58:04,397 --> 00:58:06,232
and the person
from the archives,

1223
00:58:06,274 --> 00:58:08,776
and she said,
"He did not look this bad

1224
00:58:08,818 --> 00:58:10,862
"in the photographs
I developed on Sunday."

1225
00:58:10,904 --> 00:58:13,948
He was very cleaned up.
It was very respectful.

1226
00:58:13,990 --> 00:58:16,034
And in one of the photographs
she developed,

1227
00:58:16,075 --> 00:58:17,827
there was a brain,
an intact brain,

1228
00:58:17,869 --> 00:58:19,621
sitting next to the body,

1229
00:58:19,662 --> 00:58:21,080
the nude body of the President.

1230
00:58:21,122 --> 00:58:22,874
Strange, first of all,
that it's intact

1231
00:58:22,916 --> 00:58:26,252
because FBI agent Frank O'Neill
told the Review Board

1232
00:58:26,294 --> 00:58:29,088
that over half of the mass
of the brain was missing.

1233
00:58:31,925 --> 00:58:34,469
So the brain autopsy,
or autopsies,

1234
00:58:34,511 --> 00:58:37,055
there were probably
two such events,

1235
00:58:37,396 --> 00:58:41,851
occurred later
and were not done on November 22nd.

1236
00:58:41,893 --> 00:58:43,603
Anybody
that's seen the Zapruder film

1237
00:58:43,645 --> 00:58:44,979
can see Kennedy's head
explodes

1238
00:58:45,021 --> 00:58:46,523
and debris flies
all over the place.

1239
00:58:46,564 --> 00:58:47,857
Jackie Kennedy climbed out

1240
00:58:47,899 --> 00:58:49,609
onto the trunk
of the limousine,

1241
00:58:49,651 --> 00:58:52,779
picked up a chunk of the President's brain,
had it with her,

1242
00:58:52,820 --> 00:58:54,531
took it in and gave it to

1243
00:58:54,572 --> 00:58:56,574
one of the doctors
at Parkland Hospital.

1244
00:58:56,616 --> 00:58:58,868
When you look at the
autopsy photographs of the brain,

1245
00:58:58,910 --> 00:59:00,245
which I've seen
the originals of,

1246
00:59:00,286 --> 00:59:02,205
you can just see
that the brain is disrupted,

1247
00:59:02,247 --> 00:59:04,207
but very little
of the tissue is missing.

1248
00:59:04,249 --> 00:59:07,043
Then we look at the
autopsy report of the brain,

1249
00:59:07,085 --> 00:59:09,170
what they call
the supplemental brain examination.

1250
00:59:09,212 --> 00:59:10,755
The brain in evidence
that's weighed there

1251
00:59:10,797 --> 00:59:12,840
weighs 1,500 grams.

1252
00:59:12,882 --> 00:59:16,261
1500 grams is--
is above average weight

1253
00:59:16,302 --> 00:59:17,845
of an adult male brain.

1254
00:59:17,887 --> 00:59:20,932
There was one report
of 8,000 autopsies

1255
00:59:20,974 --> 00:59:23,643
and the average weight of
an adult male brain

1256
00:59:23,685 --> 00:59:25,770
was 1,336 grams.

1257
00:59:25,812 --> 00:59:29,524
So they're saying
that President Kennedy's brain

1258
00:59:29,566 --> 00:59:31,150
was well above
the average weight.

1259
00:59:31,192 --> 00:59:33,194
Where did all that brain tissue
disappear to?

1260
00:59:33,236 --> 00:59:36,990
That flies around Dealey Plaza,
that Jackie has in her hand,

1261
00:59:37,031 --> 00:59:39,100
that everybody is picking off
of their clothes?

1262
00:59:41,536 --> 00:59:44,289
There are two photographs
of the brain at the archives.

1263
00:59:44,330 --> 00:59:46,749
I viewed those in 2015.

1264
00:59:46,791 --> 00:59:49,127
The brain looked to me
to be distorted.

1265
00:59:49,168 --> 00:59:50,962
My first thought was
that the brain had been sitting

1266
00:59:51,004 --> 00:59:53,006
in a jar of formaldehyde
for a long time.

1267
00:59:53,047 --> 00:59:56,134
The Review Board
had a consultant.

1268
00:59:56,175 --> 00:59:59,012
A renowned forensic pathologist.

1269
00:59:59,053 --> 01:00:01,723
He looked at the brain photographs
and he said,

1270
01:00:01,764 --> 01:00:04,475
"This is a very well-fixed brain.

1271
01:00:04,517 --> 01:00:07,270
"It's all gray.
It's not pink at all.

1272
01:00:07,312 --> 01:00:10,481
"It's been fixed for
two or three weeks in formaldehyde.

1273
01:00:10,523 --> 01:00:11,858
"It's been fixed
at least two weeks,

1274
01:00:11,899 --> 01:00:13,359
"maybe as long as three weeks."

1275
01:00:13,401 --> 01:00:15,778
I looked at Jeremy Gunn
and he looked at me

1276
01:00:15,820 --> 01:00:17,071
and the hair stood up
on the back of my neck,

1277
01:00:17,113 --> 01:00:21,618
because I knew that JFK's brain
was examined...

1278
01:00:21,659 --> 01:00:23,995
less than three days
after he was killed.

1279
01:00:24,037 --> 01:00:25,747
One can only imagine
that they wanted

1280
01:00:25,788 --> 01:00:27,624
the-- the damage to the brain

1281
01:00:27,665 --> 01:00:29,751
to be consistent
with the hypothesis

1282
01:00:29,792 --> 01:00:32,128
that Oswald
had done the shooting.

1283
01:00:32,170 --> 01:00:34,631
So if you had a defect
going all the way to the back of the head,

1284
01:00:34,672 --> 01:00:36,924
like so many witnesses
testified to it,

1285
01:00:36,966 --> 01:00:41,346
it might raise questions
about whether that huge defect

1286
01:00:41,387 --> 01:00:44,057
could've cau-- been caused
by a single shot to the head

1287
01:00:44,098 --> 01:00:46,601
as Oswald is supposed
to have done.

1288
01:00:46,643 --> 01:00:47,852
At a teaching hospital,

1289
01:00:47,894 --> 01:00:50,772
there was
no shortage of brains.

1290
01:00:50,813 --> 01:00:52,106
Autopsies were very frequent.

1291
01:00:52,148 --> 01:00:53,691
Frequently, the brain was saved

1292
01:00:53,733 --> 01:00:56,194
for teaching medical students,

1293
01:00:56,235 --> 01:00:57,862
so it would not
have been difficult

1294
01:00:57,904 --> 01:01:00,365
to find a brain
for replacement.

1295
01:01:00,406 --> 01:01:01,783
This is just one more reason

1296
01:01:01,824 --> 01:01:04,452
why this cannot be
President Kennedy's brain

1297
01:01:04,494 --> 01:01:08,373
in the photographs that
we have stored at the archives.

1298
01:01:08,414 --> 01:01:14,045
What we have here... is evidence
that impugns the authenticity

1299
01:01:14,087 --> 01:01:16,714
of the brain photographs
in the National Archives.

1300
01:01:16,756 --> 01:01:18,508
If there was a trial today,

1301
01:01:18,549 --> 01:01:21,719
these brain photographs would
not be admissible as evidence.

1302
01:01:23,721 --> 01:01:25,723
I'd hate to be
in your shoes today.

1303
01:01:26,724 --> 01:01:27,767
You have a lot to think about.

1304
01:01:27,809 --> 01:01:29,060
You've seen
much hidden evidence

1305
01:01:29,102 --> 01:01:30,937
the American public
has never seen.

1306
01:01:32,480 --> 01:01:35,900
You know, going back
to when we were children,

1307
01:01:35,942 --> 01:01:37,944
I think that most of us
in this courtroom thought

1308
01:01:37,985 --> 01:01:40,697
that justice came
into being automatically.

1309
01:01:41,698 --> 01:01:43,199
That virtue was its own reward,

1310
01:01:43,241 --> 01:01:45,284
that-- that good
would triumph over evil.

1311
01:01:46,994 --> 01:01:50,790
But as we get older,
we know this just isn't true.

1312
01:01:50,832 --> 01:01:53,501
Individual human beings
have to create justice

1313
01:01:53,543 --> 01:01:54,752
and this is not easy,

1314
01:01:56,295 --> 01:01:59,757
because the truth
often poses a threat to power,

1315
01:01:59,799 --> 01:02:03,886
and one often has to fight power
at great risk to themselves.

1316
01:02:03,928 --> 01:02:05,430
The one physician present

1317
01:02:05,471 --> 01:02:08,599
at both Parkland Hospital
and the Bethesda morgue

1318
01:02:08,641 --> 01:02:09,934
was George Burkley,

1319
01:02:09,976 --> 01:02:12,603
Kennedy's personal doctor.

1320
01:02:12,645 --> 01:02:15,940
Arlen Specter did not depose
George Burkley,

1321
01:02:15,982 --> 01:02:20,027
but Burkley did an interview
with the JFK Library in 1967,

1322
01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:22,447
and was asked this question.

1323
01:02:31,456 --> 01:02:32,790
I see.

1324
01:02:32,832 --> 01:02:35,168
The reason
he didn't say anything was,

1325
01:02:35,209 --> 01:02:38,671
he was intimately involved
in the coverup.

1326
01:02:38,713 --> 01:02:41,340
Burkley signed
the autopsy descriptive sheet

1327
01:02:41,382 --> 01:02:45,386
with a bullet in the back
at the level of T3.

1328
01:02:45,428 --> 01:02:47,972
And he also signed
Kennedy's death certificate,

1329
01:02:48,014 --> 01:02:50,683
which also placed
that wound in the back.

1330
01:02:50,725 --> 01:02:52,685
That death certificate
is not in

1331
01:02:52,727 --> 01:02:55,146
the Warren Commission volumes,

1332
01:02:55,188 --> 01:02:58,357
and the descriptive sheet
in the Commission volumes

1333
01:02:58,399 --> 01:03:00,651
does not have
Burkley's signature.

1334
01:03:02,111 --> 01:03:04,155
In 1977, through his lawyer,

1335
01:03:04,197 --> 01:03:06,491
he wrote a letter
to Richard Sprague,

1336
01:03:06,532 --> 01:03:08,159
Chief Counsel of the House

1337
01:03:08,201 --> 01:03:10,787
Select Committee on Assassinations.

1338
01:03:10,828 --> 01:03:13,164
He said he had
information indicating

1339
01:03:13,206 --> 01:03:15,416
that others besides Oswald

1340
01:03:15,458 --> 01:03:18,461
must've participated
in the assassination.

1341
01:03:18,503 --> 01:03:22,006
He was willing
to talk about it at this time.

1342
01:03:22,048 --> 01:03:24,342
Sprague,
who made clear his intention

1343
01:03:24,383 --> 01:03:27,011
to fully investigate
the CIA's involvement,

1344
01:03:27,053 --> 01:03:29,096
was forced out two weeks later.

1345
01:03:29,138 --> 01:03:30,973
Dr. Burkley
submitted a written statement

1346
01:03:31,015 --> 01:03:33,184
to the House Select Committee,

1347
01:03:33,226 --> 01:03:35,061
but there is no official record

1348
01:03:35,102 --> 01:03:38,356
of him being
deposed as a witness.

1349
01:03:38,397 --> 01:03:42,276
In 1982, he told
JFK researcher Henry Hurt,

1350
01:03:42,318 --> 01:03:43,736
"I know there was
more than one gunman,

1351
01:03:43,778 --> 01:03:45,154
"and when Henry Hurt

1352
01:03:45,196 --> 01:03:47,198
"tried to recontact Burkley
for more details,

1353
01:03:47,240 --> 01:03:48,616
"Burkley
cut him off at the knees.

1354
01:03:48,658 --> 01:03:50,159
"I don't want to talk
about it anymore."

1355
01:03:50,201 --> 01:03:51,536
The very next year,
Burkley talked

1356
01:03:51,577 --> 01:03:54,247
to Michael Kurtz,
another JFK researcher,

1357
01:03:54,288 --> 01:03:55,832
told him that he knew there was

1358
01:03:55,873 --> 01:03:57,333
a conspiracy
to kill the President

1359
01:03:57,375 --> 01:03:58,876
and that he recalled
an exit wound

1360
01:03:58,918 --> 01:04:01,045
in the back of
President Kennedy's head.

1361
01:04:01,087 --> 01:04:02,922
Now, that's
a very significant statement.

1362
01:04:02,964 --> 01:04:05,007
That the only doctor we know of

1363
01:04:05,049 --> 01:04:07,885
who was present at
both Parkland for treatment,

1364
01:04:07,927 --> 01:04:09,554
and at Bethesda
during the autopsy,

1365
01:04:09,595 --> 01:04:11,848
told Michael Kurtz in 1983

1366
01:04:11,889 --> 01:04:14,225
that Kennedy had an exit wound
in the back of his head.

1367
01:04:14,267 --> 01:04:15,560
When Kurtz tried to
recontact Burkley,

1368
01:04:15,601 --> 01:04:18,062
Burkley cut him off
at the knees.

1369
01:04:18,104 --> 01:04:19,814
"I don't want to talk
about this anymore."

1370
01:04:19,856 --> 01:04:21,190
Dr. Burkley was deceased
by the time

1371
01:04:21,232 --> 01:04:23,067
the Review Board was impaneled.

1372
01:04:23,109 --> 01:04:25,403
So then Jeremy decided, well,

1373
01:04:25,444 --> 01:04:28,656
we can ask
the executor of his estate,

1374
01:04:28,698 --> 01:04:30,533
his daughter, to sign a waiver

1375
01:04:30,575 --> 01:04:33,035
so that we could
go to the law firm

1376
01:04:33,077 --> 01:04:34,704
that Mr. Illig
used to work for,

1377
01:04:34,745 --> 01:04:35,913
because he was deceased also,

1378
01:04:35,955 --> 01:04:37,248
and see if there were

1379
01:04:37,290 --> 01:04:39,000
any records
in the file of Mr. Illig

1380
01:04:39,041 --> 01:04:41,085
that would have
revealed what it was

1381
01:04:41,127 --> 01:04:43,129
he wanted to tell
the HSCA in detail,

1382
01:04:43,170 --> 01:04:45,089
and she said she would do that.

1383
01:04:45,131 --> 01:04:46,507
And then Jeremy
called her on the phone,

1384
01:04:46,549 --> 01:04:48,843
she had completely
changed her mind

1385
01:04:48,885 --> 01:04:50,177
and adamantly
refused to sign it

1386
01:04:50,219 --> 01:04:52,388
and terminated the phone call.

1387
01:04:57,852 --> 01:04:59,854
The face sheet for the autopsy,

1388
01:04:59,896 --> 01:05:02,773
where it shows the
front and back silhouette of the body,

1389
01:05:02,815 --> 01:05:05,818
where you mark scars
and bullet wounds and things,

1390
01:05:05,860 --> 01:05:08,279
the face sheet
showed the bullet wound

1391
01:05:08,321 --> 01:05:13,284
in the back at the level
of thoracic vertebra T3,

1392
01:05:13,326 --> 01:05:16,287
which is five and a half
to six inches below.

1393
01:05:16,329 --> 01:05:18,247
That location coincided with

1394
01:05:18,289 --> 01:05:21,792
what Sibert and O'Neill
wrote in their report.

1395
01:05:21,834 --> 01:05:25,421
And in order to make the facts
fit the single-bullet theory,

1396
01:05:25,463 --> 01:05:27,548
one bullet
doing all this damage,

1397
01:05:27,590 --> 01:05:31,302
the doctors needed an exit point
for the back wound.

1398
01:05:31,344 --> 01:05:34,764
The Warren Commission raised
the wound in the back

1399
01:05:34,805 --> 01:05:37,934
so that it would align
with the alleged exit wound

1400
01:05:37,975 --> 01:05:39,936
in the front of Kennedy's neck.

1401
01:05:39,977 --> 01:05:41,604
Commissioner Gerald Ford

1402
01:05:41,646 --> 01:05:44,106
did this simply
via the stroke of a pen,

1403
01:05:44,148 --> 01:05:46,692
changing the description
in their report

1404
01:05:46,734 --> 01:05:49,612
from back, to back of the neck.

1405
01:05:49,654 --> 01:05:51,781
As I recall,
they said about Gerald Ford

1406
01:05:51,822 --> 01:05:54,408
that he could not
chew gum and walk at the same time.

1407
01:05:54,450 --> 01:05:57,244
Now, all of a sudden,
he becomes a forensic pathologist,

1408
01:05:57,286 --> 01:05:59,956
and a photographer,
and a criminalist, and an expert,

1409
01:05:59,997 --> 01:06:02,708
and he knows where the bullet hole was
and he moved it up.

1410
01:06:02,750 --> 01:06:04,877
But then in 1979,

1411
01:06:04,919 --> 01:06:08,297
the House Select Committee
moved it lower in the back

1412
01:06:08,339 --> 01:06:10,967
because they had pictures
from the autopsy.

1413
01:06:11,008 --> 01:06:12,760
It is conceivable that,
at the time,

1414
01:06:12,802 --> 01:06:14,720
the Warren Commission thought

1415
01:06:14,762 --> 01:06:18,140
no one would ever
see the autopsy photos.

1416
01:06:18,182 --> 01:06:20,351
When the Review Board
declassified

1417
01:06:20,393 --> 01:06:22,478
the notation showing
what Ford had done,

1418
01:06:22,520 --> 01:06:25,356
the former commissioner replied
that it had nothing to do

1419
01:06:25,398 --> 01:06:27,650
with a conspiracy theory.

1420
01:06:27,692 --> 01:06:30,695
He was only trying
to be more precise.

1421
01:06:30,736 --> 01:06:34,323
This is directly contradicted
by a conversation Ford had

1422
01:06:34,365 --> 01:06:38,494
with French President
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

1423
01:06:38,536 --> 01:06:40,121
Ford told him
the assassination

1424
01:06:40,162 --> 01:06:42,873
was not the work
of one person.

1425
01:06:42,915 --> 01:06:45,042
It was something set up.

1426
01:06:45,084 --> 01:06:47,294
"We were sure it was set up,

1427
01:06:47,336 --> 01:06:50,297
"but we were not able
to discover by whom."

1428
01:06:52,758 --> 01:06:54,135
With all the documents

1429
01:06:54,176 --> 01:06:56,262
declassified
by the Review Board,

1430
01:06:56,303 --> 01:06:59,265
we can see
this scene in a new light.

1431
01:06:59,306 --> 01:07:02,393
In regards
to the JFK assassination,

1432
01:07:02,435 --> 01:07:06,230
conspiracy theories
are now conspiracy facts.

1433
01:07:07,314 --> 01:07:09,108
The forensics show evidence

1434
01:07:09,150 --> 01:07:10,693
of multiple shooters
with Oswald,

1435
01:07:10,735 --> 01:07:12,361
not even at
the sixth floor window

1436
01:07:12,403 --> 01:07:15,031
at the time
of the assassination.

1437
01:07:15,072 --> 01:07:20,494
And his fingerprints not found
on the supposed murder weapon.

1438
01:07:20,536 --> 01:07:24,248
Still, there was no trial
for Lee Harvey Oswald.

1439
01:07:24,290 --> 01:07:25,541
These people
have given me a hearing

1440
01:07:25,583 --> 01:07:27,752
without legal representation
or anything.

1441
01:07:27,793 --> 01:07:29,045
Did you shoot the President?

1442
01:07:29,086 --> 01:07:31,422
I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.

1443
01:07:31,464 --> 01:07:35,384
Attorney Mark Lane tried to
represent Oswald in the proceedings,

1444
01:07:35,426 --> 01:07:37,344
but was denied
by the Warren Commission.

1445
01:08:05,498 --> 01:08:08,334
Did the accused man
get a fair trial?

1446
01:08:08,375 --> 01:08:09,752
I can tell you
from my experiences

1447
01:08:09,794 --> 01:08:12,588
having tried several hundred cases
to verdict,

1448
01:08:12,630 --> 01:08:14,799
and being responsible
for thousands of cases

1449
01:08:14,840 --> 01:08:16,050
as head of the criminal courts

1450
01:08:16,092 --> 01:08:17,593
and running
the homicide bureau,

1451
01:08:17,635 --> 01:08:20,221
that I don't believe there's
any courtroom in America

1452
01:08:20,262 --> 01:08:22,056
where Oswald
would've been convicted

1453
01:08:22,098 --> 01:08:23,474
on the evidence
that was presented

1454
01:08:23,516 --> 01:08:25,726
before the Warren Commission.

1455
01:08:25,768 --> 01:08:29,438
Instead of a
jury of 12 American citizens,

1456
01:08:29,480 --> 01:08:32,191
judgment was passed
by a panel of seven

1457
01:08:32,233 --> 01:08:35,611
appointed wise men
and career statesmen.

1458
01:08:35,653 --> 01:08:40,032
A judgment perpetuated
by the media at that time.

1459
01:08:40,074 --> 01:08:42,576
Looking at the
declassified documents,

1460
01:08:42,618 --> 01:08:44,120
we see there's
even more mystery

1461
01:08:44,161 --> 01:08:47,206
behind Oswald to uncover.

1462
01:08:47,248 --> 01:08:51,043
A man who was,
in his own words, a patsy.

1463
01:08:51,085 --> 01:08:54,255
Murdered on live television.

1464
01:08:54,296 --> 01:08:57,633
This was the dreary funeral
of Lee Harvey Oswald,

1465
01:08:57,675 --> 01:09:01,387
alleged murderer
of President Kennedy.

1466
01:09:01,428 --> 01:09:03,848
Burial was in
an otherwise empty plot

1467
01:09:03,889 --> 01:09:07,017
in Rose Hill Cemetery
outside Fort Worth.

1468
01:09:07,059 --> 01:09:09,103
A plot that we were told
was bought

1469
01:09:09,145 --> 01:09:11,355
long ago by Oswald's mother.

1470
01:09:11,397 --> 01:09:14,275
No one was on hand
for the funeral as mourners,

1471
01:09:14,316 --> 01:09:17,778
except the family
of the dead man.

1472
01:09:17,820 --> 01:09:21,073
Oswald spent his early years
in an orphanage.

1473
01:09:21,115 --> 01:09:25,035
At the age of 17,
he joined the US Marine Corps.

1474
01:09:25,077 --> 01:09:26,787
A year later, he was sent

1475
01:09:26,829 --> 01:09:29,790
to one of the most
secret US bases in the world,

1476
01:09:29,832 --> 01:09:31,625
Atsugi in Japan.

1477
01:09:31,667 --> 01:09:34,086
From here,
the CIA operated spy flights

1478
01:09:34,128 --> 01:09:35,796
over communist China

1479
01:09:35,838 --> 01:09:38,257
using U-2 reconnaissance planes.

1480
01:09:40,092 --> 01:09:43,846
During the
1975 Church Committee investigation

1481
01:09:43,888 --> 01:09:46,348
of US intelligence activities,

1482
01:09:46,390 --> 01:09:48,225
Committee member
Richard Schweiker

1483
01:09:48,267 --> 01:09:50,644
remarked about Oswald,

1484
01:09:50,686 --> 01:09:53,314
that everywhere
you looked with him,

1485
01:09:53,355 --> 01:09:56,901
there are fingerprints
of intelligence.

1486
01:09:56,942 --> 01:10:00,279
Many people said he was a
forthright, upstanding American

1487
01:10:00,321 --> 01:10:01,864
as a young person,

1488
01:10:01,906 --> 01:10:05,409
and yet they later depicted him
as a Castro-loving,

1489
01:10:05,451 --> 01:10:08,621
Cuban-loving,
Russian-loving person.

1490
01:10:08,662 --> 01:10:10,289
In the spring of 1963,

1491
01:10:10,331 --> 01:10:12,583
Oswald started
handing out pamphlets

1492
01:10:12,625 --> 01:10:14,752
for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee,

1493
01:10:14,793 --> 01:10:17,588
a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban
Revolution group

1494
01:10:17,630 --> 01:10:20,382
that was popular
on college campuses.

1495
01:10:20,424 --> 01:10:23,802
And some of them,
he stamped "544 Camp Street",

1496
01:10:23,844 --> 01:10:27,556
which was an office
in downtown New Orleans

1497
01:10:27,598 --> 01:10:30,017
near where the CIA's offices were,

1498
01:10:30,059 --> 01:10:31,936
right across the street,
in fact.

1499
01:10:31,977 --> 01:10:35,022
There was also the home of
the Cuban Revolutionary Council,

1500
01:10:35,064 --> 01:10:37,775
which was
the leading anti-Castro group.

1501
01:10:37,816 --> 01:10:42,029
Why would a pro-Castro activist
put his headquarters

1502
01:10:42,071 --> 01:10:43,906
in the same headquarters

1503
01:10:43,948 --> 01:10:46,492
as the leading anti-Castro group
in the country?

1504
01:10:48,160 --> 01:10:50,120
'Cause he was a provocateur.

1505
01:10:50,162 --> 01:10:52,706
This gets back to being
an agent, or a double agent,

1506
01:10:52,748 --> 01:10:54,750
because he played both roles.

1507
01:10:54,792 --> 01:10:58,796
Here was Oswald
who had two associations.

1508
01:10:58,837 --> 01:11:00,965
One, he has a group of
anti-Castro Cubans.

1509
01:11:01,006 --> 01:11:03,300
At the same time,
he was handing out leaflets

1510
01:11:03,342 --> 01:11:04,668
for the
Fair Play for Cuba committee,

1511
01:11:04,710 --> 01:11:06,470
with the other side
of the fence.

1512
01:11:06,512 --> 01:11:09,473
So the two groups that had
the most motivation

1513
01:11:09,515 --> 01:11:12,643
to assassinate the President,
he was dealing with.

1514
01:11:13,852 --> 01:11:15,896
And not surprisingly,

1515
01:11:15,938 --> 01:11:19,316
many of these groups were known
and, in some cases,

1516
01:11:19,358 --> 01:11:21,652
supported,
by the US government.

1517
01:11:22,528 --> 01:11:24,947
In the spring of 1963,

1518
01:11:24,989 --> 01:11:29,326
Oswald began associating with men
who, it would be revealed,

1519
01:11:29,368 --> 01:11:33,289
had clear connections
with these government efforts.

1520
01:11:33,330 --> 01:11:35,332
One of these men, David Ferrie,

1521
01:11:35,374 --> 01:11:40,546
had been with Oswald in the
Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,

1522
01:11:40,587 --> 01:11:43,841
and was known
as an extreme anti-Communist.

1523
01:11:43,882 --> 01:11:47,636
He was also a
trainer and a pilot for the CIA

1524
01:11:47,678 --> 01:11:50,597
in its secret war against Cuba.

1525
01:11:50,639 --> 01:11:52,141
Oswald was involved with these

1526
01:11:52,182 --> 01:11:55,561
Cuban exile training activities
with Ferrie.

1527
01:11:56,729 --> 01:11:58,856
I do know
that I saw him one time

1528
01:11:58,897 --> 01:12:02,484
with a man
by the name of Guy Banister.

1529
01:12:02,526 --> 01:12:05,487
And... what Guy's role was

1530
01:12:05,529 --> 01:12:09,283
in all of this,
I-- I really don't know.

1531
01:12:09,325 --> 01:12:12,119
Banister was
an extreme right-winger

1532
01:12:12,161 --> 01:12:14,288
who was close to the FBI,

1533
01:12:14,330 --> 01:12:17,791
the CIA,
and the American Nazi Party.

1534
01:12:17,833 --> 01:12:23,839
Banister gave Oswald his own office
at 544 Camp Street.

1535
01:12:23,881 --> 01:12:26,717
Oswald now began
to use his office

1536
01:12:26,759 --> 01:12:31,055
to print up and stamp
pro-Castro literature.

1537
01:12:31,096 --> 01:12:35,184
After the assassination,
when the FBI questioned Banister,

1538
01:12:35,225 --> 01:12:37,895
a former FBI agent himself,

1539
01:12:37,936 --> 01:12:41,982
they did not ask him
about Oswald.

1540
01:12:42,024 --> 01:12:45,861
At some point, the FBI, I think
probably after the assassination,

1541
01:12:45,903 --> 01:12:48,405
decided they didn't--
they wanted to disconnect

1542
01:12:48,447 --> 01:12:50,491
Oswald from the FBI,

1543
01:12:50,532 --> 01:12:53,660
and-- and of course, Banister,
who's associated with the FBI,

1544
01:12:53,702 --> 01:12:56,121
would have to be
disconnected as well.

1545
01:12:56,163 --> 01:12:57,247
The problem with that,

1546
01:12:57,289 --> 01:12:59,291
many of those handbills had

1547
01:12:59,333 --> 01:13:02,211
the 544 Camp Street address on them.

1548
01:13:02,252 --> 01:13:05,839
There was a message
from New Orleans to the Bureau

1549
01:13:05,881 --> 01:13:08,717
written by Special Agent Maynor,

1550
01:13:08,759 --> 01:13:11,553
who actually
mentioned pamphlets

1551
01:13:11,595 --> 01:13:14,390
that had the 544 Camp Street address on it.

1552
01:13:14,431 --> 01:13:17,518
And before that message was sent,
it was scratched out.

1553
01:13:19,144 --> 01:13:21,522
The Warren Commission
pushed the idea

1554
01:13:21,563 --> 01:13:23,899
that Oswald
was a staunch communist,

1555
01:13:23,941 --> 01:13:26,110
citing evidence
of his defection

1556
01:13:26,151 --> 01:13:29,613
to the Soviet Union in 1959.

1557
01:13:29,655 --> 01:13:32,533
His trip to Russia raised
a number of questions

1558
01:13:32,574 --> 01:13:34,201
that we wanted to get into.

1559
01:13:34,243 --> 01:13:40,958
For example,
when any American went to Russia

1560
01:13:40,999 --> 01:13:43,585
and renounced
his American citizenship,

1561
01:13:43,627 --> 01:13:45,963
and subsequently
changed his mind

1562
01:13:46,004 --> 01:13:49,425
and wanted to come back
to this country.

1563
01:13:49,466 --> 01:13:51,510
Upon returning to this country,

1564
01:13:51,552 --> 01:13:53,929
there was a thorough debriefing

1565
01:13:54,555 --> 01:13:57,433
by the CIA,

1566
01:13:57,474 --> 01:14:01,478
with one exception,
as far as we can ascertain, Oswald.

1567
01:14:03,063 --> 01:14:06,024
Now, that smacks
of an intelligence relationship.

1568
01:14:06,066 --> 01:14:07,359
Did you kill the President?

1569
01:14:07,401 --> 01:14:08,902
No, they're taking me in

1570
01:14:08,944 --> 01:14:11,405
because of the fact that
I lived in the Soviet Union.

1571
01:14:13,323 --> 01:14:17,244
State Department
Intelligence Officer Otto Otepka

1572
01:14:17,286 --> 01:14:20,664
had noted the marked increase
in the number of Americans

1573
01:14:20,706 --> 01:14:23,125
defecting to Russia
at the time.

1574
01:14:23,167 --> 01:14:27,004
He also noted that some of them
came from the military.

1575
01:14:27,045 --> 01:14:30,174
He, therefore, suspected
that some of these men

1576
01:14:30,215 --> 01:14:32,134
were fake defectors.

1577
01:14:32,176 --> 01:14:34,178
They had been assigned
by the CIA

1578
01:14:34,219 --> 01:14:38,182
to garner intelligence
behind the Iron Curtain.

1579
01:14:38,223 --> 01:14:42,644
He sent a letter to the CIA
asking which ones were real

1580
01:14:42,686 --> 01:14:45,397
and which were their agents.

1581
01:14:45,439 --> 01:14:49,776
Oswald was one of the names
on Otepka's list.

1582
01:14:49,818 --> 01:14:53,238
Otepka's request was forwarded
to James Angleton,

1583
01:14:53,280 --> 01:14:55,240
Chief of Counterintelligence.

1584
01:14:55,282 --> 01:14:58,994
He instructed that there be
no research done on Oswald,

1585
01:14:59,036 --> 01:15:03,248
but Otepka continued to work
on the Oswald case.

1586
01:15:03,290 --> 01:15:05,125
The thing of significance

1587
01:15:05,167 --> 01:15:07,586
was that he was really interested
in Lee Harvey Oswald

1588
01:15:07,628 --> 01:15:10,088
before the assassination,

1589
01:15:10,130 --> 01:15:14,801
and he actually had a study
of these defectors in his safe.

1590
01:15:14,843 --> 01:15:18,055
Well, things got worse.
His office was not only bugged,

1591
01:15:18,096 --> 01:15:20,682
they planted people in
his office to spy on him.

1592
01:15:20,724 --> 01:15:24,561
They started putting
confidential documents in his burn bag,

1593
01:15:24,603 --> 01:15:26,146
and then tried to
blame him in saying

1594
01:15:26,188 --> 01:15:27,898
he's burning
confidential documents.

1595
01:15:27,940 --> 01:15:30,234
The guy has gone,
you know, wacko.

1596
01:15:30,275 --> 01:15:32,027
As a result,

1597
01:15:32,069 --> 01:15:34,738
he was formally removed
from the State Department

1598
01:15:34,780 --> 01:15:37,908
on November 5th, 1963,

1599
01:15:37,950 --> 01:15:41,119
just 17 days
before the assassination.

1600
01:15:41,161 --> 01:15:44,831
So you will not see Otepka's name
in the Warren Report.

1601
01:15:44,873 --> 01:15:48,460
And he was not called as a witness
before that body.

1602
01:15:48,502 --> 01:15:50,796
In fact, Angleton, the man

1603
01:15:50,837 --> 01:15:55,050
who had access to
all the Oswald files at the CIA,

1604
01:15:55,092 --> 01:15:57,177
coordinated
the agency's response

1605
01:15:57,219 --> 01:16:00,764
to the Warren Commission's requests.

1606
01:16:00,806 --> 01:16:04,560
The CIA Deputy Director of Plans,
Richard Helms,

1607
01:16:04,601 --> 01:16:06,270
swore to the Warren Commission

1608
01:16:06,311 --> 01:16:08,105
that the agency never had

1609
01:16:08,146 --> 01:16:11,400
or contemplated
any contact with Oswald.

1610
01:16:11,441 --> 01:16:14,403
The line that the CIA fed
the Warren Commission,

1611
01:16:14,444 --> 01:16:16,989
that they really didn't know
anything about this guy.

1612
01:16:17,030 --> 01:16:20,117
We now know that
that was complete nonsense.

1613
01:16:20,158 --> 01:16:23,745
Oswald was
a figure of intense interest

1614
01:16:23,787 --> 01:16:26,456
for four years
before the assassination.

1615
01:16:26,498 --> 01:16:30,294
And a dozen senior CIA officers

1616
01:16:30,335 --> 01:16:32,129
were very
well acquainted with him.

1617
01:16:32,170 --> 01:16:34,798
Everything he did,
where he went,

1618
01:16:34,840 --> 01:16:37,301
what his politics were,
his family life.

1619
01:16:37,342 --> 01:16:41,013
I mean, remember, they were
reading his mother's mail.

1620
01:16:41,054 --> 01:16:43,098
That's how closely
they were watching him

1621
01:16:43,140 --> 01:16:45,892
right up until
Kennedy was killed.

1622
01:16:45,934 --> 01:16:48,687
And then Kennedy was killed,
Oswald's arrested,

1623
01:16:48,729 --> 01:16:52,232
and they say, "Oh,
we know nothing about this man."

1624
01:16:52,274 --> 01:16:56,111
In fact, ARRB records show

1625
01:16:56,153 --> 01:17:00,324
that Angleton and the CIA were
receiving reports on Oswald

1626
01:17:00,365 --> 01:17:04,202
up until one week
before the assassination.

1627
01:17:04,244 --> 01:17:05,996
So, you know,
the whole investigation

1628
01:17:06,038 --> 01:17:09,041
would have been
totally different

1629
01:17:09,082 --> 01:17:12,294
if-- if the public and the investigators
had known

1630
01:17:12,336 --> 01:17:16,048
just how much the CIA knew
about the alleged lone nut.

1631
01:17:18,634 --> 01:17:22,054
One of the places
Oswald leafleted in front of

1632
01:17:22,095 --> 01:17:25,432
was Clay Shaw's
International Trade Mart.

1633
01:17:25,474 --> 01:17:29,978
Shaw, who was arrested by
New Orleans DA Jim Garrison

1634
01:17:30,020 --> 01:17:32,522
on charges that he
was part of the conspiracy

1635
01:17:32,564 --> 01:17:34,358
to kill President Kennedy,

1636
01:17:34,399 --> 01:17:38,528
always denied he was
associated with the CIA.

1637
01:17:38,570 --> 01:17:40,489
You have never yourself had
any CIA connection?

1638
01:17:40,530 --> 01:17:41,782
None whatsoever.

1639
01:17:41,823 --> 01:17:43,075
Any association
with the organization?

1640
01:17:43,116 --> 01:17:44,242
Not a one.

1641
01:17:44,284 --> 01:17:45,952
The Review Board has shown

1642
01:17:45,994 --> 01:17:48,413
these denials to be false.

1643
01:17:48,455 --> 01:17:51,958
Shaw was both
a highly valued contract agent

1644
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:54,586
and had
a covert security clearance

1645
01:17:54,628 --> 01:17:58,548
for a project
code named QKENCHANT.

1646
01:18:00,634 --> 01:18:02,719
New Orleans attorney
Dean Andrews

1647
01:18:02,761 --> 01:18:05,347
had worked with Oswald
in May of '63

1648
01:18:05,389 --> 01:18:08,767
in an attempt to upgrade
his military discharge

1649
01:18:08,809 --> 01:18:11,395
from its "undesirable" status.

1650
01:18:11,436 --> 01:18:16,066
After the assassination,
a man calling himself Clay Bertrand

1651
01:18:16,108 --> 01:18:19,695
phoned Andrews and asked him
to consider going to Dallas

1652
01:18:19,736 --> 01:18:22,197
to defend Oswald.

1653
01:18:22,239 --> 01:18:26,159
Under oath, Clay Shaw denied
that he was Clay Bertrand,

1654
01:18:26,201 --> 01:18:28,078
and Andrews claimed
that because

1655
01:18:28,120 --> 01:18:30,706
of the medication he was on,

1656
01:18:30,747 --> 01:18:33,166
he had only imagined
the phone call.

1657
01:18:33,208 --> 01:18:35,585
But today, because of the work

1658
01:18:35,627 --> 01:18:38,088
of the Assassination Records
Review Board,

1659
01:18:38,130 --> 01:18:41,299
we now have evidence
and 12 people who confirmed

1660
01:18:41,341 --> 01:18:44,177
that Shaw
used this name as an alias.

1661
01:18:44,219 --> 01:18:47,472
Andrews later admitted
that Shaw was Bertrand

1662
01:18:47,514 --> 01:18:49,433
to author Harold Weisberg,

1663
01:18:49,474 --> 01:18:51,893
but made him promise
not to reveal this

1664
01:18:51,935 --> 01:18:54,187
until after Andrews' death.

1665
01:18:57,524 --> 01:18:59,276
In the FBI,

1666
01:18:59,617 --> 01:19:03,989
a stop or flash was placed
on Oswald's files,

1667
01:19:04,030 --> 01:19:07,367
which meant that no one

1668
01:19:07,409 --> 01:19:10,454
could ask for
a document in those files,

1669
01:19:10,495 --> 01:19:14,040
or no one could even add
a document to those files

1670
01:19:14,082 --> 01:19:18,044
without going through
the FBI's espionage division.

1671
01:19:18,086 --> 01:19:21,006
And that lasted for four years.

1672
01:19:21,047 --> 01:19:24,009
It was essentially
a blinking red light

1673
01:19:24,050 --> 01:19:26,303
on Oswald's files at FBI.

1674
01:19:27,846 --> 01:19:31,391
On 8 October, 1963,

1675
01:19:31,433 --> 01:19:34,853
an FBI agent
whose name was Marvin Gheesling

1676
01:19:34,895 --> 01:19:37,773
took that status off
of Oswald's files.

1677
01:19:39,775 --> 01:19:42,152
What that action did
was to lower

1678
01:19:42,194 --> 01:19:46,406
Oswald's threat profile
at the FBI

1679
01:19:46,448 --> 01:19:50,118
just weeks before
the Kennedy assassination.

1680
01:19:50,160 --> 01:19:52,996
And what that would mean
is there was no reason

1681
01:19:53,038 --> 01:19:56,249
to put Oswald's name
on the security index.

1682
01:19:56,291 --> 01:19:58,460
One thing
about the security index

1683
01:19:58,502 --> 01:20:00,921
is when you have
a Presidential motorcade

1684
01:20:00,962 --> 01:20:03,465
going through
a particular route,

1685
01:20:03,507 --> 01:20:04,925
anybody who's on that index

1686
01:20:04,966 --> 01:20:06,760
has to be removed
from where they are.

1687
01:20:06,802 --> 01:20:08,678
They cannot be
on the parade route.

1688
01:20:08,720 --> 01:20:10,555
And, of course, that exposes

1689
01:20:10,597 --> 01:20:13,016
the President
to a dangerous situation

1690
01:20:13,058 --> 01:20:14,601
that he shouldn't have been in.

1691
01:20:14,643 --> 01:20:18,146
That action at the FBI
didn't happen in isolation.

1692
01:20:18,188 --> 01:20:23,151
The same thing happened at CIA
at exactly the same time.

1693
01:20:23,193 --> 01:20:26,196
Who was the CIA's liaison
they chose to work

1694
01:20:26,238 --> 01:20:29,574
with the House Select Committee
in 1978?

1695
01:20:29,616 --> 01:20:30,659
George Joannides.

1696
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:32,536
He was the case officer

1697
01:20:32,577 --> 01:20:34,454
for the Cuban students

1698
01:20:34,496 --> 01:20:37,040
who had a series of encounters
with Oswald

1699
01:20:37,082 --> 01:20:38,750
before the assassination.

1700
01:20:38,792 --> 01:20:41,169
And then, 13 years later,

1701
01:20:41,211 --> 01:20:44,005
when Congress
reopens the investigation,

1702
01:20:44,047 --> 01:20:46,800
the CIA calls Joannides
out of retirement,

1703
01:20:46,842 --> 01:20:49,010
and make him the point person

1704
01:20:49,052 --> 01:20:51,221
to deal with
the Congressional investigators

1705
01:20:51,263 --> 01:20:53,014
who are looking into the CIA's

1706
01:20:53,056 --> 01:20:55,851
possible role
in the assassination.

1707
01:20:55,892 --> 01:20:58,061
The HSCA
knew nothing about this,

1708
01:20:58,103 --> 01:20:59,896
and I went to Bob Blakey,

1709
01:20:59,938 --> 01:21:02,524
the head of
the HSCA investigation,

1710
01:21:02,566 --> 01:21:04,860
and I said, "Bob, did you ever
know this guy, Joannides?"

1711
01:21:04,901 --> 01:21:06,862
And he said, "Yeah, you know,
we dealt with him a lot.

1712
01:21:06,903 --> 01:21:08,530
"He was the liaison."

1713
01:21:08,572 --> 01:21:11,241
And I said, "Did you know
what he was doing in 1963?"

1714
01:21:11,283 --> 01:21:13,493
And he said, "He wasn't
doing anything in 1963.

1715
01:21:13,535 --> 01:21:15,036
"We had an agreement
with the CIA

1716
01:21:15,078 --> 01:21:16,371
"that nobody
who was operational

1717
01:21:16,413 --> 01:21:18,206
"at the time
of the assassination

1718
01:21:18,248 --> 01:21:20,375
"would be involved
in the investigation."

1719
01:21:20,417 --> 01:21:24,045
And I said, "Bob,
Joannides was running those Cubans

1720
01:21:24,087 --> 01:21:26,548
"who were in touch with Oswald.
He was running the Cubans

1721
01:21:26,590 --> 01:21:28,758
"who were blaming Castro
for the assassination.

1722
01:21:28,800 --> 01:21:32,470
"He was Dick Helms'
hand-picked man in Miami,

1723
01:21:32,512 --> 01:21:35,557
"controlling the group that
had the most to do with Oswald

1724
01:21:35,599 --> 01:21:37,475
"before and after
the assassination.

1725
01:21:37,517 --> 01:21:39,853
"And then he came along
and he stonewalled you."

1726
01:21:39,895 --> 01:21:42,355
The reason why they brought
Joannides in to do it

1727
01:21:42,397 --> 01:21:45,525
was to hide
the connection to Oswald.

1728
01:21:45,567 --> 01:21:47,944
He was definitely shocked,
because

1729
01:21:47,986 --> 01:21:50,488
he saw just how clever
they had been.

1730
01:21:50,530 --> 01:21:53,450
They had gone
right to the heart of his investigation,

1731
01:21:53,491 --> 01:21:55,285
and figured out
how to paralyze it.

1732
01:21:55,327 --> 01:21:57,203
I remember that he said,
you know,

1733
01:21:57,245 --> 01:22:00,457
"I'll never believe anything
the CIA tells me again."

1734
01:22:02,667 --> 01:22:05,086
Even the Assassination Records
Review Board

1735
01:22:05,128 --> 01:22:09,090
had trouble getting documents
from government agencies.

1736
01:22:09,132 --> 01:22:12,469
What were some of your difficulties
working with the CIA?

1737
01:22:12,510 --> 01:22:16,556
One of the censors at the CIA
was at a meeting with us,

1738
01:22:16,598 --> 01:22:20,143
and there was a document
that we put up on the screen

1739
01:22:20,185 --> 01:22:21,978
and said,
"We are prepared to release it."

1740
01:22:22,854 --> 01:22:24,272
And I asked him, you know,

1741
01:22:24,314 --> 01:22:26,608
"Tell us why we shouldn't
release this record?"

1742
01:22:26,650 --> 01:22:29,277
And it was silence
for about two minutes.

1743
01:22:29,319 --> 01:22:32,322
And he finally said,
"I know there is a reason,

1744
01:22:32,364 --> 01:22:34,908
"I just can't think of
what it is."

1745
01:22:36,159 --> 01:22:37,827
In late 1992,

1746
01:22:37,869 --> 01:22:41,081
a month after
the Records Act was passed,

1747
01:22:41,122 --> 01:22:44,584
the Secret Service began
its compliance plan.

1748
01:22:44,626 --> 01:22:47,629
But by January of 1995,

1749
01:22:47,671 --> 01:22:51,758
it had begun destroying
important documents.

1750
01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:54,594
The destruction of records
is actually referenced

1751
01:22:54,636 --> 01:22:59,391
in the Assassination Records
Review Board final... report.

1752
01:22:59,432 --> 01:23:02,519
Very... very disappointing.

1753
01:23:02,560 --> 01:23:04,688
They were records
that related to trips

1754
01:23:04,729 --> 01:23:09,442
that President Kennedy had taken...
in the fall of 1963

1755
01:23:09,484 --> 01:23:12,112
prior to him going to Dallas.

1756
01:23:12,153 --> 01:23:14,698
There were many threats made
to President Kennedy's life

1757
01:23:14,739 --> 01:23:16,866
during the year 1963.

1758
01:23:16,908 --> 01:23:18,493
They're called threat sheets.

1759
01:23:18,535 --> 01:23:20,286
And the Secret Service
fought us

1760
01:23:20,328 --> 01:23:22,539
on release of those records.

1761
01:23:22,580 --> 01:23:23,999
They even enlisted

1762
01:23:24,040 --> 01:23:26,543
Vice President Gore's wife
to help them,

1763
01:23:26,584 --> 01:23:29,170
because she had
a very legitimate concern

1764
01:23:29,212 --> 01:23:31,047
for mental health records.

1765
01:23:31,089 --> 01:23:34,300
And the idea was that this might
disclose the names of people

1766
01:23:34,342 --> 01:23:36,261
who had mental health problems.

1767
01:23:36,302 --> 01:23:39,389
In the end, when we required
agencies to disclose,

1768
01:23:39,431 --> 01:23:41,349
to swear under oath
that they had

1769
01:23:41,391 --> 01:23:43,560
located all
assassination records,

1770
01:23:43,601 --> 01:23:45,687
had turned
everything over to us,

1771
01:23:45,729 --> 01:23:49,941
the Secret Service refused
to sign the document under oath.

1772
01:23:49,983 --> 01:23:51,234
I think that was telling.

1773
01:23:53,111 --> 01:23:55,822
Few people knew
that there had been at least

1774
01:23:55,864 --> 01:24:00,410
two prior plots
to kill President Kennedy in 1963.

1775
01:24:00,452 --> 01:24:03,246
One was in Chicago
on November 2nd.

1776
01:24:03,288 --> 01:24:07,042
The second was in Tampa
on November 18th.

1777
01:24:07,083 --> 01:24:09,753
Kennedy ended up
not going to Chicago.

1778
01:24:09,794 --> 01:24:11,421
Tell us about that plot.

1779
01:24:11,463 --> 01:24:14,924
An informant, on October 31st,

1780
01:24:14,966 --> 01:24:19,220
an informant named Lee
gave a warning to the FBI

1781
01:24:19,262 --> 01:24:22,265
stating that four Cubans

1782
01:24:22,307 --> 01:24:24,768
were headed to Chicago
to shoot Kennedy.

1783
01:24:24,809 --> 01:24:28,521
The following day, a landlady
reported to the Chicago police

1784
01:24:28,563 --> 01:24:31,232
that she had rented
a room to four people

1785
01:24:31,274 --> 01:24:33,276
that had rifles
with telescopic sights

1786
01:24:33,318 --> 01:24:35,403
and a sketch of the motorcade.

1787
01:24:35,445 --> 01:24:38,573
The FBI passed that
on to the Secret Service,

1788
01:24:38,615 --> 01:24:41,868
and the Secret Service
botched the surveillance

1789
01:24:41,910 --> 01:24:43,286
of these four individuals.

1790
01:24:43,328 --> 01:24:44,871
Two of them escaped,

1791
01:24:44,913 --> 01:24:47,165
but they actually picked up
two of the snipers,

1792
01:24:47,207 --> 01:24:48,500
and they detained them.

1793
01:24:48,541 --> 01:24:50,627
They were stonewalled
by the snipers.

1794
01:24:50,668 --> 01:24:52,462
They didn't get
any information out of them.

1795
01:24:52,504 --> 01:24:56,091
While this was going on,
there was another threat coming in

1796
01:24:56,132 --> 01:25:01,054
from another alternate patsy,
named Thomas Arthur Vallee,

1797
01:25:01,096 --> 01:25:02,597
who was making
open and loud threats

1798
01:25:02,639 --> 01:25:04,933
that he would
assassinate Kennedy.

1799
01:25:04,974 --> 01:25:08,770
They only picked him up
when Kennedy canceled his trip,

1800
01:25:08,812 --> 01:25:12,398
on November 2nd
at 10:00 in the morning.

1801
01:25:12,440 --> 01:25:16,653
What you found in Vallee
and the whole Chicago plot

1802
01:25:16,694 --> 01:25:20,740
is so many similarities to what
eventually happened in Dallas

1803
01:25:20,782 --> 01:25:23,493
that it can't be
considered coincidental.

1804
01:25:23,535 --> 01:25:28,081
Vallee, if we compare him to Oswald,
is an ex-Marine.

1805
01:25:28,123 --> 01:25:30,917
He had been posted,
like Oswald, in the Far East

1806
01:25:30,959 --> 01:25:34,129
on a station
that was linked to the CIA

1807
01:25:34,170 --> 01:25:37,173
because there were
U-2 surveillance planes on it.

1808
01:25:37,215 --> 01:25:41,177
It was easy to portray him as
disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,

1809
01:25:41,219 --> 01:25:42,971
a loner, armed.

1810
01:25:43,012 --> 01:25:45,723
He had another intelligence link

1811
01:25:45,765 --> 01:25:48,351
that he shared with Oswald.

1812
01:25:48,393 --> 01:25:51,062
He trained Cuban exiles
for combat,

1813
01:25:51,104 --> 01:25:53,857
which was a CIA responsibility.

1814
01:25:53,898 --> 01:25:56,901
And Oswald, we know,
at least offered to do that.

1815
01:25:56,943 --> 01:26:01,072
He most likely did train Cuban exiles,
but we know he tried to.

1816
01:26:01,114 --> 01:26:03,575
Oswald, as we know,
was moved

1817
01:26:03,616 --> 01:26:07,162
from New Orleans
to Dallas in October

1818
01:26:07,203 --> 01:26:08,830
to be there just
at the right time...

1819
01:26:09,706 --> 01:26:11,249
for the motorcade.

1820
01:26:11,291 --> 01:26:14,335
And he's placed in a tall building,
where he gets a job.

1821
01:26:14,377 --> 01:26:17,589
He's adjacent
to the perfect kill zone.

1822
01:26:17,630 --> 01:26:20,508
Now, if we look at what
happened to... Vallee,

1823
01:26:20,550 --> 01:26:23,469
he's moved like a pawn,
in August,

1824
01:26:23,511 --> 01:26:26,389
from Long Island to Chicago

1825
01:26:26,431 --> 01:26:28,224
to be there in time
for the motorcade.

1826
01:26:28,266 --> 01:26:29,851
And where does he get a job?

1827
01:26:29,893 --> 01:26:33,188
In a tall building
adjacent to the motorcade

1828
01:26:33,229 --> 01:26:35,857
with a perfect view
of a kill zone.

1829
01:26:35,899 --> 01:26:38,484
It would have
forced Kennedy's motorcade

1830
01:26:38,526 --> 01:26:40,737
to do a sharp turn, slow down,

1831
01:26:40,778 --> 01:26:42,197
and be in a point

1832
01:26:42,238 --> 01:26:45,033
where you could've had
perfect triangulation of fire.

1833
01:26:45,074 --> 01:26:46,659
And what about
the trip to Florida?

1834
01:26:46,701 --> 01:26:48,244
On November 18th,

1835
01:26:48,286 --> 01:26:50,371
Kennedy was scheduled

1836
01:26:50,413 --> 01:26:52,957
to do a 27-mile-long motorcade
in Tampa.

1837
01:26:52,999 --> 01:26:57,462
Secret Service was very nervous
about the Floridian Hotel

1838
01:26:57,503 --> 01:26:59,214
where the motorcade
would've gone by.

1839
01:26:59,255 --> 01:27:00,757
It would have
forced a sharp turn.

1840
01:27:00,798 --> 01:27:03,593
Nobody fired away at him.
But in this case,

1841
01:27:03,635 --> 01:27:08,181
the patsy would've been
a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.

1842
01:27:08,223 --> 01:27:09,891
He was a Cuban exile.

1843
01:27:09,933 --> 01:27:13,895
He attended
Fair Play for Cuba Committee meetings.

1844
01:27:13,937 --> 01:27:16,773
And what do you think
was the relevance of it?

1845
01:27:16,814 --> 01:27:19,734
Well, if he had been
assassinated in Tampa,

1846
01:27:19,776 --> 01:27:22,904
Lopez, he would've been the...
potential patsy,

1847
01:27:22,946 --> 01:27:26,115
if they had to admit
to a front shot...

1848
01:27:26,157 --> 01:27:28,409
because Oswald was behind.

1849
01:27:28,451 --> 01:27:32,247
There were rumors
that he had assisted Oswald

1850
01:27:32,288 --> 01:27:34,082
in the assassination in Dallas.

1851
01:27:34,123 --> 01:27:37,210
Had anyone-- anyone tried to
speak to the Warren Commission

1852
01:27:37,252 --> 01:27:38,878
about these incidents?

1853
01:27:38,920 --> 01:27:40,713
Abraham Bolden

1854
01:27:40,755 --> 01:27:43,341
was the first Black
Secret Service agent

1855
01:27:43,383 --> 01:27:45,385
assigned to
the White House detail,

1856
01:27:45,426 --> 01:27:47,428
and he was
hand-picked by Kennedy.

1857
01:27:47,470 --> 01:27:50,139
He was in Chicago,
when this plot went down.

1858
01:27:50,181 --> 01:27:53,810
So he was there when
the Secret Service was briefed

1859
01:27:53,851 --> 01:27:55,561
about the four snipers.

1860
01:27:55,603 --> 01:27:57,772
And he witnessed how much

1861
01:27:57,814 --> 01:28:00,942
the security
was lax for Chicago.

1862
01:28:00,984 --> 01:28:04,279
And he also witnessed,
after the assassination,

1863
01:28:04,320 --> 01:28:06,531
the steps
that were taken to keep

1864
01:28:06,572 --> 01:28:09,242
the Chicago plot
completely secret.

1865
01:28:09,284 --> 01:28:11,494
No paper trail,
compartmentalized,

1866
01:28:11,536 --> 01:28:14,247
agents ordered
to keep silent about it.

1867
01:28:14,289 --> 01:28:17,208
This information
did not make its way

1868
01:28:17,250 --> 01:28:19,419
to Secret Service agents

1869
01:28:19,460 --> 01:28:21,504
that were protecting Kennedy

1870
01:28:21,546 --> 01:28:23,965
for future motorcades,
including Dallas.

1871
01:28:24,007 --> 01:28:26,050
Secret Service Agent
Elmer Moore

1872
01:28:26,092 --> 01:28:30,722
was aware of Agent Bolden
and the Chicago plot.

1873
01:28:30,763 --> 01:28:33,766
I met with Elmer
three times face-to-face,

1874
01:28:33,808 --> 01:28:37,020
several phone calls,
very short, one very long one.

1875
01:28:37,061 --> 01:28:40,898
I first asked him,
"Did you ever interview

1876
01:28:40,940 --> 01:28:42,608
"Thomas Arthur Vallee?"

1877
01:28:42,650 --> 01:28:44,569
And he says, "Oh, Washington

1878
01:28:44,610 --> 01:28:46,696
"wouldn't let me
see the files on that."

1879
01:28:46,738 --> 01:28:49,282
I said, "Oh, well,
what about a man,

1880
01:28:49,324 --> 01:28:51,951
"a Secret Service agent
by the name of Abraham Bolden?"

1881
01:28:53,411 --> 01:28:55,830
His demeanor completely changed.

1882
01:28:55,872 --> 01:28:59,667
He stood up from his chair,
he pulled out his revolver,

1883
01:28:59,709 --> 01:29:02,837
and he put it on the table
right in front of me.

1884
01:29:02,879 --> 01:29:05,506
He leaned over the table
and he says,

1885
01:29:05,548 --> 01:29:08,718
"Jim, tell me right now,
who are you working for?"

1886
01:29:11,387 --> 01:29:14,349
I said,
"I'm an independent researcher."

1887
01:29:14,974 --> 01:29:16,017
He told me...

1888
01:29:18,519 --> 01:29:19,937
in a very loud voice...

1889
01:29:21,731 --> 01:29:24,484
and with a very stern look
on his face,

1890
01:29:24,525 --> 01:29:27,362
"We finally got him."

1891
01:29:27,403 --> 01:29:29,197
Abraham Bolden was one person

1892
01:29:29,238 --> 01:29:31,074
who did try to say what he knew

1893
01:29:31,115 --> 01:29:34,160
to the Warren Commission,
but they blocked him.

1894
01:29:34,202 --> 01:29:35,703
He was blocked from talking

1895
01:29:35,745 --> 01:29:39,415
and eventually railroaded into
some phony crime

1896
01:29:39,457 --> 01:29:41,459
and put into jail
for a number of years.

1897
01:29:45,922 --> 01:29:48,758
The National Archives is home
to forensic evidence

1898
01:29:48,800 --> 01:29:51,010
of Kennedy's assassination,

1899
01:29:51,052 --> 01:29:54,389
and government files
regarding Lee Harvey Oswald.

1900
01:29:54,430 --> 01:29:56,849
But the Review Board
also declassified

1901
01:29:56,891 --> 01:29:59,185
many documents
regarding Kennedy's plans

1902
01:29:59,227 --> 01:30:01,062
for withdrawal from Vietnam,

1903
01:30:01,104 --> 01:30:03,481
and how he planned
to shape his progressive,

1904
01:30:03,523 --> 01:30:06,484
new American foreign policy.

1905
01:30:06,526 --> 01:30:08,903
A policy that,
if put in motion,

1906
01:30:08,945 --> 01:30:12,407
would completely derail plans
secretly already set up

1907
01:30:12,448 --> 01:30:14,450
by the Pentagon and the CIA.

1908
01:30:19,622 --> 01:30:22,917
I never realized Kennedy was
so dangerous to the establishment.

1909
01:30:24,335 --> 01:30:26,421
Is that why?

1910
01:30:26,462 --> 01:30:27,922
That's the real question,
isn't it?

1911
01:30:27,964 --> 01:30:29,382
"Why?"

1912
01:30:29,424 --> 01:30:33,678
The "how" and the "who"
is just scenery for the public.

1913
01:30:33,719 --> 01:30:37,056
Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia,

1914
01:30:37,098 --> 01:30:39,142
keeps 'em guessing
like some kind of parlor game.

1915
01:30:39,183 --> 01:30:42,562
Prevents 'em from asking
the most important question: "Why?"

1916
01:30:42,603 --> 01:30:45,815
Why was Kennedy killed?
Who benefited?

1917
01:30:45,857 --> 01:30:47,483
Who has the power
to cover it up?

1918
01:30:48,092 --> 01:30:49,092
Who?

1919
01:30:51,696 --> 01:30:53,322
His first year in office,

1920
01:30:53,364 --> 01:30:56,951
Kennedy must shape
his own policy as President,

1921
01:30:56,993 --> 01:31:00,455
sometimes in conflict with what
his predecessors have done,

1922
01:31:00,496 --> 01:31:03,499
especially in foreign policy.

1923
01:31:03,541 --> 01:31:08,963
And by the fall of 1963,
Kennedy had made many enemies.

1924
01:31:09,005 --> 01:31:12,842
He was working on an
American withdrawal from Vietnam.

1925
01:31:12,884 --> 01:31:16,179
An upcoming State visit
to Indonesia in '64.

1926
01:31:16,220 --> 01:31:20,433
An independent, unified democracy
in the Congo.

1927
01:31:20,475 --> 01:31:24,061
Through Nasser,
a balanced policy in the Middle East.

1928
01:31:24,103 --> 01:31:27,315
Normalization of relations
with Cuba.

1929
01:31:27,356 --> 01:31:30,318
And a détente with Russia.

1930
01:31:30,359 --> 01:31:33,529
Even going so far as to offer them
a joint mission to the moon.

1931
01:31:34,697 --> 01:31:37,825
But back in April of 1961,

1932
01:31:37,867 --> 01:31:41,162
the first stain on his administration
asserted itself.

1933
01:31:43,206 --> 01:31:46,209
Kennedy, who had campaigned
as a strong anti-Communist,

1934
01:31:46,250 --> 01:31:49,128
signed off on
the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.

1935
01:31:49,170 --> 01:31:50,713
His approval of the plan

1936
01:31:50,755 --> 01:31:53,090
contained two distinct limitations.

1937
01:31:53,132 --> 01:31:55,885
America would supply
arms and equipment,

1938
01:31:55,927 --> 01:31:59,055
but there would be no Americans
in the landing force.

1939
01:31:59,096 --> 01:32:01,557
Second,
after preliminary air strikes

1940
01:32:01,599 --> 01:32:03,643
by Cuban exile pilots,

1941
01:32:03,684 --> 01:32:05,728
there would
only be further strikes

1942
01:32:05,770 --> 01:32:08,064
after the invasion
secured an airfield.

1943
01:32:09,732 --> 01:32:11,567
Dulles believed
that Kennedy would,

1944
01:32:11,609 --> 01:32:13,736
like Eisenhower,
support the operation

1945
01:32:13,778 --> 01:32:17,406
with direct US military intervention
if needed,

1946
01:32:17,448 --> 01:32:20,826
all the while assuring him
it would not be necessary.

1947
01:32:21,953 --> 01:32:23,913
Well, first, I want to say that

1948
01:32:23,955 --> 01:32:26,582
there will not be,
under any conditions,

1949
01:32:26,624 --> 01:32:29,585
be an intervention in Cuba
by United States armed forces.

1950
01:32:46,852 --> 01:32:49,188
The invasion was a disaster.

1951
01:32:49,230 --> 01:32:52,441
Victory has 100 fathers,
and defeat is an orphan.

1952
01:32:52,483 --> 01:32:54,402
Further statements...

1953
01:32:54,443 --> 01:32:56,612
detailed... discussions,

1954
01:32:58,072 --> 01:33:01,450
are not to...
conceal responsibility,

1955
01:33:01,492 --> 01:33:04,287
because I'm the
responsible officer of the Government.

1956
01:33:04,328 --> 01:33:07,623
In public,
Kennedy accepted the blame.

1957
01:33:07,665 --> 01:33:09,584
In private,
he and his brother suspected

1958
01:33:09,625 --> 01:33:12,378
they had been
lied to by the CIA.

1959
01:33:12,420 --> 01:33:16,799
Allen Dulles confessed that
the mission was bound to fail

1960
01:33:16,841 --> 01:33:18,759
as it was planned by the CIA,

1961
01:33:18,801 --> 01:33:21,137
without US military support.

1962
01:33:21,178 --> 01:33:23,472
He confessed this while preparing

1963
01:33:23,514 --> 01:33:25,641
an article
for Harper's Magazine

1964
01:33:25,683 --> 01:33:27,727
with the young editor,
Willie Morris,

1965
01:33:27,768 --> 01:33:31,606
that he couldn't have done this
with his small group of exiles,

1966
01:33:31,647 --> 01:33:33,065
his Cuban brigade.

1967
01:33:33,107 --> 01:33:36,110
He needed the Marines
and the Air Force to go in,

1968
01:33:36,152 --> 01:33:38,988
and he thought Kennedy was
going to be young and pliable,

1969
01:33:39,030 --> 01:33:41,574
and that in the 11th hour,
Kennedy would be forced

1970
01:33:41,616 --> 01:33:45,161
to send in... the full might
of the US military.

1971
01:33:45,202 --> 01:33:48,581
While drafting
the article in 1965,

1972
01:33:48,623 --> 01:33:50,416
Dulles told his editor,

1973
01:33:50,458 --> 01:33:54,170
"That Kennedy--
He thought he was a God."

1974
01:33:54,211 --> 01:33:56,422
Jack Kennedy did stand firm.

1975
01:33:56,464 --> 01:33:58,215
He did not send in the military.

1976
01:33:58,257 --> 01:34:01,218
He did not make it
an even bigger global crisis

1977
01:34:01,260 --> 01:34:02,511
than it already was.

1978
01:34:02,553 --> 01:34:04,889
Kennedy is just furious.

1979
01:34:04,930 --> 01:34:06,474
He knows he's been lied to,

1980
01:34:06,515 --> 01:34:10,728
deceived by his
senior military and intelligence advisers.

1981
01:34:10,770 --> 01:34:15,149
He announces that the agency...
is going to be downsized.

1982
01:34:15,191 --> 01:34:18,319
And he vows famously,
he tells friends

1983
01:34:18,361 --> 01:34:21,364
he's going to shatter the CIA
into a thousand pieces

1984
01:34:21,405 --> 01:34:23,866
and scatter it to the winds.

1985
01:34:23,908 --> 01:34:27,620
It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs
that angered President Kennedy

1986
01:34:27,662 --> 01:34:29,288
when it came to the CIA.

1987
01:34:29,330 --> 01:34:33,042
In that same month,
in April of 1961,

1988
01:34:33,084 --> 01:34:37,046
he was also being lied to
about a coup in France,

1989
01:34:37,088 --> 01:34:38,714
a military coup
that was aimed at

1990
01:34:38,756 --> 01:34:41,384
overthrowing
President Charles de Gaulle,

1991
01:34:41,425 --> 01:34:43,886
one of our strongest allies.

1992
01:34:43,928 --> 01:34:45,805
Allen Dulles,
who had a long history

1993
01:34:45,846 --> 01:34:48,349
of antagonism with de Gaulle,

1994
01:34:48,391 --> 01:34:49,809
falsely reported to Kennedy

1995
01:34:49,850 --> 01:34:52,395
that the vast majority
of the French military

1996
01:34:52,436 --> 01:34:55,064
was staunchly opposed
to de Gaulle's support

1997
01:34:55,106 --> 01:34:58,484
of Algerian self-determination.

1998
01:34:58,526 --> 01:35:02,988
What he didn't tell him
was that as far back as 1959,

1999
01:35:03,030 --> 01:35:06,200
the CIA had
discussed his overthrow.

2000
01:35:06,242 --> 01:35:09,995
This coup attempt, orchestrated
by four French generals,

2001
01:35:10,037 --> 01:35:11,664
was quickly put down.

2002
01:35:11,706 --> 01:35:15,668
And several news reports
pointed to Allen Dulles' hand

2003
01:35:15,710 --> 01:35:18,087
in supporting the episode.

2004
01:35:18,129 --> 01:35:20,423
JFK assures the French ambassador,

2005
01:35:20,464 --> 01:35:22,258
"I have nothing to do with this.

2006
01:35:22,299 --> 01:35:25,428
"I stand in full support
of President de Gaulle."

2007
01:35:25,469 --> 01:35:27,930
But he says something
very, very alarming.

2008
01:35:27,972 --> 01:35:31,392
He tells the French ambassador,
President Kennedy,

2009
01:35:31,434 --> 01:35:35,062
that "I'm not in full control, though,
of my entire government.

2010
01:35:35,104 --> 01:35:37,273
"I'm not in control of the CIA

2011
01:35:37,314 --> 01:35:39,734
"and I can't speak for
what's happening there."

2012
01:35:39,775 --> 01:35:43,362
That's a stunning admission
for a US President to make.

2013
01:35:44,989 --> 01:35:46,824
In 1960,

2014
01:35:46,866 --> 01:35:49,744
the Congo had been
granted its independence

2015
01:35:49,785 --> 01:35:51,454
from Belgian colonial rule

2016
01:35:51,495 --> 01:35:54,749
and carried out
a democratic election.

2017
01:35:54,790 --> 01:35:57,126
In the disorder
of the transition,

2018
01:35:57,168 --> 01:36:00,045
the Belgians,
backed by England and France,

2019
01:36:00,087 --> 01:36:02,840
sought to eliminate
its charismatic Prime Minister,

2020
01:36:02,882 --> 01:36:05,050
Patrice Lumumba.

2021
01:36:05,092 --> 01:36:08,345
Eisenhower
and CIA Director Allen Dulles

2022
01:36:08,387 --> 01:36:12,850
favored the European nation
in this colonial conflict.

2023
01:36:12,892 --> 01:36:17,313
Eisenhower gave the go-ahead
to have Lumumba assassinated.

2024
01:36:18,397 --> 01:36:19,648
Kennedy never knew this.

2025
01:36:19,690 --> 01:36:24,445
He gets elected
the following November of 1960,

2026
01:36:24,487 --> 01:36:27,823
and he heads
in the opposite direction.

2027
01:36:27,865 --> 01:36:29,742
To those new states
whom we welcome

2028
01:36:29,784 --> 01:36:32,578
to the ranks of the free,

2029
01:36:32,620 --> 01:36:38,584
we pledge our word that
one form of colonial control

2030
01:36:38,626 --> 01:36:41,420
shall not have passed away

2031
01:36:41,462 --> 01:36:46,300
merely to be replaced
by a far more iron tyranny.

2032
01:36:46,342 --> 01:36:48,636
But events
are already in motion.

2033
01:36:48,677 --> 01:36:52,139
With the backing of
British and US intelligence and arms,

2034
01:36:52,181 --> 01:36:56,060
Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces
captured President Lumumba

2035
01:36:56,101 --> 01:36:59,355
at the beginning
of December 1960.

2036
01:36:59,396 --> 01:37:01,023
Dag Hammarskjold,

2037
01:37:01,065 --> 01:37:04,151
the UN Secretary General,
calls JFK,

2038
01:37:04,193 --> 01:37:06,445
who's the President-elect
at this point,

2039
01:37:06,487 --> 01:37:08,239
and asked him to intercede

2040
01:37:08,280 --> 01:37:11,116
to get Lumumba
released from prison.

2041
01:37:11,158 --> 01:37:15,204
When Kennedy
intervenes to save Lumumba,

2042
01:37:15,246 --> 01:37:18,499
that's a signal
directly to the CIA

2043
01:37:18,541 --> 01:37:21,710
that they have to
dispatch this guy immediately.

2044
01:37:21,752 --> 01:37:26,173
And so 48 hours before Kennedy
takes the oath of office,

2045
01:37:26,215 --> 01:37:29,385
Lumumba is delivered
into the hands of his enemies.

2046
01:37:29,426 --> 01:37:31,637
He's taken out
and shot in the head.

2047
01:37:31,679 --> 01:37:34,640
Kennedy doesn't know this
until months later.

2048
01:37:34,682 --> 01:37:36,016
Who finally tells him?

2049
01:37:36,058 --> 01:37:38,686
The CIA?
No, they still keep it a secret.

2050
01:37:38,727 --> 01:37:42,439
He's informed by his
UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.

2051
01:37:42,481 --> 01:37:45,067
His face crumples,
he's holding his hand,

2052
01:37:45,109 --> 01:37:47,111
he's grimacing in anguish,

2053
01:37:47,152 --> 01:37:51,156
hearing about the assassination
of Patrice Lumumba.

2054
01:37:51,198 --> 01:37:52,408
Within a very short

2055
01:37:52,449 --> 01:37:54,743
period of time
after the assassination,

2056
01:37:54,785 --> 01:37:58,956
Hammarskjold died
in a mysterious plane crash.

2057
01:37:58,998 --> 01:38:00,791
The photographs show his body

2058
01:38:00,833 --> 01:38:03,627
as the only one
not burned or charred,

2059
01:38:03,669 --> 01:38:07,882
and he had a playing card,
reportedly the ace of spades,

2060
01:38:07,923 --> 01:38:11,886
stuffed into his shirt collar
above the knot of the tie.

2061
01:38:11,927 --> 01:38:13,929
There are
controversial documents

2062
01:38:13,971 --> 01:38:15,973
that indicate Allen Dulles

2063
01:38:16,015 --> 01:38:18,100
was involved
in the sabotage of the plane.

2064
01:38:20,603 --> 01:38:22,521
John Foster Dulles
and Allen Dulles,

2065
01:38:22,563 --> 01:38:25,024
they felt, you know,
what they had to say

2066
01:38:25,065 --> 01:38:27,276
was good enough
for the rest of the world,

2067
01:38:27,318 --> 01:38:29,069
that they knew
more than the President.

2068
01:38:29,111 --> 01:38:31,155
There were things
they didn't tell Eisenhower

2069
01:38:31,196 --> 01:38:34,033
that they were doing
under his administration.

2070
01:38:34,074 --> 01:38:36,160
And actually, Jack Kennedy

2071
01:38:36,201 --> 01:38:39,538
does move to decapitate
the top of the CIA.

2072
01:38:39,580 --> 01:38:41,790
He lets it be known
that Allen Dulles,

2073
01:38:41,832 --> 01:38:43,959
as well as his two top advisers,

2074
01:38:44,001 --> 01:38:45,461
Richard Bissell,

2075
01:38:45,502 --> 01:38:47,922
who is also very involved
with the Bay of Pigs,

2076
01:38:47,963 --> 01:38:49,673
and General Cabell,

2077
01:38:49,715 --> 01:38:52,384
who was the right-hand man
to Allen Dulles.

2078
01:38:52,426 --> 01:38:54,553
So the top three people
in the CIA,

2079
01:38:54,595 --> 01:38:58,432
Kennedy forces them out
before the end of the year.

2080
01:38:58,474 --> 01:39:01,310
Have you ever committed any
act of violence in your life?

2081
01:39:04,396 --> 01:39:05,397
No.

2082
01:39:07,441 --> 01:39:09,109
The existence of communism

2083
01:39:09,151 --> 01:39:10,903
so close to American shores

2084
01:39:10,945 --> 01:39:13,906
kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate.

2085
01:39:13,948 --> 01:39:16,992
And the Joint Chiefs of Staff
presented a plan to Kennedy,

2086
01:39:17,034 --> 01:39:19,161
called Operation Northwoods,

2087
01:39:19,203 --> 01:39:21,622
whereby the CIA
would secretly perform

2088
01:39:21,664 --> 01:39:24,124
terrorist acts
in the United States

2089
01:39:24,166 --> 01:39:26,126
and blame them on Castro

2090
01:39:26,168 --> 01:39:29,338
to justify bombings
and an invasion of Cuba.

2091
01:39:29,380 --> 01:39:31,340
And you see all these plans

2092
01:39:31,382 --> 01:39:33,926
being sent
to McNamara and to Kennedy.

2093
01:39:33,968 --> 01:39:35,302
"Fake an attack by Cubans

2094
01:39:35,344 --> 01:39:37,096
"against the
Guantanamo Bay sentries.

2095
01:39:37,137 --> 01:39:39,598
"Sink a US ship
in Guantanamo Bay

2096
01:39:39,640 --> 01:39:41,016
"and blame it on Cuba."

2097
01:39:41,058 --> 01:39:45,521
The one that scares me the most
was very sophisticated.

2098
01:39:45,862 --> 01:39:49,566
Take an airliner
and fly it as a drone over Cuba,

2099
01:39:49,608 --> 01:39:50,985
without any people in it,

2100
01:39:51,026 --> 01:39:52,319
with a tape-recording
that would play,

2101
01:39:52,361 --> 01:39:54,029
"We're under attack
by Cuban aircraft!

2102
01:39:54,071 --> 01:39:55,948
" 'Oh, my God,
they're going to kill us!' "

2103
01:39:55,990 --> 01:39:57,199
Blow up the airplane!

2104
01:39:57,241 --> 01:39:58,951
Blow up this huge drone

2105
01:39:58,993 --> 01:40:02,538
and use that to start a war.

2106
01:40:02,579 --> 01:40:05,040
The President
declined the recommendation.

2107
01:40:06,333 --> 01:40:08,168
The Northwoods plan
was our big find

2108
01:40:08,210 --> 01:40:09,878
in the way of military records.

2109
01:40:09,920 --> 01:40:11,230
They are
universally recognized today

2110
01:40:11,271 --> 01:40:12,673
for their importance.

2111
01:40:12,715 --> 01:40:14,967
It's one of those releases
that the Review Board members,

2112
01:40:15,009 --> 01:40:18,137
the board members themselves
were justifiably proud of

2113
01:40:18,178 --> 01:40:20,139
that came out of
the JFK Records Act.

2114
01:40:22,266 --> 01:40:24,685
In addition to
the problems with the CIA,

2115
01:40:24,727 --> 01:40:27,938
Kennedy's own military advisers
started pressuring him

2116
01:40:27,980 --> 01:40:29,606
to send troops to Vietnam.

2117
01:40:29,648 --> 01:40:31,483
A country that
Kennedy had visited

2118
01:40:31,525 --> 01:40:33,652
10 years earlier
as a Congressman,

2119
01:40:33,694 --> 01:40:36,238
and witnessed firsthand
how the French

2120
01:40:36,280 --> 01:40:37,865
were losing their war

2121
01:40:37,906 --> 01:40:41,243
against the Viet Minh
in the fight for independence.

2122
01:40:41,285 --> 01:40:42,578
Once he became President,

2123
01:40:42,619 --> 01:40:46,123
Kennedy wanted
to avoid the same trap.

2124
01:40:46,165 --> 01:40:49,501
The Vietnam decision
is finally arrived at,

2125
01:40:49,543 --> 01:40:51,170
which is NSAM 111,

2126
01:40:51,211 --> 01:40:54,006
where Kennedy
says no combat troops,

2127
01:40:54,048 --> 01:40:55,924
but will increase the advisers.

2128
01:40:55,966 --> 01:40:58,927
And that was his decision,
in the Kennedy presidency.

2129
01:40:58,969 --> 01:41:01,513
Never to cross that line.

2130
01:41:03,474 --> 01:41:05,934
Near the end of
his first year in office,

2131
01:41:05,976 --> 01:41:07,561
Kennedy received a report

2132
01:41:07,603 --> 01:41:10,272
from Walt Rostow
and General Maxwell Taylor,

2133
01:41:10,314 --> 01:41:12,399
his foreign policy
and military advisers,

2134
01:41:12,441 --> 01:41:13,942
that called for
increased training

2135
01:41:13,984 --> 01:41:16,070
of South Vietnamese troops,

2136
01:41:16,111 --> 01:41:17,946
increased bombings
of the North,

2137
01:41:17,988 --> 01:41:21,116
and the use
of US combat troops.

2138
01:41:21,158 --> 01:41:22,785
The influence
on Kennedy's reluctance

2139
01:41:22,826 --> 01:41:24,787
to committing ground troops

2140
01:41:24,828 --> 01:41:28,791
was his ambassador to India,
John Kenneth Galbraith.

2141
01:41:28,832 --> 01:41:31,835
My father went to see
Walt Rostow.

2142
01:41:31,877 --> 01:41:33,462
He went in to talk to him.

2143
01:41:33,504 --> 01:41:37,299
Rostow gestured on his desk to the...
pile of papers.

2144
01:41:37,341 --> 01:41:40,594
The Rostow Taylor report
was plainly visible.

2145
01:41:40,636 --> 01:41:42,596
My father asked to see it.

2146
01:41:42,638 --> 01:41:44,473
Walt said that
his security classification

2147
01:41:44,515 --> 01:41:46,517
wasn't sufficiently high.

2148
01:41:46,558 --> 01:41:48,227
My father did not think that

2149
01:41:48,268 --> 01:41:51,688
Walt Rostow's security classification
was higher than his.

2150
01:41:51,730 --> 01:41:54,566
And at the given moment...
the phone rang.

2151
01:41:54,608 --> 01:41:56,610
Walt turned to--
to answer the phone

2152
01:41:56,652 --> 01:41:58,779
and-- and Dad
picked up the report

2153
01:41:58,821 --> 01:42:01,824
and walked out
of the office and read it.

2154
01:42:01,865 --> 01:42:03,992
Kennedy sent
Galbraith to Saigon

2155
01:42:04,034 --> 01:42:07,079
to write a report that would
differ in its recommendations

2156
01:42:07,121 --> 01:42:11,125
from what Taylor and Rostow
had given to him.

2157
01:42:11,166 --> 01:42:12,706
Kennedy knew what he wanted

2158
01:42:12,750 --> 01:42:14,450
and he knew what my father
would deliver, which he did,

2159
01:42:14,490 --> 01:42:17,090
which is a very
detailed and skeptical report

2160
01:42:17,131 --> 01:42:19,842
about the efficiency of the
South Vietnamese government,

2161
01:42:19,883 --> 01:42:23,178
about the capacity
of any military force

2162
01:42:23,220 --> 01:42:25,681
to prevail in
the security situation

2163
01:42:25,722 --> 01:42:28,517
that was in existence
in South Vietnam at that time.

2164
01:42:28,559 --> 01:42:30,185
Kennedy told Galbraith

2165
01:42:30,227 --> 01:42:33,689
to deliver his report to
Defense Secretary McNamara,

2166
01:42:33,730 --> 01:42:35,858
and he,
in turn, gave instructions

2167
01:42:35,899 --> 01:42:39,027
to begin the withdrawal
to General Harkins,

2168
01:42:39,069 --> 01:42:42,614
the commanding General
of all forces in Vietnam.

2169
01:42:42,656 --> 01:42:45,784
The Pentagon dragged its feet
on formulating plans,

2170
01:42:45,826 --> 01:42:50,706
and McNamara called for
a meeting in May of 1963.

2171
01:42:50,747 --> 01:42:53,792
One of the most important finds
of the Review Board

2172
01:42:53,834 --> 01:42:56,295
are the notes
from this meeting.

2173
01:42:56,336 --> 01:42:58,297
McNamara said,
"It's not fast enough.

2174
01:42:58,338 --> 01:42:59,715
"I want you to accelerate it."

2175
01:42:59,756 --> 01:43:02,092
He says,
"I want to pull out 1,000 men,

2176
01:43:02,134 --> 01:43:04,303
"in December
by the end of the year.

2177
01:43:04,344 --> 01:43:06,388
"And I want you to pull out

2178
01:43:06,430 --> 01:43:08,473
"complete units,
not just individuals."

2179
01:43:08,515 --> 01:43:10,893
He wanted units to come out.

2180
01:43:10,934 --> 01:43:13,562
After the withdrawal plan
was approved,

2181
01:43:13,604 --> 01:43:16,023
Kennedy sent
Secretary of Defense McNamara

2182
01:43:16,064 --> 01:43:20,569
and General Taylor
to Saigon in September of '63.

2183
01:43:20,611 --> 01:43:23,405
He planned on using
their report as the basis

2184
01:43:23,447 --> 01:43:26,533
to formally order
the withdrawal to begin.

2185
01:43:26,575 --> 01:43:28,410
Kennedy controlled the report,

2186
01:43:28,452 --> 01:43:30,037
since it was
actually being written

2187
01:43:30,078 --> 01:43:33,248
under the supervision
of Bobby Kennedy.

2188
01:43:33,290 --> 01:43:34,917
Three days later,

2189
01:43:34,958 --> 01:43:36,501
that leaks out
into the newspapers.

2190
01:43:36,543 --> 01:43:39,087
Then his opponents find out.

2191
01:43:39,129 --> 01:43:40,881
And McGeorge Bundy
says to Kennedy, "Hey, look,

2192
01:43:40,923 --> 01:43:42,424
"if they're talking about it
in the newspapers,

2193
01:43:42,466 --> 01:43:43,800
"we might as well
put it on paper."

2194
01:43:43,842 --> 01:43:46,053
And they put it,
and it was NSAM 263.

2195
01:43:46,094 --> 01:43:49,306
And that's how it was
actually written and why.

2196
01:43:49,348 --> 01:43:51,266
Well, here's one of the things

2197
01:43:51,308 --> 01:43:52,893
McNamara said
in the secret debrief.

2198
01:43:52,935 --> 01:43:56,438
He said, "We had agreed,
the President and I,

2199
01:43:56,480 --> 01:43:58,315
"that we had trained them,

2200
01:43:58,357 --> 01:44:00,150
"we had given them
everything we could.

2201
01:44:00,192 --> 01:44:02,778
"And if they couldn't win,
too bad.

2202
01:44:02,819 --> 01:44:06,823
"We had to get out
even if they were going to be defeated."

2203
01:44:06,865 --> 01:44:10,369
So McNamara and Kennedy had
decided that they were willing

2204
01:44:10,410 --> 01:44:13,455
to pull out of Vietnam
in a losing scenario.

2205
01:44:13,497 --> 01:44:14,623
That's very important.

2206
01:44:15,958 --> 01:44:18,627
But later in that month,
McGeorge Bundy,

2207
01:44:18,669 --> 01:44:21,255
who's the National Security Adviser,

2208
01:44:21,296 --> 01:44:23,257
puts together a memo

2209
01:44:23,298 --> 01:44:25,384
based upon the--
the truth about the war,

2210
01:44:25,425 --> 01:44:27,552
which is just going terribly.

2211
01:44:27,594 --> 01:44:30,764
And he does it in a way
to try and make sure

2212
01:44:30,806 --> 01:44:32,891
that Kennedy would be able
to go along with this.

2213
01:44:32,933 --> 01:44:34,476
This is reflected in

2214
01:44:34,518 --> 01:44:36,728
the National Security
Action Memorandum:

2215
01:44:36,770 --> 01:44:39,606
NSAM 273.

2216
01:44:39,648 --> 01:44:42,859
The way Bundy writes
the first draft of 273

2217
01:44:42,901 --> 01:44:44,486
is to say,
"Look, we need to intensify

2218
01:44:44,528 --> 01:44:47,364
"the war effort
against the communists.

2219
01:44:47,406 --> 01:44:49,283
"But the way
we're going to do it

2220
01:44:49,324 --> 01:44:51,952
"is to increase
South Vietnamese forces."

2221
01:44:51,994 --> 01:44:54,454
There's not a word
about American forces

2222
01:44:54,496 --> 01:44:56,164
or Americanizing the war.

2223
01:44:58,834 --> 01:45:01,044
While Kennedy's body
is still in the casket

2224
01:45:01,086 --> 01:45:03,588
in the rotunda
over in the Capitol building,

2225
01:45:03,630 --> 01:45:07,968
is when Johnson changes NSAM 273
to a new version.

2226
01:45:08,010 --> 01:45:10,512
And when it comes
to the key paragraph,

2227
01:45:10,554 --> 01:45:12,347
paragraph seven,
which just talks about

2228
01:45:12,389 --> 01:45:14,975
how we're going
to intensify the war,

2229
01:45:15,017 --> 01:45:16,518
instead of changing a few words,

2230
01:45:16,560 --> 01:45:19,813
there's two big hash marks
through that paragraph,

2231
01:45:19,855 --> 01:45:21,440
and it's completely rewritten.

2232
01:45:21,481 --> 01:45:22,858
And I said--
I asked Bundy in an interview,

2233
01:45:22,899 --> 01:45:24,651
I said,
"Who told you to do that?"

2234
01:45:24,693 --> 01:45:26,361
He said, "Johnson did."

2235
01:45:26,403 --> 01:45:27,946
These changes allowed the US

2236
01:45:27,988 --> 01:45:31,033
to unilaterally engage
in combat in Vietnam

2237
01:45:31,074 --> 01:45:33,327
rather than simply
supporting and advising

2238
01:45:33,368 --> 01:45:34,870
South Vietnamese troops.

2239
01:45:35,829 --> 01:45:37,622
And within days,

2240
01:45:37,664 --> 01:45:40,792
we're talking about
sending out the DESOTO missions.

2241
01:45:40,834 --> 01:45:43,462
These-- These naval excursions

2242
01:45:43,503 --> 01:45:46,465
along the coastline
of North Vietnam

2243
01:45:46,506 --> 01:45:49,176
that ends up with The Maddox

2244
01:45:49,217 --> 01:45:51,678
and the, and the so-called
Tonkin Gulf attacks.

2245
01:45:51,720 --> 01:45:53,722
And then
the resolution in Congress

2246
01:45:53,764 --> 01:45:56,808
opening the door
to intervention in Vietnam.

2247
01:45:56,850 --> 01:45:59,478
In the Review Board's
declassifications,

2248
01:45:59,519 --> 01:46:01,772
there's evidence
that Johnson was fully aware

2249
01:46:01,813 --> 01:46:04,149
of Kennedy's
Vietnam withdrawal plans,

2250
01:46:04,191 --> 01:46:05,817
disagreed with them,

2251
01:46:05,859 --> 01:46:08,737
and worked on Robert McNamara
to make him renounce them.

2252
01:46:20,707 --> 01:46:23,126
In retaliation
for this unprovoked

2253
01:46:23,168 --> 01:46:25,629
attack on the high seas,

2254
01:46:25,670 --> 01:46:27,839
our forces
have struck the bases

2255
01:46:27,881 --> 01:46:31,885
used by the North Vietnamese
patrol craft.

2256
01:46:31,927 --> 01:46:34,179
And as declassified
memos have revealed,

2257
01:46:34,221 --> 01:46:35,889
by autumn of 1964,

2258
01:46:35,931 --> 01:46:38,600
during his campaign
against Barry Goldwater,

2259
01:46:38,642 --> 01:46:40,727
Johnson had already decided

2260
01:46:40,769 --> 01:46:43,772
that he was going
to escalate the Vietnam War.

2261
01:46:43,814 --> 01:46:45,399
In fact, the directive
that would become

2262
01:46:45,440 --> 01:46:47,192
the Tonkin Gulf Resolution

2263
01:46:47,234 --> 01:46:51,488
had been written before the
Tonkin Gulf Incident itself.

2264
01:46:51,530 --> 01:46:53,281
Three months
before the election,

2265
01:46:53,323 --> 01:46:56,910
Johnson had already planned
for an extensive air war.

2266
01:46:56,952 --> 01:46:59,746
It was to begin
after his inauguration.

2267
01:47:01,373 --> 01:47:05,585
We intend
to convince the communists

2268
01:47:05,627 --> 01:47:10,549
that we cannot be defeated
by force of arms

2269
01:47:10,590 --> 01:47:12,634
or by superior power.

2270
01:47:17,514 --> 01:47:19,558
When news
came of Kennedy's death,

2271
01:47:19,599 --> 01:47:21,977
all over the planet,
people were mourning

2272
01:47:22,018 --> 01:47:24,813
and crying
and going to embassies.

2273
01:47:24,855 --> 01:47:27,149
In Latin America,
the people just lit candles

2274
01:47:27,190 --> 01:47:29,568
because they didn't even
have electrical power,

2275
01:47:29,609 --> 01:47:31,111
but they wanted
to honor his killing.

2276
01:47:31,153 --> 01:47:32,904
In the Yucatan Peninsula,

2277
01:47:32,946 --> 01:47:36,783
peasants cleared an area
and planted a peace garden.

2278
01:47:36,825 --> 01:47:38,452
Nasser
learned of Kennedy's death

2279
01:47:38,493 --> 01:47:40,912
in the middle of the night.
He got up, dressed,

2280
01:47:40,954 --> 01:47:43,540
went down to his office,
and then realized,

2281
01:47:43,582 --> 01:47:45,625
"Well, there's nothing
I can do about this."

2282
01:47:45,667 --> 01:47:48,170
According to his son,
Nasser went to a--

2283
01:47:48,211 --> 01:47:51,298
A great state of depression
after Kennedy's death.

2284
01:47:51,339 --> 01:47:54,759
Relations with Egypt
gradually deteriorated,

2285
01:47:54,801 --> 01:47:57,679
and they increasingly shifted
their allegiance

2286
01:47:57,721 --> 01:47:59,473
towards the Soviet Union
as well.

2287
01:47:59,514 --> 01:48:03,226
A mass was held in the
leading Catholic Church in Cairo,

2288
01:48:03,268 --> 01:48:05,395
which has a capacity of 600.

2289
01:48:05,437 --> 01:48:09,065
They somehow fit 4,000 people
into that church.

2290
01:48:09,107 --> 01:48:11,735
Algeria, which had
special feeling for Kennedy,

2291
01:48:11,776 --> 01:48:13,945
declared a state of mourning
for a week.

2292
01:48:13,987 --> 01:48:17,365
Flags were flown...
at half mast.

2293
01:48:17,407 --> 01:48:20,035
The US ambassador to Egypt said

2294
01:48:20,076 --> 01:48:22,913
that he thought the Egyptians
had seen in Kennedy

2295
01:48:22,954 --> 01:48:24,831
the best of what
they saw in Americans.

2296
01:48:24,873 --> 01:48:28,084
That Kennedy had represented
a kind of ideal of America

2297
01:48:28,126 --> 01:48:30,212
to ordinary Egyptians.

2298
01:48:30,253 --> 01:48:32,172
Castro got
the news of Kennedy's death

2299
01:48:32,214 --> 01:48:33,965
while discussing détente

2300
01:48:34,007 --> 01:48:36,593
with the French journalist
Jean Daniel.

2301
01:48:36,635 --> 01:48:39,971
He then exclaimed,
"This is bad news.

2302
01:48:40,013 --> 01:48:41,973
"Everything is now
going to change."

2303
01:48:44,392 --> 01:48:47,145
When Khrushchev paid his respects
to President Kennedy

2304
01:48:47,187 --> 01:48:49,731
at the American embassy,

2305
01:48:49,773 --> 01:48:52,484
he was reportedly
holding back tears.

2306
01:48:54,069 --> 01:48:56,988
Robert Kennedy knew
that after his brother's death,

2307
01:48:57,030 --> 01:49:01,451
relations with the Soviet Union
hung in the balance.

2308
01:49:01,493 --> 01:49:07,415
My father, he wanted to convey
a message to Premier Khrushchev,

2309
01:49:07,457 --> 01:49:09,167
saying that our family knew

2310
01:49:09,209 --> 01:49:12,963
that the Soviets were not
involved in the assassination.

2311
01:49:13,004 --> 01:49:17,384
That it was a right-wing plot
from our own country.

2312
01:49:17,425 --> 01:49:19,553
In other words, the CIA,

2313
01:49:19,594 --> 01:49:21,888
or forces aligned with the CIA.

2314
01:49:21,930 --> 01:49:24,766
The day that his brother died,

2315
01:49:24,808 --> 01:49:27,852
my father's first phone call

2316
01:49:27,894 --> 01:49:32,983
was to the
CIA desk officer at Langley

2317
01:49:33,024 --> 01:49:38,947
and he asked them, "Did your people
conduct this horror?"

2318
01:49:41,074 --> 01:49:43,702
We know from how Bobby operated

2319
01:49:43,743 --> 01:49:47,539
that terrible day,
November 22nd, 1963,

2320
01:49:47,581 --> 01:49:50,333
at his home in
McLean, Virginia,

2321
01:49:50,375 --> 01:49:55,255
that he immediately suspected
there was not a lone gunman.

2322
01:49:55,297 --> 01:49:56,881
Why do we know this?

2323
01:49:56,923 --> 01:49:59,926
Because he was being told
by his closest aides,

2324
01:49:59,968 --> 01:50:02,470
people like Kenny O'Donnell
and Dave Powers,

2325
01:50:02,512 --> 01:50:03,972
who were in the limousine

2326
01:50:04,014 --> 01:50:06,683
immediately behind
President Kennedy's limousine.

2327
01:50:06,725 --> 01:50:08,560
They were both
World War II veterans.

2328
01:50:08,602 --> 01:50:11,146
They knew
what gunfire sounded like.

2329
01:50:11,187 --> 01:50:13,189
They reported it to him
that gunfire

2330
01:50:13,231 --> 01:50:15,483
had not just come
from the-- the rear.

2331
01:50:15,525 --> 01:50:17,360
It had come
from different sides.

2332
01:50:17,402 --> 01:50:19,779
There was gunfire
from the front as well.

2333
01:50:19,821 --> 01:50:22,240
It was a crossfire.

2334
01:50:22,282 --> 01:50:25,118
I was in the East Room,

2335
01:50:25,160 --> 01:50:29,456
with my dad and with Jackie
and a couple of my siblings,

2336
01:50:29,497 --> 01:50:31,791
and Lyndon Johnson came in,

2337
01:50:31,833 --> 01:50:34,753
and told the adults in the room

2338
01:50:34,794 --> 01:50:37,631
that Lee Harvey Oswald
had been killed,

2339
01:50:37,672 --> 01:50:41,092
and that a man had shot him.

2340
01:50:41,134 --> 01:50:44,638
And I said to my dad and mom
at that time,

2341
01:50:44,679 --> 01:50:46,097
"Why did he shoot him?

2342
01:50:46,139 --> 01:50:48,642
Did he--
Did he love our family?"

2343
01:50:48,683 --> 01:50:50,268
And the way that they acted

2344
01:50:50,310 --> 01:50:52,979
was that this only
compounded the tragedy.

2345
01:50:54,564 --> 01:50:55,940
Many people at home

2346
01:50:55,982 --> 01:50:57,692
felt that after
Kennedy's death,

2347
01:50:57,734 --> 01:51:01,863
a period of depression and cynicism
overtook the country,

2348
01:51:01,905 --> 01:51:05,533
and that America
was somehow changed forever.

2349
01:51:05,575 --> 01:51:07,202
Our overwhelming disbelief

2350
01:51:07,243 --> 01:51:08,953
in the Warren Commission's
findings

2351
01:51:08,995 --> 01:51:11,539
contributed to
increased skepticism

2352
01:51:11,581 --> 01:51:14,209
of all our foundational beliefs
about government.

2353
01:51:17,003 --> 01:51:20,131
But I think Allen Dulles' appointment
to the Warren Commission

2354
01:51:20,173 --> 01:51:23,301
is one of the great frauds
of American history.

2355
01:51:23,343 --> 01:51:26,221
I don't think that even if
you had 10 more commissions,

2356
01:51:26,262 --> 01:51:27,764
you'd never
get away from the idea

2357
01:51:27,806 --> 01:51:29,349
that maybe there was a plot.

2358
01:51:29,391 --> 01:51:31,726
We just didn't
find any traces of it.

2359
01:51:31,768 --> 01:51:34,229
What really happened
with Allen Dulles was

2360
01:51:34,270 --> 01:51:37,357
the CIA lobbied to have
him put on the Commission,

2361
01:51:37,399 --> 01:51:40,068
'cause they needed to have one
of their own on the Commission

2362
01:51:40,110 --> 01:51:44,197
to make sure that
certain doors remained closed.

2363
01:51:44,239 --> 01:51:49,953
I think there's a direct thread
between the events of 1963

2364
01:51:49,994 --> 01:51:52,205
and the kind of horror show

2365
01:51:52,247 --> 01:51:56,292
that America is having
to endure right now.

2366
01:51:56,334 --> 01:51:59,170
And I think once
you kill a President

2367
01:51:59,212 --> 01:52:01,047
in broad daylight
on the streets of an American city,

2368
01:52:01,089 --> 01:52:03,717
and everyone knows
that powerful forces did it,

2369
01:52:03,758 --> 01:52:07,595
that sends a signal not
only to the American people,

2370
01:52:07,637 --> 01:52:11,349
but to the American media,
to the American future leaders.

2371
01:52:11,391 --> 01:52:14,352
And if America really wants
a democratic society,

2372
01:52:14,394 --> 01:52:17,856
then we should get to the bottom
of this traumatic crime

2373
01:52:17,897 --> 01:52:21,276
that continues to reverberate
throughout American history.

2374
01:52:21,317 --> 01:52:24,696
They poll historians,
they poll the American people,

2375
01:52:24,738 --> 01:52:27,574
and they say, "Who were
the most popular Presidents?"

2376
01:52:27,615 --> 01:52:29,451
Well, one metric
that you can use

2377
01:52:29,492 --> 01:52:33,872
to objectively--
at least judge the foreign policy,

2378
01:52:33,913 --> 01:52:36,291
is how many boulevards are named

2379
01:52:36,332 --> 01:52:38,793
after that President
in foreign countries?

2380
01:52:38,835 --> 01:52:42,547
How many hospitals,
how many colleges, how many schools?

2381
01:52:42,589 --> 01:52:47,051
How many statues are--
are standing of that President

2382
01:52:47,093 --> 01:52:48,970
in capitals all over the world?

2383
01:52:49,012 --> 01:52:51,055
And in that sense,
President Kennedy

2384
01:52:51,097 --> 01:52:53,767
beats every other President,
hands down.

2385
01:52:56,811 --> 01:52:58,438
Although many of Kennedy's

2386
01:52:58,480 --> 01:53:00,648
progressive
and unprecedented goals

2387
01:53:00,690 --> 01:53:05,862
and changes in policy were
undone after his assassination,

2388
01:53:05,904 --> 01:53:09,491
a few powerful ones remain.

2389
01:53:09,532 --> 01:53:11,284
I think Mr. Kennedy has done

2390
01:53:11,326 --> 01:53:13,953
some significant things
in civil rights,

2391
01:53:13,995 --> 01:53:16,498
and I would include
the Attorney General.

2392
01:53:16,539 --> 01:53:21,461
I think both of these men
are men of genuine goodwill.

2393
01:53:21,503 --> 01:53:24,339
And... I think
there is a necessity now

2394
01:53:24,380 --> 01:53:26,925
to see the urgency
of the moment.

2395
01:53:29,511 --> 01:53:32,430
I'm asking from you
an unequivocal assurance

2396
01:53:32,472 --> 01:53:35,433
that you will not bar entry
to these students,

2397
01:53:35,475 --> 01:53:37,602
and that you will
step aside peacefully,

2398
01:53:37,644 --> 01:53:40,188
do your constitutional duty.

2399
01:53:40,230 --> 01:53:42,857
In showdowns
using federal troops,

2400
01:53:42,899 --> 01:53:46,152
the Kennedy administration won
admission of Black students

2401
01:53:46,194 --> 01:53:49,531
to the last public colleges
in the south.

2402
01:53:49,572 --> 01:53:52,575
George Wallace made it clear
that this fight was not over.

2403
01:53:52,617 --> 01:53:56,329
And the--
the South this year-- next year

2404
01:53:56,371 --> 01:53:58,748
will decide who
the next President is,

2405
01:53:58,790 --> 01:54:01,167
whoever the South votes for
will be the President.

2406
01:54:01,209 --> 01:54:03,127
And you're gonna see
that the South

2407
01:54:03,169 --> 01:54:06,047
is going to be
against some folks.

2408
01:54:06,089 --> 01:54:08,299
That night,
Kennedy addressed the nation

2409
01:54:08,341 --> 01:54:10,385
in what many consider the finest

2410
01:54:10,426 --> 01:54:12,720
Presidential speech
on civil rights

2411
01:54:12,762 --> 01:54:14,472
since Abraham Lincoln.

2412
01:54:14,514 --> 01:54:17,475
And that the rights of
every man are diminished

2413
01:54:17,517 --> 01:54:20,562
when the rights
of one man are threatened.

2414
01:54:20,603 --> 01:54:24,232
If an American,
because his skin is dark...

2415
01:54:24,274 --> 01:54:29,404
cannot enjoy the full and free life
which all of us want,

2416
01:54:29,445 --> 01:54:31,656
then who among us
would be content

2417
01:54:31,698 --> 01:54:34,993
to have the color
of his skin changed?

2418
01:54:35,034 --> 01:54:37,871
One hundred years of delay
have passed

2419
01:54:37,912 --> 01:54:41,165
since President Lincoln
freed the slaves,

2420
01:54:41,207 --> 01:54:45,461
yet their heirs, their grandsons,
are not fully free.

2421
01:54:45,503 --> 01:54:50,550
And this nation,
for all its hopes and all its boasts,

2422
01:54:50,592 --> 01:54:54,721
will not be fully free until
all its citizens are free.

2423
01:54:54,762 --> 01:54:56,180
We face, therefore,

2424
01:54:56,222 --> 01:54:58,474
a moral crisis
as a country and a people,

2425
01:54:58,516 --> 01:55:00,476
and this is a matter
which concerns

2426
01:55:00,518 --> 01:55:02,979
this country
and what it stands for.

2427
01:55:03,021 --> 01:55:06,482
And in meeting it,
I ask the support of all of our citizens.

2428
01:55:06,524 --> 01:55:08,651
Thank you very much.