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Dr. Giordano is a professor in the Department
of Neurology and Biochemistry, chief in

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Studies program of the Pellegrino Center for
Clinic Bioethics and co-director of the

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Medical Center.

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As well, Dr. Giordano currently serves as an
appointed member of the United States

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of Health and Human Services Secretary
Advisory Council on Human Research

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and task leader of the European Union Human
Brain Project and has served as an appointed

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member of the Neuroethics Legal and Social
Issues Advisory Panel of the Defense Advanced

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Assessment Branch of the Joint Staff of the
Pentagon.

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It's quite a bit.

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In his spare time, he has authored over 260
publications in Neuroscience and Neuroethics.

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Seven books and 13 government white papers
are Neurotechnology, Ethics, and Biosecurity

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and is an editor-in-chief of the
International Journal of Philosophy, Ethic...

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in Medicine.

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Dr. Giordano, thank you for joining us today.

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too severe if you do that.

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And my thought is you're probably not going
to applaud at the end, but what I'm going

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to hear is the slamming shut of your
sphincters with fear.

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That's good.

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That's been successful.

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It's a pleasure to be here.

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It's a real honor to be here.

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Is that Yoshi in the audience?

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Hello.

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No PDAs, but I do want you to come up and say
hello.

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Your mother says hello.

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I'm just -- everybody has a mother and no
hers.

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21st century battlescape in many ways.

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End of story.

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We could stop it there and I could let you go
back to your respective units and think

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about that for a while, but I'm here to tell
you absolutely as much as there's a big ol'

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trolley and nose on this face that you will
encounter some form of neurocognitive science

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that has been weaponized not only in your
military career, but in your personal and

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professional lives, irrespective of whether
those two things coincide or not.

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this other acronym that's up there, which is
WMD squared.

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Please get used to this because this is going
to be part of the idea of a regular warfare

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and ongoing military innovation in your
careers.

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Weapons of mass destruction and disruption.

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Disruption and influence will be the key to
creating peer capabilities and asymmetrical

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engagements.

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Let me say it again.

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If we talk about what brain science is, let
me just give you a little bit of a brief

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on this field that is now called
neuroscience.

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As a titular field, as a named field,
neuroscience has only been in existence fo...

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I know that because I've been a
neuroscientist for about 38 of those 40

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What I first applied to get into a program in
neuroscience are only four neuroscience

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Right now, at this particular point, there
are well over 200 dedicated university and

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collegiate programs, several programs at the
junior college level, several programs at

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the high school level, and many, many dozens
of independent think tanks and philanthropic

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organizations solely devoted to brain
sciences.

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That's just here in the United States.

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Furthermore, what becomes critically
important if you don't understand is that

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the United States allies worldwide.

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Increasingly it is becoming an international,
multinational, global, and independently

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event and endeavor, which increases the
capability of the brain sciences to develo...

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new theories, but ever more sophisticated
tools.

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I like this slide a lot because what it
presents for you, ladies and gentlemen, is...

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history of brain science even before it was
called neuroscience.

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and recognized that the thing looking back at
them was themselves, there was some interest

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in what makes me me, what makes me think,
what makes me feel, what makes me behave the

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way I do and you behave and think the way you
do.

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What is my sense of self?

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Do I have free will and what is the nature of
that and how can we affect that in a variety

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of ways that go from the non-kinetic all the
way to the kinetic?

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If we take centenary jumps into the area of
the enlightenment, we can see the great

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Renee Descartes, pondered the idea of what
that means, cogito, ergo sum, I think,

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I am, the inverse of the statement that in
many cases was implicit, but now becomes ever

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more explicit is what makes me think and if I
can understand what makes me think and makes

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you think and makes you feel, then that
understanding may in fact flavor if not

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your brain does what your brain does, I may
be able to access your brain and affect your

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brain indirectly and indirectly and what this
allows us to do is to create tremendous

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and possibility and probability, potential,
possibility and probability of what the brain

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sciences can do and will do.

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of this course today and throughout your
professional careers and each and all of t...

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that you have to interface and try to
understand the power that the brain and

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can yield.

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A, the ability to assess the brain and its
functions.

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A, the ability to access the brain on a
variety of levels from the subcellular all

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And A, the ability to affect the brains and
the individuals in which those brains are

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embodied and the ecologies in which those
individuals enact, engage, encounter from

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the level of the individual to the group, to
the community, to the population.

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Look at the power that understanding tools
and techniques of the brain sciences afford.

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It's there before you on the screen.

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way they may interact in bellicose,
aggressive, violent and volatile ways, and...

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upon me certain powers to be able to
influence that, alter that, change that,

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then clearly I'm able to use the brain
sciences as we have tried repeatedly in th...

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influence the postures and capabilities, not
only of our own individuals who are engaged

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us.

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In other words, we can utilize these things
in national security, intelligence and

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Please look at the timeline.

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A mere 10 years ago, 2008, the National
Academy of Sciences National Research Coun...

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a group to create a report dedicated to if
and why and how brain sciences might be

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a five-year retrospective and came to the
conclusion that although these things may be

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valid, their relative viability value at that
particular time rendered them not ready for

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prime time play.

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Our group, working with others
internationally inclusive of the Nuffield

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proceeded forward from 2008 and did a
slightly deeper dive, looking at

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set of conclusions, not only were the brain
sciences increasingly being considered

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and used for possibilities of national
security, intelligence and defense, but th...

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to be so as more and more countries
internationally develop the capabilities a...

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agendas to be able to look into the brain and
affect the brain.

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So much so that by 2014, the exact same
committee reconvened and recognized at tha...

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and national security agenda.

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In other words, it is valid, valuable and
already an operational play.

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The brain is the current and future battle
space, or at least one that can be leveraged

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in those ways to be able to create tremendous
effect with fairly little investment of

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the brain.

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I'll unapologetically repeat myself
throughout this lecture to drive home this

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regard to these capabilities because each and
all have gravitas importance and operational

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leverage ability.

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That said, what are these techniques and
technologies that have rendered this

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you will, geopolitical, military and social
power?

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Generalization, we could parse them down into
two discrete domains.

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First, the assessment neurotechnologies that
do exactly as the name would imply.

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They are, based upon various tools that we
can use to assess those structures and

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of the brain that may be involved in those
processes of cognition, emotion and

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Humans are tool users.

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Rarely however, do we turn over a rock, look
around a corner, appear under the bed just

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to know what's under there.

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and looking under the bed around the corner,
and very often those things that we find

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the rock under the bed around the corner
become tools for us to use in a variety of

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engagements.

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Brain science, like any other science and
technology, is no different.

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Earlier in the day at lunch, Major and I had
a conversation about the viability of

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types of research.

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Science for science is sake.

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Science just to know because that's where
your interests lie.

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kind of research is wonderful, but when that
research is generated for a purpose and when

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it's funded and when that purpose deals with
those things that are near and dear to the

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health, survivability, flourishing the
protection of Kith and Kin, then that

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research that has an end goal of use.

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This is what this is about.

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It's not just a question of trying to figure
out what makes the brain tick in the way it's

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built.

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brain is built and the way it functions,
influence in ways that are kinetic and

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the attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, emotions,
activities, and relative vulnerabilities and

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predispositions of those individuals for whom
both we are responsible in terms of our own

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forces, perhaps to make them better, more
insulated against injury, operationally

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enhanced, and those who may threaten us.

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So the other dimension of these
neurotechnologies are interventional

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Now, I'm not going to bring you down the
rabbit hole into what each and all of thes...

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do because you don't want to be a
neuroscientist and I'm certainly not going...

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neuroscientist in an hour, but I think it
becomes important to dial into a little bit

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more clarity and with further granularity
what we're really talking about when we talk

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about these relative assessment and
interventional technologies.

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In the former case, probably the one that
gives the most rise to both provocation and

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be able to see what brain areas are
differentially active as we engage in

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feelings, emotions, and tasks, and to then
correlate the interaction of those nodes and

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networks with discrete patterns that occur
not only in individuals, but in groups of

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individuals.

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In other words, if I can see how this
gentleman brain worked, whether he's awake...

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asleep, don't I catch you.

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The idea there is that I can then understand,
I'm only kidding, I can only, I can

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Relax.

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I can only understand better not only what
makes him happy, agitated, engaged, or tired,

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but I can then in some way alter my discourse
to be able to make him feel happier, more

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engaged, and less tired.

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In so doing, I can take the information I
have about the way a brain works and I can

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put it to good use, practical use.

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Think about this.

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If I know what makes you tick as an
individual and I'm then able to generate

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I may be able to then generate information
that allows me to interact with you on ways

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that are more meaningful to our level of
interaction.

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In other words, the more I know about what
makes you tick, the more my interactions can

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be geared with you to make you tick the way I
want you to, the way I want you to.

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Obviously, it takes some energy to put people
into a big magnet and scan their brain.

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There's a whole bunch of things that are
limitations of brain imaging.

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That's part of the mission.

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We seek to delimit those particular
constraints and through the use of

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forms of neuroimaging make it better.

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Some of these forms of neuroimaging are
fieldable, operationalizable in field

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Some of them are not.

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We're seeking to make these things more
operationalizable, not only for military

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individuals who may have incurred brain
injury and/or the effects of brain injury

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of things like PTSD and other forms of
neuropsychiatric disorders, but also to

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work and be able to classify those
individuals and perhaps specify the way we

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but we sustain that training and then we
maximize their performance.

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We can use other methods as well, genetics,
biomarkers, and information, and that

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is critical.

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We can use other methods as well.

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Genetics, biomarkers, and information.

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And that information is critical.

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One of the things you must learn is, as
military personnel,

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your demographic, biological, social,

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and psychological information exists in your
jacket

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and is, in fact, retrievable in real time.

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That information becomes ever more important

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as we try to understand the you-ness of you.

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And the nature to classify that information,

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hold that information secure, doesn't only
exist

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but increasingly is becoming a concern for
national security

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when these large-scale, big databases of
brain structure

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and function, physiology, biopsychosocial
demographics

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become ever more available and ever more
relevant

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to what's making you tick, what's making you
talk,

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what's making you strong, and what's making
you vulnerable.

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And the fact that other nations, inclusive of
China and Russia,

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are engaging in large-scale neuro-big data
initiatives

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to be able to create large-scale databases
that can join not

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of phenotypic and genetic data of the
entirety of populations

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renders great power because there is great
capability

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in that information to know where key points
of strength

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and vulnerability may lie and also to
intercede,

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to inject information in, to in some way be
able to affect

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what appears to be your medical record, your
personal record,

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the evidence that is you.

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And we can take that step to go one step
further.

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The more I know about you and the more I know
about the way

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even populations, the more I can utilize
non-kinetic means

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such as informational means of narratives,
iconographies,

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semiotics, to influence your emotions and
your behaviors.

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We can do this subliminally through computer
images.

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We can do this more liminally through the
types

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of engagement interactions that we

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engage through psychological operations

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and informational operations.

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We can train better our human-terrain teams

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in a variety of cultures, groups, settings,

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and ecologies to be able to improve their
performance so

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as to be less distancing and more
ameliorating.

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We can go further than that as well.

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We can also utilize these interventional
technologies

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in those ways that may be able to directly
affect the brain.

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Probably the one that you've heard about most
recently,

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00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:53,560
most contemporarily in the literature

225
00:15:53,560 --> 00:15:55,960
is the possibility to use some form of
directed energy

226
00:15:55,960 --> 00:15:57,720
to affect physiology peripherally

227
00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:03,560
Case in point here, US Embassy personnel in
Havana

228
00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:05,240
and possibly in China.

229
00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:07,720
And of course, there's not a lot that I can
tell you about that,

230
00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:08,840
although I am one of the researchers

231
00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:10,240
on that particular project.

232
00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:12,280
But this seems to be wholly indicative and
supported

233
00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:15,280
with the fact that this was at least some
form of directed

234
00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:17,600
energy, whether it was wholly intentional or
not,

235
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,280
still remains to be definitively decided.

236
00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:23,519
However, the pattern of insult and injury

237
00:16:23,519 --> 00:16:25,920
to those individuals and the pattern of
injury

238
00:16:28,080 --> 00:16:30,800
that this was an intentional and directed
engagement

239
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,720
and that this represents a beta test, a
possible probe,

240
00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:35,840
of a directed energy neuro weapon.

241
00:16:35,840 --> 00:16:36,880
And there are a number of countries

242
00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:38,960
that had developed initiatives and agenda

243
00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:40,519
towards developing just these types of things

244
00:16:40,519 --> 00:16:42,320
the United States included.

245
00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:44,080
But you also have a whole host of other
things

246
00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:46,280
that can go bump and bang in your brain.

247
00:16:46,280 --> 00:16:49,000
The more we understand the specificity of the
brain

248
00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:50,640
on a very granular level,

249
00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:52,880
the more we're able to derive and develop

250
00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:55,160
specific types of drugs that not only can
enhance

251
00:16:57,400 --> 00:16:59,640
but can also be used to mitigate and militate

252
00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:02,560
and in some cases manifest profound morbid
changes

253
00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:05,799
in their people, in other words, against the
hostile other.

254
00:17:05,799 --> 00:17:08,360
Drugs can be exceedingly specific

255
00:17:08,360 --> 00:17:10,799
and as I'll show you in a moment can be very,
very much used

256
00:17:10,799 --> 00:17:12,640
to individualize weaponology

257
00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:14,440
in terms of what we call precision pathology

258
00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:15,799
or precision effect.

259
00:17:15,799 --> 00:17:16,920
We can go further.

260
00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:18,440
Clearly, one of the things we can also do

261
00:17:18,440 --> 00:17:20,440
is transcranial neuromodulation,

262
00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:22,160
the idea of going through the skull

263
00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:24,799
to modulate the node network activity of the
brain,

264
00:17:27,360 --> 00:17:28,840
in certain tasks and performances

265
00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:30,680
that are relatively to the emission of space.

266
00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:32,600
And we can also do that against hostile

267
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:34,559
or perhaps belligerent others.

268
00:17:34,559 --> 00:17:37,880
We can go further to implant certain brain
machine interfaces.

269
00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:40,079
These are many of the DARPA programs that you
may hear of now,

270
00:17:40,079 --> 00:17:42,519
probably the one that is most notorious

271
00:17:42,519 --> 00:17:45,240
in a very good sense, is something called the
N3 program,

272
00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:48,519
which is the noninvasive neurosurgical
neuromodulation program

273
00:17:48,519 --> 00:17:51,480
being run by their program manager, Dr. Al
Mundi.

274
00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:54,240
The idea here is to put minimal sized
electrodes

275
00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:56,840
through only minimal intervention

276
00:17:56,840 --> 00:18:00,279
to be able to read and write into the brain
function

277
00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:02,759
in real time, remotely.

278
00:18:02,759 --> 00:18:04,920
The United States is not alone in such
efforts.

279
00:18:04,920 --> 00:18:06,400
And then of course, you also have the things

280
00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:07,360
that are a little bit more traditional.

281
00:18:07,360 --> 00:18:09,120
If we talk about things that can be operable

282
00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:10,759
in the bio and chemical space,

283
00:18:10,759 --> 00:18:15,400
we ordinarily talk about drugs, bugs, toxins,

284
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,960
and ever more, we're considering devices.

285
00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:22,000
At the last Biological Toxins and Weapons
Convention,

286
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:26,079
that we need to be a little bit more salient

287
00:18:26,079 --> 00:18:27,840
and our attention to those possible

288
00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:31,160
neurotechnological devices that may be able
to be weaponized.

289
00:18:31,160 --> 00:18:34,120
Our group has also argued that the current
considerations

290
00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:36,279
and extant categories of the Biological
Toxins

291
00:18:36,279 --> 00:18:39,320
and Weapons Convention are not detailed
enough

292
00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:42,039
to be able to appreciate or keep pace with
the advances

293
00:18:42,039 --> 00:18:44,240
in this form of science that can be
weaponized

294
00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,360
that poses a risk and threat on the battle
space.

295
00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:54,840
Means of contending against others.

296
00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:56,320
Formal definition of a weapon,

297
00:18:56,320 --> 00:18:58,320
right under the Oxford Old English
Dictionary.

298
00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:00,160
Means of contending against others.

299
00:19:00,160 --> 00:19:02,840
And we can do that in a number of ways.

300
00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:05,440
We can militate their behaviors and their
thoughts

301
00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:07,920
in some ways as to make them more amenable to
what we do,

302
00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:10,320
the idea of positive weaponology.

303
00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:12,840
Or we can in fact mitigate, and in some
cases,

304
00:19:17,279 --> 00:19:20,400
or engagement to fight.

305
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:22,720
If we combine those two definitions into one,

306
00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:24,880
what we find is those agents that will either
change

307
00:19:24,880 --> 00:19:28,039
individuals' thoughts, vulnerabilities,
volatility,

308
00:19:28,039 --> 00:19:31,599
to violence and aggression, or incur
morbidity,

309
00:19:31,599 --> 00:19:34,920
dysfunction, and/or mortality in such a way

310
00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:38,200
as to then mitigate the engagement
altogether.

311
00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:39,640
You still with me?

312
00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:42,519
That said, we can break down any form of
weaponology

313
00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:47,840
Soft weapons and hard weapons.

314
00:19:47,840 --> 00:19:49,800
In the former categorization, soft weapons

315
00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:51,559
include but are not limited to such things

316
00:19:51,559 --> 00:19:54,400
like economic leveraging to create economics,

317
00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:56,519
market values, market presence,

318
00:19:56,519 --> 00:19:58,640
presence at international bargaining tables

319
00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:01,000
to develop international power and leverage

320
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:02,440
as a soft weapon.

321
00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:05,320
Clearly, the more we're able to make an
impact in a field,

322
00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:08,880
in a dimension, by virtue of research,
medicine,

323
00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:11,759
technology, infiltration to a variety of
areas

324
00:20:13,360 --> 00:20:15,559
able to yield economic strong-arming,

325
00:20:15,559 --> 00:20:17,039
economic leveraging.

326
00:20:17,039 --> 00:20:18,480
I think an important consideration

327
00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:20,840
that I'll reiterate later in this particular
lecture

328
00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:22,680
is that there are countries outside the
United States

329
00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:25,039
and/or the West that are increasing their
capabilities

330
00:20:25,039 --> 00:20:26,680
by intent in the brain sciences so

331
00:20:26,680 --> 00:20:29,400
as to be able to gain this type of economic
leveraging

332
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,400
in international global markets in medicine,
science

333
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:35,079
technology, and the military.

334
00:20:35,079 --> 00:20:37,000
Most notably among them is China.

335
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,000
We'll talk more about that momentarily.

336
00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:43,559
As I mentioned earlier, the more I know

337
00:20:43,559 --> 00:20:45,160
about what makes you tick, the more

338
00:20:45,160 --> 00:20:47,440
I might be able to do things like weaponize
the approach

339
00:20:47,440 --> 00:20:49,480
that I then take towards you in my
interactions

340
00:20:49,480 --> 00:20:50,759
and engagements with you.

341
00:20:50,759 --> 00:20:52,440
Here, we can utilize the brain sciences

342
00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:54,000
for psychological operations.

343
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,400
Most notably, one of the DARPA programs

344
00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:59,680
run by the program manager, Bill Casebeer--

345
00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:01,480
Dr. Bill Casebeer, who subsequently

346
00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:03,920
went on to be a program manager at Lockheed
Martin

347
00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:06,519
and run their brain machine interfacing
programs.

348
00:21:09,240 --> 00:21:11,559
And one component of the Narrative Networks
project

349
00:21:11,559 --> 00:21:13,240
was something called neural narratives.

350
00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:15,759
If we understand how it is that brains and
individuals,

351
00:21:15,759 --> 00:21:17,800
groups, and populations respond to certain
forms

352
00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:21,840
of imaging, memes, iconographies,
engagements,

353
00:21:21,840 --> 00:21:23,660
the more we may be able to tailor those
things

354
00:21:23,660 --> 00:21:26,160
through our psychological operations,
propaganda,

355
00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:29,200
MISO, to be able to engage these individuals
in more positive

356
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:31,360
ways or in ways that are more influential,

357
00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:33,360
to be able to direct their behaviors,

358
00:21:33,360 --> 00:21:35,320
their predispositions, and perhaps their
engagements

359
00:21:37,360 --> 00:21:39,559
all the way up to the political.

360
00:21:39,559 --> 00:21:41,400
But then, of course, we move into the more
harder

361
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:44,920
forms of weapons, things such as bullets and
bombs.

362
00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:46,759
And here, once again, let me reiterate

363
00:21:46,759 --> 00:21:51,360
what we're talking about on the neuroside are
drugs, bugs,

364
00:21:51,360 --> 00:21:53,920
toxins, and devices.

365
00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:57,519
But of course, if we spill over the idea of
soft weaponology

366
00:21:57,519 --> 00:22:00,000
into a hard weaponization, we also

367
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:04,240
see the use of bio-data as a viable weapon,

368
00:22:06,559 --> 00:22:09,759
put into your particular medical records
subtle information

369
00:22:09,759 --> 00:22:12,480
that may change the disposition of whether
you're sick or not,

370
00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:15,360
change how you're treated, influence the
postures that

371
00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:18,240
go to you in terms of insurance, care,
viability

372
00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:19,880
for military service.

373
00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:22,240
By altering that information by changing
those data,

374
00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:24,280
by perloining those data, I essentially

375
00:22:24,280 --> 00:22:26,640
change the you of you.

376
00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:29,680
And I can do that in very subtle and
insidious ways.

377
00:22:29,680 --> 00:22:32,200
Furthermore, I can do that on a variety of
different levels

378
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:38,039
your medical record changes to thereby render
you incapable,

379
00:22:38,039 --> 00:22:41,280
or at least invalid, to be able to serve in a
way you're serving.

380
00:22:41,280 --> 00:22:43,400
Or I can do that on a much larger scale--

381
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:45,680
groups, populations.

382
00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:47,680
And if I change those data, I change the way

383
00:22:47,680 --> 00:22:49,360
you're being regarded and treated.

384
00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:51,079
And I can do that in one of two ways.

385
00:22:51,079 --> 00:22:52,480
I can do it in such a way that you're

386
00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:54,280
going to be regarded in a negative sense.

387
00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:55,599
Or I can do it in such a way that I'm

388
00:22:55,599 --> 00:22:57,160
going to treat you incorrectly.

389
00:22:57,160 --> 00:22:59,800
If I say, for example, you have a particular
allergy,

390
00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:01,400
or you have particular sensitivities,

391
00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:03,880
you will be treated for that.

392
00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:06,759
And that could then harm your health and your
stability

393
00:23:06,759 --> 00:23:10,519
in both a short-wars approach as well as a
long-wars approach.

394
00:23:10,519 --> 00:23:13,880
But if we take a look at this in a little
more detail,

395
00:23:13,880 --> 00:23:15,800
you can see that, once again, it folds back

396
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:18,559
to the idea of what can we do to ours

397
00:23:18,559 --> 00:23:20,920
and what can be done to others.

398
00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:23,880
Clearly, one dimension, one domain

399
00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:26,240
of operational viability and value

400
00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:29,680
is to enhance the capabilities of the combat
and intelligence

401
00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:30,880
operator.

402
00:23:33,599 --> 00:23:35,000
and more select forces.

403
00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:38,240
And this is the idea of neuro-enablement.

404
00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:40,360
Neuro-enablement.

405
00:23:40,360 --> 00:23:43,559
You will hear this referred to in a variety
of different ways.

406
00:23:43,559 --> 00:23:47,599
Performance optimization, enhancement,

407
00:23:47,599 --> 00:23:51,079
enablement, maximization.

408
00:23:51,079 --> 00:23:52,880
These terms mean something.

409
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:54,519
A number of years ago, our group was

410
00:23:54,519 --> 00:23:57,680
tasked with the Air Force to develop a
lexicon, a nomenclature,

411
00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:00,160
that would be able to define these in more
precise ways.

412
00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:03,920
But the idea of enablement gives what

413
00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:06,320
I think a particular meaning that's relevant.

414
00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:09,320
You're enabling individuals to do some
aspects of a performance

415
00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:12,440
of a task that is germane and justified

416
00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:15,960
to their operational mission and that is, in
fact,

417
00:24:15,960 --> 00:24:18,440
done with regard to protection of their
charges.

418
00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:20,160
So in other words, we're saying, we're

419
00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:22,079
going to make you good to go when we've
decided

420
00:24:22,079 --> 00:24:23,599
that this is good.

421
00:24:23,599 --> 00:24:25,960
The reason this can become problematic, of
course,

422
00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:29,400
is that what definition of good are we using?

423
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,559
to be good, might be quite different than
what they,

424
00:24:34,559 --> 00:24:36,240
whoever the proverbial they is.

425
00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:38,320
And as a consequence, we have to keep a much
broader

426
00:24:38,320 --> 00:24:40,360
window of opportunity and possibility

427
00:24:40,360 --> 00:24:42,960
open to be aware for the potential benefits,
burns,

428
00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:46,360
and risks that this type of engagement may
pose.

429
00:24:46,360 --> 00:24:48,840
What types of things can we do to make our
people better,

430
00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:49,680
if you will?

431
00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:51,079
Well, certainly, we can use a variety

432
00:24:51,079 --> 00:24:53,599
of advanced psychopharmacologics and
neuropharmacologics,

433
00:24:53,599 --> 00:24:55,119
in other words, drugs.

434
00:24:55,119 --> 00:24:57,240
And I refer you to a wonderful book written

435
00:24:57,240 --> 00:24:59,160
by a colleague of mine, Professor Jonathan
Moreno,

436
00:25:00,880 --> 00:25:02,680
First edition came out in 2006.

437
00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:04,800
Second edition came out in 2012.

438
00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:07,039
And Professor Moreno does a very good job

439
00:25:07,039 --> 00:25:09,759
in defining and explaining the history and
historicity

440
00:25:09,759 --> 00:25:11,920
of the way that brain and cognitive sciences
had been

441
00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:14,280
used in national security, intelligence, and
defense

442
00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:18,079
operations, both by the United States and
more globally.

443
00:25:18,079 --> 00:25:20,519
And what we see is that this is certainly not
a new event.

444
00:25:20,519 --> 00:25:22,240
We can look back into antiquity and see

445
00:25:22,240 --> 00:25:23,840
that there have been attempts to try

446
00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:27,320
to maximize the performance, capability,
sustainability,

447
00:25:29,599 --> 00:25:32,119
who are operational warfighters, literally,

448
00:25:32,119 --> 00:25:35,680
from ancient Roman Greece all the way to the
20th

449
00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:38,079
and now 21st century.

450
00:25:38,079 --> 00:25:39,920
It's the tools and techniques based

451
00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:42,640
upon the understanding and depth that we have
that

452
00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:45,559
increases the granularity and specificity of
effect

453
00:25:45,559 --> 00:25:49,400
and increases the sophistication and gravitas
of outcome.

454
00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:50,920
The more we know about the brain,

455
00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:53,559
the more we can develop ever more selective
agents

456
00:25:53,559 --> 00:25:56,039
to affect the structures and functions of the
brain

457
00:25:57,920 --> 00:25:59,960
And the more we can do so in a way that's
more like sharp

458
00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:02,800
shooting rather than buckshotting.

459
00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:06,039
But irrespectively, drugs can be somewhat
dirty.

460
00:26:06,039 --> 00:26:09,400
What I mean by that is they can have a host
of adverse effects,

461
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:11,800
some of them side effects, some of them
direct effects.

462
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:13,400
And very often what we'll find is that unless
we're

463
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:15,480
able to deliver the drugs directly to a
particular site

464
00:26:15,480 --> 00:26:17,400
in the brain or elsewhere in the nervous
system,

465
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,200
they can have heterogeneity of effects
throughout the body

466
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:23,039
that can lead us to some undesirable
outcomes.

467
00:26:23,039 --> 00:26:24,759
But we don't need to be limited to drugs.

468
00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:28,240
We can also use a variety of computational
brain machine

469
00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:30,759
interfaces that are both closed and open
loop.

470
00:26:30,759 --> 00:26:33,240
And these include things like transcranial
magnetic

471
00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:36,360
and electrical stimulation, stimulating the
vagus nerve

472
00:26:36,360 --> 00:26:39,360
transdermally, or if you wanted to get
somewhat more invasive

473
00:26:39,360 --> 00:26:42,599
but certainly more specific, brain machine
interfaces

474
00:26:42,599 --> 00:26:46,119
by virtue of deep brain and superficial brain
implants.

475
00:26:46,119 --> 00:26:48,660
And I shall tell you that one of the leading
projects

476
00:26:48,660 --> 00:26:51,559
in developing state-of-the-art brain implants

477
00:26:51,559 --> 00:26:53,880
is a DARPA funded project aimed at the
medical side

478
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:57,240
spectrum disorders.

479
00:26:57,240 --> 00:27:01,039
And this program is called SUBNETS,
Systems-Based Neurotechnologies

480
00:27:01,039 --> 00:27:02,840
for Emerging Therapies.

481
00:27:02,840 --> 00:27:04,280
But what you also need to appreciate

482
00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:06,720
is that DARPA program, like any program that

483
00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:09,039
is oriented towards engaging brain function

484
00:27:09,039 --> 00:27:11,519
to then alter those functions in certain
ways,

485
00:27:11,519 --> 00:27:13,480
directional ways, can be harnessed

486
00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:16,039
to what's called dual use, medical purposes
that

487
00:27:16,039 --> 00:27:17,559
are then deep-purposed to medicine

488
00:27:17,559 --> 00:27:20,759
and used for other agenda, inclusive of
warfighter

489
00:27:20,759 --> 00:27:22,559
enablement and enhancement.

490
00:27:16,259 --> 00:27:18,800
deep purpose to medicine and used for other
agenda,

491
00:27:22,540 --> 00:27:24,580
Furthermore, we understand that there are a
number of nations

492
00:27:24,580 --> 00:27:27,640
outside the United States, some of whom are
allied,

493
00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:30,480
others that are at least competitive, if not
combative,

494
00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:32,680
that are engaged in these types of programs
looking

495
00:27:32,680 --> 00:27:34,740
at the capability for transcranial

496
00:27:34,740 --> 00:27:37,840
and deep intracranial modulation of brain
function

497
00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:40,420
to improve the functional performance

498
00:27:40,420 --> 00:27:43,160
of military and intelligence operators across
a range

499
00:27:45,259 --> 00:27:47,360
We are not alone in these pursuits,

500
00:27:47,360 --> 00:27:49,660
and I think that's something that needs to be
appreciated.

501
00:27:49,660 --> 00:27:52,440
But it's not just a question of what we can
do to our own,

502
00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:54,500
because very often in raising these
questions,

503
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:57,680
we tend to what I call err on the side of
moral probity,

504
00:27:57,680 --> 00:27:59,680
and we recognize that there are particular
limitations,

505
00:27:59,680 --> 00:28:02,720
limits, boundaries, thresholds that cannot

506
00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:05,519
and perhaps should not be crossed in terms of
what we can do.

507
00:28:05,519 --> 00:28:07,720
And if we intend to cross them, we only cross
them

508
00:28:07,720 --> 00:28:10,920
with consent, and that consent is highly
contingent

509
00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:15,860
and clinical care, understanding what happens

510
00:28:15,860 --> 00:28:18,320
to the individual once they've been enabled
and enhanced,

511
00:28:18,320 --> 00:28:20,259
and what may happen when they're no longer
enabled

512
00:28:20,259 --> 00:28:22,200
and enhanced, in other words, more
colloquially,

513
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:24,560
when Superman goes back to being Clark Kent,

514
00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:27,240
what happens to Clark becomes the burden and
obligation

515
00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:29,500
of our responsibility.

516
00:28:29,500 --> 00:28:32,600
However, those ethics are not homogeneous

517
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,680
on the world stage, and the idea of pushing
the envelope

518
00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:38,920
of what can be done to the combat warfighter,

519
00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:44,780
to those individuals who may oppose
particular regimes

520
00:28:44,780 --> 00:28:48,560
and/or may be military fighters against your
own regime,

521
00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:51,000
is very often bounded by, and in some cases,

522
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,860
deconstricted by philosophies, cultures, and
ethics

523
00:28:53,860 --> 00:28:56,140
of those individuals who may be competitive

524
00:28:56,140 --> 00:28:57,600
if not combative to us.

525
00:28:57,600 --> 00:28:59,759
So in other words, this can also be
weaponized

526
00:28:59,759 --> 00:29:01,800
against others, and this is where we get

527
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,200
into the idea of novel neuro weapons.

528
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:06,480
Once again, this is not necessarily new,

529
00:29:09,300 --> 00:29:12,400
has accelerated as a consequence of increased
understanding

530
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:14,880
of the brain and increased capability to
develop tools

531
00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:18,519
and techniques to access and affect the
brain.

532
00:29:18,519 --> 00:29:19,519
So what are we seeing here?

533
00:29:19,519 --> 00:29:20,920
Well, take a look.

534
00:29:20,920 --> 00:29:22,960
We see in-close neuro pharmaceuticals

535
00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:25,300
and organic toxins.

536
00:29:25,300 --> 00:29:28,800
What's new about this is the in-close nature
of this.

537
00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:30,400
Increasingly, we're not seeing these things

538
00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:33,460
as weapons of mass destruction against gross
aspects

539
00:29:36,980 --> 00:29:39,539
such as souring gas and VX and other forms

540
00:29:39,539 --> 00:29:41,580
of neurotoxic agents can be leveraged

541
00:29:41,580 --> 00:29:44,780
against large groups of people, but that's
messy.

542
00:29:44,780 --> 00:29:47,860
More specifically, perhaps, might be
targeting individuals

543
00:29:47,860 --> 00:29:50,760
on a level that allows either direct
attribution

544
00:29:50,760 --> 00:29:53,420
or covert engagement with non-attribution.

545
00:29:53,420 --> 00:29:55,539
Let me give you an example of what I mean.

546
00:29:55,539 --> 00:29:58,180
So this gentleman is the leader of some
group,

547
00:29:58,180 --> 00:30:01,460
a political group, a social group, a
combative group,

548
00:30:03,580 --> 00:30:06,460
he and I are now to have some kind of a
caucus, a meeting.

549
00:30:06,460 --> 00:30:07,820
And during that meeting, what I do

550
00:30:07,820 --> 00:30:12,820
is I lace the rim of his drink or his pen or
his seat

551
00:30:12,820 --> 00:30:15,180
or something in his immediate environment

552
00:30:15,180 --> 00:30:18,019
with very, very low dose drug or toxins

553
00:30:18,019 --> 00:30:21,240
that are going to affect his stability.

554
00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:23,860
They may affect the way his brain works,

555
00:30:23,860 --> 00:30:25,260
and as a consequence of that,

556
00:30:25,260 --> 00:30:27,340
they can affect the functions of his brain,

557
00:30:27,340 --> 00:30:30,300
his thought patterns, his relative
emotionality,

558
00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:34,420
One of two things might happen.

559
00:30:34,420 --> 00:30:36,260
He might be completely incapacitated

560
00:30:36,260 --> 00:30:37,860
as a consequence of this,

561
00:30:37,860 --> 00:30:40,620
or he may change his level of capacity and
engagement

562
00:30:40,620 --> 00:30:42,140
so that he went into the meeting thinking,

563
00:30:42,140 --> 00:30:44,340
"I hate this guy, this guy's my enemy."

564
00:30:44,340 --> 00:30:45,180
He walks out of the meeting,

565
00:30:45,180 --> 00:30:48,000
"Oh, I love this guy, this guy's great."

566
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:49,500
Now, what could happen?

567
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:53,300
If, in fact, this is a gentleman who has
charismatic,

568
00:30:53,300 --> 00:30:57,300
financial, elected, or dictatorial power,

569
00:31:00,820 --> 00:31:03,820
He came into the meeting as a leader of those
followers

570
00:31:03,820 --> 00:31:06,660
who were bellicose, who were volatile,

571
00:31:06,660 --> 00:31:08,300
who were violent and aggressive.

572
00:31:08,300 --> 00:31:09,300
He comes out of the meeting,

573
00:31:09,300 --> 00:31:12,700
he tells them to change their behaviors, and
they do.

574
00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:15,860
Or, I could sever the trust.

575
00:31:15,860 --> 00:31:18,380
By now, he leaves this meeting,

576
00:31:18,380 --> 00:31:20,940
he's espousing a very different philosophical
stance

577
00:31:20,940 --> 00:31:24,460
and orientation, and his followers no longer
adhere

578
00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:26,780
to his precepts, his tenets, or his lead,

579
00:31:29,340 --> 00:31:34,340
of trust, engagement, capability that he
fostered,

580
00:31:34,340 --> 00:31:37,420
leaving that population disrupted and
vulnerable

581
00:31:37,420 --> 00:31:41,180
to intervention, to a coup d'etat, to a
junta,

582
00:31:41,180 --> 00:31:44,580
to some type of insertive re-assumption of
leadership.

583
00:31:44,580 --> 00:31:47,380
You see how this can work?

584
00:31:47,380 --> 00:31:50,060
Furthermore, I can use this very tactically.

585
00:31:50,060 --> 00:31:52,300
Some of these agents allow me to assemble the
agent

586
00:31:52,300 --> 00:31:54,380
on site and not have to stockpile it,

587
00:31:54,380 --> 00:31:56,580
which allows me to take the components of
this agent

588
00:31:59,660 --> 00:32:01,660
target a specific individual,

589
00:32:01,660 --> 00:32:03,180
change or eliminate that individual

590
00:32:03,180 --> 00:32:05,180
with very little attribution and trace,

591
00:32:05,180 --> 00:32:07,460
and be able to leave prior to any
attribution.

592
00:32:07,460 --> 00:32:10,860
Think Novichok.

593
00:32:10,860 --> 00:32:13,100
Or, I could assemble very small quantities of
this

594
00:32:13,100 --> 00:32:15,980
that would then allow a specific
intervention,

595
00:32:15,980 --> 00:32:17,180
characteristically in a place

596
00:32:17,180 --> 00:32:19,300
that would not allow such an intervention,

597
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:22,860
think of the use of a derivative of VX in an
airport.

598
00:32:22,860 --> 00:32:25,900
But I could do more than that.

599
00:32:28,820 --> 00:32:30,700
And one of the ways I could also do that

600
00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:34,620
is with what's called high morbidity
neuro-microbiologic agents.

601
00:32:34,620 --> 00:32:37,220
It's a real fancy way of saying neurobugs.

602
00:32:37,220 --> 00:32:39,140
But high morbidity neurobugs.

603
00:32:39,140 --> 00:32:40,980
I may not want to kill a lot of people.

604
00:32:40,980 --> 00:32:44,100
In fact, arguably, I may assume what is
sometimes

605
00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:46,660
referred to as the Sailor-Mallon mantra.

606
00:32:46,660 --> 00:32:49,380
For those of you who may be fans or students

607
00:32:49,380 --> 00:32:52,460
of military history, you may remember that
Sailor-Mallon,

608
00:32:52,460 --> 00:32:55,300
Wing Commander Sailor-Mallon, was a South
African

609
00:32:57,900 --> 00:33:00,660
And he became well-known during the Battle of
Britain

610
00:33:00,660 --> 00:33:02,220
for shooting up German airplanes,

611
00:33:02,220 --> 00:33:05,220
but letting them limp home, particularly
bomber aircraft.

612
00:33:05,220 --> 00:33:07,060
And they would ask, Sailor-Mallon,

613
00:33:07,060 --> 00:33:09,660
"Oh, Wing Commander, why didn't you shoot
that plane down?"

614
00:33:09,660 --> 00:33:11,500
And his adage was simple.

615
00:33:11,500 --> 00:33:14,180
"Better to have that plane return home

616
00:33:14,180 --> 00:33:17,180
"with wounded crew who are spitting up their
lungs,

617
00:33:17,180 --> 00:33:19,140
"one dead crewman that they had to attend to

618
00:33:19,140 --> 00:33:21,340
"and therefore divert their mission
capability

619
00:33:21,340 --> 00:33:24,019
"while in flight, then shoot them down."

620
00:33:25,460 --> 00:33:27,860
will be rippling and devastating.

621
00:33:27,860 --> 00:33:30,300
This is sometimes referred to as the Mallon
effect.

622
00:33:30,300 --> 00:33:31,539
What can I do?

623
00:33:31,539 --> 00:33:35,100
I can use a particular bug that I may be able
to now modify

624
00:33:35,100 --> 00:33:37,140
through the use of gene editing technique

625
00:33:37,140 --> 00:33:40,300
that is ubiquitously available and fairly
easy to use

626
00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:43,780
to take a bug that was previously relatively
benign

627
00:33:43,780 --> 00:33:47,780
and non-pathogenic and make that bug
virulent,

628
00:33:47,780 --> 00:33:49,980
pathogenic, dangerous.

629
00:33:49,980 --> 00:33:51,180
And then what could I do?

630
00:33:54,019 --> 00:33:59,019
Des Moines, Seattle, Tampa, Newark, Houston.

631
00:33:59,019 --> 00:34:01,900
I'd get a few people sick.

632
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:04,180
I'd do it on an airplane, do it at an
airport,

633
00:34:04,180 --> 00:34:06,900
do it at a sporting event, do it on Black
Friday.

634
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:09,579
And then what I would do is I would take
credit for that,

635
00:34:09,579 --> 00:34:11,140
but I'd want to make sure that at least part

636
00:34:11,140 --> 00:34:13,119
of the symptomatic constellation

637
00:34:13,119 --> 00:34:16,420
was not only neurological, it was profoundly
psychological.

638
00:34:16,420 --> 00:34:20,920
Agitation, debilitation, sweating, stomach
problems,

639
00:34:23,519 --> 00:34:25,860
things that are very what we call top down
neurological

640
00:34:25,860 --> 00:34:28,460
in their effect, brain to body and body to
brain

641
00:34:28,460 --> 00:34:31,659
in the bottom up cascade.

642
00:34:31,659 --> 00:34:33,940
Then what I would do is I would get on the
internet

643
00:34:33,940 --> 00:34:37,420
and I would put out over the internet, I did
it.

644
00:34:37,420 --> 00:34:40,260
Oh yes, on that dangerous G group

645
00:34:40,260 --> 00:34:41,820
that you should all be afraid of.

646
00:34:41,820 --> 00:34:45,460
And in fact, this is far more ubiquitous than
I let on.

647
00:34:45,460 --> 00:34:47,300
These are only the first cases.

648
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:50,260
I've let these buggies go all over the
country

649
00:34:55,039 --> 00:34:58,599
sleeplessness, stomach problems, heart
problems.

650
00:34:58,599 --> 00:34:59,559
What have I done?

651
00:34:59,559 --> 00:35:03,200
I've rippled the sheets of the worried well.

652
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:05,480
At first blush, I get every hypochondriac

653
00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:08,720
running to their physician, but at second and
third blush,

654
00:35:08,720 --> 00:35:10,800
I get those individuals who begin to become
worried

655
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:12,519
that they may have been exposed to this,

656
00:35:12,519 --> 00:35:14,440
that the children may have been exposed to
this,

657
00:35:14,440 --> 00:35:15,840
that their loved ones, their kin,

658
00:35:15,840 --> 00:35:18,280
their kids may have been exposed to this.

659
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,360
the public health service comes back and says
no, no.

660
00:35:24,360 --> 00:35:26,860
That's not what's going on, but I get back on
the internet

661
00:35:26,860 --> 00:35:29,059
and I say, oh, don't you listen to that.

662
00:35:29,059 --> 00:35:31,300
That's fake, that's false.

663
00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:33,300
Your government knows what's going on.

664
00:35:33,300 --> 00:35:36,140
They can't do anything about it and they
can't treat you.

665
00:35:36,140 --> 00:35:38,700
They're gonna end up quarantining you.

666
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:41,140
How many people would I need to affect?

667
00:35:41,140 --> 00:35:42,180
We modeled it.

668
00:35:42,180 --> 00:35:47,180
Somewhere between 12 and 240, what would be
the effect?

669
00:35:50,119 --> 00:35:52,320
we would crash the United States Public
Health System.

670
00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:53,159
Crash it.

671
00:35:53,159 --> 00:35:56,400
In so doing, I render the United States

672
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,960
infrastructure vulnerable, either there or
elsewhere.

673
00:35:59,960 --> 00:36:01,400
See the ripple effect?

674
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:03,039
See the disruptive effect?

675
00:36:03,039 --> 00:36:05,600
I can disrupt an individual from the level of
their cell

676
00:36:05,600 --> 00:36:08,199
to their system and disrupt individuals

677
00:36:08,199 --> 00:36:10,960
on a variety of levels from individuals

678
00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:13,199
all the way up to the social fabric.

679
00:36:13,199 --> 00:36:15,600
And that social fabric may go even further.

680
00:36:17,539 --> 00:36:19,980
And you do think just for a moment, if you
could,

681
00:36:19,980 --> 00:36:22,940
why would it be of any value at all

682
00:36:22,940 --> 00:36:26,380
to affect, disrupt, and disable individuals

683
00:36:26,380 --> 00:36:29,539
who are US embassy personnel in Havana?

684
00:36:29,539 --> 00:36:32,199
When did it happen?

685
00:36:32,199 --> 00:36:34,260
What was happening?

686
00:36:34,260 --> 00:36:37,019
What would be the benefit in fracturing

687
00:36:37,019 --> 00:36:40,800
a growing economic, political, and social
trust

688
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:42,100
in that part of the world?

689
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:44,260
Who would benefit?

690
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:50,640
of at least indicating that US embassy
personnel

691
00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:53,159
and foreign service personnel are vulnerable

692
00:36:53,159 --> 00:36:55,079
to these types of threats?

693
00:36:55,079 --> 00:36:57,159
Could you impact, pair the threat

694
00:36:57,159 --> 00:36:59,119
with some type of conditioned stimulus?

695
00:36:59,119 --> 00:37:01,119
So now what you're able to do

696
00:37:01,119 --> 00:37:04,119
is to evoke a response in the worried well.

697
00:37:04,119 --> 00:37:07,760
I only offer possible suggestions

698
00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:12,760
for your speculation and your consideration,
if you will.

699
00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:15,280
We can even go further.

700
00:37:16,780 --> 00:37:19,019
is that nanoparticulate matter

701
00:37:19,019 --> 00:37:22,019
can be stabilized for distribution.

702
00:37:22,019 --> 00:37:24,420
If you're not aware what nanoparticulate
matter is,

703
00:37:24,420 --> 00:37:26,220
it's that matter which exists on a scale

704
00:37:26,220 --> 00:37:28,659
of one times 10 to the minus ninth.

705
00:37:28,659 --> 00:37:29,780
Very, very small.

706
00:37:29,780 --> 00:37:31,579
Smaller than a cell.

707
00:37:31,579 --> 00:37:33,619
And we can manufacture materials

708
00:37:33,619 --> 00:37:35,940
that have discrete properties that can be
controlled

709
00:37:35,940 --> 00:37:38,900
by virtue of bioengineering in their physical
chemistry.

710
00:37:38,900 --> 00:37:41,260
To auto-aggregate, to be able to aggregate

711
00:37:41,260 --> 00:37:42,780
in particular areas based upon their

712
00:37:45,760 --> 00:37:47,840
But now we go one step further.

713
00:37:47,840 --> 00:37:49,800
Most recently, just a few weeks ago,

714
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:52,119
it was announced that you could then
aerosolize

715
00:37:52,119 --> 00:37:55,280
nanomaterials and go one step further,

716
00:37:55,280 --> 00:37:57,680
I can create small robotic units,

717
00:37:57,680 --> 00:38:00,960
controllable robotic units at the nanoscale

718
00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:03,280
and that these two can be aerosolized

719
00:38:03,280 --> 00:38:07,199
to create a nanoswarm of bio-penetrable
materials

720
00:38:07,199 --> 00:38:10,199
that you cannot see that can penetrate

721
00:38:13,699 --> 00:38:15,100
that are able to integrate themselves

722
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:17,380
through a variety of membranes, mucus
membranes,

723
00:38:17,380 --> 00:38:20,119
in wherever, mouth, nose, ears, eyes,

724
00:38:20,119 --> 00:38:23,340
can be then uptaken into the vascular system

725
00:38:23,340 --> 00:38:26,480
to create clumping, can affect the vascular
system

726
00:38:26,480 --> 00:38:29,079
of the brain or can directly diffuse into the
brain space

727
00:38:29,079 --> 00:38:30,760
and these can be weaponized.

728
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:33,340
And they can be done in such a level

729
00:38:33,340 --> 00:38:36,079
that their presence is almost impossible to
detect

730
00:38:36,079 --> 00:38:37,680
and as such the attribution becomes

731
00:38:37,680 --> 00:38:40,119
exceedingly difficult to demonstrate.

732
00:38:43,119 --> 00:38:44,640
Take a look.

733
00:38:44,640 --> 00:38:46,119
This is the front of my pen.

734
00:38:46,119 --> 00:38:49,519
This amount of nanomaterial, if be able to
maintain

735
00:38:49,519 --> 00:38:51,199
and sustain with regard to its liberability

736
00:38:51,199 --> 00:38:55,680
and aerosolization, could in fact affect all
of you

737
00:38:55,680 --> 00:38:59,180
or based upon where I come from, New York
City, all yous.

738
00:38:59,180 --> 00:39:01,480
Look at this, look at this.

739
00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:04,320
I'm carrying that material, would you see it?

740
00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:06,240
Would I have to lug a giant weapon into the
room?

741
00:39:06,240 --> 00:39:07,199
No, I wouldn't.

742
00:39:09,559 --> 00:39:12,920
of an unmanned aerial device or unmanned
ground device

743
00:39:12,920 --> 00:39:16,600
as delivery vehicle, something like a drone
or a bug?

744
00:39:16,600 --> 00:39:18,760
Could I do something with that?

745
00:39:18,760 --> 00:39:19,600
But let's keep going.

746
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:22,400
Could I also utilize a whole host of devices

747
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:24,960
to be able to affect individuals close in?

748
00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:27,199
For example, during interrogations,

749
00:39:27,199 --> 00:39:29,360
during social engagements, during human
terrain team

750
00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:32,800
engagements or more remotely in a room,

751
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:37,000
in a theater, in an airplane, in a bus,

752
00:39:38,559 --> 00:39:40,720
The answer is increasingly yes.

753
00:39:40,720 --> 00:39:43,440
So this then represents for us both

754
00:39:43,440 --> 00:39:44,559
the challenge and an opportunity.

755
00:39:44,559 --> 00:39:47,280
The challenge is that increasingly what we
find

756
00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:48,880
is that neuroscience and technology

757
00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,519
is relatively easy to obtain.

758
00:39:51,519 --> 00:39:54,119
Many of the things that I've just spoken to
you about

759
00:39:54,119 --> 00:39:56,880
are viable and obtainable directly to the
consumer

760
00:39:56,880 --> 00:39:58,880
or directly to the scientist.

761
00:39:58,880 --> 00:40:00,280
We also know that many of the products

762
00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:01,519
that are available direct to consumer

763
00:40:01,519 --> 00:40:04,079
can be easily modified to create things

764
00:40:04,079 --> 00:40:06,280
that have a much higher weaponization
potential.

765
00:40:08,640 --> 00:40:10,240
that there are dedicated efforts on the part

766
00:40:10,240 --> 00:40:12,960
of nation-states and even groups of non-state
actors

767
00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:15,199
and increasingly virtual nations

768
00:40:15,199 --> 00:40:17,320
that are using virtual currencies

769
00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:20,480
to fund research efforts in these areas.

770
00:40:20,480 --> 00:40:22,280
I'd like to think that I'm a smart guy
talking

771
00:40:22,280 --> 00:40:24,640
to a bunch of very intelligent individuals,

772
00:40:24,640 --> 00:40:26,480
but let's face it, we're not the only smart
people

773
00:40:26,480 --> 00:40:27,519
in the world.

774
00:40:27,519 --> 00:40:29,000
And if we're thinking this way,

775
00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:30,079
there are plenty of other people

776
00:40:30,079 --> 00:40:31,800
who are thinking this way too.

777
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:33,360
Some of them are our allies,

778
00:40:33,360 --> 00:40:34,880
some of them maybe our competitors,

779
00:40:37,240 --> 00:40:39,680
And this is in fact the reality.

780
00:40:39,680 --> 00:40:42,440
Furthermore, we recognize that the goal,

781
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:44,720
particularly among the actions of the United
States

782
00:40:44,720 --> 00:40:47,720
and her allies, is to fight for right and
honor,

783
00:40:47,720 --> 00:40:49,920
but to keep our own honor clean,

784
00:40:49,920 --> 00:40:52,760
to take the moral high ground, if you will.

785
00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:54,840
And indeed, that has been the case

786
00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:56,680
in the majority of the United States'
engagements

787
00:40:56,680 --> 00:40:58,400
throughout our history.

788
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:00,920
However, one of the things that may creep up
here

789
00:41:00,920 --> 00:41:02,400
is that there's something of an abrogation,

790
00:41:04,519 --> 00:41:10,039
against engaging this type of research in its
possible translation in the civilian sector.

791
00:41:10,039 --> 00:41:16,480
You heard earlier in the very nice
introduction that Captain Bender afforded ...

792
00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:19,599
specifically as a task leader for dual-use
brain science.

793
00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:33,599
again, a multinational effort, can and should
be uptaken into warfare, intelligence, and

794
00:41:33,599 --> 00:41:35,239
That's viable enough.

795
00:41:35,239 --> 00:41:38,639
The idea there is that these things should be
used for only peaceful means.

796
00:41:38,639 --> 00:41:43,639
However, this also creates a challenge, and
the challenge is simple.

797
00:41:50,159 --> 00:41:57,319
if, in fact, those individuals who may choose
to then conflict with me will then train i...

798
00:41:57,319 --> 00:42:04,039
and train on the days of the week that I will
not, they may opportunize a select advantage.

799
00:42:04,039 --> 00:42:06,679
What do we do about that?

800
00:42:06,679 --> 00:42:12,719
Again, I think it becomes at least a
problematic issue for discourse because we

801
00:42:17,239 --> 00:42:24,480
but in some cases should not engage in this
type of research for those very proscripti...

802
00:42:24,480 --> 00:42:32,039
However, the question then becomes, how do we
appreciate the international challenge, ri...

803
00:42:32,039 --> 00:42:39,759
that the advancements of the brain sciences
and cognitive sciences offer for global

804
00:42:45,079 --> 00:42:50,639
that there should be more directed, more
detailed, and more dedicated government

805
00:42:50,639 --> 00:42:57,000
so able to advance the brain sciences in ways
with sustainable funding to understand wha...

806
00:42:57,000 --> 00:42:59,920
and to develop a stance of preparedness.

807
00:42:59,920 --> 00:43:05,880
This becomes increasingly important when we
take a look at those countries that have

808
00:43:11,759 --> 00:43:18,759
in those ways that are either directly usable
or have some, what I would call, explicit

809
00:43:18,759 --> 00:43:25,279
An important consideration that I want you
all to bear is that current estimates base...

810
00:43:25,279 --> 00:43:34,279
is that by 2025, greater than 50% of research
development test evaluation and possible u...

811
00:43:39,719 --> 00:43:46,159
Furthermore, we understand that there has
been a directed effort in China to be able...

812
00:43:46,159 --> 00:43:52,679
to be able to advance brain science in those
ways, to be able to have a higher level of

813
00:43:52,679 --> 00:43:59,559
its capability, and its translation in
medicine and other agenda, inclusive possi...

814
00:44:07,840 --> 00:44:14,880
And again, that market capture can be
leveraged as economic warfare in terms of

815
00:44:14,880 --> 00:44:19,880
and the global economics that is relevant
upon this form of bioscience and technology.

816
00:44:19,880 --> 00:44:24,239
But we also recognize that these things are
being used for military applications.

817
00:44:24,239 --> 00:44:29,319
Certainly, there are directed opportunities
and directed agendas for doing that within

818
00:44:34,440 --> 00:44:40,480
that have now been translated and perpetuated
into the current Russian infrastructure of

819
00:44:40,480 --> 00:44:50,359
And a number of other countries have directed
efforts in this space, inclusive of Iran,

820
00:44:50,359 --> 00:44:56,840
certainly among the U.S. and its allies who
recognize that, the United States, the U.K...

821
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:06,480
But there's another looming threat. The
threat is the non-state actor.

822
00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:12,960
The threat is the virtual nation. They
establish sovereignty within a sovereignty...

823
00:45:12,960 --> 00:45:19,400
or inured to your rules and regulations,
essentially, possibly destructive diaspora.

824
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:22,759
And increasingly, what we're seeing is the
use of Bitcoin currencies and the like,

825
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:35,319
So as a consequence, what we're recognizing
is that the threat parameters, the risk

826
00:45:35,319 --> 00:45:39,159
as well as the challenge and opportunity
parameters are growing.

827
00:45:39,159 --> 00:45:47,239
We're equally concerned about the
do-it-yourself community, not because this

828
00:45:47,239 --> 00:45:50,920
but because of their relative vulnerability
to infiltration.

829
00:45:57,359 --> 00:46:02,759
to try to maintain continued communication,
interaction, and engagement with this

830
00:46:02,759 --> 00:46:09,960
so as to be able to better surveil their
relative vulnerability to perloyment,

831
00:46:09,960 --> 00:46:18,319
Clearly, if we're looking at these things as
possible, destructive weapons, the more

832
00:46:25,239 --> 00:46:34,719
However, as disruptive agents, as those
agents that may be assembled, developed an...

833
00:46:34,719 --> 00:46:39,920
you can then get skirting of these extant
treaties and these extant signatory

834
00:46:39,920 --> 00:46:47,759
and as a consequence, can develop these
means, these methods, tools, and technolog...

835
00:46:56,359 --> 00:47:04,359
in situ in relatively low quantities and used
with specific effects against individuals ...

836
00:47:04,359 --> 00:47:11,440
not only within that organism or that group
of organisms, but beyond the organismic

837
00:47:11,440 --> 00:47:15,679
to the geopolitical level. There's great
power that can be leveraged there.

838
00:47:19,599 --> 00:47:26,559
Therefore, what we should do remains an
issue. Ladies and gentlemen, I do not have

839
00:47:26,559 --> 00:47:32,319
One of the things we have to understand is
that this represents, if you will, a

840
00:47:32,319 --> 00:47:36,880
Consider the true speedway. Lots of entries.
I've already shown you the entries.

841
00:47:46,159 --> 00:47:53,119
So the developments in the brain sciences
that reach a tech readiness level can be

842
00:47:53,119 --> 00:47:58,359
Certainly, we know that not only there are
many entries, it's very fast, but the priz...

843
00:48:10,679 --> 00:48:17,759
We also recognize that there are risks and
possible harms, not only to those who are ...

844
00:48:17,759 --> 00:48:23,199
So the idea is, if in fact we're going to
move into this space, how can we move into

845
00:48:28,599 --> 00:48:36,319
Our group was tasked with developing these
protocols and paradigms, and we refer to t...

846
00:48:36,319 --> 00:48:40,840
The on-ramp to the neuro-biotechnological
speedway, if you will.

847
00:48:40,840 --> 00:48:47,519
I won't bore you by reading the slide, but I
do want you to pay particular attention to

848
00:48:54,239 --> 00:49:03,199
And so in 1970, in the coming decades, we
will see an increasing viability and value...

849
00:49:03,199 --> 00:49:06,920
There was something of the sort of crystal
ball in that statement.

850
00:49:06,920 --> 00:49:15,559
We are there, and increasingly we'll be
ever-deepingly there, based upon not only ...

851
00:49:18,759 --> 00:49:22,119
A simple precautionary principle will no
longer obtain. Why?

852
00:49:22,119 --> 00:49:25,599
Number one, it shouldn't. Number two, it's
anachronistic.

853
00:49:25,599 --> 00:49:31,159
Just because you recognize that in some
cases, the risks may be high and there may...

854
00:49:31,159 --> 00:49:36,679
A simple precautionary principle says that if
the risks or threats outweigh the benefits...

855
00:49:36,679 --> 00:49:44,119
However, we need to also be equally
preparative and take a more advanced

856
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:57,880
and preparedness very often includes engaging
the research to understand how these thing...

857
00:49:57,880 --> 00:50:02,920
How do we do it? Well, these are some of the
contingencies that I offer simply as

858
00:50:02,920 --> 00:50:04,480
I ask you to consider them.

859
00:50:04,480 --> 00:50:11,440
Number one, what is the technical rightness
of any and all form of neuroscience and

860
00:50:16,039 --> 00:50:22,279
Is there a valuation or some revision of the
various ethical concepts that may be able ...

861
00:50:22,279 --> 00:50:31,039
And might we need to develop in some cases
new frameworks, new foundations of ethics

862
00:50:31,039 --> 00:50:36,519
may be running at a speed to which our ethics
and policies may not yet be at pace?

863
00:50:42,960 --> 00:50:47,719
The idea here is, can we utilize neuroscience
and technology?

864
00:50:47,719 --> 00:50:50,800
And if the answer is yes, we can, should we?

865
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:57,719
And if the answer there is we already are,
and there are some domains and dimensions ...

866
00:51:05,719 --> 00:51:10,719
being able to mitigate individuals' capacity
or willingness to engage in volatility,

867
00:51:10,719 --> 00:51:19,319
in other words, improving the capacity for
individuals to gain capability to get alon...

868
00:51:19,319 --> 00:51:23,480
If these things are going to be used in a
more hard weaponized approach,

869
00:51:27,239 --> 00:51:33,559
And/or what are the postures that we should
adopt if, in fact, another nation utilizes

870
00:51:33,559 --> 00:51:38,559
What represents what I would consider to be
comparative or appropriate proportionality?

871
00:51:38,559 --> 00:51:44,440
And ultimately, if, in fact, we're going to
move into this space, and I think we are

872
00:51:44,440 --> 00:51:50,199
not only now, but ever more in the future, we
have the obligation and responsibility to

873
00:51:54,239 --> 00:52:00,399
In other words, if there are things we're
going to do to optimize the performance an...

874
00:52:00,399 --> 00:52:05,199
and if our things that are being done on the
world stage inclusive, perhaps by us and o...

875
00:52:05,199 --> 00:52:09,159
that could mitigate effect or manifest change
in other personnel,

876
00:52:09,159 --> 00:52:12,039
are we prepared to accept those
responsibilities?

877
00:52:12,039 --> 00:52:17,079
The responsibilities for ongoing research,
the responsibilities for ongoing clinical

878
00:52:23,559 --> 00:52:28,719
and because of the need to take an upstanding
moral front with regard to the fact that a...

879
00:52:28,719 --> 00:52:32,880
and as weapons are developed by us, our
allies, and by others,

880
00:52:32,880 --> 00:52:36,440
the preparedness stance says we must also be
equally assumed,

881
00:52:36,440 --> 00:52:39,719
equally in position to be able to not only
counter those weapons,

882
00:52:39,719 --> 00:52:42,319
but mitigate and treat the effects that those
weapons incur.

883
00:52:48,399 --> 00:52:55,399
where advancements in medicine very often
arise as a consequence of the possible

884
00:52:55,399 --> 00:52:57,880
and the damage that they incur.

885
00:52:57,880 --> 00:53:00,840
But the question still comes up, ladies and
gentlemen,

886
00:53:00,840 --> 00:53:11,000
what ethics shall we use to guide research,
test development, and perhaps utilization ...

887
00:53:19,359 --> 00:53:22,519
Absolutely, certain things are held
confidential and classified.

888
00:53:22,519 --> 00:53:26,840
You don't show the other team your playbook
on Friday and expect to win the game on

889
00:53:26,840 --> 00:53:28,079
Yes, of course.

890
00:53:28,079 --> 00:53:37,960
And information we may understand about what
they're doing by virtue of our deep and ou...

891
00:53:49,239 --> 00:53:51,679
And the same is true for our allies.

892
00:53:51,679 --> 00:53:59,000
So at least part of this needs to be at least
relevant to, afforded by, and guided throu...

893
00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:07,800
Why? Because in many cases, it is the
civilian institutions that to date have be...

894
00:54:17,719 --> 00:54:33,960
But if we move increasingly away from that,
if we say that indeed the proscriptions an...

895
00:54:34,039 --> 00:54:36,680
are taken to heart, and civilian agencies,

896
00:54:36,680 --> 00:54:39,500
institutions, and organizations are
essentially

897
00:54:39,500 --> 00:54:42,400
sort of de-banded, disbanded, debarred

898
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:45,680
from their engagement in these types of
activities,

899
00:54:45,680 --> 00:54:48,320
who then will uptake the torch?

900
00:54:48,320 --> 00:54:49,920
Increasingly, there's been some interest,

901
00:54:49,920 --> 00:54:51,760
consideration, or real discussion,

902
00:54:51,760 --> 00:54:54,039
as to reinvestment in government agencies

903
00:54:54,039 --> 00:54:55,920
and government-sponsored agencies

904
00:54:55,920 --> 00:54:57,480
that are specifically and explicitly

905
00:54:57,480 --> 00:54:59,280
dedicated to these pursuits.

906
00:54:59,280 --> 00:55:01,600
So to avoid any confusion what the intent is,

907
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:06,240
We don't want to get another scenario,

908
00:55:06,240 --> 00:55:07,640
such as we do with Robert Oppenheimer

909
00:55:07,640 --> 00:55:09,560
looking at the first test of the atomic bomb

910
00:55:09,560 --> 00:55:12,120
and going, "What have I done? I am deaf."

911
00:55:12,120 --> 00:55:14,880
Dr. Oppenheimer, what did you think you were
doing?

912
00:55:14,880 --> 00:55:16,120
We don't want to have those confusions.

913
00:55:16,120 --> 00:55:17,640
We want to make sure that in fact those

914
00:55:17,640 --> 00:55:20,840
who engage the brain sciences for biomedical
purposes

915
00:55:20,840 --> 00:55:23,800
of wellness, lifestyle, and enhancing the
human condition

916
00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:25,440
are not necessarily confused with those

917
00:55:25,440 --> 00:55:28,440
who may then uptake these things into wind's
agenda.

918
00:55:28,440 --> 00:55:30,320
But if that's the case, and these things

919
00:55:32,640 --> 00:55:34,920
organizations, and initiatives,

920
00:55:34,920 --> 00:55:37,840
are civilian ethics even viable any longer?

921
00:55:37,840 --> 00:55:39,840
And if we engage military ethics,

922
00:55:39,840 --> 00:55:42,440
what military ethical principles will we
engage?

923
00:55:42,440 --> 00:55:46,400
The use, development, research, surveillance

924
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:48,760
of these particular things for just war?

925
00:55:48,760 --> 00:55:50,800
And if in fact these things are not used

926
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:53,480
in a strictly warfare fashion where war is
declared

927
00:55:53,480 --> 00:55:54,560
by the use of these agents,

928
00:55:54,560 --> 00:55:57,600
yet they still tend to be bellicose or
disruptive,

929
00:56:00,400 --> 00:56:02,360
In other words, not just a just war,

930
00:56:02,360 --> 00:56:05,400
but their just use within this frame of
conduct,

931
00:56:05,400 --> 00:56:07,200
whatever this may be.

932
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:11,400
And/or can we revive another older and less
known tradition

933
00:56:11,400 --> 00:56:13,600
which is called use contrabellum,

934
00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:17,019
which is justification for the use to prevent
warfare?

935
00:56:17,019 --> 00:56:19,240
Here, the use of the neurocognitive sciences

936
00:56:19,240 --> 00:56:21,600
and intelligence, human-terrain teams,

937
00:56:21,600 --> 00:56:24,519
psychological operations such as narrative
networks

938
00:56:24,519 --> 00:56:27,120
may be viable to de-escalate the volatility

939
00:56:30,760 --> 00:56:32,560
But again, we need to consider to what level

940
00:56:32,560 --> 00:56:34,360
we will engage us in whether or not

941
00:56:34,360 --> 00:56:36,720
the current ethics that we have in place

942
00:56:36,720 --> 00:56:39,280
are viable and valuable to do this,

943
00:56:39,280 --> 00:56:40,980
and how these things can then be rendered

944
00:56:40,980 --> 00:56:42,720
on the international scale.

945
00:56:42,720 --> 00:56:45,519
Because if in fact this is going to demand

946
00:56:45,519 --> 00:56:48,800
the multinational global discourse that it
will,

947
00:56:48,800 --> 00:56:50,240
then clearly the global relevance

948
00:56:50,240 --> 00:56:52,640
of any ethical approach needs to be
considered.

949
00:56:52,640 --> 00:56:54,920
And ethics very often is said to have a big
mouth

950
00:56:57,560 --> 00:57:01,360
has choppers that can in fact be attributive
and can bite.

951
00:57:01,360 --> 00:57:03,480
What do these developments then incur

952
00:57:03,480 --> 00:57:05,680
for ongoing iterations of biological toxins

953
00:57:05,680 --> 00:57:08,360
and weapons convention, as well as other
treaties,

954
00:57:08,360 --> 00:57:10,440
policies, and international laws

955
00:57:10,440 --> 00:57:12,760
that may help to guide, direct, if not
regulate,

956
00:57:12,760 --> 00:57:16,240
and govern the use of these particular
implements?

957
00:57:16,240 --> 00:57:18,200
So the situation we're faced with, ladies and
gentlemen,

958
00:57:18,200 --> 00:57:19,560
is as follows.

959
00:57:19,560 --> 00:57:22,480
As we begin to untangle the Gordian knot of
the brain

960
00:57:25,200 --> 00:57:26,640
we've come to the precarious position

961
00:57:26,640 --> 00:57:29,680
of opening the proverbial can of worms

962
00:57:29,680 --> 00:57:33,920
of if, how, in what ways, to what extent, and
when,

963
00:57:33,920 --> 00:57:38,080
these techniques and technologies will be
used

964
00:57:38,080 --> 00:57:41,820
in weaponized intelligence and national
security agenda.

965
00:57:41,820 --> 00:57:44,200
I submit to you, ladies and gentlemen,

966
00:57:44,200 --> 00:57:46,200
that can has already been opened.

967
00:57:46,200 --> 00:57:48,840
It'll be our job, and increasingly your job,

968
00:57:48,840 --> 00:57:51,760
to be able to navigate this new terrain,

969
00:57:54,920 --> 00:57:57,539
This is Atlas, and the idea of Atlas

970
00:57:57,539 --> 00:57:59,440
was that Atlas balanced the integrity

971
00:57:59,440 --> 00:58:01,740
and well-being of the world upon his
shoulders.

972
00:58:01,740 --> 00:58:04,480
I just agree.

973
00:58:04,480 --> 00:58:06,840
Atlas of the 21st century, as you see here,

974
00:58:06,840 --> 00:58:09,680
balances the world upon her head.

975
00:58:09,680 --> 00:58:12,000
What we know about the brain, what we're able
to do

976
00:58:12,000 --> 00:58:14,660
with the brain, and of all those organisms

977
00:58:14,660 --> 00:58:16,800
that are embodied and have one that exist

978
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:19,940
in their various environments, cultures, and
ecologies.

979
00:58:23,019 --> 00:58:27,700
tremendous capability of knowledge,
intervention.

980
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:30,920
With tremendous capability comes tremendous
power,

981
00:58:30,920 --> 00:58:33,880
and with tremendous power comes great
responsibility.

982
00:58:33,880 --> 00:58:35,519
Look, that phrase is good enough for
Spider-Man,

983
00:58:35,519 --> 00:58:37,080
certainly was good enough for Goethe and
Nietzsche,

984
00:58:37,080 --> 00:58:40,460
certainly good enough for me, and I hand that
off to you.

985
00:58:40,460 --> 00:58:43,820
Because, ladies and gentlemen, as I started
this,

986
00:58:43,820 --> 00:58:47,539
neuroscience puts the brain at our
fingertips,

987
00:58:51,500 --> 00:58:53,720
is simply the effect of the human condition

988
00:58:53,720 --> 00:58:55,760
and how we put this to play.

989
00:58:55,760 --> 00:58:58,160
You will, in your professional careers

990
00:58:58,160 --> 00:59:00,920
and your personal lives, see the brain
sciences

991
00:59:00,920 --> 00:59:02,620
ever more infiltrated and integrated,

992
00:59:02,620 --> 00:59:06,120
not only into the battle space, but to the
bedside,

993
00:59:06,120 --> 00:59:08,240
to the boardroom, and beyond.

994
00:59:08,240 --> 00:59:10,400
They will be a part of your realistic lives

995
00:59:10,400 --> 00:59:12,020
in the way we engage each other,

996
00:59:12,020 --> 00:59:15,200
regard each other, treat each other,
interact,

997
00:59:17,460 --> 00:59:20,300
Understanding the brain sciences and their
power

998
00:59:20,300 --> 00:59:22,260
will become one of your obligate
responsibilities,

999
00:59:22,260 --> 00:59:25,320
not only as military officers,

1000
00:59:25,320 --> 00:59:28,600
but as civilians of the 21st century global
space.

1001
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:30,700
I like to end a lecture like this

1002
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:33,680
usually by giving you a little personal
story.

1003
00:59:33,680 --> 00:59:38,260
My dad, former Navy man, was an engineer,

1004
00:59:38,260 --> 00:59:39,980
and one of the things dad liked to do

1005
00:59:39,980 --> 00:59:41,539
was build stuff, he liked to tinker.

1006
00:59:41,539 --> 00:59:44,020
I still like to tinker, I like to work with
tools.

1007
00:59:45,260 --> 00:59:46,340
one of the things he did when I was a kid,

1008
00:59:46,340 --> 00:59:48,440
he'd come home every month and bring me a new
tool,

1009
00:59:48,440 --> 00:59:49,800
teach me how to use it.

1010
00:59:49,800 --> 00:59:52,039
So that in a fairly short order, as a young
kid,

1011
00:59:52,039 --> 00:59:54,520
I became pretty adroit, or at least,

1012
00:59:54,520 --> 00:59:56,640
I thought I was adroit, with using tools.

1013
00:59:56,640 --> 01:00:00,600
And with all of the impulsiveness and zeal of
youth,

1014
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:02,560
getting a new tool with only partial
knowledge,

1015
01:00:02,560 --> 01:00:04,520
I remember one day dad came home

1016
01:00:04,520 --> 01:00:06,680
and he said to me, "Jim, here's a brand new
tool."

1017
01:00:06,680 --> 01:00:07,880
And I took it from him, I said, "Thanks,
dad,"

1018
01:00:07,880 --> 01:00:09,360
and I went to go running off.

1019
01:00:09,360 --> 01:00:10,900
My dad put his hand on my shoulder and he
said,

1020
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:12,440
"Jim, slow down.

1021
01:00:14,020 --> 01:00:15,220
Cut once.

1022
01:00:15,220 --> 01:00:16,920
Sometimes you can't go back."

1023
01:00:16,920 --> 01:00:21,360
Ladies and gentlemen, these are the brain
sciences.

1024
01:00:21,360 --> 01:00:23,180
They can and they will increasingly be used

1025
01:00:23,180 --> 01:00:24,539
in national security, intelligence,

1026
01:00:24,539 --> 01:00:27,079
and defense agenda globally.

1027
01:00:27,079 --> 01:00:30,020
We need to measure twice and cut once,

1028
01:00:30,020 --> 01:00:31,500
and make sure that the cut that we make

1029
01:00:31,500 --> 01:00:34,500
is one that is for good, one that is for
right,

1030
01:00:34,500 --> 01:00:36,480
and is one that does not cut our own throats,

1031
01:00:36,480 --> 01:00:39,720
or the throats of others in those ways that
are irreparable.

1032
01:00:39,720 --> 01:00:41,780
I leave you with my father's wisdom.

1033
01:00:43,680 --> 01:00:45,320
to the Strategic Multi-Layer Assessment Group

1034
01:00:45,320 --> 01:00:46,960
of the Joint Staff of the Pentagon.

1035
01:00:46,960 --> 01:00:48,600
I can make these slides available to you.

1036
01:00:48,600 --> 01:00:51,480
These are now all open domain and available
to your perusal.

1037
01:00:51,480 --> 01:00:53,480
If you're interested in some of our ongoing
work

1038
01:00:53,480 --> 01:00:55,240
by my research group, I provide you

1039
01:00:55,240 --> 01:00:56,480
with some of our own work.

1040
01:00:56,480 --> 01:00:57,680
And this is the part of the lecture,

1041
01:00:57,680 --> 01:00:58,520
I'm gonna look right at the camera,

1042
01:00:58,520 --> 01:01:00,920
that is the unabashed self-promotional plug.

1043
01:01:00,920 --> 01:01:02,280
If you're really interested in this,

1044
01:01:02,280 --> 01:01:04,240
I've only had the wonder and opportunity

1045
01:01:04,240 --> 01:01:06,920
to engage with you for about the past hour or
so.

1046
01:01:06,920 --> 01:01:08,800
If you're interested in going further down
the rabbit hole

1047
01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:10,520
and reading about this in greater detail,

1048
01:01:13,380 --> 01:01:15,180
Not because I'm gonna go out and buy the new
Maserati

1049
01:01:15,180 --> 01:01:16,539
when you all buy the book,

1050
01:01:16,539 --> 01:01:17,860
but because I'm very proud of it.

1051
01:01:17,860 --> 01:01:20,300
And I'm proud of it, not because I wrote it,

1052
01:01:20,300 --> 01:01:22,820
because I only really contributed a couple of
chapters.

1053
01:01:22,820 --> 01:01:24,980
I'm proud of it because bringing this
together

1054
01:01:24,980 --> 01:01:27,340
was a multi-year effort that grew out of a
set

1055
01:01:27,340 --> 01:01:29,760
of at first somewhat sensitive, but
unclassified,

1056
01:01:29,760 --> 01:01:32,260
and some classified conferences that we had,

1057
01:01:32,260 --> 01:01:34,380
that were then subsequently declassified,

1058
01:01:34,380 --> 01:01:36,780
and then also brought together international
leaders

1059
01:01:36,780 --> 01:01:38,260
in the field of military science,

1060
01:01:42,039 --> 01:01:45,880
to provide their perspective, their lens,

1061
01:01:45,880 --> 01:01:48,760
their vision and voice as to what's going on

1062
01:01:48,760 --> 01:01:51,440
in this domain at this point

1063
01:01:51,440 --> 01:01:54,640
with some speculation, vision, and
proposition

1064
01:01:54,640 --> 01:01:56,960
as to what may need to go on in the future

1065
01:01:56,960 --> 01:01:59,200
so he's able to opportunize the capabilities

1066
01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:01,560
of the brain sciences and meet and be
prepared

1067
01:02:01,560 --> 01:02:04,560
for the challenges that it offers in this
space.

1068
01:02:04,560 --> 01:02:06,079
At this point, I'd like to thank you all for
your attention.

1069
01:02:06,079 --> 01:02:07,200
I hope I haven't bored you.

1070
01:02:09,220 --> 01:02:10,900
Just put in your subject line, USMA,

1071
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:12,620
so I don't think you're trying to sell me
Viagra.

1072
01:02:12,620 --> 01:02:13,780
Not that I wouldn't buy it,

1073
01:02:13,780 --> 01:02:15,280
but this way I know where it's coming from.

1074
01:02:15,280 --> 01:02:16,579
If you want to ask questions,

1075
01:02:16,579 --> 01:02:17,820
you have some time to do that now.

1076
01:02:17,820 --> 01:02:19,340
If you don't get to your questions,

1077
01:02:19,340 --> 01:02:20,780
feel free to email me.

1078
01:02:20,780 --> 01:02:22,140
I will email you back.

1079
01:02:22,140 --> 01:02:23,700
It may not be that day or even that week

1080
01:02:23,700 --> 01:02:25,260
because I may be busier traveling,

1081
01:02:25,260 --> 01:02:26,820
but I will, in fact, email you back

1082
01:02:26,820 --> 01:02:28,940
because that's my obligate responsibility to
you.

1083
01:02:28,940 --> 01:02:30,460
Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for your
time.

1084
01:02:30,460 --> 01:02:31,300
Appreciate it.

1085
01:02:31,300 --> 01:02:34,460
(audience applauding)

1086
01:02:38,680 --> 01:02:40,300
we have about five, 10 minutes.

1087
01:02:40,300 --> 01:02:43,360
- Yes, sir.

1088
01:02:43,360 --> 01:02:44,200
- It's not really a number of questions.

1089
01:02:44,200 --> 01:02:46,400
It appears to me to think of Michael Palm's
new book

1090
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:48,240
in the role of self-psychedelic.

1091
01:02:48,240 --> 01:02:51,640
- Oh, yeah, well, there've been a number of
different books.

1092
01:02:51,640 --> 01:02:52,960
The new book here is that the idea

1093
01:02:52,960 --> 01:02:55,000
that psychedelic drugs had some bad research,

1094
01:02:55,000 --> 01:02:56,120
and of course, some of that bad research

1095
01:02:56,120 --> 01:02:57,240
was not only procedurally bad,

1096
01:02:57,240 --> 01:03:01,240
it was based upon the font of knowledge we
had at the time.

1097
01:03:01,240 --> 01:03:03,320
Having engaged in psychedelic research,

1098
01:03:03,320 --> 01:03:05,760
not per, well, maybe some.

1099
01:03:07,180 --> 01:03:08,380
one of my first projects actually

1100
01:03:08,380 --> 01:03:10,620
was looking at methylene dioxide,
methamphetamine,

1101
01:03:10,620 --> 01:03:12,860
ecstasy under United States Navy Grant

1102
01:03:12,860 --> 01:03:14,660
for the possibility of weaponizing ecstasy

1103
01:03:14,660 --> 01:03:16,300
as a volatile agent, as a viable agent,

1104
01:03:16,300 --> 01:03:18,220
particularly against submariners.

1105
01:03:18,220 --> 01:03:20,380
So the understanding that the psychedelics

1106
01:03:20,380 --> 01:03:22,060
could, in fact, be used in a variety

1107
01:03:22,060 --> 01:03:24,700
of different ways, inclusive of
weaponization, is not new.

1108
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:27,220
We look back to the older projects such as
MKUltra,

1109
01:03:27,220 --> 01:03:29,660
Mind Control Ultra, which utilized

1110
01:03:29,660 --> 01:03:32,300
lysergic acid diethylamide and cylocybin

1111
01:03:32,300 --> 01:03:34,180
to be able to alter the cognitions, emotions,

1112
01:03:36,300 --> 01:03:38,520
not only against our own people, but against
others,

1113
01:03:38,520 --> 01:03:40,560
some of the whole brainwashing, mindwashing,

1114
01:03:40,560 --> 01:03:42,380
mind-changing effect.

1115
01:03:42,380 --> 01:03:44,079
However, one of the things we've come to
recognize

1116
01:03:44,079 --> 01:03:46,760
is that the mechanisms of these psychedelic
agents

1117
01:03:46,760 --> 01:03:49,039
is far more specific than we thought,

1118
01:03:49,039 --> 01:03:51,800
and, in fact, can be incurred at far lower
doses

1119
01:03:51,800 --> 01:03:52,880
than we're here to for attempt

1120
01:03:52,880 --> 01:03:55,560
to either experimentally or in social
practice.

1121
01:03:55,560 --> 01:03:58,920
So there's a regenerated interest, a
revivified interest,

1122
01:03:58,920 --> 01:04:01,480
in reexamining the mechanisms and effect

1123
01:04:01,480 --> 01:04:02,800
of these psychedelic compounds,

1124
01:04:05,340 --> 01:04:08,060
cylocybin, dimethyl tryptamine,

1125
01:04:08,060 --> 01:04:10,100
as well as some that are sort of like
borderline

1126
01:04:10,100 --> 01:04:11,740
on what might be considered psychedelics,

1127
01:04:11,740 --> 01:04:14,820
such as the affiliate of drugs like MDMA,

1128
01:04:14,820 --> 01:04:19,260
at micro doses, or sort of intermediate micro
doses,

1129
01:04:19,260 --> 01:04:20,780
not only to treat individuals

1130
01:04:20,780 --> 01:04:23,420
who've had particularly neuropsychiatric
spectrum disorders,

1131
01:04:23,420 --> 01:04:25,180
and there's a growing body of research

1132
01:04:25,180 --> 01:04:27,860
that would suggest that even one-time
administration

1133
01:04:27,860 --> 01:04:31,579
of a therapeutic dose of LSD or cylocybin
and/or MDMA

1134
01:04:33,760 --> 01:04:36,320
against certain forms of PTSD, intractable
depression,

1135
01:04:36,320 --> 01:04:37,800
and beyond the military framework,

1136
01:04:37,800 --> 01:04:39,880
even certain forms of psychosis.

1137
01:04:39,880 --> 01:04:41,200
We also recognize that these things

1138
01:04:41,200 --> 01:04:43,520
may be useful in treating forms of TBI,

1139
01:04:43,520 --> 01:04:46,360
treating other forms of neuropsychiatric
disorders,

1140
01:04:46,360 --> 01:04:48,920
and may also be viable as performance
enhancers,

1141
01:04:48,920 --> 01:04:51,280
particularly if given in a very specific
regimen

1142
01:04:51,280 --> 01:04:53,000
at a very controlled asymmetry.

1143
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:54,480
So to think like so many other things,

1144
01:04:54,480 --> 01:04:55,920
the more we're learning about the brain,

1145
01:04:55,920 --> 01:04:57,720
suggests to us not only what we know,

1146
01:04:57,720 --> 01:05:00,120
but what we didn't know, some of the errors

1147
01:05:02,740 --> 01:05:04,760
and that allows us to revisit these things

1148
01:05:04,760 --> 01:05:07,660
under a newer and I think more granular
perspective,

1149
01:05:07,660 --> 01:05:10,260
that I think demonstrate certain benefits,

1150
01:05:10,260 --> 01:05:12,020
as well as giving rise to concern

1151
01:05:12,020 --> 01:05:13,539
about certain burdens and risks.

1152
01:05:13,539 --> 01:05:16,940
So I think that it certainly warrants
continued research,

1153
01:05:16,940 --> 01:05:18,460
and I think that we need to be cautious

1154
01:05:18,460 --> 01:05:19,780
in how we interpret that research

1155
01:05:19,780 --> 01:05:21,260
and its translational effect,

1156
01:05:21,260 --> 01:05:23,060
but I think there's great benefit to be
gained there.

1157
01:05:23,060 --> 01:05:25,220
Did I answer your question?

1158
01:05:25,220 --> 01:05:26,060
Other questions?

1159
01:05:26,060 --> 01:05:29,100
Yes, sir?

1160
01:05:32,180 --> 01:05:46,920
Yes, yes, in fact, I can tell you some
ongoing research

1161
01:05:46,920 --> 01:05:49,420
that's being done now by the Air Force
Research Laboratory,

1162
01:05:49,420 --> 01:05:51,720
that's looking not only at the comparative
use

1163
01:05:51,720 --> 01:05:52,960
of what's called nootropic agents,

1164
01:05:52,960 --> 01:05:55,280
as you said, and some of the newer ones.

1165
01:05:55,280 --> 01:05:56,560
They've been around for a while,

1166
01:05:56,560 --> 01:05:58,520
but they're sort of new with regard to the
light

1167
01:05:59,620 --> 01:06:02,420
Some of those drugs like asparacetam,
primaracetam,

1168
01:06:02,420 --> 01:06:04,900
oxoracetam, these have been around for a long
time,

1169
01:06:04,900 --> 01:06:06,460
but now we're understanding their mechanism's
a little bit

1170
01:06:06,460 --> 01:06:08,180
better and we're recognizing how we'll be
able to use them

1171
01:06:08,180 --> 01:06:09,420
in concert with other agents,

1172
01:06:09,420 --> 01:06:10,900
inclusive of something like caffeine,

1173
01:06:10,900 --> 01:06:13,860
and/or how we can also utilize these agents
at lower doses

1174
01:06:13,860 --> 01:06:15,500
that are much more safer dose,

1175
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:17,060
that can also then be co-potentiated

1176
01:06:17,060 --> 01:06:18,460
through the use of various devices.

1177
01:06:18,460 --> 01:06:20,620
Here, we're talking about the transcranial
devices,

1178
01:06:20,620 --> 01:06:22,539
such as transcranial magnetic stimulation

1179
01:06:22,539 --> 01:06:24,180
and transcranial electrical stimulation,

1180
01:06:24,180 --> 01:06:25,500
and if you're interested in some of this
work,

1181
01:06:25,500 --> 01:06:27,420
I refer you to a colleague of mine who's at
Air Force,

1182
01:06:30,079 --> 01:06:32,400
Just look up some of Dr. McKinley's work in
this area,

1183
01:06:32,400 --> 01:06:34,440
it's stellar, it's leading edge.

1184
01:06:34,440 --> 01:06:36,800
And the Air Force Office of Scientific
Research

1185
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:38,240
is funding a number of different projects

1186
01:06:38,240 --> 01:06:41,079
that are looking at exactly this mechanism.

1187
01:06:41,079 --> 01:06:44,680
Can we engage certain brain substrates, nodes
and networks,

1188
01:06:44,680 --> 01:06:46,520
through the use of new pharmaceuticals,

1189
01:06:46,520 --> 01:06:48,480
or older pharmaceuticals that are re-dosed,

1190
01:06:48,480 --> 01:06:50,840
or pharmaceuticals delivered in different
ways,

1191
01:06:50,840 --> 01:06:54,200
to be able to maximize key aspects of the
processes

1192
01:06:54,200 --> 01:06:55,880
of those neural functions that are operative

1193
01:06:58,380 --> 01:07:01,740
And in so doing, can we then take a slightly
different stance

1194
01:07:01,740 --> 01:07:04,579
on our postures towards the viability and
value

1195
01:07:04,579 --> 01:07:06,380
of these drugs under controlled circumstances

1196
01:07:06,380 --> 01:07:07,980
for the warfighter or intelligence operator?

1197
01:07:07,980 --> 01:07:10,539
And I think that's the general idea, okay?

1198
01:07:10,539 --> 01:07:11,539
Did I answer your question?

1199
01:07:11,539 --> 01:07:12,880
Cool.

1200
01:07:12,880 --> 01:07:13,720
Other questions?

1201
01:07:13,720 --> 01:07:18,860
Going once, going twice, thank you all.