1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Hello America. This is Edward Murrow speaking from London. There were more German planes 2 00:00:09,519 --> 00:00:12,519 over the coast of Britain today than at any time since the war began. 3 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:37,000 By an overwhelming majority, Congress passed Len Lees, Bill No. 1776. I ask this Congress 4 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:44,000 for authority and for funds, sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war... 5 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:51,000 of many kinds to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war, and t... 6 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:12,000 over to those nations which are now in actual war, and to be turned over to those nations 7 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:21,000 with aggressor nations. Our most useful and immediate role is to act as an arsenal for 8 00:02:22,500 --> 00:02:29,500 them as well as for ourselves. We shall send in ever increasing numbers, ships, planes, 9 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:37,000 tanks, guns. That is our purpose and our pledge. 10 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:22,000 Thank you. 11 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:52,000 Thank you. 12 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:21,000 Stalin came to power on the death of Lenin and ruled the Soviet Union by fear and... 13 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:28,000 for nearly the next 30 years. During that time, he was responsible for some 40 milli... 14 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:35,000 Stalin spent his first years in power consolidating his position. He managed to... 15 00:04:47,399 --> 00:04:54,399 whom he perceived as his major rival. 16 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:06,000 In 1929, Stalin implemented a policy known as collectivization. Lenin's experiment in 17 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:13,600 nationalizing the land had remained half finished and Russian peasants were still... 18 00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:20,600 own land and selling their own produce in the market. 19 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:28,600 By means of collectivization, Stalin meant to complete Lenin's initiative and to take 20 00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:38,200 away all the peasants' lands and produce in the name of the state. In 1930, peasants' 21 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:46,040 produce began to be collected up. The Red Army one by one seized the produce from every 22 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:53,040 single field. Some peasants managed to hide their goods rather than give them up, but 23 00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:07,400 Communist Party officials searched every nook and cranny, eventually discovering the hiding 24 00:06:07,399 --> 00:06:14,399 of the peasants' produce. The officials also seized the peasants' agricultural equipment. 25 00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:26,279 The peasants were left with nothing to eat and nothing to work the soil with. 26 00:06:26,279 --> 00:06:33,279 Eventually, that catastrophe that Lenin had described as the most useful for Communism 27 00:06:37,199 --> 00:06:44,199 raised its head again. Family. In Ukraine alone, 6 million people starved over the next 28 00:06:44,199 --> 00:06:51,199 few years. 2 million died in Kazakistan and 1 million in northern Caucasus. Children 29 00:06:52,199 --> 00:06:59,199 reduced to skin and bone died in agony. There was another ghastly result of the famine 30 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:07,000 inspired by Stalin. Cannibalism. Peasants maddened by hunger began to eat corpses.... 31 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:14,000 even worse horror emerged. Some peasants had kidnapped children and eaten them. In front 32 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:35,199 of these two Russian peasants, caught eating human flesh, lay the remains of the children 33 00:07:35,199 --> 00:07:42,199 they had snatched. Stalin's regime had turned human beings into savage animals, just as 34 00:07:48,879 --> 00:07:55,879 Communism had intended. 35 00:08:05,719 --> 00:08:12,519 Everyone who opposed Stalin's collectivization policy paid with his life... 36 00:08:12,519 --> 00:08:19,519 of kulaks were detained and shot. In actual fact, the regime branded everyone it saw as 37 00:08:19,519 --> 00:08:26,519 opposed to its ideology as kulaks. Large numbers of priests and even members of their 38 00:08:37,679 --> 00:08:44,679 congregations who attended church frequently were arrested as kulaks. Some were executed. 39 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:51,839 Others were sent to the labor camps, where a slow, lingering death awaited them. These 40 00:08:51,839 --> 00:08:58,839 camps were set up all over Russia and were simply another of Stalin's killing machines. 41 00:09:01,239 --> 00:09:05,799 Millions of people regarded as enemies of the state were worked to death in them under 42 00:09:05,799 --> 00:09:11,799 the most terrible conditions. Some were put to work laboring on canals in the blazing 43 00:09:11,799 --> 00:09:18,799 heat. Others were sent off to break rocks in the freezing cold of Siberia. These people, 44 00:09:19,319 --> 00:09:25,039 forced to perform hard labor under the worst possible conditions, soon turned into living 45 00:09:25,039 --> 00:09:32,039 skeletons. The great majority never left the camps alive. 46 00:09:32,919 --> 00:09:39,120 The Soviet Union, like every communist country, has what was an economic basket... 47 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:46,120 not produce enough to survive. And so every communist social state has been dependent 48 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:53,840 upon aid from the capitalist producing states. So Russia was desperate for our ai... 49 00:09:55,279 --> 00:10:00,919 in terms of direct government aid, but also in terms of opening up the spigots for... 50 00:10:00,919 --> 00:10:07,000 capital markets, particularly New York bankers and corporations to move into Russ... 51 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:08,879 big way. 52 00:10:08,919 --> 00:10:14,600 In 1933, the Roosevelt administration invited a Soviet representative to Washington to 53 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:21,600 negotiate terms of diplomatic recognition. 54 00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:28,600 Hans Frank is appointed Governor General of Poland, and the country disappears from 55 00:10:38,759 --> 00:10:45,759 the headlines of the world press. Jews must wear the Star of David on their arm, not 56 00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:52,960 carry it in their pocket. In Warsaw, there is a streetcar exclusively for Jews. A district, 57 00:10:54,439 --> 00:11:01,439 a mile and a half square, is transformed into a ghetto.