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Hello.

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Welcome to the team,

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of length about 45

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and universities

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by students

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who work

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university

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knowledgeable

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Encore

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to

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We

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have

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we

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were

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Thank you very much.

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Thanks a lot to Rullo for organizing this webinar.

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I thank the participants for listening to me.

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You will have tons of information in the next 60 minutes.

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I hope you can follow me and you will not be bored.

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So I will talk about 6G, but actually it's 6G.

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So everybody is now jumping on the 6G.

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So a lot of things that I sent you, it goes more to the 7G and beyond, by the way.

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So you see here a perspective from 5G to 6G.

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Now, because the 5G is already well-established and these are already deploying the 5G systems worldwide.

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And we put the last 18 months, a lot of effort to write this paper here, which in IEEE access journal in July 20.

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I just have to warn you, there are many, many papers, even from Turkey and from many countries.

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People are writing papers on 6G.

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So we have more than the other paper coverings, which you will see on the next slide.

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But anyhow, so I want to put the evolution from 5G to 6G.

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For example, the peak data rates are expected from 20 gigahertz per second to almost 1 terahertz, as you said, in 6G.

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In 5G, we have peak spectral efficiency, like 20 bits per second per hertz.

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We are expecting that we'll jump to the 60 bits per hertz or seconds per hertz.

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And then end-to-end latency, the object is 1 millisecond.

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To my knowledge, the operators can reach now 2 millisecond end-to-end latency, but this is a really optimistic value, like almost like 10, around 10 millisecond end-to-end latency.

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But the expectation for 6G will be 0.1 millisecond.

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So you can see the recorder really challenging.

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And then the cell edge data rate, we are talking about 0.5 gigahertz second for 5G.

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And in 6G, we are expecting 1 gigahertz per second.

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And end-to-end to packet error rates, in terms of reliability, we have this at the minus 5 for the 5G.

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And in 6G, we are expecting 10 to the minus 9.

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And the mobility, the support for mobility is around 500 per hour.

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And we are talking about, again, more than 1,000-plus kilometer per hour expectations.

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So you can see the requirements are very challenging and also the objectives.

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And hopefully, we'll be able to achieve these in the next several years.

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So in this paper, I mentioned to you that we have more than many other papers are covering, especially all of these areas.

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I have been conducting research for the last, say, 10, 15 years.

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So, unfortunately, it's impossible to cover all of these subtopics.

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So, for example, the 5G has this softwareization concept like STN and NFE.

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And that will continue in 6G, but in more network automation in terms of slicing, for example.

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And I expect also three configurable front ends.

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That means these front ends should be able to access from very lower frequency bands, say, 1 gigahertz up to like 1 or 1 terahertz bands, seamless access to these frequency bands.

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You can imagine that design will be very challenging according to the antenna design, right?

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And, of course, dynamics share, right?

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So these spectrums, we should be able to be available to all of seamlessly.

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We should be able to access these spectrums between very low to very high frequency.

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And everybody knows this AI and machine learning will play a major role.

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It's already playing a major role, but in 6G, it will take more and more.

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But, you know, my vision on this AI ML, I remember in the 80s, we had this AI millions of dollars or even billions of dollars were invested in the U.S. and Europe.

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It was, you know, it died down, but now it's coming back again.

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But I think we should really reach minds and come up with something new.

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Not like, you know, this classical neural networks and deep learning, same old stuff.

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Instead, you know, can we meet the brain like neurons and how the brain is working and then map them to the machine world, right?

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So that's a fantastic challenge, right?

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So there is even a brain initiative in Europe for 1 billion euro to understand the brain.

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And so that would have a bridge from the brain to the, you know, to this our machine and AI world.

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Inside, you know, tons of people are just doing these classical algorithms.

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That, you know, honestly, that will not bring us to anywhere, in my opinion.

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So back in backstatter communications, and also, since we are using cell-free or the STN and FE type softwareization with these controllers, we are getting out of the cell concepts, right?

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So all these base stations will be software-driven.

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It will be like cell-free communication.

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And then also we'll use ALC-MIMO or MASS-MIMO communications, as we already know.

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So, and then you see, to the end, there is no order, but I will start about this seminar with terahertz band.

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So we have to go to the higher frequencies.

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And then you will see that terahertz has LUMs.

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One of the biggest problems is the distance.

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So how do we combat the distance problems?

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And then I will present to you the intelligent communication environment, or they call it also reflecting intelligent surface RIS.

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Like, the world is crazy.

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I mean, really sad, but we'll see.

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I will talk about those.

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Now, hundreds and thousands of papers are being written.

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And then, Internet of Space things with CubeSats and AVs.

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And then, also, with all these, we start with Internet of Nanothings, nanoscale machines.

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And I will also, a little bit about, for health applications, especially with all these diseases,

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that will take a bigger role, Internet of Bionon, I think it's the concept that I introduced earlier.

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So I will mention some issues there.

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And with quantum communications.

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So you can see these dotted areas are mostly for the NG, you know, more.

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And the others are mostly for 6G coverage.

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And I don't do research on quantum communications.

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But I believe that it's really very important.

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And it's interesting to look into that.

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But it will also be part of the 6G, right?

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So we try to start with nanothings.

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So let me motivate her.

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I started back in 2006 because nanotechnology was taking off.

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And I went through the microtechnology back in the 70s and how it changed our lives.

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And then I thought the same way, these nanoschines, nanotechnology will change our lives.

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And I started to work on if these devices are out, how will they communicate, right?

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So that was the notion.

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And then I came up with this idea, which was like three years ago.

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One of the big companies in the world, although U.S. hates them.

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They invited me for a strategic planning meeting in New Jersey.

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And so I came up with this slide I want to present to you.

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So now currently we have all these smartphones, laptops, desktops, everything, right?

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And then we have all these wearables, smartwatches, smart rig, anything you can imagine, right?

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And then also virtual assistants, Alexa, like Echo, right?

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Siri, right?

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And so when our grandchildren, maybe I will not see it, because look at yourself, people.

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You look back 25, 30 years ago, you say, my God, your desktops were so bad.

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Your laptops were like from the Stone Age, right?

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So our grandchildren will tell us this thing about us, about these times, saying, why the hell do you have all these desktops and iPads and iPhone, all those things?

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Why?

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Can't you do everything automatically, right?

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So now, in other words, this Alexa will be the primitive start, by the way, or Siri or Echoes, you know?

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So I'm going that direction, saying, can we do something without any of these devices?

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Everything will be automatically, right?

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So remember the Star Trek movie or the TV program?

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It was always interactive, right?

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So now, so all these devices are not practical, like devices, battery-powered.

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Then they are not natural.

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Sometimes the voice cannot be understood, remember?

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Like the accent and all that stuff.

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Something to Siri, she doesn't understand you.

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Limited functionalities, as you have seen in the home or office environments.

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So I want to change this thing, right?

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So I want to have everywhere, in, outdoors, outside, inside the persons, by the way, humans, right?

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And they should be perceptible to the user naked eye, because when you have all these devices around you, you know, like Bluetooth sticking out, you know, come on, it looks awful, right?

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So I always curse at them, pray if you are carrying those things, right?

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And they should be user-friendly, like, you know, and all these accents should be understood, and they should be smarter, they should be self-powered, right?

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So how will we do all of these things, right?

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And so we go to environments of, you know, I called that many years ago, nanoscale machines or things, and you see that with all these platforms, right, you will be able to put them anywhere you want, right?

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They will be acting like your interfaces or relays or whatever of them, right?

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So, like, access to any backbone network, backbone desktop, or, you know, your laptop, whatever you want, right?

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You don't need to carry anything, your sins, everything.

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And then you can also have these bio-nanoscale machines inside the body.

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That's another thing I will explain that to you.

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It can also monitor your health issues, right?

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Ins and also outside, but they are invisible because they are very small.

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And then you will over-interactively, you know, communicating.

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You will have nanophones here, visible, also nanophones in your ear.

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And then you can say, like, now you say, you know, find the restaurant, right?

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It finds, why do you need to hold that damn thing or it should be around you, right?

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Say, I need, for example, my mails or what is the latest file or what is the football result, right?

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So, all of these, like, voice-driven and more automatically.

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And then we are also writing, we have this paper, actually.

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This will be another big issue, in my opinion, with all my colleagues from Greece and Cyprus,

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internal metamaterials and their software enablers.

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So, that will appear in the two-journal.

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So, it takes, it took a lot of, many years to get to this.

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So, I will explain more of these things.

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So, now, when I was presenting these scale things, internal nanophones,

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many people said, oh, this is really science fiction, et cetera, really.

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I had many interesting events, actually, you know, memories.

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But, you know, in 2016, Scientific America, they just announced, remember,

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that they're endorsing Biden, right?

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So, that's the scientific, so they put this top 10 emerging technology as Internet of Things goes, right?

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So, remember, I started in 2006.

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And then, here is a lately report in May, at the end of May 2020.

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And they are talking about the marketing, the ground worldwide.

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All these companies that you see there are betting on nanoscale machines

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and their Internet of Nanothings, right?

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So, we were right.

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So, you can imagine, right?

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So, we had this design of nanoscale machine, right?

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Because there was nothing.

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And so, like all my physical, you can see that some of these components exist, though,

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that, you know, those times.

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So, now, because we wanted to create these machines and they should communicate with each other.

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So, for example, nanomemory, nanoprocessors, nanoenergy harvest, nanotransceivers, antennas,

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actuators, and sensing units, right?

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And then, they should be put into very, very confined, small platforms.

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So, then we start this research, as I told you, back in 2008.

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And, you know, I got a lot of funding from NSF, U.S. Army, UNH.

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But I also started a center in Finland under the FIDI program, Finnish Distinguished Professor program.

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I started, I got Alexander for the award in Germany.

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I started the center in Barcelona.

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So, nano, and 3CUT, nano networking center.

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And they're all existing, right?

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So, there will be, like, 60 people working on this subject, you know, by the way, you know, within my centers, right?

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So, what I tried to do is, first of all, we realized that these nanotransceivers and nano antennas were missing those.

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And then, we start to work on those from the, you know, designative.

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And then, we observed, because we used these graphene-based materials, I will talk about it.

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And then, we observed that graphene's patch on a dialect material worked the best in very high frequencies.

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That ended up in terahertz, right?

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And then, we realized that entire terahertz channel, like all these communication aspects, were virgin territory.

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So, we did all this research.

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And then, also, you know, these five-layer solutions, you know, new module techniques, synchronization, all of that.

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And then, also, all these protocols are missing.

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So, you know, as I told you, you know, the check marks meaning that we have the solution.

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And then, you know, still, in the meantime, of course, many other research centers and people start to work on these.

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Nowadays, there are many workshops and conferences, special issues, you know, that really took a wildfire, right?

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And then, also, initiatives in different countries and communities, like, for example, age 2020, when they announced it, the upper bound in the gigahertz, we were laughing, you know?

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And now, of course, you know, they said this was a mistake.

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Anyway, so let's continue this.

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So, now, let me talk to you about this nanotechnology that enables the control of the matter in the atomic and molecular scale.

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And at this scale, the material people observed some properties that they were not observed in the magnetic level.

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So, then they realized that they said, can we exploit these materials and their properties and according to new device and applications?

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So, that's the nanotechnology started.

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The actually, the starting point was back in 1959 with Richard.

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Richard Feynman, he never used the word nanotechnology, but he has this famous speech, there is a plenty of, you know, space at the bottom, meaning on the nanotechnology level.

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In 1965, he received the Nobel Prize and he was one of the finest scientists of the year.

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If you never heard of Richard Feynman, it's really a shame you should, instead of knowing Ibrahim Tuttis or some other people, right?

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So, enough, so, one atom, so what is the, here is another invention that is called graphene, atom thick planar sheet of bonded atom carbon atoms in a honey cup crystal lattice.

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You can see here, it's so thin, that's why they think, the people say it's like 2D crystal, everything is 3D, right?

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It's like less than 100 meter thick.

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It's like honey cup crystal lattice, right?

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And it's nanomaterials like these, graphenes can take different forms, graphene nanoribbons here, graphene carbon nanotubes, or fluorine or buckyball, you know, you can do any forms with these materials.

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And the inventors received Nobel Prize in physics, Gaiman Novoselov, in fact, September, end of September, there was this PMRC conference, or PMRC, or PMRC, I gave a keynote speech the end of September 2010, I mentioned the guys will receive Nobel Prize maybe in five to seven years, two weeks later, they announced that they received this Nobel Prize, it was really fantastic.

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I was very happy for them, of course, they were born in Petersburg, and two Jewish guys, and they moved to Manchester, and they're professors at the University of Manchester, and they are also the leading people in the graphene ship, like 1 billion euro investment from the European community, about graphene, since like at least five years they're working on it.

211
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And here's Andre Ferrari from the University of Cambridge, but they're playing a major, in fact, Putin gave them an award, but they didn't go back and they declined to receive the award.

212
00:21:43,780 --> 00:21:46,840
So because of this antisemitism and all that stuff, right.

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So graphene is first 2D crystal ever known, atom thick, world's thinnest and lightest material, the strongest material harder than diamond, 300 times stronger than steel, take any form bendable, they conduct electricity much better than the fiber and copper, transparent material, they have very good sensing capabilities that you can use, the sensors have fantastic sensing tasks.

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And moreover, although I'm talking about information technology, like all these processors, but these graphene be used for anything, right, in the future, you can have like aluminum or these plastics, similar way, we can create aerons, cars, refrigerators, even create these shirts for the crime, for the police force or military.

215
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So, you know, it's a very large application, of course, of course, why don't we do it now, it's the cost, like, you know, one by one meter wood quality costs like, you know, three, four, two, three, $4,000, right.

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So, you know, there is, I love the word mazimaji, material people, what the name, right, mazimaji.

217
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The material are trying to reduce the cost, right, the mazimaji that, football is there.

218
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Anyhow, so let's continue.

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So, like, there are these, remember I gave you this device, so there are already existing, these nanosensing units, and then chemical nanosensing units, or illogical nanosensing units.

220
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They can do all these sensing with the glucules or antigenes and antibodies, so it's already existing.

221
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Also, nanopower generators, like my colleague here, Ziel Wang, zinc oxide nanowires he has, as you see here, and they're, you know, from trembling, they can harvest energy.

222
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They're also nanowires, right.

223
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And then we also suggested, we got a patent, but then we didn't continue that.

224
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So, can we use also the graphene, like, as you see, it's sitting on a dark material, and then create this nanopower generator, you know, nanobattery,

225
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and so that we will have these battery and transceivers and antenna based on the grains.

226
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And then the nanoprocessor is already existing.

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For example, the Gaiman Novoselov, back in 2008, they showed the world's smallest transit, like one nanometer at the University of Manchester.

228
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And all these new laptops, like all of them, you know, already have 32, 22, 14, or 10 nanometer transistor technology existing, okay.

229
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So now, can you imagine with all these, we can go to operating frequency close to one terahertz, you know, compared to the few gigahertz now,

230
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like, you know, I have, I just bought S-top, it's like three gigahertz from Apple, right.

231
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So we are talking about like a jump in the future with these nanoprocessors, right.

232
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Nanomemory, as you see the name also, Richard Feynman.

233
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So the objective is, in nanomemory, store a single bit in a single atom.

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So when Richard Feynman gave an example, he used to give all these homeworks, mind him in YouTube, by the way,

235
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Feynman lectures, a very interesting fellow, you know, physics lectures.

236
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So anyhow, so he gave in these homeworks, like five by five atoms were used to store a single bit in order to enter atom interference.

237
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So that means 125 atoms hit.

238
00:25:40,060 --> 00:25:44,060
So now we are talking about single bit in a single atom, right.

239
00:25:44,060 --> 00:25:50,060
And there are these biologically inspired computing people, right, looking at the DNA.

240
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DNA uses 32 atoms per bit.

241
00:25:53,060 --> 00:25:56,060
Again, far away from single bit in a single atom.

242
00:25:56,060 --> 00:26:04,060
But thanks God and some other companies, they use these golden particles or gold nanomemories like here.

243
00:26:04,060 --> 00:26:07,060
And then, you know, they have tracks.

244
00:26:07,060 --> 00:26:10,060
And then they can store a single bit in a single atom.

245
00:26:10,060 --> 00:26:17,060
And then you can have terabytes information stored in this very small 10 nanometer scale memories.

246
00:26:17,060 --> 00:26:23,060
Like, you know, like, you know, there's none of these a primitive way of these nanomemories in these iPhone.

247
00:26:23,060 --> 00:26:34,060
So now, as I told you in our study, because all these components are already existing, not the antennas and transceivers.

248
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That's why I was interested in communication.

249
00:26:36,060 --> 00:26:41,060
So we developed these graphene-based plasmonic nanometers, you see here.

250
00:26:41,060 --> 00:26:46,060
So now the patch antenna is put on dial material.

251
00:26:46,060 --> 00:26:53,060
And graphene supports the propagation, efficient radio of this surface plasmoniparton waves.

252
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These at frequencies, in very high frequencies, you know, catch.

253
00:26:59,060 --> 00:27:04,060
Because when you go lower frequencies, the radiation is not that efficient.

254
00:27:04,060 --> 00:27:05,060
And then why?

255
00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:12,060
Because these global oscillations of electrical charges at the interface between these graphene-dielectric material.

256
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And then it's just gliding.

257
00:27:14,060 --> 00:27:15,060
Okay?

258
00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:23,060
So he applied for a patent, and then CIA put a log for this on this, because they didn't allow it.

259
00:27:23,060 --> 00:27:28,060
And then finally, they released in 2017, we got the patent.

260
00:27:28,060 --> 00:27:31,060
And then this worked afterwards, actually.

261
00:27:31,060 --> 00:27:40,060
We also, plasmonic nanotransition is based on the high electron mobility transistor, const HEMT.

262
00:27:40,060 --> 00:27:48,060
And we received the patent applied afterwards, after antenna, but we got it in 2016, one year before.

263
00:27:48,060 --> 00:27:51,060
So now, at the end, we had this complete end, right?

264
00:27:51,060 --> 00:27:57,060
The antennas, and also transceiver, and all the other components are existing already.

265
00:27:57,060 --> 00:28:03,060
And then, you know, we needed to put them here and create these nanoscale machines, right?

266
00:28:03,060 --> 00:28:15,060
So we observed that once we started to let communicate, because I explained you why with this graphist,

267
00:28:15,060 --> 00:28:21,060
and I, we observed that they worked the best in very high frequencies.

268
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And we had terahertz, man.

269
00:28:23,060 --> 00:28:31,060
So you see my former student that's at Northeastern, and he's in Shanghai Giatonghi.

270
00:28:31,060 --> 00:28:36,060
We did a lot of research the last 10 years, or 11 years, actually.

271
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So then we put these papers together, like pointing out the, you know, the researches and directions for terahertz bands.

272
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And so then we received this, you know, this, as I told you, these projects, and then we investigate the terahertz channel,

273
00:28:56,060 --> 00:29:03,060
and then all these other solutions that which I will present to you now, because that time brand new.

274
00:29:03,060 --> 00:29:09,060
So for terahertz channel, we developed the new path loss model and noise models,

275
00:29:09,060 --> 00:29:12,060
from 100 gigahertz to 10 terahertz bands.

276
00:29:12,060 --> 00:29:20,060
And now I, instead of, I don't show you the math, because the math is already in this, and transaction world has come.

277
00:29:20,060 --> 00:29:24,060
And so I just showed the lessons we learned.

278
00:29:24,060 --> 00:29:32,060
So when we have these nanoscale machines and working very high frequencies, this is the problem.

279
00:29:32,060 --> 00:29:41,060
Like here, when you go beyond one meter, the path loss is so bad, like all the red areas, you cannot need full communication.

280
00:29:41,060 --> 00:29:48,060
And so this is limited, but then the gain is huge, right?

281
00:29:48,060 --> 00:29:50,060
We are at terahertz level.

282
00:29:50,060 --> 00:29:54,060
Well, we also observed, I will tell you how you have this problem, right?

283
00:29:54,060 --> 00:30:04,060
We also observed there are some sub-sindos, as you see here, these yellow areas, and that the distances can be much longer than one meter.

284
00:30:04,060 --> 00:30:12,060
So see that we will try to use those, because if a system is distance limited, we use them, right?

285
00:30:12,060 --> 00:30:15,060
So why are they distance limited, right?

286
00:30:15,060 --> 00:30:17,060
So let me give you the reasons.

287
00:30:17,060 --> 00:30:28,060
Again, when you have some experience in the 60 gigahertz, like millimeter waves, the oxygen particles is the enemy for single propagation.

288
00:30:28,060 --> 00:30:35,060
When you go to higher frequencies, the water particles in the air come the enemy.

289
00:30:35,060 --> 00:30:41,060
So when these water particles affect the propagation, and that's why the distances are limited.

290
00:30:41,060 --> 00:30:47,060
So try to find other ways of combating this problem, right?

291
00:30:47,060 --> 00:30:50,060
So we said that, can you look at this multi-path?

292
00:30:50,060 --> 00:30:57,060
You can see also Ozan Bicani series, now a professor at Sabancı.

293
00:30:57,060 --> 00:31:07,060
And so we worked with Chan to look at these multi-path issues, because multi-path can help us, positive effect or negative effect.

294
00:31:07,060 --> 00:31:11,060
They help us for extending the distance.

295
00:31:11,060 --> 00:31:12,060
Yes, they did.

296
00:31:12,060 --> 00:31:22,060
Maybe not the full solution, but at least we could expand the distance looking at from the multi-path perspectives and using their integers.

297
00:31:22,060 --> 00:31:28,060
So then there was also another issue about how to use the classical modulation techniques.

298
00:31:28,060 --> 00:31:33,060
So we came up with this femtosecond long pulse spread in time.

299
00:31:33,060 --> 00:31:37,060
We call this tilt, time spread on and off key mechanism.

300
00:31:37,060 --> 00:31:42,060
So when we had one, we had a very short pulse length.

301
00:31:42,060 --> 00:31:45,060
That's why we took the second long pulse.

302
00:31:45,060 --> 00:31:47,060
And then we had a certain time interval.

303
00:31:47,060 --> 00:31:55,060
We also optimized T of S, how late, to transmit the next bit, for example.

304
00:31:55,060 --> 00:31:56,060
So OTS.

305
00:31:56,060 --> 00:32:00,060
And then when there was a zero, we had a silence.

306
00:32:00,060 --> 00:32:07,060
So that's kind of like a logical zero encoded as a zero.

307
00:32:07,060 --> 00:32:11,060
And then, of course, no energy is consumed in zero.

308
00:32:11,060 --> 00:32:17,060
But then we need a perfect situation between transmitter and zero, because if there is a silence,

309
00:32:17,060 --> 00:32:20,060
so that there is a thing, oh, it's a zero, right?

310
00:32:20,060 --> 00:32:30,060
So, and then this also helped us, multi-users, to avoid any interferences or collisions, because

311
00:32:30,060 --> 00:32:36,060
these femtosecond pulses are so short that you cannot multiple users, the problem that they

312
00:32:36,060 --> 00:32:42,060
will be overlapping will be minimum, and also based on our optimization of these intervals.

313
00:32:42,060 --> 00:32:47,060
Then, so, let's look to the entire world.

314
00:32:47,060 --> 00:32:49,060
We were not the only ones working.

315
00:32:49,060 --> 00:32:52,060
There are other people working, companies, and also some research groups.

316
00:32:52,060 --> 00:32:59,060
And that was at that time, in the past, a 2.15 per arts interest group.

317
00:32:59,060 --> 00:33:03,060
They were looking at 300 gigahertz in three terms.

318
00:33:03,060 --> 00:33:07,060
And actually, we contributed a lot those years.

319
00:33:07,060 --> 00:33:13,060
And then they wanted to move it to the IEEE standards group, but IEEE said, oh, this is

320
00:33:13,060 --> 00:33:14,060
too far out.

321
00:33:14,060 --> 00:33:20,060
And then they, like, 100 gigabit per second, that's the frequency band they're interested.

322
00:33:20,060 --> 00:33:24,060
So, now, there are many research challenges.

323
00:33:24,060 --> 00:33:30,060
Although working on this since many years, still a lot of issues that we are in computer

324
00:33:30,060 --> 00:33:35,060
science, like MAC protocols, routing, ruling, there are some floating around, but they are cheating

325
00:33:35,060 --> 00:33:36,060
in the system.

326
00:33:36,060 --> 00:33:41,060
Because they are just using classical routing, say, oh, this works for the nanoscale.

327
00:33:41,060 --> 00:33:42,060
That's not right.

328
00:33:42,060 --> 00:33:45,060
So, we have to come up with some realistic solutions.

329
00:33:45,060 --> 00:33:48,060
Sending with the transfers, like TCP, et cetera.

330
00:33:48,060 --> 00:33:51,060
Like, for the addressing is an issue.

331
00:33:51,060 --> 00:33:54,060
What should be used for the IP addressing, right?

332
00:33:54,060 --> 00:33:56,060
IP version 6, good luck.

333
00:33:56,060 --> 00:33:58,060
So, the address will be huge, right?

334
00:33:58,060 --> 00:34:04,060
So, how do we take care of, like, addressing an association of the network services cover as a

335
00:34:04,060 --> 00:34:06,060
part of the addressing, right?

336
00:34:06,060 --> 00:34:10,060
Security, authentication, data integrity, open problems.

337
00:34:10,060 --> 00:34:18,060
Now, my interest was the last 10 years also, in addition to those problems, about distance

338
00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:19,060
problems.

339
00:34:19,060 --> 00:34:22,060
How can I combat the distance problem?

340
00:34:22,060 --> 00:34:29,060
Moreover, each time I presented this work, a lot of operators said, what about lower frequencies,

341
00:34:29,060 --> 00:34:30,060
right?

342
00:34:30,060 --> 00:34:31,060
Because they want to make money.

343
00:34:31,060 --> 00:34:35,060
So, I also looked at lower frequencies.

344
00:34:35,060 --> 00:34:39,060
And, of course, the distance problem relates also to the non-line-of-sight problem.

345
00:34:39,060 --> 00:34:48,060
So, for the lower frequencies, we realized that if we check our materials from the graphene

346
00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:55,060
to like metal materials, for example, then we can go to lower frequencies, number one.

347
00:34:55,060 --> 00:35:04,060
Number two, after talking to the green flagship Ferrari from the University of Cambridge, he

348
00:35:04,060 --> 00:35:13,060
told me there are these new graphene features, like polymdenum disulfide, also hexagonal baron

349
00:35:13,060 --> 00:35:21,060
right material, and then also like this hierarchical nanomaterial stacks.

350
00:35:21,060 --> 00:35:28,060
And he says that they are fully developing these materials, and they believe that they

351
00:35:28,060 --> 00:35:34,060
will be able to operate in lower frequencies, in addition to the materials, right?

352
00:35:34,060 --> 00:35:37,060
So, now, about the combating distance problem.

353
00:35:37,060 --> 00:35:45,060
So, now, I wrote this paper with my student, and Shuai Ni, she is still here, but she will

354
00:35:45,060 --> 00:35:46,060
graduate soon.

355
00:35:46,060 --> 00:35:50,060
She will be a new assistant prof in the U.S.

356
00:35:50,060 --> 00:35:51,060
She wants to stay here.

357
00:35:51,060 --> 00:35:57,060
So, we tried to explain how do we combat distance problems raising terahertz band.

358
00:35:57,060 --> 00:36:00,060
So, remember I said that these are silos.

359
00:36:00,060 --> 00:36:05,060
So, we looked at those sub-windows and tried to, because they are longer.

360
00:36:05,060 --> 00:36:13,060
So, we said, can we look at those silos and create distance adaptive modulation, meaning

361
00:36:13,060 --> 00:36:16,060
item, and then use only those sub-windows, right?

362
00:36:16,060 --> 00:36:19,060
And it helped solve the problem, right?

363
00:36:19,060 --> 00:36:27,060
And then another issue was not with new concept of the massive MIMO, you know, MIMOs, but,

364
00:36:27,060 --> 00:36:29,060
you know, with newer ideas.

365
00:36:29,060 --> 00:36:31,060
We call this ultramassive MIMO.

366
00:36:31,060 --> 00:36:35,060
And then the intelligent walls concept, right?

367
00:36:35,060 --> 00:36:36,060
Reflectable in service.

368
00:36:36,060 --> 00:36:39,060
Now, you see how I ended up there, right?

369
00:36:39,060 --> 00:36:43,060
So, now, the alt, you know, I am just going to the ultramassive MIMO.

370
00:36:43,060 --> 00:36:47,060
As you see here, we got a patent for it, 2017.

371
00:36:47,060 --> 00:36:50,060
So, I talked to you about these ionic nano antennas.

372
00:36:50,060 --> 00:36:57,060
So, now, we are putting 1024 by 1024 antenna array elements in a very small area.

373
00:36:57,060 --> 00:37:00,060
And then, that's why we call it ultramassive MIMO.

374
00:37:00,060 --> 00:37:06,060
And again, graphese, and it's sitting on top of the dielectric material.

375
00:37:06,060 --> 00:37:08,060
And we did a lot of evaluations.

376
00:37:08,060 --> 00:37:18,060
And then, also, we came up with, you know, this dynamic way using these massima, ultramassive

377
00:37:18,060 --> 00:37:19,060
MIMOs.

378
00:37:19,060 --> 00:37:23,060
For example, these subsets can have different beam forms, right?

379
00:37:23,060 --> 00:37:26,060
And then, they can all work together.

380
00:37:26,060 --> 00:37:30,060
And they can create single-focused or razor-sharp beam.

381
00:37:30,060 --> 00:37:37,060
In fact, last week and also morning, after my Abu Dhabi meeting, we had an army meeting.

382
00:37:37,060 --> 00:37:42,060
And the new notion in the defense, it's unclassified work.

383
00:37:42,060 --> 00:37:46,060
It's called directional networking or directional communication.

384
00:37:46,060 --> 00:37:48,060
Please, don't say directional antennas.

385
00:37:48,060 --> 00:37:49,060
There's nothing to do with that.

386
00:37:49,060 --> 00:37:55,060
It's more like this type of beam formings but intelligent way and razor-sharp of those

387
00:37:55,060 --> 00:37:57,060
related problems, right?

388
00:37:57,060 --> 00:38:01,060
So, here are the bandmashing MIMOs, right?

389
00:38:01,060 --> 00:38:06,060
Here, you have multibands and bands, kind of like heterogeneous frequency bands.

390
00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:10,060
And you can use that in heterogeneous ways, right?

391
00:38:10,060 --> 00:38:12,060
And there are many challenges.

392
00:38:12,060 --> 00:38:17,060
I mean, again, Shuani, the girl is working in her PhD on all these things.

393
00:38:17,060 --> 00:38:22,060
Like, for example, how do we accurately estimate channel coefficient?

394
00:38:22,060 --> 00:38:24,060
Because there are so many antennas, right?

395
00:38:24,060 --> 00:38:26,060
The spatial core problems.

396
00:38:26,060 --> 00:38:30,060
And how do we estimate thousands of these parallel channels?

397
00:38:30,060 --> 00:38:36,060
And how do we operate these antenna arrays in these different modes as I showed you, right?

398
00:38:36,060 --> 00:38:40,060
And also, how do we control optimally even area elements?

399
00:38:40,060 --> 00:38:42,060
How do we design a code book?

400
00:38:42,060 --> 00:38:48,060
And then how do we these beamforming, beam steering, and then like directional communication?

401
00:38:48,060 --> 00:38:51,060
So, these are all question marks.

402
00:38:51,060 --> 00:38:56,060
So, I hope that I use terahertz and internet of none of things.

403
00:38:56,060 --> 00:39:03,060
And I would like to the intelligent communication environment because that will all help us to,

404
00:39:03,060 --> 00:39:12,060
you know, extend the disk plus, the initial idea about all these plots everywhere, these platforms,

405
00:39:12,060 --> 00:39:15,060
to realize these intercommunications, right?

406
00:39:15,060 --> 00:39:18,060
So, that will help all of that, right?

407
00:39:18,060 --> 00:39:21,060
So, now I, you see a bunch of Greek names here, right?

408
00:39:21,060 --> 00:39:27,060
So, actually, my name, this also, but it's, as you know, last name, right?

409
00:39:27,060 --> 00:39:28,060
Akildes.

410
00:39:28,060 --> 00:39:31,060
So, people think that with all these Greeks and Cyprus people.

411
00:39:31,060 --> 00:39:32,060
Yeah.

412
00:39:32,060 --> 00:39:35,060
So, I, please don't ask the reason.

413
00:39:35,060 --> 00:39:39,060
I know these people, especially Andreas, since maybe 30 years.

414
00:39:39,060 --> 00:39:42,060
Like, he's a brother from South Cyprus.

415
00:39:42,060 --> 00:39:49,060
So, we start to work on this 2015, when he came to my birthday party.

416
00:39:49,060 --> 00:39:52,060
That was my 18th birthday party.

417
00:39:52,060 --> 00:39:57,060
Anyhow, so, then also my keynotes and none of things.

418
00:39:57,060 --> 00:39:59,060
And then he presents some of the ideas.

419
00:39:59,060 --> 00:40:01,060
And then I said, it's junk.

420
00:40:01,060 --> 00:40:03,060
And then we work and work.

421
00:40:03,060 --> 00:40:15,060
And so, these other people are working in the CRITI, GRIT, 4th Research Center, FRTH.

422
00:40:15,060 --> 00:40:18,060
So, now we have a lot of papers and all that stuff.

423
00:40:18,060 --> 00:40:22,060
And we developed this Future to Take Effect project.

424
00:40:22,060 --> 00:40:24,060
I will come to that.

425
00:40:24,060 --> 00:40:25,060
So, we have patents.

426
00:40:25,060 --> 00:40:31,060
So, now, in the meantime, as I told you, the entire world is like going crazy on this.

427
00:40:31,060 --> 00:40:33,060
Even in Turkey, people are writing.

428
00:40:33,060 --> 00:40:36,060
And all these names are out there, you know.

429
00:40:36,060 --> 00:40:38,060
People call different names.

430
00:40:38,060 --> 00:40:44,060
Intelligent Communication Environment, Intelligent Communication Services, Reconfigurable Intelligent

431
00:40:44,060 --> 00:40:46,060
Services, all of that.

432
00:40:46,060 --> 00:40:48,060
So, it's like crazy, you know, really.

433
00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:50,060
Again, you know.

434
00:40:50,060 --> 00:40:56,060
So, anyway, I will mention my opinion about this type of.

435
00:40:56,060 --> 00:41:00,060
So, now, why do we need Intelligent Communication Environment?

436
00:41:00,060 --> 00:41:09,060
I give a reason for the distance and also my overall, you know, the view about this interactive communication.

437
00:41:09,060 --> 00:41:14,060
There are also many, many other, I mean, useful, right?

438
00:41:14,060 --> 00:41:20,060
So, first of all, all of you in the communication, thanks God we have these problems, right?

439
00:41:20,060 --> 00:41:27,060
So, that we can make money and the thesis and papers to bring the bread to our home.

440
00:41:27,060 --> 00:41:34,060
Because all these electromagnetic waves or all the communication domain has these problems, right?

441
00:41:34,060 --> 00:41:39,060
Shallowing, reflection, refractory, absorption, path losses.

442
00:41:39,060 --> 00:41:40,060
Thanks God, right?

443
00:41:40,060 --> 00:41:41,060
Into problems.

444
00:41:41,060 --> 00:41:47,060
And then people, since decades, we try three gates, solve them, this and that.

445
00:41:47,060 --> 00:41:49,060
But we cannot solve that, right?

446
00:41:49,060 --> 00:41:51,060
That keeps trying to solve them, right?

447
00:41:51,060 --> 00:41:57,060
So, and also distance problem as I do, coverage problem, energy issues, etc., security.

448
00:41:57,060 --> 00:42:05,060
So, now all these people in the world are working on aspects like, you know, solving, attacking

449
00:42:05,060 --> 00:42:06,060
these problems, right?

450
00:42:06,060 --> 00:42:12,060
Adaptive antenna source, MIMOs, massive MIMOs, distributed MIMOs, beamings, right?

451
00:42:12,060 --> 00:42:15,060
All of that, you know, people keep writing, right?

452
00:42:15,060 --> 00:42:20,060
And getting, you know, solutions and, you know, operators are using them.

453
00:42:20,060 --> 00:42:22,060
The Mac and routing protocols.

454
00:42:22,060 --> 00:42:27,060
And they are successful, but they do not solve the entire problem, right?

455
00:42:27,060 --> 00:42:29,060
And it's like, kind of, why, right?

456
00:42:29,060 --> 00:42:32,060
It doesn't get rid of those problems.

457
00:42:32,060 --> 00:42:34,060
Thanks God, we should continue, right?

458
00:42:34,060 --> 00:42:39,060
So, plus all these random channel behavior score the performance, right?

459
00:42:39,060 --> 00:42:42,060
So, now I also mentioned to you about distance.

460
00:42:42,060 --> 00:42:45,060
Now, that's another issue, right?

461
00:42:45,060 --> 00:42:53,060
Now, so, when we started to address this distance problem, I told you about, you know, like,

462
00:42:53,060 --> 00:42:59,060
this is adaptive modulation, then ultra MIMOs, but also we looked at these mirror concepts

463
00:42:59,060 --> 00:43:00,060
those years, 2011-12.

464
00:43:00,060 --> 00:43:06,060
And then there's this reflect arrays, decades that are existing, right?

465
00:43:06,060 --> 00:43:12,060
And these reflect arrays, all they do is they'll hit this surface and they will be reflected.

466
00:43:12,060 --> 00:43:14,060
There is no processing, nothing.

467
00:43:14,060 --> 00:43:16,060
Just reflected like a mirror, right?

468
00:43:16,060 --> 00:43:17,060
And then there is this rig here, right?

469
00:43:17,060 --> 00:43:26,060
So, you can have these relays and then you have these, you know, store and forward process

470
00:43:26,060 --> 00:43:29,060
and, you know, and then hop.

471
00:43:29,060 --> 00:43:36,060
But the problem is, remember I gave you this, now you see why I gave all these reasons.

472
00:43:36,060 --> 00:43:39,060
We are talking about end-to-end latency should be minimum as possible.

473
00:43:39,060 --> 00:43:44,060
As soon as you put these relays, each relay will introduce latencies, right?

474
00:43:44,060 --> 00:43:52,060
So, that's not the best way of continuing the relays, because they will introduce longer delays.

475
00:43:52,060 --> 00:43:59,060
The more the backhaul infrastructure are costly, plus they are not flexible.

476
00:43:59,060 --> 00:44:05,060
And so, the people try to come up with these intelligent communication environments.

477
00:44:05,060 --> 00:44:08,060
As I told you, again, I will be very quick.

478
00:44:08,060 --> 00:44:13,060
You know, there are, you know, I gave keynotes along this topic, so I could cover a lot.

479
00:44:13,060 --> 00:44:16,060
So, now you can see here these patches, okay?

480
00:44:16,060 --> 00:44:19,060
And then there are these switches, like here.

481
00:44:19,060 --> 00:44:23,060
They could be pin diodes or varactors or MEM switches.

482
00:44:23,060 --> 00:44:26,060
And in our design, it's called nanocontrollers.

483
00:44:26,060 --> 00:44:29,060
They can be either one or two values, right?

484
00:44:29,060 --> 00:44:36,060
And then there are these microcontrollers or APGA design, little computers.

485
00:44:36,060 --> 00:44:41,060
And then there are these coding sequence, like codebook in the MIMOS, right?

486
00:44:41,060 --> 00:44:44,060
Different states of these patches can take.

487
00:44:44,060 --> 00:44:46,060
So, that would be an occasion.

488
00:44:46,060 --> 00:44:53,060
So, now some people use wired between this and here, or some people are using wireless.

489
00:44:53,060 --> 00:44:57,060
And some have different sizes for these, right?

490
00:44:57,060 --> 00:45:00,060
There is no more standardized sizes.

491
00:45:00,060 --> 00:45:09,060
What these platforms can do is they can, you know, convert the passive in wireless environments,

492
00:45:09,060 --> 00:45:13,060
right, to intelligent community environments.

493
00:45:13,060 --> 00:45:17,060
That means they can do all these functions, right?

494
00:45:17,060 --> 00:45:22,060
They can do control reflections of the signals when they hit on the side, as you can see.

495
00:45:22,060 --> 00:45:32,060
They can reflect, or they're infecting, polarized reflections, colomites, speculations, splitting, focus, absorption.

496
00:45:32,060 --> 00:45:33,060
Why?

497
00:45:33,060 --> 00:45:43,060
Because these also metamaterials, we will also show that, using those materials, futures can realize these.

498
00:45:43,060 --> 00:45:46,060
So, that is a fantastic idea, actually.

499
00:45:46,060 --> 00:45:47,060
And why?

500
00:45:47,060 --> 00:45:54,060
You know, people are discussing about how we can use, you know, indoor and outdoors.

501
00:45:54,060 --> 00:46:03,060
Like here in gyms, indoors, and also outdoors for, you know, vehicle networking, or in the malls.

502
00:46:03,060 --> 00:46:08,060
I mean, the use cases are really very large, right?

503
00:46:08,060 --> 00:46:18,060
And then here is another use cases that you can use them for physical layer security, because you can do intel informings.

504
00:46:18,060 --> 00:46:28,060
You can avoid unauthorized users or droppers, because you can have all these beamforming through these platforms, right?

505
00:46:28,060 --> 00:46:31,060
And so, and also you can do even power transfer.

506
00:46:31,060 --> 00:46:40,060
You can use for particulars to satisfy their strict quality of service requirements that are active, right?

507
00:46:40,060 --> 00:46:43,060
So, then there are additional benefits.

508
00:46:43,060 --> 00:46:47,060
You can optimize beamforming and spatial diversity.

509
00:46:47,060 --> 00:46:54,060
You can do a much more sophisticated way of resource allocations, especially with these slicing,

510
00:46:54,060 --> 00:47:05,060
network function, functional visualizations, like in spatial, spectral, and temporal criteria to do resource allocations.

511
00:47:05,060 --> 00:47:08,060
You can track mobile users, et cetera, et cetera.

512
00:47:08,060 --> 00:47:10,060
I should maximize data rates.

513
00:47:10,060 --> 00:47:14,060
As I told you, the world is going crazy with these topics.

514
00:47:14,060 --> 00:47:23,060
And majority of the people, you will see that, again, with the papers, I don't know, like thousands of papers,

515
00:47:23,060 --> 00:47:31,060
but most of the signal processing and communication people don't appreciate, actually.

516
00:47:31,060 --> 00:47:36,060
They do not understand the surface internal functionalities, really.

517
00:47:36,060 --> 00:47:38,060
Okay, this is this box.

518
00:47:38,060 --> 00:47:45,060
I go in here, it comes out, you know, from signal processing information flow, et cetera, you know.

519
00:47:45,060 --> 00:47:46,060
Come on, guys.

520
00:47:46,060 --> 00:47:48,060
So, that's really not the way to do it.

521
00:47:48,060 --> 00:47:54,060
But some of these guys real good teams because this needs a large team.

522
00:47:54,060 --> 00:47:58,060
You cannot do one or two or three people and saying, I'm doing this.

523
00:47:58,060 --> 00:48:00,060
Maybe you can do part of it.

524
00:48:00,060 --> 00:48:04,060
And now you can see all of these, pull out some of them.

525
00:48:04,060 --> 00:48:07,060
And I cannot go through them, all of that.

526
00:48:07,060 --> 00:48:09,060
Each has different functionalities.

527
00:48:09,060 --> 00:48:18,060
And then each of them have different bands and purpose and dimensions, the size of these surfaces.

528
00:48:18,060 --> 00:48:24,060
There is no optimum size or standardized size, as I told you.

529
00:48:24,060 --> 00:48:36,060
And like our project is called Wiser Surf, is to my knowledge, maybe the most, the largest group that we worked on the three and a half years.

530
00:48:36,060 --> 00:48:38,060
And here is the project.

531
00:48:38,060 --> 00:48:43,060
It took us three times because it was 3% acceptance rate.

532
00:48:43,060 --> 00:48:46,060
And so, it's called Wiser Surf.

533
00:48:46,060 --> 00:48:48,060
The surf is leading.

534
00:48:48,060 --> 00:49:00,060
And University of Cyprus, center in Catalonia, Sigma Generics, Alta University, and Fraunhofer Institute.

535
00:49:00,060 --> 00:49:02,060
So, we had this consortium.

536
00:49:02,060 --> 00:49:05,060
It was like 6 million or 7 million euro.

537
00:49:05,060 --> 00:49:08,060
Here, 6 million euro, but we had also additions.

538
00:49:08,060 --> 00:49:13,060
So, again, this was like huge team.

539
00:49:13,060 --> 00:49:27,060
The device, hardware people, physics people, biology, chemistry, computer science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, the fabrication people in Fraunhofer, name them.

540
00:49:27,060 --> 00:49:28,060
So, they're all here.

541
00:49:28,060 --> 00:49:33,060
So, this was the meeting last year in Crete.

542
00:49:33,060 --> 00:49:40,060
Actually, some of the toilets in the time.

543
00:49:40,060 --> 00:49:44,060
So, you can see there are all these bunch of young people.

544
00:49:44,060 --> 00:49:45,060
I'm here.

545
00:49:45,060 --> 00:49:53,060
So, this guy was from European Community, our manager, you know, listening to us.

546
00:49:53,060 --> 00:49:56,060
And, you know, fantastic team, really.

547
00:49:56,060 --> 00:50:04,060
And so, all this research, like design, build, and trade, and then work packages.

548
00:50:04,060 --> 00:50:08,060
Like, you know, European always have these different work packages.

549
00:50:08,060 --> 00:50:23,060
Fundamentals, understanding, the EM case, the antenna case, the programming bases, hardware design, assembly evaluation, also prototyping, fabrication, and also like theory studies, right?

550
00:50:23,060 --> 00:50:27,060
So, now, it's going fast.

551
00:50:27,060 --> 00:50:29,060
So, what are the novelties here?

552
00:50:29,060 --> 00:50:37,060
So, there is this material that has these influencing functionalities.

553
00:50:37,060 --> 00:50:47,060
That's why we use metamaterial means beyond, which is a material engineered to have a thing that is not found in the nature.

554
00:50:47,060 --> 00:51:01,060
So, you can manipulate from magnetic waves, like block, absorb, enhance, and waves, in order to achieve benefits, which go beyond as possible with classical materials.

555
00:51:01,060 --> 00:51:11,060
And there, by shape, geometry, size, orientation, and arrangements, use them intrinsic intelligent properties.

556
00:51:11,060 --> 00:51:18,060
And that, you see, this is a cloud, you know, hardware, a picture, actually, that is fabricated.

557
00:51:18,060 --> 00:51:20,060
I will show you this again to you.

558
00:51:20,060 --> 00:51:36,060
So, now, we can see here that the schematics of this cell, what they can do is that they can do essentially reengineer the electromagnetic waves and automatically do all of these,

559
00:51:36,060 --> 00:51:38,060
steering, absorberizing, etc., right?

560
00:51:38,060 --> 00:51:45,060
So, that's the thing that we are using for the metamaterial-based surfaces, right?

561
00:51:45,060 --> 00:51:49,060
And here is the pattern that we are talking about.

562
00:51:49,060 --> 00:51:56,060
Again, I can explain in many details here because I want to finish, you know, more stuff to present.

563
00:51:56,060 --> 00:52:02,060
So, now, you can see here, we call them tiles and these meta-atoms.

564
00:52:02,060 --> 00:52:09,060
And they're on the fifth metasurface layer where we also have programmable surfaces.

565
00:52:09,060 --> 00:52:14,060
So, then we are looking like programmable metamaterials.

566
00:52:14,060 --> 00:52:19,060
And then we call them hypersurface because we can then program them, right?

567
00:52:19,060 --> 00:52:25,060
And then that's the one that we did before, like FPGA or microcontroller.

568
00:52:25,060 --> 00:52:29,060
That's the device that can go back and forth between them.

569
00:52:29,060 --> 00:52:34,060
And then we have also these nanocontrollers, right?

570
00:52:34,060 --> 00:52:42,060
Here, like, you know, and we can achieve the operation of these surfaces.

571
00:52:42,060 --> 00:52:47,060
So, now, this is the one meter by one meter by the front of a tube.

572
00:52:47,060 --> 00:52:50,060
So, they told us that it was one of our meetings.

573
00:52:50,060 --> 00:52:52,060
It cost 400 euro.

574
00:52:52,060 --> 00:52:54,060
These are the classical materials, right?

575
00:52:54,060 --> 00:52:59,060
We also, in the meantime, and then also we have both lower frequency bands.

576
00:52:59,060 --> 00:53:03,060
So, we use graphene for the very high frequency bands, right?

577
00:53:03,060 --> 00:53:07,060
So, there are, but these hardwares are so sensitive.

578
00:53:07,060 --> 00:53:11,060
So, we had some illustrations in some conferences.

579
00:53:11,060 --> 00:53:16,060
You could not fly them because they're not working properly.

580
00:53:16,060 --> 00:53:19,060
After, you know, you fly because they're very sensitive.

581
00:53:19,060 --> 00:53:22,060
But, anyhow, so we are making them robots.

582
00:53:22,060 --> 00:53:25,060
So, now, there are many open research issues, right?

583
00:53:25,060 --> 00:53:30,060
So, like resource allocation algorithms, scheduling algorithms.

584
00:53:30,060 --> 00:53:35,060
Then, also, we need to design them for futuristic areas.

585
00:53:35,060 --> 00:53:41,060
Like, if you have a very large number of devices, how can we incorporate to, like, 5G and 6G, et cetera?

586
00:53:41,060 --> 00:53:43,060
I will come back to it.

587
00:53:43,060 --> 00:53:50,060
So, then, specific, more research topics, like, you know, fault tolerance.

588
00:53:50,060 --> 00:53:59,060
For example, if some of these patches do not work, can we forget the, you know, tile or this surface?

589
00:53:59,060 --> 00:54:01,060
Or, can we still operate them, right?

590
00:54:01,060 --> 00:54:03,060
Here, multiple surfaces.

591
00:54:03,060 --> 00:54:05,060
Where should you put these, right?

592
00:54:05,060 --> 00:54:06,060
How could you control them?

593
00:54:06,060 --> 00:54:09,060
So, like, you have a building, or you have a highway.

594
00:54:09,060 --> 00:54:12,060
How do these things we need, right?

595
00:54:12,060 --> 00:54:16,060
Again, the signal processing people just keep papers or networking.

596
00:54:16,060 --> 00:54:19,060
Here, one box, I go out.

597
00:54:19,060 --> 00:54:20,060
Come on.

598
00:54:20,060 --> 00:54:22,060
So, now, here is multi-hop, right?

599
00:54:22,060 --> 00:54:24,060
So, you can do multi-hopping.

600
00:54:24,060 --> 00:54:26,060
And that's not easy, right?

601
00:54:26,060 --> 00:54:31,060
So, also, if you have multi-users, and how will you take care of it?

602
00:54:31,060 --> 00:54:34,060
And use your multi-antennas, right?

603
00:54:34,060 --> 00:54:37,060
So, now, it's more real and more complicated.

604
00:54:37,060 --> 00:54:38,060
But it's too complicated.

605
00:54:38,060 --> 00:54:40,060
Don't go there now, right?

606
00:54:40,060 --> 00:54:41,060
So, open issues.

607
00:54:41,060 --> 00:54:46,060
So, now, here are the bridge the gap between real-world deployments.

608
00:54:46,060 --> 00:54:47,060
Now, it's time.

609
00:54:47,060 --> 00:54:48,060
People wake up.

610
00:54:48,060 --> 00:54:49,060
Oh, that's interesting.

611
00:54:49,060 --> 00:54:51,060
Let me write more papers.

612
00:54:51,060 --> 00:54:55,060
But now, let's start to look at real-world deployments.

613
00:54:55,060 --> 00:55:05,060
Like, at least show that, look, we can do better Wi-Fi applications at indoors using these services, right?

614
00:55:05,060 --> 00:55:06,060
Right?

615
00:55:06,060 --> 00:55:14,060
So, anyhow, and also, can we use AI and more smart tools to make them much more sophisticated, right?

616
00:55:14,060 --> 00:55:19,060
And, moreover, I thought, embed them in the ITRAP 11.

617
00:55:19,060 --> 00:55:26,060
Also, in the future, like, how should we do 5G embedding, 6G, et cetera, right?

618
00:55:26,060 --> 00:55:27,060
IOTS.

619
00:55:27,060 --> 00:55:30,060
And then, power issues, right?

620
00:55:30,060 --> 00:55:33,060
Frequencies and bandwidth and all this, right?

621
00:55:33,060 --> 00:55:35,060
They're all open questions.

622
00:55:35,060 --> 00:55:37,060
And, of course, standardization, right?

623
00:55:37,060 --> 00:55:43,060
So, after all of these things, I want to also share this DARPA news.

624
00:55:43,060 --> 00:55:46,060
It was, like, six years ago and still active.

625
00:55:46,060 --> 00:55:50,060
They said there are four DARPA projects bigger than the Internet.

626
00:55:50,060 --> 00:55:58,060
So, one of them is atomic GPS clocks, you know, atomic clocks for the GPS.

627
00:55:58,060 --> 00:56:02,060
And another one is wireless shield for Internet of Things.

628
00:56:02,060 --> 00:56:05,060
And third, another is rapid threat assessment.

629
00:56:05,060 --> 00:56:07,060
And you can see here, right?

630
00:56:07,060 --> 00:56:14,060
We said back in 2005, terrorists, frequency, electronics, device, metamaterials, and communication.

631
00:56:14,060 --> 00:56:16,060
So, we were at the right track, right?

632
00:56:16,060 --> 00:56:20,060
So, now, a lot of people are working on those, okay?

633
00:56:20,060 --> 00:56:25,060
And now, let's have another one called Internet of BioNanoThings, right?

634
00:56:25,060 --> 00:56:31,060
So, here is this work that I did with my former scientist, Massimiliano.

635
00:56:31,060 --> 00:56:34,060
He's now a professor in Nebraska.

636
00:56:34,060 --> 00:56:40,060
And I created this center in Finland, as I told you, for professors there.

637
00:56:40,060 --> 00:56:47,060
And we wrote this paper, named this Internet of BioNanoThing.

638
00:56:47,060 --> 00:56:49,060
But the idea started many years ago, right?

639
00:56:49,060 --> 00:56:55,060
So, you can see inside the body, we have all these neurons, hormones, calcium signals,

640
00:56:55,060 --> 00:56:56,060
bacterias.

641
00:56:56,060 --> 00:56:59,060
They really communicate with each other, right?

642
00:56:59,060 --> 00:57:06,060
So, now, the question is, can we create artificially designed bacteria, artificial designed neurons,

643
00:57:06,060 --> 00:57:07,060
right?

644
00:57:07,060 --> 00:57:14,060
So, like these little devices, nanoscale, or molecular motors, and then inject inside the

645
00:57:14,060 --> 00:57:15,060
body.

646
00:57:15,060 --> 00:57:22,060
And then, they can work as additional, you know, calcium signals and hormones and molecular

647
00:57:22,060 --> 00:57:23,060
motors.

648
00:57:23,060 --> 00:57:27,060
And they can observe, monitor, because they can be programmed.

649
00:57:27,060 --> 00:57:32,060
For human health, if there are problems, they can try to attack them themselves.

650
00:57:32,060 --> 00:57:37,060
Or they can use these surfaces, like two-type nano devices.

651
00:57:37,060 --> 00:57:42,060
You can put them, they're invisible, outside of your body, one or multiple.

652
00:57:42,060 --> 00:57:46,060
They can use your cell phone, near-field communication.

653
00:57:46,060 --> 00:57:49,060
They can send through the Internet to your physician.

654
00:57:49,060 --> 00:57:51,060
Physician can reprogram them, right?

655
00:57:51,060 --> 00:57:54,060
So, that's the basic idea of nanothings.

656
00:57:54,060 --> 00:58:01,060
And I thought, this is, you know, new, you know, this guy, Paul Ehrlich, he was from

657
00:58:01,060 --> 00:58:02,060
Wien.

658
00:58:02,060 --> 00:58:05,060
He had this idea about magic bullets.

659
00:58:05,060 --> 00:58:07,060
It's called Mark Vogel in Germany.

660
00:58:07,060 --> 00:58:13,060
So, he had this idea, like 100 years ago, he received a Nobel Prize in medicine.

661
00:58:13,060 --> 00:58:20,060
So, you are already, these magic bullets are talking about these engineered, the one-scale

662
00:58:20,060 --> 00:58:21,060
machines, right?

663
00:58:21,060 --> 00:58:28,060
So, now you can see that people have also effects on each other, like bacteria has effects on

664
00:58:28,060 --> 00:58:31,060
waters or hormones or vice versa.

665
00:58:31,060 --> 00:58:35,060
They need to be somehow captured inside the body, right?

666
00:58:35,060 --> 00:58:37,060
So, we need to analyze them.

667
00:58:37,060 --> 00:58:45,060
And then, also, we have to have this big picture cyber-physical system, which we call

668
00:58:45,060 --> 00:58:46,060
PARA.

669
00:58:46,060 --> 00:58:48,060
So, that means remedy for everything.

670
00:58:48,060 --> 00:58:53,060
So, the interesting case, like three o'clock in the morning, I got this idea.

671
00:58:53,060 --> 00:58:54,060
Istiare.

672
00:58:54,060 --> 00:58:55,060
No, no.

673
00:58:55,060 --> 00:58:56,060
It's not Istiare.

674
00:58:56,060 --> 00:59:01,060
So, panacea, and then also RIMR meaning explorer.

675
00:59:01,060 --> 00:59:02,060
Explorer.

676
00:59:02,060 --> 00:59:09,060
So, explorer, these are these devices that I'm talking to you about, genetically engineered

677
00:59:09,060 --> 00:59:10,060
devices.

678
00:59:10,060 --> 00:59:14,060
And Fatir, Professor at Georgia Tech.

679
00:59:14,060 --> 00:59:18,060
Fatir, that's wrong.

680
00:59:18,060 --> 00:59:19,060
Anyhow.

681
00:59:19,060 --> 00:59:26,060
Then Tavide, and all these UKM, all these guys on this hardware design.

682
00:59:26,060 --> 00:59:33,060
And then, also, looking, you know, like getting the information out to the cyber system, right?

683
00:59:33,060 --> 00:59:34,060
Cyberase.

684
00:59:34,060 --> 00:59:40,060
And then, you know, the application will be early detection, mitigation of infectious

685
00:59:40,060 --> 00:59:41,060
diseases.

686
00:59:41,060 --> 00:59:50,060
Now, here, because this started in 2016, and we got, you know, our focus was mostly on the

687
00:59:50,060 --> 00:59:51,060
disease.

688
00:59:51,060 --> 00:59:59,060
And then, last October, I applied for Aegean Science and Technology Project for the Medical

689
00:59:59,060 --> 01:00:02,060
Rijks University Hospital.

690
01:00:02,060 --> 01:00:06,060
And we got, for like 1.5 million Euro.

691
01:00:06,060 --> 01:00:08,060
And it was announced.

692
01:00:08,060 --> 01:00:12,060
And now everybody's jumping on COVID, et cetera, you know?

693
01:00:12,060 --> 01:00:16,060
Well, here, detection and mitigation of infectious diseases, right?

694
01:00:16,060 --> 01:00:21,060
So, but I have to, our case was for bacteria, but then we are some, you know, how we can

695
01:00:21,060 --> 01:00:23,060
use it for the viruses, right?

696
01:00:23,060 --> 01:00:30,060
So, now the last part, we're on the cues.

697
01:00:30,060 --> 01:00:34,060
So, I have like three or four more minutes to use that.

698
01:00:34,060 --> 01:00:39,060
It's another subject that I strongly believe that these IoT space, right?

699
01:00:39,060 --> 01:00:44,060
So, we are talking about in 5G, like 50 billion machines, right?

700
01:00:44,060 --> 01:00:49,060
So, like trillions of machine-to-machine communications.

701
01:00:49,060 --> 01:00:54,060
So, now I also believe that space segment will be also playing a major role.

702
01:00:54,060 --> 01:01:02,060
So, now, here are the, some papers that, Derike, why I started this work was I did a

703
01:01:02,060 --> 01:01:08,060
lot of research for NASA in year 1996 until 2005.

704
01:01:08,060 --> 01:01:13,060
A lot of EOS and, you know, MEOs and GEOs and deep space internet.

705
01:01:13,060 --> 01:01:18,060
And, like, you know, one of my former students, Aydam, had a lot of work on the higher state

706
01:01:18,060 --> 01:01:20,060
now, senior prof.

707
01:01:20,060 --> 01:01:24,060
And then, you know, a lot of work and I went out 2005.

708
01:01:24,060 --> 01:01:28,060
In 2017, I went to University of New Mexico.

709
01:01:28,060 --> 01:01:32,060
There is an Air Force lab, research lab.

710
01:01:32,060 --> 01:01:34,060
And then, they told me about these CubeSat.

711
01:01:34,060 --> 01:01:35,060
I was interested.

712
01:01:35,060 --> 01:01:37,060
And I started to work on it.

713
01:01:37,060 --> 01:01:43,060
And as you can see here, it took us one year to get some vision on that.

714
01:01:43,060 --> 01:01:48,060
And I've got a patent, like, it will be issued very soon.

715
01:01:48,060 --> 01:01:53,060
So, what are the disadvantages of those conventional lights?

716
01:01:53,060 --> 01:01:54,060
It takes very long.

717
01:01:54,060 --> 01:01:57,060
The development and deployment cycle is almost 70.

718
01:01:57,060 --> 01:02:00,060
It has high construction launching costs.

719
01:02:00,060 --> 01:02:06,060
For example, Hitomi telescope failure had $300 million lost.

720
01:02:06,060 --> 01:02:07,060
10 years of research.

721
01:02:07,060 --> 01:02:10,060
I don't want to go to the Iridium, for example.

722
01:02:10,060 --> 01:02:13,060
Almost killed the, I mean, it really killed the Motorola, right?

723
01:02:13,060 --> 01:02:14,060
Iridium.

724
01:02:14,060 --> 01:02:15,060
What is a CubeSat?

725
01:02:15,060 --> 01:02:20,060
Actually, all this high technology is like done 10 schools in the universe, right?

726
01:02:20,060 --> 01:02:22,060
In the US.

727
01:02:22,060 --> 01:02:27,060
But now, like, California is, you know, California Polytechnic Institute.

728
01:02:27,060 --> 01:02:28,060
No, I'm sorry.

729
01:02:28,060 --> 01:02:30,060
California State University, Cali Poly.

730
01:02:30,060 --> 01:02:32,060
It's a teaching institute.

731
01:02:32,060 --> 01:02:33,060
That was high.

732
01:02:33,060 --> 01:02:35,060
In 1999, it has this CubeSat idea.

733
01:02:35,060 --> 01:02:39,060
I'm really, you know, expecting him that he had this idea.

734
01:02:39,060 --> 01:02:40,060
Right?

735
01:02:40,060 --> 01:02:41,060
So, these are very small.

736
01:02:41,060 --> 01:02:46,060
Like, they have the unit, one unit, meaning 10 by 10 by 10 centimeters, like a mock size.

737
01:02:46,060 --> 01:02:50,060
If you have three U, 30 by 30 centimeters, right?

738
01:02:50,060 --> 01:02:54,060
So, it's very, you know, it's easy to divide, you know, hard.

739
01:02:54,060 --> 01:02:59,060
In fact, I was serving on the European Community Sea Grants.

740
01:02:59,060 --> 01:03:02,060
There were some couple of young guys in America.

741
01:03:02,060 --> 01:03:04,060
They applied for this.

742
01:03:04,060 --> 01:03:07,060
So, some people are doing research on CubeSat.

743
01:03:07,060 --> 01:03:08,060
Okay.

744
01:03:08,060 --> 01:03:11,060
I cannot, I don't remember even their names, right?

745
01:03:11,060 --> 01:03:15,060
So, there are interesting ideas about CubeSats, right?

746
01:03:15,060 --> 01:03:16,060
Advantages.

747
01:03:16,060 --> 01:03:19,060
Now, what are, so all these things are existing, right?

748
01:03:19,060 --> 01:03:26,060
Like these internal organs, but I wanted to come from a different angle.

749
01:03:26,060 --> 01:03:29,060
So, now, my angle will be in the communication, right?

750
01:03:29,060 --> 01:03:33,060
So, now, that's the, you know, how I entered it.

751
01:03:33,060 --> 01:03:39,060
Also, there are all these existing companies, like Tintin is the, you know, the Elon Musk,

752
01:03:39,060 --> 01:03:46,060
Rin Tin Tin, I mean, Tintin Specs, and they have, you know, already some deployment, and

753
01:03:46,060 --> 01:03:52,060
some other, you know, you know, Australia, Switzerland, US, they are already in place.

754
01:03:52,060 --> 01:03:59,060
But, what they have is all limited, and then also limited frequency bands, I can see.

755
01:03:59,060 --> 01:04:03,060
And also, the data rates are low.

756
01:04:03,060 --> 01:04:07,060
And then mostly, they cover certain areas, and then no coverage, right?

757
01:04:07,060 --> 01:04:09,060
They move, and they come back.

758
01:04:09,060 --> 01:04:12,060
So, I want to have a generic solution, right?

759
01:04:12,060 --> 01:04:13,060
That's why.

760
01:04:13,060 --> 01:04:17,060
So, like all this space segment, but also, I had some ideas.

761
01:04:17,060 --> 01:04:22,060
So, one of the ideas is, so, I want to show you the details.

762
01:04:22,060 --> 01:04:29,060
So, now, I realize that terahertz, because there are no atmospheric effects in the space,

763
01:04:29,060 --> 01:04:30,060
there will be no problem.

764
01:04:30,060 --> 01:04:34,060
So, I can operate these CubeSats in terahertz, right?

765
01:04:34,060 --> 01:04:35,060
That's another novelty.

766
01:04:35,060 --> 01:04:38,060
And the third novelty is, like, five distances, and very high bandwidth between these CubeSats,

767
01:04:38,060 --> 01:04:39,060
number one, right?

768
01:04:39,060 --> 01:04:46,060
And then, number two, going up and down, I wanted to use these reconfigurable front-end idea.

769
01:04:46,060 --> 01:04:49,060
You see, that's one of the challenges, right?

770
01:04:49,060 --> 01:04:55,060
That will be, like, this front-end directly, any lower frequencies to up to terahertz, right?

771
01:04:55,060 --> 01:04:57,060
Because, you know, there are atmospheric effects.

772
01:04:57,060 --> 01:05:00,060
How can I just operate them in terahertz, right?

773
01:05:00,060 --> 01:05:01,060
That's another novelty.

774
01:05:01,060 --> 01:05:06,060
And the third novelty is, like, 5G, actually, everything is softwareized.

775
01:05:06,060 --> 01:05:08,060
There will be no software on these.

776
01:05:08,060 --> 01:05:11,060
All the software will be in these controllers.

777
01:05:11,060 --> 01:05:15,060
STN and FV is done in the ground segment, right?

778
01:05:15,060 --> 01:05:24,060
So, that's the, those are the, now that I had, like you can see here, the design as well as the standard networking case.

779
01:05:24,060 --> 01:05:28,060
Our design is 3U and 5 kilo maximum.

780
01:05:28,060 --> 01:05:33,060
And then we can use multi-frequency transfers and multi-frequency antennas seamlessly.

781
01:05:33,060 --> 01:05:38,060
And all of that sort of the antennas, they can flip over, right, open up and all that.

782
01:05:38,060 --> 01:05:44,060
And you can see all of these frequency bands we can use seamlessly, right?

783
01:05:44,060 --> 01:05:51,060
And then this is the STN and FV base where the centers are, okay?

784
01:05:51,060 --> 01:05:59,060
And this is the suggestions for the controller design, the softwares and mono tools, et cetera, right?

785
01:05:59,060 --> 01:06:02,060
And there are many research issues.

786
01:06:02,060 --> 01:06:07,060
I mean, like hardware, the software design, all of that, right?

787
01:06:07,060 --> 01:06:10,060
So, and then also you get some machine learning algorithms.

788
01:06:10,060 --> 01:06:12,060
So, I thank you.

789
01:06:12,060 --> 01:06:21,060
It's, I'm a little, actually a couple minutes above the time, but I told you so many, I hope your brains are not burning now.

790
01:06:21,060 --> 01:06:27,060
As I try to present so many, you know, forms and I don't know.

791
01:06:27,060 --> 01:06:29,060
Some of you say, what the hell is this, right?

792
01:06:29,060 --> 01:06:37,060
So, I hope that you got the points and hope some of you will be interested in research on this.

793
01:06:37,060 --> 01:06:46,060
And my advice to you is, before our Q&A session, that work on or work young people.

794
01:06:46,060 --> 01:06:48,060
I hope that there are many young people here.

795
01:06:48,060 --> 01:06:54,060
Don't make old problems and write another paper, another paper will care, right?

796
01:06:54,060 --> 01:06:56,060
I mean, it's wasted time.

797
01:06:56,060 --> 01:07:01,060
If you say, oh, just PhD, but that's, you know, sad because you must have an impact, right?

798
01:07:01,060 --> 01:07:05,060
The impact is that people will recognize you and your work.

799
01:07:05,060 --> 01:07:10,060
They will give you references and you can be proud of saying, I did this.

800
01:07:10,060 --> 01:07:12,060
Not papers, you say, oh, I have 200 papers.

801
01:07:12,060 --> 01:07:14,060
Look, so what, right?

802
01:07:14,060 --> 01:07:17,060
We are not here in the paper writing business.

803
01:07:17,060 --> 01:07:19,060
So, do not complain.

804
01:07:19,060 --> 01:07:21,060
There are not any problems in telecom.

805
01:07:21,060 --> 01:07:23,060
There are many, many problems.

806
01:07:23,060 --> 01:07:26,060
And hopefully, you will be working on these.

807
01:07:26,060 --> 01:07:32,060
So, I'll be glad to go to questions and answer them.

808
01:07:32,060 --> 01:07:33,060
There are some.

809
01:07:33,060 --> 01:07:37,060
Let me see the chat.

810
01:07:37,060 --> 01:07:39,060
There is nothing here.

811
01:07:39,060 --> 01:07:40,060
Wow.

812
01:07:40,060 --> 01:07:43,060
So, truly, you can take all of it.

813
01:07:43,060 --> 01:07:44,060
Yes, sir.

814
01:07:44,060 --> 01:07:45,060
Yes, sir.

815
01:07:45,060 --> 01:07:46,060
Thank you very much.

816
01:07:46,060 --> 01:07:47,060
Thank you very much.

817
01:07:47,060 --> 01:07:48,060
It was a great presentation.

818
01:07:48,060 --> 01:07:49,060
It was a great presentation.

819
01:07:49,060 --> 01:07:50,060
It was a very effective presentation.

820
01:07:50,060 --> 01:07:51,060
It was a very effective presentation.

821
01:07:51,060 --> 01:07:52,060
You talked about the very broad topic.

822
01:07:52,060 --> 01:07:55,060
You talked about the questions.

823
01:07:55,060 --> 01:07:58,060
You can ask questions on the message.

824
01:07:58,060 --> 01:07:59,060
You can ask Turkish.

825
01:07:59,060 --> 01:08:17,060
I hope I can understand the terminology, but I would be glad to answer in Turkish.

826
01:08:17,060 --> 01:08:20,060
If I can, I will see.

827
01:08:20,060 --> 01:08:24,060
Or you can type them if you are shy.

828
01:08:24,060 --> 01:08:25,060
Sean useful.

829
01:08:25,060 --> 01:08:27,060
Enhancınaum earphones such a big czynism.

830
01:08:27,060 --> 01:08:29,920
S

831
01:08:29,920 --> 01:08:32,060
I think we saw him.

832
01:08:32,060 --> 01:08:33,060
We saw Hocam.

833
01:08:33,880 --> 01:08:35,060
U this perfect presentation.

834
01:08:35,560 --> 01:08:35,940
S

835
01:08:35,940 --> 01:08:36,880
Analize.

836
01:08:36,880 --> 01:08:37,880
We can hear about that.

837
01:08:37,960 --> 01:08:43,060
Apart from the other videaniacs.

838
01:08:43,060 --> 01:08:43,880
Each music and another.

839
01:08:43,880 --> 01:08:45,820
It seems pelated to be.

840
01:08:46,120 --> 01:08:46,880
It must be small.

841
01:08:46,880 --> 01:08:47,880
Just escalate.

842
01:08:47,880 --> 01:08:48,880
It seems like we, it seems like."

843
01:08:48,880 --> 01:08:49,680
gentlemen.

844
01:08:49,680 --> 01:08:51,760
I know absolutely life's very small.

845
01:08:51,760 --> 01:08:53,820
So I can hear about something else.

846
01:08:53,820 --> 01:09:14,880
detail of the

847
01:09:14,880 --> 01:09:15,880
And how do you work that way?

848
01:09:15,880 --> 01:09:16,880
What can be done by the end of this?

849
01:09:16,880 --> 01:09:17,880
How can be done by the end of this?

850
01:09:17,880 --> 01:09:18,880
How can be done by the end of the year?

851
01:09:18,880 --> 01:09:19,880
Aferin, bravo.

852
01:09:19,880 --> 01:09:20,880
Aferin, bravo.

853
01:09:20,880 --> 01:09:21,880
Aferin.

854
01:09:21,880 --> 01:09:32,660
Şimdi, all this work is still progress, right?

855
01:09:32,660 --> 01:09:41,140
That means we are talking about flat platforms and then also the size to be determined and

856
01:09:41,140 --> 01:09:49,700
also the performance and multi-hopping and all of that but now I also there a paper that

857
01:09:51,060 --> 01:09:56,500
it will come out there will be another major breakthrough in my opinion we call

858
01:09:56,500 --> 01:10:04,900
metamaterial surfaces so it's not just this that everybody does this thing right it's much more

859
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:15,380
so you can create any shapes you can put them on fabrics in your furnitures anyways etc and so it

860
01:10:15,380 --> 01:10:24,340
goes with your direction actually we already started that and then it will come out but that

861
01:10:24,340 --> 01:10:32,980
I mean by the way these are you know concepts right so you can it's not like we have a solution

862
01:10:32,980 --> 01:10:41,220
we are like discussing those and then we also point out many many operations right so if you

863
01:10:41,220 --> 01:10:47,460
want to get into that topic you can start with that right so looking at different shapes of these

864
01:10:47,460 --> 01:11:01,940
surfaces right there are some questions there is a guy he put a smiley what the hell is that

865
01:11:02,980 --> 01:11:23,220
what the hell is that be professional as far as i understand about internal things material problems

866
01:11:23,220 --> 01:11:29,460
come first before communication problems maybe after real nano intelligent devices will be developed

867
01:11:30,180 --> 01:11:36,420
come problems may change uh do you think material solutions effect communication of course but you

868
01:11:36,420 --> 01:11:46,660
you see uh muhammad oh that you know the nano materials are already in place right i told you that

869
01:11:46,660 --> 01:11:55,460
like graphene phase and then uh also metamaterials are in place and nano zinc wires in place okay it's not like

870
01:11:55,460 --> 01:12:05,140
we have not so given that we already have those graphics and then even when we have this new uh hybrid type

871
01:12:05,140 --> 01:12:13,940
of graphenes they will help us to go to lower for higher frequencies we already uh show that communication

872
01:12:13,940 --> 01:12:22,420
problems can be solved with our uh line of the transceivers and antennas and if you want to do

873
01:12:23,220 --> 01:12:29,380
you know another material that somebody will come up that's another issue right that's we're not talking

874
01:12:29,380 --> 01:12:37,620
about that so anyhow so your question uh you know material is but it's not like we are expecting that

875
01:12:37,620 --> 01:12:44,900
materials would develop they already developed so we just use the graphene and really a very important

876
01:12:44,900 --> 01:12:54,980
material and it works so now another oh now this guy uh yeah uh which company do you think is the closest to

877
01:12:54,980 --> 01:13:02,580
achieve the global broadband communication uh a person heard the bots but nothing more uh what do you

878
01:13:02,580 --> 01:13:15,620
mean by global broadband in which uh what do you mean by global broadband communication in what all of

879
01:13:15,620 --> 01:13:23,620
the above all the paradigms are what do you mean by global broadband okay let's go to the next one you can

880
01:13:23,620 --> 01:13:29,620
specify what you are trying to say about broadband communication in the long term quantum career will

881
01:13:29,620 --> 01:13:35,780
change the rules of the communication due to the nature of quantum world yes annual quantum particles

882
01:13:35,780 --> 01:13:41,780
will play the most important one yes but to use propagation ministries of wires or air yes

883
01:13:41,780 --> 01:13:50,500
what are the measures your opinion okay so that's truly true but that doesn't okay that quantum will

884
01:13:50,500 --> 01:13:56,900
take over and we will just replace everything that's that's not the case right they will you know you

885
01:13:56,900 --> 01:14:04,020
will have certain islands like the entire networking area internets will have these space domains right

886
01:14:04,020 --> 01:14:12,100
so based on some applications use cases and security is the most important part you can use the quantum

887
01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:19,140
part and the rest could be like classical communications and of course you will have some gateways in between

888
01:14:19,140 --> 01:14:26,500
quantum world and classical world right so for the challenges uh put through the paper right so you

889
01:14:26,500 --> 01:14:33,300
can read more about all the quantum challenges because i told you that i have to pull out all the slides and

890
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:40,900
go and so uh you know one of them is of course like the gate so the gateway meaning how will you marry the

891
01:14:40,900 --> 01:14:46,420
quantum world with the world but there are many other challenges i mean here's an example let me ask

892
01:14:46,420 --> 01:14:56,180
uh so if you're a physical layer guy okay try to understand the quantum channel really so a realistic

893
01:14:56,180 --> 01:15:02,900
layer right quantum uh uh channel and the wireless domain there are some papers but i don't think

894
01:15:03,460 --> 01:15:09,940
for the time being and then also validate them with the protocol applications good luck at practical

895
01:15:09,940 --> 01:15:15,780
applications so that's you know i will suggest from physical layer and then of course

896
01:15:15,780 --> 01:15:21,700
all these other things like error control and the modulation some of the techniques can they really

897
01:15:21,700 --> 01:15:28,660
help us if you have a real large internet network i don't know or another issue that i remember is the

898
01:15:28,660 --> 01:15:36,180
protocols like one of my former postdocs marcello he's in napoli i did a lot of work with him on the

899
01:15:36,180 --> 01:15:42,980
cognitive radiance 10 years ago so he's he's very active now in the quantum communication he gives

900
01:15:42,980 --> 01:15:49,860
tutorials tutorials and papers check the site you can read more he has even some routing papers but

901
01:15:49,860 --> 01:15:59,860
in my opinion the area is really open right now anyhow so what else uh sure uh what is the global

902
01:15:59,860 --> 01:16:05,940
broadband communication people say oh i don't know about global broadband communication no i don't know

903
01:16:05,940 --> 01:16:12,820
can you explain what do you mean by global broadband i mean global internet provider what do you mean by

904
01:16:12,820 --> 01:16:17,700
global internet service provider come on guys

905
01:16:20,260 --> 01:16:26,980
so you say you will you think that one guy john musk will have global internet service provider come on

906
01:16:26,980 --> 01:16:31,700
oh what do you mean by global internet service provider

907
01:16:33,860 --> 01:16:41,300
yeah talk to your operators we have some people may from some companies and explain

908
01:16:44,500 --> 01:16:48,100
the server issues and you know anyhow

909
01:16:48,100 --> 01:16:57,700
so one person or one entity and company will not own everything if you are trying to talk like

910
01:16:58,740 --> 01:17:06,020
so you have to understand internet concept first and that question okay go ahead what else please ask

911
01:17:06,020 --> 01:17:16,740
how many people do we have here only time you said there are many people

912
01:17:16,740 --> 01:17:22,420
40'a yakın kişi izledi hocam 40'a yakın biz bunu youtube kanalımıza da koyacağız bölüm youtube

913
01:17:22,420 --> 01:17:28,020
kanalına da koyacak hocam inşallah daha fazla that's fine i mean i don't care it's not the quantity right

914
01:17:28,020 --> 01:17:31,220
quality of the people

915
01:17:35,060 --> 01:17:35,780
anything else

916
01:17:38,660 --> 01:17:43,220
i thank you for listening to me and i have to run to another meeting now with

917
01:17:43,940 --> 01:17:51,140
navy now sorry guys they already started like 20 minutes ago if you have any questions please send

918
01:17:51,140 --> 01:17:57,940
me an email or ask who can forward them to me and uh or if you have questions about

919
01:17:58,740 --> 01:18:06,900
future research directions all asking is uh please do not duplicate known results

920
01:18:07,700 --> 01:18:18,180
do not waste your time with old problems uh and then don't say i have et cetera uh work and put all

921
01:18:18,180 --> 01:18:26,500
their especially young people uh for the impact right that's the question impact you know what can i do

922
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:35,220
let's say let's take a name here uh but right we know for it right it's an interesting name so say but

923
01:18:35,220 --> 01:18:42,180
to say you know what should i do that the the world will know what but rubs work for example right that's

924
01:18:42,180 --> 01:18:52,660
the impact i'm talking about right right uh so ercon is asking me again expected deployment by the

925
01:18:52,660 --> 01:19:01,620
usage of meta surfaces remember i told you the generation like 6g so we i expect that's hoping that

926
01:19:01,620 --> 01:19:06,420
people will do that research right people will do that research right deployments something so i'm

927
01:19:06,420 --> 01:19:13,460
hoping that you know in the next five years we will cease them right that's the objective like in my

928
01:19:13,460 --> 01:19:22,420
russia i have this uh support from putin in the neuroscience uh we're also working on those with huawei

929
01:19:22,420 --> 01:19:32,420
moscow there and 6g so we uh are to do this for the indoor cases wi-fi so hopefully i don't know we'll see

930
01:19:33,460 --> 01:19:41,380
what i can do there right and there is uh uh in greece or all the opinion community we have some

931
01:19:41,380 --> 01:19:46,180
cases that hopefully will come up more questions

932
01:19:46,180 --> 01:19:57,140
okay so and i think uh tentation and also the paper that i have and there are other papers on g

933
01:19:57,700 --> 01:20:04,740
they should give you an idea what are the open researchers and uh you know work on those problems

934
01:20:04,740 --> 01:20:12,660
and another fact i recommend young people is when you do not find any place don't say oh there is

935
01:20:12,660 --> 01:20:20,580
nothing i'm happy there is nothing because you will be the first and people will give you references

936
01:20:21,460 --> 01:20:27,140
that's the way you're making it if you find 100 papers you say oh let me tweak here and there

937
01:20:27,140 --> 01:20:34,500
and that's waste of time right so be happy if you don't see right okay so

938
01:20:34,500 --> 01:20:42,420
anything okay good now guys okay thank you for listening to me

939
01:20:42,420 --> 01:20:50,100
hocam biz teşekkür ediyoruz inşallah en kısa zamanda pandemi bittikten sonra sizi trabzon'da ve

940
01:20:50,100 --> 01:20:59,540
üniversitede ağırlarız inşallah hocam yeter ki şu pandemi bitsin çok teşekkür ediyoruz

941
01:20:59,540 --> 01:21:27,380
hocam saygılar saygılar bittim hocam sağolun iyi günler dilerim