1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:05,000 Hello everyone! Today we are going to talk about Internet of BioNanoThings. 2 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:12,000 We all are pretty familiar with Internet of Things because it's been a trending research topic over the last decade, right? 3 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:18,000 The very term IoT refers to connected devices which can collect and transmit data over the Internet. 4 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:21,000 A good example would be Tesla's Autopack feature. 5 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:27,000 In order to expand the application base of Internet of Things, Internet of Nanothings was introduced 6 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:31,000 which facilitated devices in the nanoscale to have network connectivity. 7 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:35,000 But these devices, when deployed in the environment or inside the human body, 8 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:42,000 can pose a serious threat because of their artificial nature and electromagnetic communication inside the biological system. 9 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:48,000 So this led to the advent of another interesting research domain called the Internet of BioNanoThings 10 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:54,000 which could mimic the functions of a biological cell and promise to serve all such applications in the biochemical domain 11 00:00:54,000 --> 00:01:00,000 by leveraging the existing tools of synthetic biology and nanotechnology. 12 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:04,000 Let's now answer this question. What is IOBNT? 13 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:10,000 It's a biological embedded computing device which gathers from and transmits information to the biological domain 14 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:14,000 and also has an interface with the electrical domain of the Internet. 15 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:21,000 These devices have to be very tiny, of the order of a few nanometers, to make them non-invasive and concealable. 16 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:25,000 The image to the right illustrates a typical IOBNT network. 17 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:31,000 We'll now look into the network architecture in more detail in the following slides. 18 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:38,000 Researches over time have drawn a lot of parallels between the working of a biological cell and an electronic circuit. 19 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:45,000 It is interesting to note that the biochemical processes inside the cell are similar to the electron flow in a semiconductor. 20 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:48,000 Let's now look at more similarities. 21 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:55,000 The mitochondria in a cell generates ATP or adenosine triphosphate which supplies energy to the cell. 22 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:57,000 That's why it's called the powerhouse of the cell. 23 00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:01,000 This can correspond to a battery in an electronic circuit. 24 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:08,000 Also, the cytoplasm which holds molecules synthesized by DNA instructions can be viewed as a memory unit holding data. 25 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:18,000 The entire molecular machinery is compared to a processing unit as it processes molecular data such as type and concentration and generates proteins accordingly. 26 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:25,000 Ribosomes are ideally control units as they encode proteins in a manner similar to software conditional expressions. 27 00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:31,000 Signaling pathways are essentially transceivers because they facilitate information exchange. 28 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:40,000 Also, cells' chemical receptors are compared with sensors as they identify external molecules or physical stimuli. 29 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:45,000 Lagello or cilia are the actuators which respond to such external stimuli. 30 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:54,000 This mapping in the functionality of a cell and an embedded circuit helps us to mimic the circuit appropriately in the biological system and achieve the desired functionality. 31 00:02:54,000 --> 00:03:01,000 We now know that the biological circuit is a set of genes that encode proteins and regulatory sequences. 32 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:10,000 So far, AND and OR gates, a variety of tunable oscillators and toggle switches have been successfully engineered using biological circuits. 33 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:15,000 Let's now discuss the IOBNT network architecture. 34 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:24,000 The biological environment is embedded with many nano-nodes in critical places from where information has to be fetched or transmitted to. 35 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:30,000 These nano-nodes are the smallest nano-machines which can transmit over short distances due to their low energy. 36 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:33,000 They are also capable of simple computations. 37 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:40,000 These nodes are in turn controlled by nano-routers via control commands such as on, off or sleep. 38 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:46,000 The nano-routers are bigger in size and have greater computation power than the nano-nodes. 39 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:54,000 We have now established units inside the biological system but we need an interface to the external domain of the internet. 40 00:03:54,000 --> 00:04:02,000 That's why we need the nano-micro interface which facilitates communication from the micro-scale to nano-scale and vice versa. 41 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:07,000 Next, we need the entire system to be controlled remotely over the internet. 42 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:09,000 We use a gateway for this purpose. 43 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:17,000 In case of intra-body scanning, the nano-micro interface could communicate to the gateway which is an advanced mobile phone. 44 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:22,000 This phone can in turn feed the information to the healthcare unit and based on the data received, 45 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:28,000 the healthcare unit issues signals for the synthesis and release of certain drugs. 46 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:35,000 This can also help repair failure in the communication between internal organs such as the endocrine and the nervous system. 47 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:45,000 We'll now discuss about molecular communication and how principles of wireless communication hold good for it too. 48 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:51,000 Well, molecular communication is the transmission or reception of information encoded in molecules. 49 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:58,000 Here's the general block diagram of molecular communication which is very similar to any other communication block. 50 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,000 Synthesis here refers to the generation of molecules. 51 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:06,000 It is followed by encoding or modulation of molecules based on their chemical characteristics. 52 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:12,000 These molecules are then transmitted from the source transmitter to the destination receiver. 53 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:18,000 Based on the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, the molecular communication can be classified as follows. 54 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:22,000 Intracrine when the source and the destination are within the same cell. 55 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:27,000 A good example of this is a class of cytoskeletal molecular motors called kinesin 56 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:32,000 which move along the microtubules carrying a set of molecules called vesicles. 57 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:37,000 They transport these molecules from the nucleus to the cell membrane and vice versa. 58 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:43,000 The second type is juxtacrine communication wherein the source and destination cells are in contact with each other. 59 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:47,000 Diffusion of calcium ions into neighbouring cells is an example. 60 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:52,000 Here, calcium ions navigate a distance proportional to the thickness of the two cell membranes 61 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:58,000 which is regarded as a very short range communication of the order of 10 to 100 nm. 62 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:04,000 The third kind is paracrine communication wherein the source and destination are in the vicinity of each other 63 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:06,000 but not actually in contact. 64 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:16,000 For example, some bacteria carry DNA molecules called plasmids to distant bacteria by swimming to the destination following certain chemical trails. 65 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:21,000 This process of chemotaxis can be characterized as medium range communication. 66 00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:27,000 The final category is endocrine communication which is long range and of the order of a few meters. 67 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:35,000 An example of this is hormones propagating through the circulatory system to distant organs to stimulate cell growth and reproduction. 68 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:42,000 Wireless transport of molecules occurs either through molecular diffusion or through a fluid carrier. 69 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:50,000 As discussed before, prior to transmission molecules are modulated in frequency, time or amplitude. 70 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:54,000 Frequency modulation involves control in the speed of emission. 71 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:58,000 Time modulation is achieved by controlling the emission time of each molecule 72 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:03,000 and amplitude modulation by controlling the number of emitted molecules. 73 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:09,000 Let us now take the case of amplitude modulated molecules and determine the nature of the channel. 74 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:16,000 As you can see from the image, n molecules are released to transmit information bit 1 and 0 molecules for bit 0. 75 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:20,000 Molecular propagation is random and hence follows Brownian motion. 76 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:26,000 Hence, whenever a molecule escapes the transmitter, the time at which it reaches the receiver is probabilistic. 77 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:31,000 Only the molecules received in the time slot Ts are considered to be useful in this model. 78 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:38,000 The probability that a molecule is absorbed in time slot Ts increases with increase in the length of the time slot. 79 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:43,000 So, larger the reception time, higher is the probability that the molecule can reach the receiver. 80 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:47,000 Also, the absorption probability decreases with the distance. 81 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:52,000 Hence, it is consistent with our intuition that greater the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, 82 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:56,000 the more difficult it is for the receiver to absorb the molecule. 83 00:07:56,000 --> 00:08:04,000 So, using the concepts of wireless communication, molecular communication can be tailored artificially inside the biological environment. 84 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:07,000 But there are some challenges too. 85 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:17,000 The link budget in a communication system accounts for all gains and losses from the transmitter through the channel to the receiver. 86 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:21,000 Path loss is a major component in link budget analysis and design. 87 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:26,000 Spreading loss and molecular absorption loss contribute to the attenuation of wave or path loss. 88 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:32,000 These can be caused based on the type and concentration of molecules encountered along the path. 89 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:35,000 The next challenge is the noise introduced by the channel. 90 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:39,000 It depends on the number of molecules along the path and distance between the transmitter and receiver. 91 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:42,000 Molecular noise is colored and not white. 92 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:47,000 White noise is a flat power spectrum whereas colored noise has a different power spectrum based on its type 93 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:50,000 and hence different power concentration at different frequencies. 94 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:57,000 Now, let us look into the challenges that are faced during engineering IOBNT. 95 00:08:57,000 --> 00:09:02,000 As already seen, bio nano things are expected to communicate with each other. 96 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:06,000 They adapt to any of the mechanisms for communications that was already mentioned earlier. 97 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:16,000 For this communication to take place, the major challenge is re-engineering, modifying and controlling the natural mechanisms of communication among cells to transmit signals that are unnatural. 98 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:18,000 How do we overcome this challenge? 99 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:20,000 There are two different ways. 100 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:25,000 One method is to genetically reprogram cells' behavior within their natural communication methods. 101 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:31,000 Or otherwise, a completely new artificial communication system can be developed by assembling natural biological components. 102 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:37,000 Here is how bio nano things communicate with the internet. 103 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:44,000 The set of processes necessary to translate information from the internet of bio nano thing domain to the internet cyber domain is the bio-cyber interface. 104 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:48,000 In IOBNT, bio nano things communicate with one another. 105 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:52,000 They are also required to interact with the network and connect to the internet. 106 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:59,000 The cutting edge idea here is the interfacing of the electrical domain of the internet with the biochemical domain of the IOBNT networks. 107 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:04,000 There are a few challenges in designing a bio nano thing network. 108 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:09,000 Information in the IoT network is predictable and less random in nature. 109 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:17,000 Electromagnetic signals in classical communication follows a definite direction of propagation and hence requires less attention in this direction from engineers. 110 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:23,000 However, molecular information, as you can see in the illustration, does not have a regular predictable path of transmission. 111 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:27,000 It covers a very random path between source and destination. 112 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:31,000 Another major challenge is the non-linear nature of biochemical phenomena. 113 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:37,000 These phenomena regulate the access to shared fluid and also in designing information routing mechanisms. 114 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:46,000 Thus, in order to relay successfully IOBNT information, we need to model, analyze and reuse mechanisms of interactions between multiple cells. 115 00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:50,000 This can be done in bacterial population or in tissues for multicellular organisms. 116 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:57,000 These processes inside the body will in turn allow communication between cells, between tissues and further between organs. 117 00:10:57,000 --> 00:11:03,000 The transmission of these molecules is generally through blood vessels from a source organ to a destination or target organ. 118 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:10,000 This is how a heterogeneous communication is enabled in the biological system and achieving this is one of the major challenges. 119 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:17,000 Heterogeneous communication is composed of different types of bio nano things in different types of molecular communication systems. 120 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:25,000 This type of communication in the body is achieved by the secretion of hormones. 121 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:32,000 Biological processes based on these types of hormonal secretion can mimic classical gateways between different subnets in the internet. 122 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:39,000 In this process, artificial cells translate the molecular information received and encodes it into hormones. 123 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:49,000 Several other chemical reactions in the cell trigger the generation of proteins necessary for hormonal synthesis and secretion, which is in turn released into the blood vessels. 124 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:53,000 Another important challenge is in realizing the bio-cyber interface. 125 00:11:53,000 --> 00:12:01,000 Like we have already seen in earlier slides, bio-cyber interface is where the translation of information from bio nano thing domain to the internet cyber domain occurs. 126 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:06,000 This is achieved using various electrical circuits and electromagnetic communications. 127 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:14,000 Here, it is necessary to interpret the right information that is encoded in the molecules and then translating it into the right electromagnetic parameters. 128 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:19,000 One way to overcome this is to make use of various chemical and biological sensors. 129 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:23,000 These sensors are composed of materials characterized by electromagnetic properties. 130 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:31,000 These properties can be altered in the presence of certain biological receptors which in turn alter the current in an electromagnetic circuit. 131 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:40,000 But, high latency, low selectivity, lack of a standardized response, and biocompatibility are few problems that are associated in this method. 132 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:49,000 Another major and most important challenge in deploying bio-cyber interface is ensuring that the biological parameters remain unaltered during biocompatibility. 133 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:56,000 This is done by encapsulating both the biological nanosensor and EM nano communication units within the same artificial cell. 134 00:12:56,000 --> 00:13:07,000 The biological sensor is for interfacing chemical and electrical domain whereas EM nano communication unit is for wirelessly communicating with the devices outside the biological environment. 135 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:09,000 This further directs us to two constraints. 136 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:18,000 One is to ensure that there is sufficient power for wireless transmission through the cell membrane and two is in harvesting energy within the same cell for transmission. 137 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:25,000 In order to solve this constraint, the EM domain was brought onto the interface between the biological environment and the external domain. 138 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:34,000 For this, electronic tattoos based on radio frequency technology could be used, through which it was possible to authenticate devices within close range. 139 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:40,000 Thus, a bio-cyber interface can be incorporated and can be used to wirelessly communicate with external devices. 140 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:45,000 Lastly, we look into few other possible challenges for IOBNT. 141 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:56,000 When IOBNT is used with a malicious intent, it can pose very serious security threat called as the bio-cyber terrorism wherein a bio-nano thing could be hacked to get another person's health-related information. 142 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,000 They can also trigger bio-nano things to induce new diseases. 143 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:02,000 Next is the localization and tracking. 144 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:09,000 Here, the exact location of any disease or tumor can be identified and distribution of toxic agents can be noted. 145 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:18,000 Then, managing big data and mapping from IOBNT and IONT to IoT can pose a serious challenge in this domain. 146 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:25,000 In conclusion, we state that this cutting-edge technique will have a major impact in every field in few years to come. 147 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:32,000 Though we understand that this technique can be a game-changer, we have to take care so as to not ignore the major challenges and need to be mindful of it. 148 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:41,000 For an efficient IOBNT design, performance goals like latency, capacity, throughput, and bit error rate should be studied and understood carefully. 149 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:50,000 Panquishing bio-cyber terrorism and dealing with irregularities in molecular communication efficiently can provide us with a phenomenal result. 150 00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:52,000 Thank you. 151 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:53,000 Thank you. 152 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:54,000 P This is where it comes from and available. 153 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:55,000 Thank you. 154 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:56,000 Thank you. 155 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:57,000 Thank you. 156 00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:58,000 Bye. 157 00:14:58,000 --> 00:14:59,000 I'll take you. 158 00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:00,000 I'll take you. 159 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:12,000 Wish me past share. 160 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:13,000 Bye. 161 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:17,000 Bye. 162 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:19,000 I was going to Mila. 163 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:22,000 Bye.