1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:23,880 This talk is basically about the Inka, but it's not covering the history of the Inka 2 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:26,760 per se from a conventional viewpoint. 3 00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:32,760 It's just that everything in Cusco and the Sacred Valley of Peru is prescribed by archaeologists 4 00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:39,000 as being Inka, and the local people who live there also believe in general that the Inka 5 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:43,120 built everything in Cusco and the Sacred Valley. 6 00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:50,920 But from my first wanderings around the city, I noticed completely different forms of technical 7 00:00:50,920 --> 00:00:57,840 expertise from reasonably rough to almost surgical precision. 8 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:04,240 And any time I would ask the tour guides, you know, how do you explain that, they would 9 00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:09,240 simply say, we have to go here now, because they literally didn't know and didn't want 10 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:11,900 to answer the questions. 11 00:01:11,900 --> 00:01:20,220 So basically, this is a comical representation of how some people regard the Inka, not as 12 00:01:20,220 --> 00:01:26,780 being simple human beings, but as being these super humans in antiquity. 13 00:01:26,780 --> 00:01:32,900 What we do know is that the Inka left the area around Lake Titicaca, which is south 14 00:01:32,900 --> 00:01:36,580 of Cusco, about the year 950. 15 00:01:36,580 --> 00:01:42,580 And so through the archaeology and oral traditions, the question is, where did they come from? 16 00:01:42,580 --> 00:01:49,160 Basically, we know they came from the area around Lake Titicaca, but where precisely 17 00:01:50,100 --> 00:01:52,700 is open to conjecture. 18 00:01:52,700 --> 00:01:58,000 One place is the Island of the Sun, which is on the Bolivian side. 19 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:02,680 And this is Inka architecture. 20 00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:07,700 We know that because pottery has been found, which is solely Inka. 21 00:02:07,700 --> 00:02:14,760 And by seeing the designs on the pottery, we know that this was built by the Inka, 22 00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:19,800 probably just before they left Titicaca or when they expanded their territory and moved 23 00:02:19,800 --> 00:02:23,200 back into that area. 24 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:25,660 And this again is another example. 25 00:02:25,660 --> 00:02:32,600 What you can see is you see basically field stone that's been stacked. 26 00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:38,400 Often what they also did is they didn't have concrete, but they had clay that they could 27 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:44,140 use, which is what the basic area is made up of throughout Peru. 28 00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:47,480 And so they would use that as mortar. 29 00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:51,180 This is on the Island of the Moon, which is next to the Island of the Sun. 30 00:02:51,180 --> 00:02:54,380 And this again is true Inka architecture. 31 00:02:54,380 --> 00:03:00,260 You can see field stone with mortar made up of this very fine clay-like mud. 32 00:03:00,260 --> 00:03:05,180 And then what they would also do in buildings that they wanted to adorn, they would apply 33 00:03:05,180 --> 00:03:07,380 almost like a stucco. 34 00:03:07,620 --> 00:03:15,720 And the trapezoid figure and the step style are two aspects which archaeologists identify 35 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:21,300 positively as being Inka in style. 36 00:03:21,300 --> 00:03:27,940 Another possible candidate is Tiwanaku, which is on the southern shore of Lake Titicaca. 37 00:03:27,940 --> 00:03:33,540 The problem is everything in this picture you can see, aside from the megaliths, the 38 00:03:33,700 --> 00:03:39,380 standing stones, was reconstructed in the 1960s out of what was lying in the area. 39 00:03:39,380 --> 00:03:44,460 So this was an attempt to replicate what it looked like without actually knowing what 40 00:03:44,460 --> 00:03:45,460 it looked like. 41 00:03:45,460 --> 00:03:50,460 But you can see this is megalithic in nature. 42 00:03:50,460 --> 00:03:56,420 And the most famous artifact in the Pumapunku-Tiwanaku area is this. 43 00:03:56,420 --> 00:03:58,640 It's called the Sun Gate. 44 00:03:58,740 --> 00:04:04,120 One thing you'll notice about the Sun Gate is the major split diagonal there. 45 00:04:04,120 --> 00:04:07,080 And that's how it was found in the 19th century. 46 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:13,840 It was found broken in half and half sunk into the mud. 47 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:15,400 And this is the neighboring site. 48 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:18,240 It's actually part of the same site, but it's given a different name. 49 00:04:18,240 --> 00:04:20,240 And this is Pumapunku. 50 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:28,620 And it's here where we find incredible precision, as if machine tools were used, possibly according 51 00:04:28,700 --> 00:04:32,900 to Arthur Poznanski, up to 15,000 years ago. 52 00:04:32,900 --> 00:04:38,500 So the original building of the Tiwanaku-Pumapunku area had nothing to do with the Inca, because 53 00:04:38,500 --> 00:04:46,020 the Inca we know go back about to 900 AD and possibly, or obviously before that, but not 54 00:04:46,020 --> 00:04:50,140 as far back as 15,000 years ago. 55 00:04:50,140 --> 00:04:53,940 This is the type of precision that we find at Pumapunku. 56 00:04:53,940 --> 00:04:58,620 That channel that was carved there and those holes were clearly done with machines. 57 00:04:58,620 --> 00:05:03,340 I've taken engineers there and they are completely bewildered. 58 00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:09,880 The common thought by archaeologists and anthropologists is that the Inca only had, 59 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:17,020 up until the time that the Spanish conquered them in 1533, that they had copper chisels, 60 00:05:17,020 --> 00:05:19,240 bronze chisels, and stone hammers. 61 00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:24,400 You cannot achieve that level of accuracy with those tools. 62 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:30,140 And that's why the Tiwanaku-Pumapunku area are so obscure. 63 00:05:30,140 --> 00:05:35,880 This is an example of how some German engineers replicated what they thought some of the 64 00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:44,760 stones at Pumapunku looked like originally before the site underwent massive destruction, 65 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:51,880 mainly due to later tribal people coming and recycling the materials. 66 00:05:51,880 --> 00:05:54,320 And these are the people who have been found at Tiwanaku. 67 00:05:54,320 --> 00:06:01,100 This of course goes back to my talk about these enigmatic people with elongated skulls, 68 00:06:01,100 --> 00:06:06,520 but these skulls have been found in abundance in the Tiwanaku-Pumapunku area. 69 00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:12,640 However, they're no longer on display, not even one of them in the museum there. 70 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:22,680 Now, the oral tradition states that Manko Kapak and his wife, who was also his queen, 71 00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:31,040 and his sister, traveled triumphantly from Lake Titicaca and founded the city of Cusco. 72 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:36,760 However, the reality behind it is the fact that they were forced out about the year 73 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:44,040 because the area of Tiwanaku, and that would include the island of the sun and moon, underwent 74 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:46,920 50 years of massive drought. 75 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:51,120 It was the result of an El Nino effect that went completely crazy. 76 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:57,840 And so a tribal people, the Aymara, saw the weakness and attacked these people who would 77 00:06:57,840 --> 00:07:01,960 become the Inca and forced them to flee. 78 00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:04,100 Now they traveled north. 79 00:07:04,100 --> 00:07:08,800 None of the oral traditions nor the Spanish Chronicle state why they traveled north rather 80 00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:10,540 than south or east or west. 81 00:07:10,540 --> 00:07:16,100 I think they were following a road that already existed. 82 00:07:16,100 --> 00:07:19,460 And this is how the Inca are depicted. 83 00:07:19,460 --> 00:07:26,920 All of these drawings or paintings were made after the fall of the Inca Empire, or civilization. 84 00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:32,940 More than 90% of the Inca royalty died as a result of a civil war prior to the Spanish 85 00:07:32,940 --> 00:07:34,000 arrival. 86 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:36,500 And that's why it was so easy for the Spanish to conquer. 87 00:07:36,500 --> 00:07:42,880 The Spanish were not super intelligent people or noble or great warriors. 88 00:07:42,880 --> 00:07:49,240 The whole Inca civilization was in complete disarray and decay, and the Spanish took advantage. 89 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:55,840 So this is what the Spanish king, he asked his painters, probably in the 16th century 90 00:07:55,840 --> 00:08:01,580 or maybe even 17th century, to paint the Inca, but there were no royal people left. 91 00:08:01,580 --> 00:08:06,860 So the artists probably just saw people on the street and made a montage. 92 00:08:06,860 --> 00:08:09,460 But it's doubtful that the Inca actually looked like this. 93 00:08:09,460 --> 00:08:12,720 The men did not have long hair. 94 00:08:12,720 --> 00:08:14,020 This is more realistic. 95 00:08:14,020 --> 00:08:19,980 You see this person, this is a drawing, a very early Spanish drawing, and you see that 96 00:08:19,980 --> 00:08:24,300 this Inca has very short hair. 97 00:08:24,300 --> 00:08:30,780 Now where they were bound was what's called the Sacred Valley of Peru, and that's outside 98 00:08:30,980 --> 00:08:31,980 of Cusco. 99 00:08:31,980 --> 00:08:37,780 The reason it's called sacred is because it's incredibly productive in terms of agriculture 100 00:08:37,780 --> 00:08:40,140 and probably has been for thousands of years. 101 00:08:40,140 --> 00:08:46,160 So for a people fleeing from a place where food could barely be grown, this would obviously 102 00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:49,260 become named the Sacred Valley. 103 00:08:49,260 --> 00:08:53,700 The question is, did they know it was there, or were they simply following this road that 104 00:08:53,700 --> 00:08:57,820 led in that direction? 105 00:08:57,860 --> 00:09:03,460 This is the type of, this is the Wari culture that preceded the Inca, who the Inca conquered. 106 00:09:03,460 --> 00:09:09,180 And again, you see dry stacked stones, sometimes with a clay mortar mixed in. 107 00:09:09,180 --> 00:09:13,820 It's not sophisticated in terms of construction. 108 00:09:13,820 --> 00:09:17,820 But this is what the Inca would have encountered. 109 00:09:17,820 --> 00:09:24,300 About an hour's drive south of Cusco on this ancient road, which is now the major thoroughfare, 110 00:09:24,780 --> 00:09:27,780 this is an example of Inca style construction. 111 00:09:27,780 --> 00:09:33,900 Again, it's basic stone mixed in with clay mortar. 112 00:09:33,900 --> 00:09:37,700 But this is megalithic construction. 113 00:09:37,700 --> 00:09:43,020 Multi-ton blocks fitting together without mortar whatsoever, and in most places you 114 00:09:43,020 --> 00:09:46,500 can't fit a human hair in between these joints. 115 00:09:46,500 --> 00:09:48,940 This man is Dr. Arlen Andrews. 116 00:09:48,940 --> 00:09:52,580 He's an engineer from the United States, and I took him there. 117 00:09:52,580 --> 00:09:59,300 And after he spent at least two hours there, I asked him, and I said, could people with 118 00:09:59,300 --> 00:10:01,700 bronze chisels and stone hammers make this? 119 00:10:01,700 --> 00:10:03,580 And he said, no, that's impossible. 120 00:10:03,580 --> 00:10:07,100 He couldn't explain how this was made or who made it. 121 00:10:07,100 --> 00:10:13,660 I believe that this megalithic construction was there when the Inca arrived. 122 00:10:13,660 --> 00:10:19,780 And when they got into Cusco, right in the center, they built a building called the 123 00:10:19,780 --> 00:10:27,540 Coricancha, and that became and was always the center of their spiritual activity from 124 00:10:27,540 --> 00:10:35,740 the beginning of their city of Cusco up until the conquest of the Spanish. 125 00:10:35,740 --> 00:10:40,920 Now what you'll notice is that, you know, supposedly this was the Inca's first building, 126 00:10:40,920 --> 00:10:45,780 but the question is how could they have achieved this with the tools that are found in the 127 00:10:45,780 --> 00:10:48,100 archaeological record? 128 00:10:48,140 --> 00:10:54,940 The stone itself, and this is the Inca, so-called Inca part, the stone itself is basalt, and 129 00:10:54,940 --> 00:10:58,540 the quarry is 50 kilometers away. 130 00:10:58,540 --> 00:11:04,100 This is the Church of Santo Domingo, which the Spanish built right on top of the Coricancha, 131 00:11:04,100 --> 00:11:09,740 because the first quest of theirs and the first quest of any conquering people is to 132 00:11:09,740 --> 00:11:13,460 destroy the belief system of a people. 133 00:11:13,460 --> 00:11:19,020 Because if you destroy the belief system, you destroy their identity. 134 00:11:19,020 --> 00:11:23,500 This is a model of what the Coricancha is believed to have looked at, at the time of 135 00:11:23,500 --> 00:11:26,060 the Spanish conquest. 136 00:11:26,060 --> 00:11:29,420 And this is what we find inside. 137 00:11:29,420 --> 00:11:35,500 We find these strange blocks that you also find at places like Tiwanaku that pair up 138 00:11:35,500 --> 00:11:37,260 in different ways. 139 00:11:37,260 --> 00:11:41,740 Sometimes they're these eye shapes, sometimes they're different shapes like that. 140 00:11:41,780 --> 00:11:47,180 And due to the shape of that, what would have happened is they would have poured molten 141 00:11:47,180 --> 00:11:56,060 bronze into this area in order supposedly to make the stones hold together tight. 142 00:11:56,060 --> 00:12:01,940 The trouble is, Cusco is at about 9,000 feet altitude, so the air is very thin, it's hard 143 00:12:01,940 --> 00:12:09,060 to boil water at that altitude, so how did they have the technology to be able to have 144 00:12:09,060 --> 00:12:17,820 a portable smelter to move along inside this building and pour these clasps? 145 00:12:17,820 --> 00:12:22,140 But what's more profound are other things you find in the Coricancha. 146 00:12:22,140 --> 00:12:28,320 This strange doorway with all of the channels and holes cut into it, conventional archaeology 147 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:34,300 says that was done so that textiles could be hung from this door, which is not actually 148 00:12:34,300 --> 00:12:35,540 a door. 149 00:12:35,540 --> 00:12:40,220 The trouble is this stone is called andesite, it's harder than granite, and the Inca didn't 150 00:12:40,220 --> 00:12:48,020 have the tools to be able to carry out this complex operation. 151 00:12:48,020 --> 00:12:52,900 But this is more profound, this is inside that building as well, it's just a stone 152 00:12:52,900 --> 00:12:57,860 that's been basically placed in a pile with others, and that is a precision engineered 153 00:12:57,860 --> 00:13:03,300 hole about an inch and a half in diameter that is perfectly straight and two and a half 154 00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:04,580 feet long. 155 00:13:04,580 --> 00:13:08,660 The only reason it's two and a half feet long is the other end is broken, so we have 156 00:13:08,660 --> 00:13:11,860 no idea how long it was originally. 157 00:13:11,860 --> 00:13:16,900 Again I've shown this to two engineers and they both are completely dumbfounded as to 158 00:13:16,900 --> 00:13:19,940 how it could have been done. 159 00:13:19,940 --> 00:13:26,580 And in the interior of the Coricancha, again you have completely mortarless construction, 160 00:13:26,580 --> 00:13:30,740 and many of the joints here like I said, people say you can't fit a credit card, you can't 161 00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:35,300 fit a human hair in between these joints. 162 00:13:35,300 --> 00:13:39,700 This is a very strange object in the center of the Coricancha. 163 00:13:39,700 --> 00:13:47,380 So since the Coricancha was the center of the spiritual operations and belief system, 164 00:13:47,380 --> 00:13:50,100 this is the center of the Coricancha. 165 00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:55,940 And this is a basalt block that has been hewn out of solid basalt, no one that I've talked 166 00:13:55,940 --> 00:14:04,100 to in 20 visits to Cusco can explain what it is, how it was made, or when it was made. 167 00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:10,100 And on a spiritual level, this is what the Coricancha represents. 168 00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:15,220 These lines are called secays and they radiate out from the Coricancha. 169 00:14:15,220 --> 00:14:20,100 They're not necessarily always straight like that, but dotted along them, each one of them 170 00:14:20,180 --> 00:14:24,260 are sacred sites radiating out from the center. 171 00:14:27,060 --> 00:14:29,540 And this street is just outside the Coricancha. 172 00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:40,420 And on an equinox solstice, or at least on the solstices, the sun rises perfectly up 173 00:14:42,180 --> 00:14:42,980 above this hill. 174 00:14:43,620 --> 00:14:46,660 So this is a true Inca road. 175 00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:50,180 But what's more intriguing is what we're going to look at right here. 176 00:14:53,380 --> 00:14:59,460 And what you have here is you have three very distinct styles of construction in one corner. 177 00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:02,740 This is megalithic. 178 00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:05,700 And as you can see, this is the base. 179 00:15:06,580 --> 00:15:08,340 So that would make it older. 180 00:15:09,140 --> 00:15:14,020 This unfortunately has been damaged, but again, the joinery here is so precise that 181 00:15:14,020 --> 00:15:15,780 you can't fit a human hair in between. 182 00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:18,820 And this stone comes from 30 kilometers away. 183 00:15:19,940 --> 00:15:22,420 This is gray basalt. 184 00:15:23,060 --> 00:15:28,420 And it's not as large in terms of construction, but still the joinery is very tight. 185 00:15:29,460 --> 00:15:34,580 And on this side, you have what is conventional, the conventional Inca style. 186 00:15:35,540 --> 00:15:41,300 So I and others have started to develop a belief that prior to the Inca, 187 00:15:42,020 --> 00:15:46,180 there was another civilization of very major builders. 188 00:15:46,180 --> 00:15:53,060 But prior to them were these master builders who were able to achieve almost perfect joinery. 189 00:15:53,060 --> 00:15:55,460 And this is not the only example in Cusco. 190 00:15:56,020 --> 00:16:02,180 There are multiple examples where you have this schizophrenic looking construction. 191 00:16:02,180 --> 00:16:07,380 But the reason why it looks that way is because you have an ancient civilization. 192 00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:11,940 The city of Cusco is abandoned for whatever reason. 193 00:16:11,940 --> 00:16:17,300 Another sophisticated civilization comes in and builds, rebuilds the structure, 194 00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:19,460 but they can't match the first builders. 195 00:16:20,100 --> 00:16:25,940 And then you have the Incas who see the beauty and mastery of the old builders, 196 00:16:25,940 --> 00:16:32,180 and they rebuild the building based on how, you know, the technology they know. 197 00:16:32,180 --> 00:16:37,460 Now, in the basement of the Cora Cansha are these elongated skulls that are labeled as being Inca, 198 00:16:37,460 --> 00:16:41,460 but they've never been carbon-14 tested nor DNA tested. 199 00:16:41,460 --> 00:16:48,180 And again, when you ask the staff, who were these people, they say, well, those were the Inca. 200 00:16:48,180 --> 00:16:50,820 And when you say, can you clarify? 201 00:16:50,820 --> 00:16:51,860 I say, not really. 202 00:16:51,860 --> 00:16:54,420 We, you know, we found these during the excavations. 203 00:16:54,420 --> 00:16:58,820 So they have no explanation as to who these elongated skull people were. 204 00:16:59,060 --> 00:17:01,860 Found in this most sacred site in Cusco. 205 00:17:01,860 --> 00:17:03,860 This is just another example. 206 00:17:03,860 --> 00:17:05,860 This is the outside of the Cora Cansha. 207 00:17:05,860 --> 00:17:10,660 And what you see again is you see three distinct styles. 208 00:17:10,660 --> 00:17:15,060 This is, I think, the most ancient style. 209 00:17:15,060 --> 00:17:17,460 Again, over about 300 feet. 210 00:17:17,460 --> 00:17:20,420 You can't fit a human hair in between these joints. 211 00:17:20,420 --> 00:17:26,980 Then you have this, which I believe is Inca construction because we do have more of these joints. 212 00:17:26,980 --> 00:17:32,420 And this is the Inca construction because we do have mortar in between, which is the clay-based mortar. 213 00:17:32,420 --> 00:17:38,660 As soon as the Spanish arrived, they brought with them the technology of concrete, 214 00:17:38,660 --> 00:17:44,100 which they had probably learned long back from the Romans who had occupied the area. 215 00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:49,460 And so the Inca probably found these stones and tried to piece something together, you know, quite well. 216 00:17:49,460 --> 00:17:55,140 But then in order to, once they ran out of this material, then they continued with their style. 217 00:17:55,460 --> 00:17:58,260 And above that is actually the Spanish construction. 218 00:17:58,260 --> 00:18:02,260 It's so poor that they tended to use a lot of stucco to, you know, 219 00:18:02,900 --> 00:18:08,420 in some cases, possibly to hide their poor workmanship because they used mortar, 220 00:18:08,420 --> 00:18:11,220 but often it would be an inch or two inches thick. 221 00:18:11,220 --> 00:18:16,020 And that's why when there would be an earthquake in Cusco, the Spanish buildings just collapse. 222 00:18:16,900 --> 00:18:20,660 But the ancient pre-Inca structures don't move whatsoever. 223 00:18:22,580 --> 00:18:23,780 And this is another wall. 224 00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:29,460 It's a different form of construction, but it's even in some ways more intriguing 225 00:18:31,140 --> 00:18:33,940 because what they'll tell you when you go there is they'll say, 226 00:18:35,860 --> 00:18:38,820 this is the head of Apuma. 227 00:18:38,820 --> 00:18:42,900 And you go, well, maybe, you know, kind of looks like it could be. 228 00:18:44,260 --> 00:18:49,780 But when you're shown, when you're, when you move back and you see a bigger picture of it, 229 00:18:50,180 --> 00:18:58,180 you see this, that whoever these builders were, not only did they want to do something complicated 230 00:18:58,180 --> 00:19:04,660 with every stone being a different shape, they decided to make a jigsaw puzzle of Apuma design here, 231 00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,060 you know, the tail, the head, and the legs. 232 00:19:09,060 --> 00:19:11,860 And next to this is what they call the serpent. 233 00:19:13,060 --> 00:19:18,100 And again, you see this and you could say, well, that looks sort of like an eye, I guess. 234 00:19:18,100 --> 00:19:21,780 But when you move back, then you see the full serpent design. 235 00:19:22,660 --> 00:19:27,460 So whoever the master builders were, they decided to make things even more complicated 236 00:19:27,460 --> 00:19:29,620 by putting pictographs into their walls. 237 00:19:32,020 --> 00:19:38,100 This is related to what we'll talk about later, but this is a wall on Rapa Nui, Easter Island. 238 00:19:38,980 --> 00:19:44,100 It's unique in its construction, but it's very reminiscent of the ancient builders 239 00:19:44,180 --> 00:19:45,380 of the area of Peru. 240 00:19:47,380 --> 00:19:52,740 And this I show just as another example of where the Inca probably recycled an old building 241 00:19:52,740 --> 00:19:57,700 that may have fallen down as a result of an earthquake, because what you can see here 242 00:19:57,700 --> 00:20:02,260 is you can see this precision cut here that no longer serves a purpose. 243 00:20:02,260 --> 00:20:07,540 But what the Inca did is they reconstituted the wall and they put shims in and mortar 244 00:20:07,540 --> 00:20:10,340 and things like that to make it look presentable. 245 00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:16,900 This is probably one of the finest examples of Inca style, because with all the marks 246 00:20:16,900 --> 00:20:21,220 that you can see on the surface of the stone, you can see where stone hammers would have 247 00:20:21,220 --> 00:20:23,220 been in use. 248 00:20:25,220 --> 00:20:29,940 And this is a trick that the Inca used in order to make their buildings look like the 249 00:20:29,940 --> 00:20:31,460 ancestral buildings. 250 00:20:31,460 --> 00:20:35,620 On the outside, and on the inside, they used a kind of a 251 00:20:35,620 --> 00:20:37,700 ! 252 00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:08,020 in the front and very loose in the back. 253 00:21:09,620 --> 00:21:13,700 This, on the other hand, is the interior of the Coricancha building, which I showed 254 00:21:13,700 --> 00:21:13,940 you. 255 00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:17,140 And this is the joinery. 256 00:21:18,340 --> 00:21:24,020 It is seamless and it goes three feet in this direction, from front to back. 257 00:21:24,980 --> 00:21:28,740 Now, what's important about this is that this wall is broken. 258 00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:35,780 And so if you follow from the front to the back, you can't find a gap anywhere between 259 00:21:35,780 --> 00:21:36,660 the front and the back. 260 00:21:37,780 --> 00:21:44,580 And that is a technical marvel by any culture of any time, including present day us. 261 00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:50,500 This is Sacsayhuaman, which is on a hill above Cusco. 262 00:21:51,380 --> 00:21:56,820 And again, it's prescribed as being Inca, but you see the size of the stones used. 263 00:21:57,780 --> 00:22:07,540 The one that I'm in front of is 17 feet tall, but the foundation of it is this stone itself. 264 00:22:08,820 --> 00:22:16,020 And it goes 12 feet down farther into the ground, making an incredibly stable foundation. 265 00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:23,300 So this stone is 29 feet tall and weighs 120 tons. 266 00:22:23,380 --> 00:22:28,740 And how the Inca could have moved that, it's not simply the case like in Egypt, where 267 00:22:28,740 --> 00:22:30,340 everything is quite flat. 268 00:22:30,820 --> 00:22:33,140 You see, this is the landscape of Cusco. 269 00:22:33,140 --> 00:22:34,340 It's all mountains. 270 00:22:35,460 --> 00:22:41,460 The quarry for this is about, it's only three kilometers away, but trying to move 120 ton 271 00:22:41,460 --> 00:22:47,300 stone when you don't have trees big enough to act as rollers is technically impossible. 272 00:22:48,740 --> 00:22:52,020 And this is just another artifact that is in Cusco. 273 00:22:52,020 --> 00:22:57,060 These are called the Inca thrones, but the average tour guide in Cusco will say everything 274 00:22:57,060 --> 00:22:59,300 that's cut like that is an Inca throne. 275 00:22:59,860 --> 00:23:04,180 The problem with that is that there are at least 5,000 of these in the Cusco area. 276 00:23:04,900 --> 00:23:06,740 So that's a lot of Inca sitting down. 277 00:23:08,820 --> 00:23:15,860 And what this is facing is actually this mountain, which is called Ausangate. 278 00:23:16,660 --> 00:23:20,580 So of course, any time you see a structure, you want to see what is it, what is it, what 279 00:23:20,580 --> 00:23:22,020 is the structure looking at? 280 00:23:22,980 --> 00:23:28,100 The conventional tour guides will tell you that it's looking at the Inca sitting here 281 00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:29,700 looking at the parade ground. 282 00:23:30,820 --> 00:23:33,220 The trouble is the parade ground is off to the right. 283 00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:39,940 The only thing straightforward is this ancient Apu, which is a sacred mountain. 284 00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:45,860 And then this is basically next to the previous picture. 285 00:23:45,860 --> 00:23:47,300 And again, this is an example. 286 00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:52,020 You can see the incredible erosion, you know, as if rain has been pelting on this for 287 00:23:52,020 --> 00:23:53,220 thousands of years. 288 00:23:53,940 --> 00:23:55,540 And again, this is one example. 289 00:23:55,540 --> 00:24:01,860 This is a tiny example of one of more than 5,000 artifacts in Cusco and the Sacred Valley. 290 00:24:04,580 --> 00:24:08,340 This structure is again at Sacsayhuaman, and it's called the Chincana. 291 00:24:10,260 --> 00:24:15,460 And if you look at it, you'll see all of these staircases that go up. 292 00:24:15,460 --> 00:24:17,060 And all these areas cut out. 293 00:24:17,620 --> 00:24:19,300 This is one single stone. 294 00:24:20,180 --> 00:24:22,260 And there's a human being on top of it. 295 00:24:23,300 --> 00:24:27,860 So again, the Inca didn't have the technology to be able to extract stone, and even engineers 296 00:24:27,860 --> 00:24:32,900 now look at that and are bewildered as to why they wouldn't simply cut the stone in 297 00:24:32,900 --> 00:24:35,780 sheets and remove it, why they pulled these cubes out. 298 00:24:37,220 --> 00:24:40,100 This is the other side of this structure. 299 00:24:40,100 --> 00:24:41,700 And this is what it faces. 300 00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:46,900 The thing is that again, the guides and archaeologists say, well, this was an Inca throne, or these 301 00:24:46,900 --> 00:24:47,700 were thrones. 302 00:24:47,700 --> 00:24:48,980 But this is what it faces. 303 00:24:48,980 --> 00:24:53,460 And it's only, the distance is only about 20 feet from these thrones to that wall. 304 00:24:53,460 --> 00:24:54,580 It doesn't make any sense. 305 00:24:54,580 --> 00:25:00,740 The walls, or these terraces were probably built by the Inca much later than the Chincana 306 00:25:00,740 --> 00:25:01,460 structure. 307 00:25:03,460 --> 00:25:06,660 And this is a massive piece that's been preserved for thousands of years. 308 00:25:06,660 --> 00:25:13,060 And this is a massive piece that broke off of the Chincana. 309 00:25:13,060 --> 00:25:18,100 And there is a stairway, if you can see here, this very narrow stairway. 310 00:25:18,100 --> 00:25:21,540 Part of it's here, part of it's not in the frame. 311 00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:26,820 But underneath here, when I was there last time, I was able to find the access point. 312 00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:31,780 And underneath here, there are 160 stone steps that go down. 313 00:25:32,740 --> 00:25:35,620 And then there's a tunnel that goes for two miles. 314 00:25:35,620 --> 00:25:38,500 And it ends up underneath the Coricancha in Cusco. 315 00:25:39,060 --> 00:25:40,260 It's solid bedrock. 316 00:25:42,020 --> 00:25:44,580 This is another amazing structure in the vicinity. 317 00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:48,260 It's called the Temple of the Moon. 318 00:25:48,980 --> 00:25:54,340 And it has, aside from all of these interesting cutout things, it also has two caves. 319 00:25:55,700 --> 00:25:57,540 This is the entrance to one of them. 320 00:25:57,540 --> 00:26:01,060 You notice the seeming polished surface here. 321 00:26:01,060 --> 00:26:05,700 As if some of us think that that was heat application of some kind. 322 00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:09,620 And that's going farther inside of it. 323 00:26:10,580 --> 00:26:16,820 And when I turn around, I look at this, which is a flat structure surface that three to 324 00:26:16,820 --> 00:26:18,420 four people could easily lie on. 325 00:26:19,460 --> 00:26:22,340 And it's just an astonishing technical achievement. 326 00:26:22,340 --> 00:26:27,620 Nearby as well is this, which is called Kenko. 327 00:26:28,420 --> 00:26:34,500 And this is a labyrinth inside of a solid chunk of stone the size of an apartment building. 328 00:26:35,540 --> 00:26:37,620 This is after you leave through the labyrinth. 329 00:26:37,620 --> 00:26:45,220 You come out and you can see these flat, these are surfaces which have been cut by somebody 330 00:26:45,220 --> 00:26:46,420 at some point in time. 331 00:26:47,380 --> 00:26:50,420 But again, the archaeologists all say, well, the Inca did that. 332 00:26:51,380 --> 00:26:52,660 And this is the interior. 333 00:26:56,020 --> 00:26:58,740 And this structure is one that few people have seen. 334 00:26:59,700 --> 00:27:04,420 And we've kept it kind of private because it's a very sacred little sanctuary. 335 00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:10,420 Unfortunately, the local mayor who lives in a town outside Cusco is advertising this. 336 00:27:10,420 --> 00:27:15,060 And so on the next Megalitha Mania tour in November, this is one place we're going to 337 00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:15,620 visit. 338 00:27:15,620 --> 00:27:17,860 It's inside of a cave in a side valley. 339 00:27:18,820 --> 00:27:20,980 Anytime I've been there, there's never been anybody. 340 00:27:22,020 --> 00:27:32,340 And this is what this last thing is facing, is this hewn out doorway or double doorway. 341 00:27:33,540 --> 00:27:38,340 Some people have said it looks very similar to structures in Egypt. 342 00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:43,540 But it's like, what would be the function of that? 343 00:27:43,620 --> 00:27:48,900 And who would have put hundreds or thousands of man hours into this kind of thing? 344 00:27:48,900 --> 00:27:54,980 It's one of thousands of bewildering things that draw me back to Cusco, and probably will 345 00:27:54,980 --> 00:28:00,020 for the rest of my life, because there is no conventional explanation as to how it was done 346 00:28:00,020 --> 00:28:00,740 and what it is. 347 00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:04,900 That's just a detail of the workmanship. 348 00:28:07,060 --> 00:28:11,220 And this structure is very similar to the one in the cave. 349 00:28:11,220 --> 00:28:14,180 And as far as I know, it's the only one other one of its kind. 350 00:28:16,340 --> 00:28:18,340 You can see obviously that it's a fountain. 351 00:28:19,220 --> 00:28:23,300 But more careful examination shows that this is the bedrock. 352 00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:28,820 And this very beautiful pattern has been carved out very precisely. 353 00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:35,380 Next to it, you have these stones pushed into place, not as finely done as that. 354 00:28:36,020 --> 00:28:38,580 And in behind, you have the Inca. 355 00:28:38,580 --> 00:28:44,820 So the story we're developing is the fact that this was here first from the first culture. 356 00:28:45,380 --> 00:28:49,460 The second culture came and was in awe of this. 357 00:28:49,460 --> 00:28:52,900 And so they wouldn't dare touch it, but they would add to it. 358 00:28:53,540 --> 00:28:59,460 And the Inca were in awe of both of these, named these places as sacred sites, 359 00:28:59,460 --> 00:29:01,620 and then added theirs into it. 360 00:29:01,620 --> 00:29:08,180 This structure, if you look at half of it, like this top half, you'll see that that's what that fountain was. 361 00:29:09,220 --> 00:29:11,700 And this is called the Chicana. 362 00:29:12,660 --> 00:29:14,260 It's also called the Inca Cross. 363 00:29:15,220 --> 00:29:21,700 The thing is that the Inca were a profound civilization, but their intelligence came from the fact that they learned 364 00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:27,220 not only from the other civilizations that they absorbed, not conquered necessarily, but absorbed, 365 00:29:28,020 --> 00:29:30,900 and everything that came before them. 366 00:29:30,900 --> 00:29:32,900 This symbol is not Inca. 367 00:29:32,900 --> 00:29:34,900 This is at least 5,000 years old. 368 00:29:34,900 --> 00:29:44,900 And of the many things that it represents are energy, space, matter, and time, as well as the Four Seasons, 369 00:29:44,900 --> 00:29:48,900 and many, many other things that relate to the number four. 370 00:29:49,540 --> 00:29:55,540 And here again, north, south, east, and west, water, land, air, fire. 371 00:29:55,540 --> 00:29:59,540 It goes on, you know, you can keep going on forever with it. 372 00:29:59,540 --> 00:30:09,300 Another intriguing thing is that if you place the Chicana basically where Cusco is, and you draw a 45-foot 373 00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:15,700 angle, you come to this line, which is, you know, interestingly very similar to the so-called Michael and Mary lines, 374 00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:19,700 which I know nothing about, or just started learning today. 375 00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:21,700 But along this line are sacred sites. 376 00:30:21,700 --> 00:30:23,700 There's Tiwanaku. 377 00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:25,700 There's a place called Pucara. 378 00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:27,700 There is Cusco. 379 00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:29,700 And there is Cajamarca, where the sacred sites are. 380 00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:31,700 And there's a place called Pucara. 381 00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:33,700 And there's a place called Pucara. 382 00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:35,700 And there's a place called Pucara. 383 00:30:35,700 --> 00:30:37,700 And there's a place called Pucara. 384 00:30:38,100 --> 00:30:40,100 And there is Cajamarca, which is another ancient city. 385 00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:42,100 This also is called the path of Viracocha. 386 00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:52,100 Viracocha was the creator, but these ancient people called the Viracochans were supposed to be these mystical teachers 387 00:30:52,100 --> 00:31:00,100 who came and left, and followed along this line, eventually reaching the ocean and disappearing. 388 00:31:00,100 --> 00:31:02,100 Viracocha means foam of the sea. 389 00:31:02,500 --> 00:31:10,500 And also some believe that underneath this is a massive tunnel system that goes at least from here to there. 390 00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:16,500 But the Peruvian government will not allow you access. 391 00:31:16,500 --> 00:31:26,500 This is actually my favorite mega-megalithic site called Ollantaytambo, which we will see in November. 392 00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:30,500 And it's on the way to Machu Picchu. 393 00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:34,900 Most people spend an hour or two here waiting for the train, 394 00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:40,900 because they're just totally focused on, and to some degree brainwashed about, 395 00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:44,900 the fact that Machu Picchu was supposed to be the ultimate example of Inca architecture. 396 00:31:44,900 --> 00:31:48,900 But this site of Ollantaytambo occupies 600 hectares. 397 00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:56,900 And it shows us distinctly at least three different styles of construction, 398 00:31:57,300 --> 00:32:05,300 going from profoundly precise to Inca, which I'm not saying the Inca weren't great builders, 399 00:32:05,300 --> 00:32:07,300 but the Inca were social organizers. 400 00:32:07,300 --> 00:32:13,300 So everything they built, they built fast because they had to accommodate an ever-growing population. 401 00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:17,300 By the time the Spanish arrived, the population under their care, 402 00:32:17,300 --> 00:32:23,300 not under their control, because the Inca were not king, you know, cruel rulers, 403 00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:25,300 they were caretakers. 404 00:32:25,700 --> 00:32:27,700 They took care of 15 million people. 405 00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:31,700 Cusco at that time was 250,000 people. 406 00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:39,700 And this is just another view of the amazing Ollantaytambo. 407 00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:43,700 Now this I put in because I find it quite comical. 408 00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:45,700 This is the men's room. 409 00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:51,700 And what 99.999% of the people who go to use the men's room don't realize 410 00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:56,100 is that they're looking at a megalithic construction right outside. 411 00:32:56,100 --> 00:33:00,100 If you could just try not to talk so much into the mic. 412 00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:02,100 Okay, sorry. 413 00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:04,100 Stand back a bit. 414 00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:06,100 Okay. 415 00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:10,100 But you can see that this is probably a single piece of stone that was removed from there. 416 00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:14,100 And again, one of thousands of examples. 417 00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:20,100 And this is going up to what's called the Temple of the Sun. 418 00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:26,100 Now here clearly you can see this is polygonal construction, 419 00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:30,100 which is like what we saw at Sacsayhuaman. 420 00:33:32,100 --> 00:33:34,100 This is Inca period. 421 00:33:34,100 --> 00:33:40,100 And above that are these granite blocks, some of them 40 tons in weight. 422 00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:48,100 And this is a throne. 423 00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:52,500 Aside from all the 5,000 others that are said to be, 424 00:33:52,500 --> 00:33:56,500 or even more than 5,000 said to be Inca thrones, 425 00:33:56,500 --> 00:34:00,500 this one's intriguing because it's so well-shaped. 426 00:34:00,500 --> 00:34:02,500 It even has an armrest in between. 427 00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:04,500 And this again is andesite. 428 00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:06,500 It's harder than granite. 429 00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:08,500 The surfaces are polished. 430 00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:10,500 And the back is ergonomic. 431 00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:14,500 It's curved so that you could sit there and feel very comfortable. 432 00:34:14,900 --> 00:34:18,900 The question is, what is this looking at? 433 00:34:18,900 --> 00:34:20,900 And this is what it's looking at. 434 00:34:20,900 --> 00:34:22,900 This is a human profile. 435 00:34:22,900 --> 00:34:24,900 500 feet tall. 436 00:34:24,900 --> 00:34:26,900 Most people say it's natural. 437 00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:30,900 But if you look carefully, you'll see there's an eye here. 438 00:34:30,900 --> 00:34:32,900 And there's a mouth here. 439 00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:34,900 And the photograph isn't that great. 440 00:34:34,900 --> 00:34:36,900 But you'll see there's a fang, or one tooth here. 441 00:34:36,900 --> 00:34:38,900 The nose seems to have fallen off. 442 00:34:38,900 --> 00:34:40,900 And below that he has a beard. 443 00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:42,900 And the nose is a little bit more round. 444 00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:45,300 And below that he has a beard. 445 00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:47,300 And seems to be wearing a helmet. 446 00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:55,300 And he's called Tanupa because he represents one of the ancient teachers that came, taught, and then left. 447 00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:03,300 At the Sun Temple, again, this is where we find these 40-ton blocks of granite 448 00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:07,300 that came from a quarry across the other side of the valley and up the mountain. 449 00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:13,700 The little trail that leads down from there could not accommodate these because it's very narrow. 450 00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:19,700 And anytime somebody, even if they were dragging it, tried to move one of these blocks onto this trail, 451 00:35:19,700 --> 00:35:21,700 it would fall down and go into the river. 452 00:35:23,700 --> 00:35:29,700 Now what's interesting is that I believe, and others do, that this is how the Inca found it. 453 00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:31,700 They found this temple. 454 00:35:31,700 --> 00:35:35,700 And it had collapsed because, probably because of a cataclysm. 455 00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:42,100 And what they did is, in a loving way, they put stones underneath, out of respect. 456 00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:48,100 This just shows another example of the size of them. 457 00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:52,100 This was us filming ancient aliens about a year ago. 458 00:35:54,100 --> 00:36:00,100 And here again we find examples of these where the molten metal would have been poured, 459 00:36:00,100 --> 00:36:02,100 theoretically to hold the stones together. 460 00:36:06,100 --> 00:36:10,100 And this is all that's left of the actual temple of the Sun. 461 00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:12,100 This wall is still intact. 462 00:36:12,100 --> 00:36:16,100 And the reason why it is, is because of these shims that you can see here. 463 00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:24,100 Those are believed by archaeologists, and I think, and others think quite rightly as well, 464 00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:26,100 that they're like earthquake-proofing shims. 465 00:36:26,100 --> 00:36:34,100 Because this wall had to stay where it was because it was strategic in terms of the rising and setting of the Sun. 466 00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:36,500 Or at least rising of the Sun during the solstices. 467 00:36:36,500 --> 00:36:40,500 So during a massive earthquake, these shims could move up and down, 468 00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:44,500 and not allow the wall to move out of position. 469 00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:48,500 Also, it was built against the side of a hill. 470 00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:53,500 So even if there was a major catastrophe, that wall, you know, luckily it stayed, 471 00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:59,500 whereas the rest of it is literally exploded off into every possible direction. 472 00:36:59,900 --> 00:37:03,900 And this is how we think the Inca reconstituted the wall. 473 00:37:03,900 --> 00:37:08,900 They couldn't put the stones back together because some were down at the bottom of the hill. 474 00:37:08,900 --> 00:37:13,900 So what they did is they lovingly built another wall, and they built in between. 475 00:37:13,900 --> 00:37:15,900 Like this. 476 00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:20,900 And this is simply looking down from there. 477 00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:24,900 And this shows the brilliance of the Inca. 478 00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:26,900 This is their terracing system. 479 00:37:26,900 --> 00:37:28,900 That's a human being. 480 00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:31,300 This is a human being. 481 00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:33,300 And this is a human being. 482 00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:35,300 And this is a human being. 483 00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:37,300 And this is a human being. 484 00:37:37,300 --> 00:37:39,300 And this is a human being. 485 00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:41,300 And this is a human being. 486 00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:43,300 And this is a human being. 487 00:37:43,300 --> 00:37:45,300 And this is a human being. 488 00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:47,300 And this is a human being. 489 00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:49,300 And this is a human being. 490 00:37:49,300 --> 00:37:51,300 And this is a human being. 491 00:37:51,300 --> 00:37:53,300 And this is a human being. 492 00:37:53,300 --> 00:37:55,300 And this is a human being. 493 00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:57,300 And this is a human being. 494 00:37:57,700 --> 00:38:03,700 And if you look, there's a road this way, and there's another one going off that way. 495 00:38:03,700 --> 00:38:08,700 From the top of a mountain, way up over here, is a little Inca temple. 496 00:38:08,700 --> 00:38:17,700 And when you look down from there, what you have is the appearance of a pyramid missing its capstone. 497 00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:23,700 It's difficult to see, but if you look, as if this is a corner, and over here is another corner, 498 00:38:24,100 --> 00:38:31,100 it's so big that you can't take it in with a camera, but this is the angle, the diagonal angle here, 499 00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:34,100 and this is where the capstone's missing. 500 00:38:34,100 --> 00:38:40,100 It's just one of many anomalies in the Sacred Valley of Peru. 501 00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:46,100 And here again, at the Ollantay Tambo, we find another strange thing, 502 00:38:46,100 --> 00:38:49,100 where engineering of some kind was employed. 503 00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:51,500 And this is me with ancient aliens. 504 00:38:51,500 --> 00:38:53,500 I'm showing them the conventional story. 505 00:38:53,500 --> 00:39:00,500 And that's that during the solstice, the sun, because the, or Cusco was quite close to the equator, 506 00:39:00,500 --> 00:39:06,500 the sun comes down through one of these knobs and fits into that channel. 507 00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:11,500 But why would somebody put so much time and effort into shaping the solid wall like that, 508 00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:14,500 when they could simply have built it out of a number of stones? 509 00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:21,900 Ollantay Tambo again, and moving farther back to other strange things. 510 00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:26,900 Again, this area that's cut out and polished. 511 00:39:26,900 --> 00:39:29,900 And above that is this. 512 00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:31,900 This is called the Temple of the Condor. 513 00:39:31,900 --> 00:39:35,900 This is probably natural, but this is the head of the condor, 514 00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:37,900 neck, and its wing sweeps back. 515 00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:41,900 And the whole thing has these areas, vertical and horizontal, 516 00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:43,900 where these cubes have been removed. 517 00:39:44,300 --> 00:39:48,300 Most tourists never go to this area, but it's one of the most intriguing. 518 00:39:48,300 --> 00:39:50,300 And this is at the base. 519 00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:53,300 Again, masterful construction. 520 00:39:54,300 --> 00:40:04,300 And again, and again, this is where we see that one culture shaped this area here flat, 521 00:40:04,300 --> 00:40:10,300 and then I believe the next culture came, and lovingly put this wall in. 522 00:40:10,700 --> 00:40:13,700 Pieces are missing because these are small enough 523 00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:17,700 that the Spanish could have easily harvested this for their own buildings. 524 00:40:19,700 --> 00:40:24,700 Looking across from that site is this mountain. 525 00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:30,700 And as I zoom in, you see there are possibly three things here. 526 00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:34,700 This is the masterwork of the Inca, which is a granary. 527 00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:37,700 I know that because I climbed up to it. 528 00:40:38,100 --> 00:40:40,100 And it's Inca construction. 529 00:40:40,100 --> 00:40:42,100 It's adobe mixed with stone. 530 00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:45,100 Over here is what's called the Temple of Irococha. 531 00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:49,100 I've never been able to make it because it's more than a thousand feet up, 532 00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:52,100 and you have to cross this area, which is loose gravel. 533 00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:55,100 So one step and I would be here very quickly. 534 00:40:55,100 --> 00:40:57,100 But what's intriguing is this shape. 535 00:40:57,100 --> 00:41:00,100 You see there's a little temple-like structure on top, 536 00:41:00,100 --> 00:41:02,100 and actually another one here. 537 00:41:03,100 --> 00:41:07,100 And when I zoom in, and get closer, 538 00:41:07,500 --> 00:41:09,500 this is the Tanupa character. 539 00:41:10,500 --> 00:41:14,500 So some say it's natural, and I very much question that. 540 00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:18,500 I think it's partially shaped by someone in the distant past. 541 00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:22,500 Going from one head to another, 542 00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:25,500 we finally reach Machu Picchu. 543 00:41:26,500 --> 00:41:28,500 And I never denigrated Machu Picchu. 544 00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:30,500 It's gorgeous. 545 00:41:30,500 --> 00:41:33,500 The trouble is that it's so popular, 546 00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:38,500 and it's so prostituted by the government of Peru, 547 00:41:38,500 --> 00:41:41,500 that at least 2,000 tourists a day go there. 548 00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:47,500 It only housed about a thousand people at its prime, 549 00:41:47,500 --> 00:41:50,500 so it's being beaten to death, 550 00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:53,500 because it's being loved to death, unfortunately. 551 00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:57,500 And this is a little weird, 552 00:41:57,500 --> 00:42:00,500 but maybe the mountains in the background, 553 00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:03,500 or a collection of them, 554 00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:05,500 form the shape of this face. 555 00:42:05,500 --> 00:42:07,500 Most people laugh at the idea, 556 00:42:07,500 --> 00:42:13,500 but Peru is a place of amazing enigmas. 557 00:42:13,500 --> 00:42:17,500 And this is what Photoshop says it may look like. 558 00:42:18,500 --> 00:42:21,500 Now Machu Picchu, again, I think was built over three periods. 559 00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:24,500 90% was built by the Inca, 560 00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:27,500 including this incredible terracing system that goes up. 561 00:42:27,500 --> 00:42:31,500 Again, you see stone, sometimes shaped, sometimes not, 562 00:42:31,500 --> 00:42:36,500 stacked together, making amazing and efficient agricultural terraces. 563 00:42:37,500 --> 00:42:39,500 And then you have this. 564 00:42:40,500 --> 00:42:43,500 This is a solid block of stone that's been shaped. 565 00:42:44,500 --> 00:42:48,500 It has been erroneously been called the sacrificial stone, 566 00:42:48,500 --> 00:42:51,500 because the Catholics, as soon as they showed up in Peru, 567 00:42:51,500 --> 00:42:54,500 as a way to control the population, 568 00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:59,500 they immediately made up stories that the Inca were into sacrifice. 569 00:42:59,500 --> 00:43:02,500 So they would describe this as being a sacrificial table 570 00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:06,500 where somebody's heart was taken out because the gods had to be appeased, 571 00:43:06,500 --> 00:43:08,500 but the Inca did not sacrifice people. 572 00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:10,500 That is a lie. 573 00:43:11,500 --> 00:43:13,500 This is probably a place of meditation, 574 00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:18,500 used by the Inca, but made by somebody far, far older. 575 00:43:18,500 --> 00:43:22,500 And when we bring Dr. Schoch to this area, 576 00:43:22,500 --> 00:43:24,500 unfortunately he won't be able to see this, 577 00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:29,500 but my main reason for wanting to be with Dr. Robert Schoch, 578 00:43:29,500 --> 00:43:31,500 who's coming in November, 579 00:43:31,500 --> 00:43:34,500 is that he's the man who dated the Sphinx. 580 00:43:35,500 --> 00:43:39,500 And so I would like to walk with him and show him structures like this 581 00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:45,500 and ask him, based on the where, in terms of precipitation, 582 00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:50,500 and sun, how old he thinks, or how long he thinks it has been 583 00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:54,500 between the construction and shaping of this, 584 00:43:54,500 --> 00:43:58,500 and based on erosion patterns, how old he thinks it is. 585 00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:02,500 This is what's called the temple of the sun, 586 00:44:02,500 --> 00:44:05,500 the temple of the moon are the most overused words in Cusco, 587 00:44:05,500 --> 00:44:08,500 but the Inca were very much into the sun. 588 00:44:08,500 --> 00:44:10,500 So this is the temple of the sun. 589 00:44:10,500 --> 00:44:12,500 The Inca were very much into the sun. 590 00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:14,500 So this is the temple of the sun. 591 00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:18,500 And this is what's in the interior. 592 00:44:19,500 --> 00:44:25,500 Again, what you can make out from this is you have this beautiful precision here, 593 00:44:25,500 --> 00:44:27,500 of almost uniform blocks, 594 00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:33,500 and even when you look down from the top, you see quite precise workmanship. 595 00:44:33,500 --> 00:44:36,500 For some reason, they're protecting something inside. 596 00:44:37,500 --> 00:44:41,500 The conventional story is that on the solstice, 597 00:44:41,500 --> 00:44:44,500 the sun comes through and strikes this line, 598 00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:47,500 and that's an indication that it's the solstice, 599 00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:50,500 but I'm sure there's far more to it than that. 600 00:44:50,500 --> 00:44:54,500 Nobody would go through all of that work when you could simply put a stick in the ground 601 00:44:54,500 --> 00:44:56,500 if you want to measure solstice. 602 00:44:56,500 --> 00:45:01,500 But this has been shaped, it has angles all over the place, 603 00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:03,500 and I think its function is far more profound. 604 00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:06,500 It's just we have no clue who it was who made it. 605 00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:09,500 When you look at this, this is Inca period, 606 00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:13,500 and again, the front looks good, and if you go to the back, it looks good, 607 00:45:13,500 --> 00:45:16,500 but again, it's filled with rubble and things. 608 00:45:16,500 --> 00:45:20,500 This wasn't built at the same time as that. 609 00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:25,500 And that's just a close-up. 610 00:45:25,500 --> 00:45:29,500 Moving farther, we get to the temple of the three windows, 611 00:45:29,500 --> 00:45:32,500 and this is an amazing accomplishment, 612 00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:35,500 going back to our polygonal builders, 613 00:45:35,500 --> 00:45:38,500 because again, every single block is different 614 00:45:38,500 --> 00:45:41,500 and is of incredible precision. 615 00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:45,500 And what you can't see in the photo because it's blown up a little too much 616 00:45:45,500 --> 00:45:49,500 is you see you have rougher construction on top of it. 617 00:45:49,500 --> 00:45:52,500 Very little of Machu Picchu was rebuilt 618 00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:57,500 because it was found almost perfect by Hiram Bingham in 1911. 619 00:45:57,500 --> 00:46:02,500 And so most of the walls and buildings look exactly the way, 620 00:46:02,500 --> 00:46:06,500 aside from the removal of plants and trees and rubble, 621 00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:13,500 it looks the same as it did in 1911, but in a slightly cleaner state. 622 00:46:13,500 --> 00:46:18,500 This is a room just next to the temple of the three windows, 623 00:46:18,500 --> 00:46:22,500 on the way up to what's called the hitching post of the sun, 624 00:46:22,500 --> 00:46:25,500 and this has astonishing acoustic qualities. 625 00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:28,500 If you put your head into one of these niches, 626 00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:32,500 it echoes back at you very loud, and the whole room seems to vibrate, 627 00:46:32,500 --> 00:46:36,500 and that goes to the nature of the fact that, 628 00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:40,500 aside from probably earthquake activity where you have gaps, 629 00:46:40,500 --> 00:46:45,500 these buildings were so tightly fitting that they would resonate as one stone. 630 00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:52,500 And this is the famous Intiwatana, known as the hitching post of the sun. 631 00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:56,500 Again, it's called a solstice marker, 632 00:46:56,500 --> 00:47:02,500 but that doesn't explain all of the different angles and flat areas, etc. on it. 633 00:47:02,500 --> 00:47:04,500 It's very complicated. 634 00:47:04,500 --> 00:47:12,500 Not only that, it's not simply one piece of stone, it's the top of a granite mountain. 635 00:47:12,500 --> 00:47:16,500 One of the simple things that it does is each corner points to a mountain, 636 00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:20,500 and theoretically, on top of each of those four mountains 637 00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:23,500 is one of these Intiwatanas. 638 00:47:23,500 --> 00:47:27,500 Just another view of the complexity of the shape. 639 00:47:27,500 --> 00:47:30,500 And this is a giveaway. 640 00:47:30,500 --> 00:47:38,500 This shows you megalithic, next to very well done, and on top of that inferior. 641 00:47:38,500 --> 00:47:41,500 The older is better than the newer. 642 00:47:41,500 --> 00:47:46,500 How could all of this have been done in such an odd fashion, 643 00:47:46,500 --> 00:47:50,500 theoretically, in the course of 30 or 40 years? 644 00:47:50,500 --> 00:47:54,500 We believe that Machu Picchu is far older, 645 00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:58,500 and that, again, three distinct cultures were there, 646 00:47:58,500 --> 00:48:01,500 the Inca being the last and having built the most. 647 00:48:01,500 --> 00:48:05,500 And the mountain that I showed you in the back that looked like a face, 648 00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:10,500 if you can remember, the nose was quite pronounced, 649 00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:14,500 on top of that are all of these structures. 650 00:48:14,500 --> 00:48:19,500 And from on top of that, looking down, you see this. 651 00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:22,500 Machu Picchu was actually built in the shape of a condor. 652 00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:26,500 This is the head of the condor, and stylized are the wings. 653 00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:28,500 This is the city itself. 654 00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:33,500 The condor faces west, which is symbolic, as of in Egypt, 655 00:48:33,500 --> 00:48:37,500 of the spirit goes to the west with the sun. 656 00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:42,500 Now, if you have a lot of energy, and are more interested in the sun, 657 00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:46,500 and a lot of energy, and are mildly stupid, 658 00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:49,500 you decide to visit what's called the Temple of the Moon, 659 00:48:49,500 --> 00:48:51,500 and it's difficult. 660 00:48:51,500 --> 00:48:54,500 From the top of Huayna Picchu, which was the nose, 661 00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:58,500 you go down the backside, and through a series of ladders and stairways 662 00:48:58,500 --> 00:49:01,500 that go on practically forever, 663 00:49:01,500 --> 00:49:05,500 you reach this little site, which is the Temple of the Moon. 664 00:49:05,500 --> 00:49:09,500 And it, again, is a mix of building styles. 665 00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:14,500 You have quite fine megalithic, and then rebuilding here. 666 00:49:14,500 --> 00:49:17,500 Probably Inca building. 667 00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:21,500 But inside the cave, you find this, an absolute masterpiece of work. 668 00:49:21,500 --> 00:49:28,500 It's the melding of someone's engineering and architectural mastery 669 00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:31,500 with a respect for what was there. 670 00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:34,500 So the roof is solid granite. 671 00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:36,500 This is the mountain. 672 00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:40,500 But they decided to meld their temple, or whatever it was, 673 00:49:40,500 --> 00:49:46,500 into the living stone itself, in a respectful manner. 674 00:49:46,500 --> 00:49:48,500 And there are many other strange anomalies, 675 00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:55,500 like these two cupped-out bowl things, which are actually the bedrock. 676 00:49:55,500 --> 00:49:58,500 This is called the Temple of the Condor. 677 00:49:58,500 --> 00:50:01,500 This is supposedly the condor's beak, 678 00:50:01,500 --> 00:50:03,500 and this is the white ruffle around his neck, 679 00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:07,500 but I think that's too simplistic. It's more profound. 680 00:50:07,500 --> 00:50:10,500 This is the exterior of the Sun Temple, 681 00:50:10,500 --> 00:50:16,500 built, again, on bedrock that's been hewn to make this building fit. 682 00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:19,500 This is the interior of it. 683 00:50:19,500 --> 00:50:24,500 And this is going farther into this room, 684 00:50:24,500 --> 00:50:27,500 which is underneath the Temple of the Sun. 685 00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:30,500 And this is what Machu Picchu, this is how it was found. 686 00:50:30,500 --> 00:50:36,500 This is 1911, Hiram Bingham and several hundred Peruvian workers. 687 00:50:36,500 --> 00:50:38,500 The Peruvians did all the work. 688 00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:41,500 Hiram Bingham yelled at them, probably. 689 00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:44,500 Typical colonial attitude. 690 00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:49,500 A number of people died during this because it was so overgrown with vegetation 691 00:50:49,500 --> 00:50:51,500 that there were poisonous snakes, 692 00:50:51,500 --> 00:50:57,500 and a number of Peruvians died as a result of this process. 693 00:50:57,500 --> 00:51:00,500 This is what Machu Picchu looked like. 694 00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:04,500 This is the Intiwatana area up here, 695 00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:08,500 and this is the Temple of the Three Windows area. 696 00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:12,500 But you can see megalithic here, like massive stones, 697 00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:17,500 and then you see above the megalithic, smaller and rougher construction. 698 00:51:17,500 --> 00:51:20,500 Again, that's like a time capsule. 699 00:51:20,500 --> 00:51:23,500 That's how it was found, and that, to me, is a clear indication 700 00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:27,500 that three distinct civilizations were there. 701 00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:34,500 Just another example, megalithic doorway with rougher construction above it. 702 00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:39,500 And probably the most important thing at Machu Picchu is the bookstore, 703 00:51:39,500 --> 00:51:43,500 because that's where you can buy my book. 704 00:51:43,500 --> 00:51:46,500 And then also I've written other books. 705 00:51:46,500 --> 00:51:49,500 This is the only one that's in print because of the cost. 706 00:51:49,500 --> 00:51:51,500 Printing costs are so prohibitive, 707 00:51:51,500 --> 00:51:56,500 and most publishing companies will only give the author about 5% of the retail. 708 00:51:56,500 --> 00:52:02,500 So if a book sells for $10, the author who's put in the majority of the work gets $0.50. 709 00:52:02,500 --> 00:52:06,500 So my other books are as e-books, and I've made them as guides, 710 00:52:06,500 --> 00:52:11,500 so that on something like a tablet you can take them to places like Machu Picchu, 711 00:52:11,500 --> 00:52:17,500 and then you can literally walk with the guide as you go. 712 00:52:18,500 --> 00:52:24,500 My gringo guide, which is self-defense against being ripped off in Peru. 713 00:52:24,500 --> 00:52:32,500 And this is my, yeah, this one I'm going to publish as an actual book next month. 714 00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:36,500 And this is my book about the Inca prior to the conquest, 715 00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:42,500 because the story of how they expanded their territory is very important. 716 00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:48,500 Only by the time the Inca were done, and literally before the Spanish arrived, 717 00:52:48,500 --> 00:52:52,500 they had stopped expanding. 718 00:52:52,500 --> 00:52:55,500 They decided that their civilization was big enough. 719 00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:59,500 And so I wanted to tell the story of how the expansion was done, 720 00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:03,500 and there are only four cases in history, the history of the Inca, 721 00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:08,500 four cases where they were met with opposition. 722 00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:13,500 Most of the other cultures wished to join with them in League as a confederation, 723 00:53:13,500 --> 00:53:19,500 but most of the stories written about the Inca are these nonsensical stories of conquest. 724 00:53:19,500 --> 00:53:22,500 That's probably more like what European history was, 725 00:53:22,500 --> 00:53:26,500 and you can't take European history and bias like that, 726 00:53:26,500 --> 00:53:31,500 which many archeologists have done, and apply it to other cultures. 727 00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:37,500 And this is my book about other sites around Peru. 728 00:53:37,500 --> 00:53:39,500 Thank you. 729 00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:09,500 Thank you. 730 00:54:37,500 --> 00:54:39,500 Thank you. 731 00:55:07,500 --> 00:55:09,500 Thank you.