1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:29,680 I'm an archaeologist and I just thought I'd put in a little bit of 2 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:36,680 funny meme here and now I don't dig up dinosaur bones and yes I do think I'm a Jedi. 3 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:46,880 So yeah, so my investigation has been the archaeological evidence of craneal deformation 4 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:53,360 in Europe and the Near East for as far back as 10,000 years. 5 00:00:53,360 --> 00:01:02,480 So this is the map that I've been creating so far and mainly at the end of shows you 6 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:07,880 half of it but the majority we've got a spread all the way up into a rush hour into 7 00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:18,360 France and to the UK a massive concentration within Hungary and the Middle East, lots and 8 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:20,560 lots of skulls basically. 9 00:01:20,560 --> 00:01:26,680 So but it's not just the Middle East and Europe, craneal deformation has been found 10 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:31,040 on every continent across across Earth. 11 00:01:31,040 --> 00:01:39,200 So all the way down to Australia, Indonesia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, 12 00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:41,640 Middle East. 13 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:49,360 So the first written accounts that we've got are from Greek historians, so all the way from 14 00:01:49,360 --> 00:01:56,480 the full century BC up until about 30 AD. 15 00:01:56,480 --> 00:02:00,600 So we've got horror artists, hypocrites and pliny of the younger. 16 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:05,600 Pliny youngest, one of the first documented evidence we have for the eruption of the 17 00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:08,600 serious and the cover enough Pompey. 18 00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:14,320 So I'm quite interested in that because every year I got to Pompey and I've been helping 19 00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:17,840 dig for the last two years. 20 00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:23,800 So the Greeks, when they're talking about the culture empire and they talk about the 21 00:02:23,800 --> 00:02:26,720 macrones or the macrophilic stuff. 22 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:32,720 And that's one of the first lines where we get the first skulls called the macrophilic 23 00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:34,160 group of people. 24 00:02:34,160 --> 00:02:39,820 So the culture empire was the home of Medea and the destination for Jason and the 25 00:02:39,820 --> 00:02:44,280 Argonauts in Greek mythology where they go searching for the golden fleece to bring back 26 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:47,520 to the King 80s. 27 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:50,760 And it was a fabulous area. 28 00:02:50,760 --> 00:02:57,400 It was known for its sorcery, it was on the edge of the heroic world to the Greeks. 29 00:02:57,400 --> 00:03:04,280 And it was also where Prometheus was chained for giving the secret of fire to man and 30 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:13,120 having an eagle constantly eating his liver every day and being renewed and her artist 31 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:17,880 does mention that they're probably of Egyptian descent but that's kind of unclear at the 32 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:19,440 moment. 33 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:24,240 So they were very, very sophisticated even before the Greeks. 34 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:31,440 So they had smelt in and metallurgy way, way before anywhere else in Europe. 35 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:35,600 Their urbanisation was far advance before the Greeks. 36 00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:40,240 They were a very sophisticated culture. 37 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:46,000 So in hypocrites, I began with the long heads for there is no race like the heads 38 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:50,760 like theirs, the lengths of heads was originally due to a local custom but nowadays nature 39 00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:52,480 to contributes. 40 00:03:52,480 --> 00:03:56,520 The people believe that the long head and the duff is a market distinction and the local 41 00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:58,000 custom is in question. 42 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:03,760 It's basically talking about how they fashion bandage and pressure. 43 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:08,600 A prior pressure to certain parts of the head to manipulate it from its original form to a more 44 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:09,600 desired form. 45 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:20,080 So next we know that there's an Italian flamp, what would you call it? 46 00:04:20,080 --> 00:04:25,880 Just a philosopher, a mathematician, it was a very sophisticated guy in Italy at the time 47 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:30,600 and he was one of the first people that actually started categorizing and trying to compare 48 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:34,480 and understand artificially deform skills. 49 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:41,480 And then it goes relatively quiet even though we do have mentioned by Spanish chroniclers 50 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:48,360 who go into South America and they talk about the Mayan culture, the Aztecs and basically 51 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:53,000 describe the cranio metrics of what's going on. 52 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:59,800 But obviously the conscious act of deformedment at Scar was one of the pre-dates modern history. 53 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:07,240 It's the oldest cases from the pre-pottery neolithic bee in the Middle East and it's 54 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:11,520 only really very recently that within the field of archaeology that people have actually 55 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:17,560 started to try to focus on it and actually figure out what's going on. 56 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:23,960 The oldest case that we've got comes from MyRack, the Shandardar Cave and it was excavated 57 00:05:24,040 --> 00:05:30,280 in the 50s and the 60s we've either possibly 29 individuals, even though that is debated 58 00:05:30,280 --> 00:05:34,680 it goes up to as much as 35 and down to as many as 25. 59 00:05:34,680 --> 00:05:44,680 So it exists, I don't know if you can see this one, so Shandar Cave is in the Zegros Mountains 60 00:05:44,680 --> 00:05:51,120 and it's the oldest confirmed skull at 9000 to 8000 BC. 61 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:57,680 So also in the Lichchath there is mention the fact that the Ande Falls there's two skulls 62 00:05:57,680 --> 00:06:02,920 that have been found there and they're not sure whether they were deformed or not but for 63 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:08,080 a while since the 80s they were mentioned as being the oldest oldest skulls at 45000 64 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:09,080 years old. 65 00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:14,320 However there was a study in 2007 which completely disagrees. 66 00:06:14,360 --> 00:06:21,520 So kind of says that there's not enough evidence to exhibit a significant amount of 67 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:26,480 detail to show that it is cranial deformation where they postulate that it's actually 68 00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:30,120 post-deposit damage. 69 00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:35,280 So it's basically squashing where the soil has been placed on top of it. 70 00:06:35,280 --> 00:06:40,600 So then we go to Irak, the ancient city of Eridu which was one of the first to marry 71 00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:44,640 in cities and was the capital during the early dynastic period. 72 00:06:44,640 --> 00:06:50,280 It was occupied between the fifth and second millennium BC and hit its peak about fourth 73 00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:51,280 millennium. 74 00:06:51,280 --> 00:06:53,880 So it was typically U-Bade culture. 75 00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:59,120 So if you know about you mid-least it's a typical kind of spread of culture that goes 76 00:06:59,120 --> 00:07:09,600 all the way from Iran to Turkey, Irak, Lebanon and some of the most sophisticated Zegraats 77 00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:14,160 houses a massive amount of symmetries. 78 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:21,960 We've got the first physical evidence for boats anywhere so they were very sophisticated 79 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:22,960 at the time. 80 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:30,960 It was a massive massive port and obviously in the Eridu genesis myth we find the earliest 81 00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:33,200 description of the Great Flood. 82 00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:37,800 So you know Irak as well we've also got I'm not going to try to pronounce a lot of these 83 00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:44,320 names because I'll probably just ruin them but we've got other sites that date from the 84 00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:48,480 same date as Eridu. 85 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:55,040 Cyprus is one of the next places and it's all contemporary with the same period as Eridu 86 00:07:55,040 --> 00:08:04,920 in Irak and Cranial deformation Cyprus was extremely, extremely prolifer and it was 87 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:11,640 I think in about the 8th century to 6th century BC you find a massive amount of skulls. 88 00:08:11,640 --> 00:08:17,920 A lot of them have occipital flattening which is just the back of the head so it's and 89 00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:25,920 then you find typically within the next 500 to 1000 years you start finding rapid bandaging. 90 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:36,460 So there's plenty of other sites but there's a mixture of deform skulls of both 91 00:08:36,460 --> 00:08:37,460 sexes. 92 00:08:37,460 --> 00:08:41,520 Some places you find you only have females that have been found, some places have only 93 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:46,960 got males but in Cyprus we had a complete mixture of all of them and the evidence has 94 00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:55,800 been discussed and noticed since the 1930s and the different styles and techniques marked 95 00:08:55,800 --> 00:09:01,880 gender, ethnicity and social status within Cyprus we believe. 96 00:09:01,880 --> 00:09:05,600 So we've also got the pictures of Cranial Borden which is where we get the first signs 97 00:09:05,600 --> 00:09:11,400 of occipital flattening so once the baby is laid on its back for too long if anyone has 98 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:16,480 had children you have to be very very careful of the child skull because if it's left 99 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:22,480 for too long it can create an occipital flattening which is called brackets to filly and 100 00:09:22,560 --> 00:09:29,480 it's once it's set it's very hard to get rid of so especially with Cranial Borden we 101 00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:35,440 find it that it's a lot of cultures used Cranial Borden but not necessarily knowing if 102 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:38,640 it was for Cranial D formation or not. 103 00:09:38,640 --> 00:09:46,680 So in Iran just from got the Shandardar cave up here and we've got Ganja Dari 104 00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:55,040 Teppi which is 14 skulls have been found there dating from 7th millennium to 6th millennium 105 00:09:55,040 --> 00:10:01,480 Teppi Gen Hill we've got just a single individual, Ali Kosh but then we've got colour 106 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:07,360 seffid which is at least 6 skulls possibly 8 skulls have been found. 107 00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:15,360 Iran we've got I love this because it's one of the only actual depictions that we find 108 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:21,920 anywhere especially with pottery so on their pottery they've got depictions of Cranial 109 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:29,160 D formation they've got figurines they've got examples of children with their headbound and 110 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:34,800 loads of loads of different figurines have also been found loads of other sites but these 111 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:37,760 are the best photos I could find to show you. 112 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:46,440 We've got Lebanon, Babylon, Fulfillani and BC we've got full we two individuals were found 113 00:10:46,440 --> 00:10:51,840 in the initial excavation and at least half of them displayed intentional deformation 114 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:58,280 and the studies showed that actually the high proportion were actually just female so 115 00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:08,680 there is a possibility that it was used for for differentiating the sexes but it may be that 116 00:11:08,680 --> 00:11:15,640 only the female skulls have been found so got Turkey we've got quite a lot of evidence for Turkey 117 00:11:15,640 --> 00:11:26,760 and it's also typical of you made like you-bade culture so diggeramenti I'm not even gonna try 118 00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:32,120 yeah the high funds and stuff like that we just don't have that in English. 119 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:39,080 Understanding Cranial D formation this has been incredibly important site because the vast majority 120 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:46,920 of the evidence is all children all under the age of about 13 and 14 years old so you can see 121 00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:53,800 the development and the severity as children get older they get first typically they have a 122 00:11:53,880 --> 00:12:00,600 single bandage and then they have a second bandage which increases the pressure so go to the Jericho 123 00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:09,400 skull so this site of Jericho obviously is a massive massive site I've got a little to picture 124 00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:15,800 there but it was continuously occupied for something like 6 to 8 thousand years all the way 125 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:23,320 back into the Mesolithic and these it's only very recently that these skulls they've noticed 126 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:28,440 they have got Cranial D formation and it's quite significant because they're not necessarily 127 00:12:28,440 --> 00:12:35,400 sure wherever these skulls were picked out because they would deformed and of a certain shape and then 128 00:12:36,440 --> 00:12:43,880 they are found a lot of these were placed in certain places within houses and possibly worship 129 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:50,600 possibly just there as decoration but they obviously carried a very significant for the people 130 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:55,640 that we live in there and also I haven't got a fight with it but I wish I did there was also a 131 00:12:55,640 --> 00:13:04,280 skull cache A with skulls plastered skulls found in lines and in circles so that was very interesting 132 00:13:04,680 --> 00:13:13,240 and then I'll take you to I'll don't know if you know where the A's are but Arcanarton 133 00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:26,600 was one of uh was the heretic ferro and lived died for a 4 BC and it's got especially 134 00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:31,800 it's Egypt is very strange because even though you've got the significant amount of 135 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:38,680 depictions and artistic work you don't find really any skulls in Egypt at all there's one which 136 00:13:38,760 --> 00:13:46,760 comes from about the 14th, 15th century but other than that so Arcanarton, Nefertiti, their children 137 00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:53,080 clearly had signs and were depicted as having deformed skulls and I'll show you this but 138 00:13:53,080 --> 00:14:01,480 not 100% sure but this is actually the skull of Arcanarton so if you can see towards the back 139 00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:08,360 we've got a clear sign of occipital flattening but not as a clear defined let me just go back 140 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:14,680 sign of Nefertiti or the children with their more protruding elongated skulls 141 00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:26,440 so next one is Armenia and Armenia sits in kind of an area that is kind of influenced a lot 142 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:35,080 by Anatolia the Middle East the Aranian population of Samaria and in the top corner of the country 143 00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:41,400 we find at least six sites where cranial deformation has been found and it's about the late 144 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:48,840 antiquity period and we believe that it was possibly beginning of how to say like social 145 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:55,080 complexity where people start differentiating themselves between people we believe that it was 146 00:14:55,800 --> 00:15:03,880 the Armenians were doing this and obviously we believe that the influence and dissemination of 147 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:10,200 cranial deformation comes from the Middle East and comes into Armenia and possibly stays there for 148 00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:16,120 quite a while before spreading further out again so we've got quite a few sites and 149 00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:23,720 some very nice burial pictures so this guy here is this guy here 150 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:32,760 and the site's data round so it's not as old as other places in the Middle East it's more 151 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:42,680 towards the Roman period post Roman slash early migration period so there was definitely a lot of 152 00:15:42,680 --> 00:15:49,080 skulls and it was two miles a female and 16 children were found at this one site 153 00:15:50,680 --> 00:16:00,040 it's other sites we've got other skulls burial pictures and they all kind of date from about the 154 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:07,880 same time but it's hard sometimes understanding whether these were really significant people 155 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:13,640 or not but generally based on the material evidence that was found with the skeletons we believe 156 00:16:13,640 --> 00:16:19,400 that these people were of a high status within their culture so we've got other places in the 157 00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:26,120 Middle East we've got Syria, Parallel Stein, Georgia, Russia I've kind of included Russia in the Middle East 158 00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:34,040 but it's kind of here not there between Europe and the Middle East but I think this skull was found 159 00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:42,040 this one and Russia was found very very recently about two or three years so get this getting to 160 00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:51,800 Europe and what we find is a massive, massive migration which is possibly that it's the visagovs, 161 00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:59,240 the alons, the avars, all these different cultures that are kind of escaping from I should have 162 00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:04,600 put I've got another map but I'll show you the general migration of what we believe that the 163 00:17:04,600 --> 00:17:10,760 people were doing from the Siberian steps as they come down into Europe and the different cultures 164 00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:15,160 settled to different places and all of them seemed to have bought cranial data formation with them so 165 00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:25,240 post-roman periods so it's called the early migration period but there's a lot of skulls especially 166 00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:35,320 in Germany so we've got these two skulls of two females, one's currently being housed in Germany's 167 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:43,720 Gotham Museum and the other one so these artistic representations are by a guy called Mark Laplu 168 00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:49,000 or I don't want to missay his name but I've sent him quite a lot of pictures of skulls and he's 169 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:55,000 sent me quite a lot of facial reconstructions which I absolutely love because it just looks amazing 170 00:17:56,200 --> 00:18:05,000 so this one's currently being displayed in the Turkish field Germany Museum and it's of 171 00:18:06,520 --> 00:18:10,360 there's about 20 skulls that have been found in that one particular place this one's at this one's 172 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:16,920 of female and we've got other sites so alternate in which is these two skulls, other skulls here 173 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:27,080 Austria so obviously maps and borders and that didn't exist that far back so we're actually talking 174 00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:32,040 about the same group of people even now I've put them into different areas and the places that they've 175 00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:39,720 been found as of yet so we've got quite a lot I think the highest was Steinbrun with at least six 176 00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:49,640 female skulls, Greece so the ancient city of Marina was founded in the seventh century BC 177 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:55,800 and existed for many many centuries up until it was abandoned in the 13th century it came under a 178 00:18:55,800 --> 00:19:01,400 attack by the visigoph, the ostracophs, the hungs, the Bulgarians, the avars, the antis but despite all 179 00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:09,240 of that the settlement stayed strong and I'm just pointing to an area inside the amphitheater where 180 00:19:09,240 --> 00:19:15,800 there was a skull found which I'll just flick over to now and it's incredibly important because the 181 00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:23,080 woman doesn't display any characteristics or even seems to be part of the culture that existed 182 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:29,960 in that time so she was possibly an important foreigner that came into the to the site 183 00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:38,440 don't know why or what her importance was but she had a full of very different traditions and she 184 00:19:38,520 --> 00:19:44,280 lived a very different lifestyle to all of the other women that were found within the same cemetery 185 00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:58,280 she had a broken owner and radius she showed a high rich dire very calculus teeth so she was 186 00:19:58,280 --> 00:20:06,040 obviously of a very affluent descent but she was still buried in accordance with the rest of the cemetery 187 00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:12,920 so she was given the same owners as the early Christian people that were living in that place 188 00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:20,520 so Francis, I'm moving on to France we've got a very very important place because in France 189 00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:27,080 there are skulls that have been mentioned of been in the Bronze Age and this was mentioned in 190 00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:34,520 the 1930s though no such evidence has been found as such to corroborate it but 191 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:42,120 especially in France, cranial deformation was so routine and so special that certain 192 00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:48,520 groups of people living in different areas had their own significant deformation so they had their own 193 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:54,280 styles so a lot of people would be able to identify different groups of people just based on 194 00:20:54,840 --> 00:21:00,200 where the skulls, the style that they used and where the skull would come from so 195 00:21:01,080 --> 00:21:09,880 if you can see on this this is a map from from the map that I'm creating so we've got all the way 196 00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:19,400 down south of France west just below the Swiss Alps all the way up so what is it Gurium and 197 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:28,840 Vexen is one of the oldest Bronze Age places and there's a possibility that there are 198 00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:35,000 the big people it's a no understanding now that's still kind of in the works that possibly 199 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:40,760 the bigger people that come in in the Bronze Age were actually deforming their skulls as well but 200 00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:47,560 that's really going over some of the looks yeah so it was it's such a high degree that 50 to 100 201 00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:53,560 certain the population had deforms skulls and a French physician in 1890 said he personally examined 202 00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:58,600 over 20 by thousand skulls showing clear signs of cranial deformation 203 00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:05,960 this was published in the I don't know if anyone saw this 2013 it was the latest one that would 204 00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:15,160 been found in the Als Als such France open eye and very intact very amazing burial 205 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:22,760 so we believe that there's possibly no evidence from the Bronze Age that the Iron Age 206 00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:28,920 around the seventh century BC but there are two possible skulls that were found in a tumulus 207 00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:37,160 but as far as Crohnado de formation in Europe France has possibly the oldest examples 208 00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:47,640 and we find quite a lot interpictions of artwork there's another photo but I couldn't get a 209 00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:57,240 good copy of it so this is a lady in the 1450s with a clear sign of cranial de formation especially 210 00:22:57,320 --> 00:23:04,440 in France we also see a lot of it if I go back to this Merro Vingian we've got headdresses 211 00:23:05,320 --> 00:23:12,360 there's very styled headdresses very unique so it's possibly the reason that a lot of it was 212 00:23:12,360 --> 00:23:21,000 female because of the headdresses and stuff that they used and but the stuff that I've been found 213 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:26,440 within the second and fifth century are basically attributed to the visigoths a group of people 214 00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:33,160 that came and moved all the way across Europe and eventually settled within the region of France 215 00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:40,440 and it's been very very well documented especially in the medieval period the Merro Vingians 216 00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:50,120 and there was an instance of a lady in France in the 21st century where her grandma had was she 217 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:59,240 was this older, talusian woman and she had wrapped her grandchild's head so it's possibly one of 218 00:23:59,240 --> 00:24:06,760 the most recent cases of intentional cranial de formation so if we go into Bulgaria which is also 219 00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:15,720 the same migration period which is pre-pushed Roman and the pro-toe Bulgarians come along with this 220 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:22,920 massive migration and even though they settle in what is obviously now Bulgaria they're heritage 221 00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:31,400 and comes from a region I don't know if that's technically Siberia such now but 222 00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:39,160 basically a lot of the cultures that come from that area all seem to be deforming their skulls 223 00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:44,760 and they bring that tradition into Europe with them and it exists for several hundred years 224 00:24:46,360 --> 00:24:52,840 so we find that several about six or seven sites where different skulls have been found we've 225 00:24:52,840 --> 00:25:00,520 got a artistic depiction of what the skull or what the lady possibly looked like and so far 226 00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:06,680 there's probably about over a hundred skulls that have been found within just Bulgaria itself 227 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:13,800 so this map shows you the most of the what is believed to be the Bulgarian migration 228 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:20,520 so as they come down come down into Europe come down to Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary 229 00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:27,880 the Avars settle in what is now Hungary they follow up the Danube and carry on into the Frankish empire 230 00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:36,200 some of them go down all the way into into the base of Italy but it's a mass migration it's 231 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:42,600 very interesting how people suddenly after the fall of the Roman Empire move so much 232 00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:50,440 distance this is my favourite place and it's probably with the best display anywhere in the world 233 00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:58,200 and it's in Budapest Hungary so if anyone's ever going there national museum and the Buda castle museum 234 00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:05,160 they've got amazing amazing displays where you can see everything about the culture everything materialists 235 00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:10,600 everything that they were used and everything they were buried with it's just amazing display 236 00:26:10,680 --> 00:26:18,360 so we can see this little guy just just almost least sitting there surrounded by all of his material artifacts 237 00:26:18,360 --> 00:26:26,040 and I just I just love it so we can be know what how was it they used to live in what style and what 238 00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:37,560 jewelry they were wearing and there's at least I say 200 in this but there's probably more close to about 239 00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:45,800 500 600 skulls that have been found and there are about 46 to about 50 sites and it's not just one 240 00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:55,000 skull we don't want to say it's badly but we've at least got 10 skulls from Gersdeli 241 00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:03,560 Kizombo we've got at least 21 skulls so we know typically what they were wearing as we can see with 242 00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:12,760 the females we've also got the headrest style we know what the males wear in the styles there's spears 243 00:27:14,680 --> 00:27:20,360 this is in the Buda Buda castle museum which is actually quite hard to find you have to go all the way 244 00:27:20,360 --> 00:27:25,880 into the museum and go all the way to the top and there's I couldn't find any mention of it I just 245 00:27:25,960 --> 00:27:33,320 happened to be wandering up there and just found it and took hundreds of photos of it so we've got 246 00:27:34,360 --> 00:27:41,320 amazing depictions of the burials the skull that was found all of the the pottery the glass the jewelry 247 00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:51,720 everything amazing amazing one of the best displays and actual evidence for who the certain people 248 00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:58,120 especially the avar's in Hungarian they were deforming their skulls and especially the material 249 00:27:58,120 --> 00:28:06,200 artifacts that they were doing especially you find this kind of style of a significant 250 00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:15,240 towards hair and hair style which which you've got a lot of jewelry we've got there the weaponry 251 00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:21,560 we knew that they they carried more Mongolian style archery bows so this is basically 252 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:29,800 a map of what we believe the avar people did so that little pyramid there it says far as a 253 00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:36,440 till of the hangar so we've got a massive migration all the way from beyond the black sea all the way 254 00:28:37,320 --> 00:28:45,560 into central one central Europe but Bulgaria or Romania so along with the proto-Bogarians the 255 00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:52,920 visagovs all of this and then they move all the way all the way down into Spain, Portugal all 256 00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:59,240 the way across the whole of the continent so it's a massive migration of a lot of different 257 00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:03,800 cultures but it's quite interesting that they all seem to bring cranial deformation with them as well 258 00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:12,680 so I want to say mosque but I'm sure I'm probably saying that wrong this is a very interesting site 259 00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:20,280 because this is the highest concentration of deformed skulls in Hungary and there's hundreds 260 00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:27,000 to 150 skulls have been found so far and we've got a lovely depiction of what this lady used to look 261 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:38,040 like and the cemetery is dated to about the 5th century AD and blood work was done on on the skulls 262 00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:45,160 on the cemetery that they were found and they noticed that there was at least three I think it's 263 00:29:45,160 --> 00:29:51,640 about three generations or four different families so what you actually find is in the first generation 264 00:29:51,640 --> 00:29:57,880 there was no it was very very limited cranial deformation there is one or two more incidences 265 00:29:57,880 --> 00:30:06,200 in the second generation and by the third generation it's completely widespread so it's good site 266 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:11,720 in understanding the dissemination of cranial deformed so you understand that it wasn't necessarily 267 00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:19,320 brought in and used straight away by every culture it took a bit of a wild people to understand 268 00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:25,000 and to probably to figure out that people weren't going to die because of this practice 269 00:30:26,680 --> 00:30:33,160 and this is another kind of believed map of the migration so the oldest elders in 270 00:30:33,640 --> 00:30:41,800 we find this far in central to West Asia come along to the Black Sea so we've got the Armenia 271 00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:48,600 Georgia, the different groups here and then as they start moving in a way from the the Mongol 272 00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:56,920 Hordes they go further and further into Europe which is just amazing but I've included some of 273 00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:02,680 places which have kind of the best information but skulls have been found check a republic, 274 00:31:02,680 --> 00:31:09,880 Romania, Sicily, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the UK it's pretty widespread across the whole of 275 00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:17,880 Europe the American continents we find there was several the Belakola that Juneux the hope 276 00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:26,200 here the Pablo Indians we have the old max the Aztecs the the Mayans and it was specially in 277 00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:35,000 South America it was distributed between Venezuela, Colombia all the way down to Chile and Argentina so 278 00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:41,880 it was very widespread especially in America, Mayan people were very significant in their meaning 279 00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:46,920 for it it wasn't just aesthetic but it was also religious and social we have different groups of 280 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:56,360 people that are allowed in the culture to so there's one type of circular binding which is only 281 00:31:56,360 --> 00:32:01,400 allowed for the nobility where their subjects and the people that are being governed are allowed 282 00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:08,600 more front-end or occipital flattening so it's distinction even within deformation of who can do a 283 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:18,360 certain type of deformation and when some of the Spanish chronicles we know that they were absolutely 284 00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:25,480 fascinated by it and they asked them why they would do it to repair more noble more handsome 285 00:32:25,480 --> 00:32:30,520 and to be able to better bear burdens and they believed they were told by their gods that this 286 00:32:30,520 --> 00:32:37,160 is something that they had to do but also within the culture we know that some of the Spanish mentioned 287 00:32:37,240 --> 00:32:43,800 that some of the children were so subjected to it so much that often they would die because of just 288 00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:50,440 the intensity and the pain possibly the problems that it also brought along with it so also in the 289 00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:58,920 Mayan culture we have some very nice depictions so got two priests and they've got the circular 290 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:05,400 kind of more pulled elongated skulls where the people at the the servant them have the front 291 00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:11,640 occipital so it's very nice because we've got a lot of depictions we even got to pick 292 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:19,320 ones of how they did it with their boards and bandaging we've got another skull that was found in Sorara 293 00:33:21,320 --> 00:33:31,960 Sorara just recently and it was absolutely all over the web alien skulls found and 294 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:38,200 everything like that so it's it's it's kind of sad because they completely ignore the actual 295 00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:43,640 archaeological significance the actual material evidence and anything it's just 296 00:33:44,680 --> 00:33:50,680 bit more I guess archaeologists doesn't sell as well as a sensationalism but there's also 297 00:33:50,680 --> 00:33:55,960 possibly they push the light that they could have been doing it to represent certain types of their gods 298 00:33:56,680 --> 00:34:02,440 so I don't know if any of you know this site T.R.T. were calm but it's absolutely amazing 299 00:34:02,440 --> 00:34:11,000 sight and so we know that there are skulls on the plateau that were buried down by the Febred Serpent pyramid 300 00:34:14,680 --> 00:34:23,320 so just on the south side we had a massive burial of about 10 to 15 skeletons 301 00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:31,000 and at least half of them displayed science of cranial deformation so they're not sure whether they were 302 00:34:31,880 --> 00:34:37,240 people that were sacrificed or whether they were people that were actually involved in the construction 303 00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:46,520 of the pyramid may have died doing it who knows Peru obviously everyone always knows about 304 00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:53,320 the practice peruscles but especially in the Andes the oldest skull that we know of is 6,000 to 305 00:34:53,320 --> 00:35:01,080 7,000 BC so it's extremely old we know that exist in the practice the T.R.Cocultures and the Naskar 306 00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:10,600 cultures so this is especially an interesting site which is Mock Mock Huer 307 00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:18,600 it's dated to about the 600 to 700 AD and we've got at least two different styles of 308 00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:27,000 deformation and we have at least 30 to 40 skulls that have been found on the site and it's 309 00:35:27,720 --> 00:35:32,600 the site even though it is part of the T.R.Coculture it's about 310 00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:39,720 a T.R.Coculture and the right it's about a couple of hundred miles away but it was all part 311 00:35:39,720 --> 00:35:48,920 of the same T.R.Coculture sphere then there's other sites particular for commerce I'm not going 312 00:35:48,920 --> 00:35:56,520 to go into much more but we also have a practice skull in England if in a view have been I think 313 00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:03,240 Piccadilly Square which is the Ripple's Believe it or not we have a display of a D form skull 314 00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:08,840 so anyone that's interested you know that there's one in the British Museum 315 00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:13,080 Ripple's Believe it or not or the Ashmillion so if you have an interested in one into 316 00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:22,760 have a look then go have a look Africa so the main boutu people the Sudanese the 317 00:36:23,640 --> 00:36:29,720 county all the way there's several several different cultures that we uniquely 318 00:36:29,720 --> 00:36:33,880 independent and you can see and it's really good because if if 319 00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:41,320 geographically we know a lot about these people no we know why they did it what they were doing 320 00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:47,160 it for and kind of the passing down of knowledge and especially I love with it the 321 00:36:47,240 --> 00:36:52,600 hairstyles the hairstyles are just amazing they go all out and extravagant and 322 00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:58,520 it's on the next page but I'll show you that the hairstyles is by far my favourite so 323 00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:07,000 the main boutu people central Congo just roughly as the bend of Congo mixed with loads of different 324 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:14,760 other ethnic groups but we find especially significant is the rapid the children's heads the 325 00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:20,040 parents have obviously got D form skulls as well and this style of head head dressing 326 00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:29,960 is definitely unique and this guy with his aerodynamic head style is just amazing it's just 327 00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:35,640 amazing and so we've got typically we've got the algae generation sorting out the head dresses 328 00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:41,720 we find a lot within the art of the main boutu people it was it was so significant to him 329 00:37:42,680 --> 00:37:49,960 but it was all about aesthetically being more beautiful being smarter loads of different reasons 330 00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:58,520 Pacific Ocean so Indonesia through to Australia we've got loads of other skulls this this guy 331 00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:05,560 this little kid's from New Britain Papamugini we've got a couple from Australia 332 00:38:06,440 --> 00:38:20,120 and more from Papamugini but why why would they deform and the thing that's most 333 00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:26,040 interesting is that it's not something you can necessarily just develop you have to have a 334 00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:36,600 strict continuous set of actions to be able to to be able to create what is a desired shape 335 00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:42,760 away from obviously the normal head shape where it was a delicate it's a phallic more elongated 336 00:38:42,760 --> 00:38:48,680 breakfast a phallic more rounded type of head so there was a desire to get away from the head shape 337 00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:56,280 but they would obviously have to be a conscious understanding of how to achieve it so what I'd 338 00:38:56,280 --> 00:39:02,440 like to obviously I've got a bit of time to introduce you to how we understand what is cranial 339 00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:09,080 deformation so we break it down into basically two categories which is intentional and unintentional 340 00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:15,800 so typically we find with the intentional we have different styles of wrapping the head different 341 00:39:15,880 --> 00:39:21,400 severities of finding it different ways that they would wrap it from the top of the head to the 342 00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:28,440 back of the head and we also find in certain cases that you get a smaller jaw a smaller 343 00:39:29,240 --> 00:39:34,920 from a magnum in the top of the head it affects different abilities of the head to change 344 00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:41,320 and stuff but then when we go to an unintentional we're talking about craniosinatosis the 345 00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:48,920 premature fusion of cranial plates we have in in utro deformation where the baby might have been 346 00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:56,120 stayed in the womb for too long and by the compaction of inside the womb it starts to then 347 00:39:56,120 --> 00:40:03,320 mold the head we also know that we've been given birth that there's also a difference 348 00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:08,520 that can also manipulate sometimes you can find little babies heads have got little where you don't 349 00:40:08,520 --> 00:40:15,640 get your heads when they're first born and after a while they slowly go back to normal but obviously 350 00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:21,480 if they was a desire to keep that shape people would start to wrap it we've got this little 351 00:40:21,480 --> 00:40:28,200 guy who's a newborn who's got displayed signs of occipital flattening and we know that unintentional 352 00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:35,320 can be genetic abnormalities, sleep and posture or nutritional factors so in the understand enough 353 00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:44,040 intentional cranial deformation we have at least 14 unique shapes so there's a lot of kind of debate 354 00:40:44,040 --> 00:40:49,720 in all whether there's more whether there's less depending on the age of somebody depends on the 355 00:40:49,720 --> 00:40:58,680 severity of it just it also shows so we've got frontal occipital, lumboid, occipital, anula 356 00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:05,160 and pro frontal occipital which is a very molylogated but also collecting the the back of the head 357 00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:11,960 so canal deformation is dependent on several factors there's stricteriveness of the constraint 358 00:41:11,960 --> 00:41:17,880 how tight is it being bound is it loose so if it's loose it may not actually show much 359 00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:25,320 depressions and it may not show particularly anything so it's kind of an understanding trying to 360 00:41:25,320 --> 00:41:31,240 figure out the severity of it and trying to understand because a lot of skulls that have been found 361 00:41:31,320 --> 00:41:37,960 they don't necessarily identify it straight away so depending on whether the the plane of the 362 00:41:37,960 --> 00:41:43,880 application the length of the procedure depends if it was done for six months six years 363 00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:50,280 free years it's it's completely changeable and obviously the age of a child so it's done for a 364 00:41:50,280 --> 00:41:56,520 newborn like you saw in the main boot of people you've got a severe severe elongation of the skull 365 00:41:56,520 --> 00:42:03,720 with its done with a child free to six years old it doesn't become a severe so frontal occipital 366 00:42:03,720 --> 00:42:09,080 which is so we've got two main styles that I want to talk to you because they're more represented 367 00:42:09,080 --> 00:42:13,640 within the archaeological record so frontal occipital is the flattening and the squashing 368 00:42:14,840 --> 00:42:22,360 of the front and the back of the head and it was used stones, pads, words, cradle boards and the actual 369 00:42:22,440 --> 00:42:28,840 effect on the skull which created a wider cranial base, a decreased cranial length, increased cranial 370 00:42:28,840 --> 00:42:35,000 breadth, larger facial height and compared compared growth in the prior to the place which is 371 00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:41,480 which is here which means it's squashes out more that way or circular or circular and 372 00:42:41,560 --> 00:42:49,640 ventral which is the wrapping so you've typically got single wrapped double wrapped and it's more 373 00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:58,680 characterised and a more elongated skull that is that we find is quite interesting so why why did 374 00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:10,120 why just why why even bobbler well we believe all several people of theorised that they may have 375 00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:17,000 been trying to create similarities between individuals within a society where physical and biological 376 00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:23,640 differences existed that it was a cultural market to find social status or I'm described 377 00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:29,480 a leaked like status we especially know that within the main population that had a distinction between 378 00:43:29,480 --> 00:43:36,680 certain styles of deformation and who was allowed to do it. Performed at the desire of their gods 379 00:43:36,760 --> 00:43:41,480 the Mayans talk about they were doing it for their gods some of the early 380 00:43:41,480 --> 00:43:47,160 massive Italian young staff possibly but who were their gods we just never know. 381 00:43:48,040 --> 00:43:53,160 In inverted consequence of routine clothing so we know that some of the cases in France 382 00:43:53,160 --> 00:43:57,880 might not have actually been the intention to deform the skull but it was more about the head 383 00:43:57,960 --> 00:44:08,360 dress and the head restile so it was actually a secondary byproduct of clothing and used to demonstrate 384 00:44:08,360 --> 00:44:14,040 group affiliation so if you had moved to a separate area you may have wanted to keep your culture 385 00:44:15,160 --> 00:44:20,680 people brought together by invasion this is especially important in the migration period where you see 386 00:44:20,840 --> 00:44:28,680 everywhere this mass migration as people just don't want to mess with the hums but obviously 387 00:44:28,680 --> 00:44:33,880 maintaining and stripping in those long distant relationships and exchange next works possibly gender 388 00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:39,560 differential miles versus females there was only miles allowed there was only females allowed or 389 00:44:39,560 --> 00:44:46,840 there was a mixture of both and it's it's it's it's a very interesting thing because cranial 390 00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:53,880 deformation as it's such was a very risky procedure to do if we're talking about intentional 391 00:44:53,880 --> 00:44:58,920 deformation because especially before the advent of modern medicine we had a very very 392 00:45:00,120 --> 00:45:06,600 high-end for mortality rate and the sight that I've just come from this week we found three 393 00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:15,800 baby burials it's part of the job but it's incredibly sad so it was obviously very important so 394 00:45:15,880 --> 00:45:21,400 despite that these risks these children die and possibly due to the procedure or other things they 395 00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:30,600 still continued to do it and it was possibly linked to the emerging social 396 00:45:31,160 --> 00:45:36,280 structure in that we find out of the neolithic period where people start organising themselves better 397 00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:44,280 and understanding the different nature so but what more can cranial deformation tell us we know 398 00:45:44,360 --> 00:45:51,240 it was transferable between groups and it's sometimes faded at a fashion we're around 2009 399 00:45:51,560 --> 00:45:56,200 knew that it had a heightened potential in seven as a basic cultural marker when investigate 400 00:45:56,200 --> 00:46:01,560 and catch connections between regions so if you think about the mass migration of the people that 401 00:46:01,560 --> 00:46:09,480 come in where where they came from the Georgia or Armenia up into Siberia that it was definitely 402 00:46:09,560 --> 00:46:14,840 important for interpopulation relations as well as assessing ancient migrations 403 00:46:16,520 --> 00:46:20,360 that it was the political elite shaped their heads of their offspring purposely different 404 00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:30,600 and themselves from the rest of the people so we know that and it also gazile was I've got the paper 405 00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:36,760 but there's only two actual really good papers that have ever been written in the last 200 years 406 00:46:36,840 --> 00:46:43,720 that actually accumulate all of the evidence into into one and it was in the 1930s 407 00:46:44,760 --> 00:46:51,160 the 1970s and forthcoming book by myself it's also very important because we know 408 00:46:52,360 --> 00:46:56,120 and it can demonstrate how ancient populations were caring for their children 409 00:46:56,840 --> 00:47:03,160 or we can we can know that they were taken enough time to perform this whether they were doing it for 410 00:47:03,240 --> 00:47:09,320 and ascribed kind of identity later on in life and obviously cranial deformation is not something 411 00:47:09,320 --> 00:47:17,000 you can inflict on yourself it's something that somebody has to subject you to and they were 412 00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:23,480 constantly, consciously exploring the malibility and the plasticity of the head which I find 413 00:47:23,480 --> 00:47:32,280 fascinating going back 10,000 years in the Middle East up until the 90th century and it was definitely 414 00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:36,600 wondering if it was a transition of the neolithic period from the hunter-gabri lifestyle to a 415 00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:41,240 more prominent agricultural based economy as a new social structure began emerging 416 00:47:42,680 --> 00:47:46,920 so we've got the the old Mac babies as Hugh likes to call them for their little helmets 417 00:47:48,440 --> 00:47:55,240 and so modern-day cranial deformation we find this it's actually quite prolific 418 00:47:55,240 --> 00:48:01,240 and it's still something that we're having to deal with today so as you can see with this this little child 419 00:48:01,320 --> 00:48:08,120 his she has spend in a lot of her time on the back of her head well a normal skull which is 420 00:48:08,120 --> 00:48:15,880 think it you get a positional flattening the baby stays too long with a soft head you start to 421 00:48:15,880 --> 00:48:24,200 get this this change in the natural shape of the head which possibly through the earliest cases 422 00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:29,560 we know our cradle boarding there's no sign in the oldest oldest evidence of any kind of 423 00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:39,000 possible intention towards it up until the six or seven millennium BC so and this this uh 424 00:48:40,360 --> 00:48:44,760 dynamic or thought cranio plastic device is proven against 425 00:48:45,560 --> 00:48:50,760 correct in positional plagiarist effortfully plagiarist effortfully is I'll get to that in a second 426 00:48:50,760 --> 00:48:56,120 but it's premature fusion of the cranial plates so we can find in today that we've even got 427 00:48:56,200 --> 00:49:02,920 instances of brackets of fairly where children have been left too long in their crib's laying down 428 00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:11,560 and it's actually after when you use this device so you've got the shape shape on the left 429 00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:17,640 the original shape and then we've got the the new shape that the the device creates and we also find 430 00:49:17,640 --> 00:49:26,120 that it's uh in down syndrome children it's used quite a lot so once we talk about cranios 431 00:49:26,120 --> 00:49:32,840 in the touses the premature fusion of cranial plates so this can be this is a genetic abnormality 432 00:49:32,840 --> 00:49:40,120 or it can be something that's affected by the culture say cranial do for 433 00:49:40,120 --> 00:49:44,760 cranial deformation so we've what we've got is different types of so we've got a lot of the 434 00:49:44,840 --> 00:49:50,120 seditor cina tosis which is a complete loss of the seditor suture which is the lime 435 00:49:50,120 --> 00:49:57,160 running along the top of their head we've got metropychs cina tosis by lateral coronal cina tosis 436 00:49:57,880 --> 00:50:05,000 there's I think I've got it on the next slide but it's about 150 different variations of cranios 437 00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:12,680 cintosis so and it would and it comes from the the Greek word plagiarist meaning a bleak 438 00:50:12,680 --> 00:50:19,640 and cethylene mean in head and modern physicians note that it's actually relatively common 439 00:50:19,640 --> 00:50:26,360 and it's as high as one in 2000 life births have some kind of cranios in the taste is problem 440 00:50:26,360 --> 00:50:32,840 and even in some cases of certain cultures certain more isolated groups it can be as high as one in 441 00:50:32,840 --> 00:50:39,480 60 so it's still a problem that we have to deal with today so yeah 150 different 442 00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:47,720 um unique genetic cintroins that involve cranios in a tosis so we've got seditor cintosis which is 443 00:50:47,720 --> 00:50:54,200 obviously the lack of a cranial suture so once you've got a complete fusion if you say that 444 00:50:54,200 --> 00:51:00,520 it happens quite early on in life then that that part of the skull would no longer grow any further 445 00:51:00,520 --> 00:51:07,240 so that the rest of the skull has to accommodate that big brain that's going inside and has to 446 00:51:07,320 --> 00:51:11,880 figure out where it's all going otherwise you just get a squash brain and you'll you'll just die 447 00:51:12,600 --> 00:51:21,000 so but seditor cintotosis is the most prolific case that we find in the modern day 448 00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:28,120 60 to 70% of modern cases of cranios in the tosis are seditor cintotosis and there's a couple of 449 00:51:28,120 --> 00:51:34,120 papers that I wasn't sure whether to get in or not but there's also an increased 450 00:51:34,200 --> 00:51:42,760 incidences of cranios of seditor cintotosis within deformed skulls so it's incredibly important and 451 00:51:44,760 --> 00:51:50,200 so but there's also other issues that we know about cranial deformation that could be 452 00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:58,520 happened by utensils four sets the vacuum that is used if women are having problems during birth 453 00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:04,920 can cause a premature fusion of the cranial skulls the the sutures and can then obviously affect 454 00:52:04,920 --> 00:52:11,720 the child for the rest of its life sleep preference like I said a more lane on the back of the head a more 455 00:52:14,120 --> 00:52:20,840 inactivity can create cranial deformation and we see a higher incidence of seditor cintotosis 456 00:52:20,840 --> 00:52:27,400 especially in males rather than females which is due to the more rapid growth then females of the skull 457 00:52:29,160 --> 00:52:41,720 there are a belief that was it choose a impact 2012 they analyse old deformed skulls and modern 458 00:52:41,720 --> 00:52:47,560 deformed skulls and then they try to look at whether and posh to the way whether these people were 459 00:52:47,560 --> 00:52:54,040 experienced the same problem in prehistory as what we know today so we know we had cranial deformation 460 00:52:54,200 --> 00:53:01,800 can affect the vision can create deafness and underactify or underactive adrenal glands 461 00:53:01,800 --> 00:53:09,480 diminished the functional ability and it's but it's it's very interesting very interesting 462 00:53:09,480 --> 00:53:15,720 because also the devices that are used also create its defenses of lice, hair loss, ringworm, 463 00:53:16,680 --> 00:53:24,840 impotigo just cases of parasitic infections so it's not always a good thing to do and it's a very 464 00:53:24,840 --> 00:53:33,640 risky thing to do so I want to try to get you to my to my mat but I'm just going to leave this one 465 00:53:33,640 --> 00:53:44,440 with you sorry I just interested in these funny ones never know it might be on the exam 466 00:53:46,680 --> 00:53:54,440 yeah this is just a I'll go back to my mat reference chronologically dated skulls 467 00:53:55,000 --> 00:54:00,920 different areas no each one of them it's at least one identified and recorded place within the 468 00:54:00,920 --> 00:54:08,600 literature but there's several several different skulls so as you can see there's quite a list 469 00:54:09,480 --> 00:54:20,120 so most of the skulls that have been found have all been dated and time so the oldest 470 00:54:20,120 --> 00:54:27,880 incidents we know are in the Middle East so it's from 10,000 to at least 4,000 free 471 00:54:27,880 --> 00:54:34,040 thousand BC we've got a massive concentration in Cyprus we've got it spread across Italy into 472 00:54:34,040 --> 00:54:44,120 Y-Ran into into Syria not necessarily I rack but then we've got it all the way up into to Russia a lot 473 00:54:44,120 --> 00:54:54,440 of these I've got confirmed identification that there are skulls but the time periods are a bit more 474 00:54:55,320 --> 00:55:02,280 harder to confirm so I have used them but they're more of just one colour in one spread 475 00:55:03,160 --> 00:55:12,360 so the greatest concentration within Europe is in Hungary about 50 to 60 sites and hundreds of 476 00:55:12,360 --> 00:55:17,320 skulls found and then we've got this this general spread of this migration period we've got these 477 00:55:17,320 --> 00:55:22,120 I don't know if you can see that the actual colour difference but we've got this spread all the way 478 00:55:22,120 --> 00:55:28,760 into into France, Hungary and it's all part of that early migration period that I showed you 479 00:55:28,760 --> 00:55:35,240 the Bulgarians the Avars the Visigoths as they come so we believe that they come from this area of the 480 00:55:35,240 --> 00:55:41,400 of the Black Sea up into the the step here so we know that we've got confirmed skulls here but 481 00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:50,280 as to the dates no confirmed yet but the main problem is that the connection is there any connection 482 00:55:50,280 --> 00:55:56,920 between the Middle East and Europe was far as we can tell well collogically no but wherever it 483 00:55:57,400 --> 00:56:04,200 moved from the Middle East the practiced into this area and then 2000 years later comes with the 484 00:56:04,200 --> 00:56:11,160 groups of people as they move away from the hands as they come come into into Europe and you can see 485 00:56:11,160 --> 00:56:19,000 there's massive massive grouping of the period of the early migration period which is that third 486 00:56:19,080 --> 00:56:27,480 third millennium that third century AD to about the night century AD the go as far as as the 487 00:56:27,480 --> 00:56:38,520 Blair Achilles down to Sicily into into Greece and we've got one case in Egypt and obviously we've 488 00:56:38,520 --> 00:56:47,000 got our canaten but we've got eventually I want to create this into a worldwide map 489 00:56:47,880 --> 00:56:56,440 that is my intention to see go and I want to make this an active Google Earth map so all of these 490 00:56:56,440 --> 00:57:02,520 dots that you see have all of the information for them so what was found what was the date 491 00:57:02,520 --> 00:57:08,520 and the archaeological reference so you can go away and and read more information by the people 492 00:57:08,520 --> 00:57:15,000 that found the skulls so eventually I want to make this big worldwide map so that anyone in 493 00:57:15,000 --> 00:57:22,440 everyone can look at the research and eventually once the stop procrastinating I will have a book out