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Okay, so this talk is called Megaliths and Mysteries of Ancient South America and we're

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going to be looking at the origins of the gods in Peru and Bolivia and the influence

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over the Inca culture and how they created some of the most amazing megalithic structures

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on the planet. My name's Hugh Newman, I'm an author, researcher and explorer and I've

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been visiting Peru and Bolivia since 2007. I've visited the area 10 times over the last

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decade or so and to me it's one of the most important megalithic places on the planet.

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So it's based in South America along the west coast and one of the most important areas we're

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going to look at is the area around Cusco but then we're going to move to the area of Lake Titicaca.

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On the bottom right there we have Manco Capac, he was the founder of the Inca Empire. However,

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there are stories going much further back that talk about tall bearded people coming from the

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area of Lake Titicaca and influencing the local cultures around Cusco and around the sacred valley

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where Machu Picchu and Ollantaytambo are and creating the megalithic temples that we see

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there today although they're really now credited as being built by the Inca. One of the most

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interesting areas around Cusco is not only the hills where we have Sacsayhuaman but it's the

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fact that actually there's a strange puma type being like an effigy within the landscape there

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and you can see that in this image here and it's thought that this was part of the creation, part

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of the building of Cusco was based around the sacred puma and we'll see why that's important

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because even Lake Titicaca potentially they believed was representation of this great puma

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and it's thought with the origin myths of the Inca are really quite interesting because they're

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very similar to the origin stories of Viracocha which we'll look at a bit later and they talk

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about the two children of the son Manco Capac and Mamma Oclehuaco who were both brother and sister

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and husband and wife. They were sent by the son from the area of Lake Titicaca with a golden wedge

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and they were destined to sink into the earth where they should found their civilization.

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Where they placed it in the earth was in central Cusco at a place called the Coricancha.

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Now the Coricancha itself is a very beautiful place it's been built up now it's like a Christian

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church and temple almost like a cathedral of ancient Peru and it was supposed to have been

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founded by the Inca but there's evidence as we'll see and as we've already discussed that it may

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be much earlier so officially in the 1400s it was being built just a few hundred years ago

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and it really marks the center of the ancient Inca world but also the ancient Andean world

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going back before the Inca. The first Inca ruler Manco Capac ordered the building of the original

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temple but it was the ninth Inca Pachacutec who enlarged improved and modernized it from about

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1438 onwards and you can see here this is a model which is on display at the site itself in the

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interior museum and you can see it's got a gold rim around the top of the walls and it's thought

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the entire temple was covered in gold and silver. This is an artist's impression of what it may have

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looked like. Now this was completely engulfed in gold they were they saw gold as like we see a

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normal kind of metal or normal ceramic there was so much of it available to them that they took it

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for granted and they were surprised that when the Spanish came over that they were even interested

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in it because it wasn't their most precious this precious metal or anything like this.

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The interior contained temples and you can still see some of these temples now

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dedicated to the sun moon rainbow stars thunder and lightning and many other things.

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There was also a moon temple which was covered in silver and so we see that even now all of this

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gold has gone all of the silver has gone it was taken by the Spanish invaders back in the 15 and

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1600s. This is what we see today this is the center this is the dead center of the Coracanches a great

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bowl with a hole carved in it made out of basalt or andesite and this now marks the center although

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it wasn't originally here it was called the palace of the sun or the house of the sun

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and the name we have now the coracancha translates as the golden palace and here we can see on the

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bottom we start to see evidence of very high stone technology this is one of the most fascinating

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things about Cuzco but also about the coracancha is that it has extremely sophisticated stone

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technologies here some of the most sophisticated on the planet so even if it was built in the 1400s

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which is unlikely it's probably much earlier it's still very advanced for its time i'm here with

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David Hatcher Childress we did a tour there a few years ago but even the stone itself comes from

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between 30 and 50 kilometers away it's not local stone it was specifically chosen to build this

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particular site and it's also a very interesting location it's the center or the navel of what

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they believed was the origin point of the country and so it's like a belly site a naval site

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axis muni or omphale of the actual area this is the outer wall of the coracancha and there are

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series of what are called kecks coming out from the center of the coracancha 41 straight lines

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going in all different directions and these were marked through the landscape with huacas or small

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piles of stones and offerings throughout the landscape going hundreds of miles in some cases

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and they were supposed to be 328 huacas or survey points and they were thought to represent

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slightly you know partly astronomical but also partly spiritual and partly surveying of the

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landscape and they also mark springs and water sources of the region so even back then even if

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it was the 1400s or it could have been thousands of years earlier which is more likely it does

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suggest they had a very high understanding of many different disciplines which we take for granted

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today and we have some of the walls of the palace which is built around the coracancha

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we see these beautiful serpent carvings on and we find these all over ancient peru and in fact

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all over the world here's just some of the walls and some of the serpents and you can see all the

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kind of protrusions we find on some of these stones here this is a thing we find all over peru we

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find these beautiful serpent carvings these are all 3d relief carvings as this is actually within

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the palace itself in the museum there and we have the 12 sided stone and these are all puffy

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polygonal stone it's very hard stone very difficult to carve and it's thought that the

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ancients may have even softened the stone that is one theory and even around the town some of the

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walls you find these different effigies of pumas or serpents and other such things

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shaped and placed in the wall in a very playful megalithic manner which is absolutely fascinating

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but if we head up to the hills of Cusco i'm just going to give you a brief introduction

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to some of the major megalithic sites here before we head to Lake Titicaca we have Saxe-Wuman

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which is a remarkable site and it has some of the most impressive stonework on the planet this is

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a photo i took back in a couple of years ago in 2015 i believe and you can just see how beautifully

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cut these are these are extremely big stones some of them are up to about 200 tons and this was

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about twice or three times taller originally until it was kind of destroyed and partly damaged by the

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incoming spanish in the 1600s or a little bit earlier but there were stories and legends that

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go much further back which talk about the idea that they were actually built by giants they were

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built by these gods in deep in prehistory and no one knows exactly when and who these people were

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but when we get to the area of Lake Titicaca and the stories of Viracocha and the creation myths

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we'll get some idea these just shows you the size of some of the stones here it is really quite

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stunning when you actually look at this close up there's even ideas that there's actually a language

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encoded into the walls of Saxe-Wuman they talk about there's a gentleman called Dr Cunningham

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who's done some research into these walls and he believes they're astronomical and geometric

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values within each of the sides of the stones and this creates almost like an ancient language

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like a universal language beyond you know writings beyond hieroglyphs actually going back

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to geometry and maths which can be understood if if they can understand it but any culture at any

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time so this is an intriguing discovery more research is still being done on this but if this

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is the case the walls themselves might hold clues much like the great pyramid does it in egypt as to

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the origins of these particular sites and also very high knowledge and high wisdom

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here's one of the gateways of saxe-Wuman and you can see it's kind of trilithon style much

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like stonehenge and on the right here we have one of the protrusions which these are no one

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really knows what these are for it could be to tune the stones others believe they're to tie

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ropes around to move the stones but it's highly unlikely because some of these are very low relief

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and you wouldn't be able to get a rope around them then we have these machine tooled

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steps up in the top part of saxe-Wuman which no one can explain how they did it they've almost

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been polished but if you were doing this by hand this would take decades to do but they seem to

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have a technique of softening and carving these stones to a very high degree of sophistication

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this is me getting quite excited when visiting saxe-Wuman like i usually do but you can see the

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interior of the corners here they even shape them in a certain way very puffy almost pillow

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like all along here you can see this as well we have the way they sort of join the corners here

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is a design spec we see in different parts of the world including egypt but further along the sacred

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valley if we head through different part of peru we reach Machu Picchu now this is believed to be an

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Inca site discovered by Hiram Bingham in the early 1900s but in fact again we have the polygonal

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megalithic and cyclopean stonework with a very high degree of sophistication once again we even

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have stories of people going into this area from the late 1800s discovering skeletons and even live

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tribes of giants along the amazon this is called the hitch and post of the sun at Machu Picchu

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it's believed to be an astronomical clock amongst other things and this is one of the most important

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aspects because it shows not only a very sophisticated technology but it could also hold clues as to how

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they recorded the movements of the sun moon and the stars this is the outer wall of the temple of

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the three windows and not many people go to this part but this is very interesting because we see

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these kind of striations on some of the stones here this it's almost like the stones have been

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softened with massive megalithic blocks making up this particular site so Machu Picchu is an

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impressive site which was later incorporated and probably discovered by the Inca in the 13 1400s

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or so then they built upon it with these smaller stones we see here and other areas but it was

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really this original viracocha oriented and inspired building was probably much much earlier

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potentially thousands of years old and I believe contemporary with other megalithic constructions

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such as Stonehenge and the Giza pyramids around three or so thousand BC another site in the area

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along the sacred valley is Oyen Teitambo this is supposedly built by Pachacuti and it was his

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royal estate who conquered the region in the 1400s and it was a stronghold for Manco Inca

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Yupanqui and he was a leader of the Inca resistance sometime after this but again even when the Inca

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discovered it it's believed it was already partly destroyed and not completed it was a megalithic

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temple construction on a mountain and amazingly the stones came from several miles away up the

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top of another mountain and would have had to be moved across a valley a river swamps and then

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back up the mountain and some of these stones again are at least 100 tons again we see the

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beautiful precision stonework with these protrusions all over the stones we even have one of the

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the opposing mountain has what is believed to be the face of viracocha with a beard carved into

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the rock face several hundred feet tall with temples and constructions all around the area

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we also have very obscure and unusual stones that look like massive keyboard buttons again at

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Oyen Teitambo and we have these as well and these are all on the top part of the main megalithic

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temple where the great wall is and we're going to and you can just see some aerial shots here

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of the site itself to get a sense of scale these are terraces which were used for agriculture

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this is the main area where people visit with the great stones which have got beautiful carvings on

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them these are some of the massive megalithic blocks that we find all over the site here

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and it stretches for you know a good about a kilometer and you can see carvings within the

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rocks here we can see the way all through here down this area down on the left are what are

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called lazy stones this is where stones that were bought over from the quarry were somehow left

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there they were carved they were created and here's one example here of me standing next to it

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and you can see how the size of these now you imagine trying to move a block this big that's

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probably 20 feet long it's probably 40 maybe 50 tons and they were carrying these somehow from

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the quarry on top of a mountain across these rivers and up to Oyen Teitambo itself up another

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mountain and it's believed there's stories there's legends that talk about the transportation of

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these stones was done by magic and it was they were levitating the stones from one mountain top

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to the other mountain top it's almost like they were using their telekinetic abilities a pretty

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girl would walk by they would lose their concentration and these stones would fall on

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the ground and it's like there's several of these there's probably 10 of these between the quarry

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and the site and again some of the stonework here on the left we have as one in Egypt and

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Oyen Teitambo and we'll look at more of these in one of the other lectures but we can see there's

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vert you know virtually exactly the same scoop marks as though they softened the stone this is

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as one quarry in Egypt you can see almost exactly the same style of stonework and quarrying

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and it's thought that they were actually using these stones these dollar dollar right block

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diorite blocks to actually carve them which is unbelievable when you look at some of the stonework

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here at Machu Picchu for instance and you can see more evidence of these kind of striations all over

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the stones you see them here here various parts of Machu Picchu you can see them very well on this

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sort of tourist photo we took of our group way back in 2011 some of the striations we didn't

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notice this until the the photo was produced but it's almost like they just scooped the stone they've

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kind of created this and it's part of the design spec it's part of saying look this is how we did

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it this is the technology we were using here you go this is the Oyen Teitambo and you can see it's

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just like it's been scooped like an ice cream scoop moving across softened stone and we even

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amazingly find this at Stonehenge very similar style of scooping the stone so whether they were

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just master stone carvers and they could work with extremely hard granite and sarsen stone as here

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in Stonehenge or whether they were able to manipulate the stone whether through sound

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vibration or as some traditions say that you know they were using some kind of plant sap which

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would soften and melt the stone in Peru but it's really the path of Viracocha which Cuzco is on

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as in Oyen Teitambo and Machu Picchu and other places there's a story that the great god Viracocha

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was said to have constructed all the sites using a race of giants that he created from the earth

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and from stone to build these sites along this particular alignment going all the way up to the

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coast beginning at Tiwanaku and the area around Lake Titicaca and Viracocha himself kind of

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translates as foam of the sea in some cases and the stories have been emerging from Lake Titicaca

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onto the island of the sun in the middle of Lake Titicaca and then building his empire from there

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and then he's an image of Viracocha or some people say Manco Capac and we can see this is the island

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of the sun here these are some earth energy currents which seem to stretch all the way around

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the world but this is interesting because this part of the island here where we find these

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constructions on the north part of the island where Viracocha is said to have emerged from the lake

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now if this is the case then it does suggest a very ancient origin because Lake Titicaca

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and the stories there and some of the dating they've they've got back there go very very

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far back thousands of years BC and he was also known as the Thanupa or the thunder god

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and there's many different strange stories i've bought local books i've talked to local guides

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and wisdom keepers in the area and his legend is so powerful that it's believed to have influenced

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the Inca is also he's represented some sometimes represented sometimes as a serpent or even a

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plume serpent like we find in central america with Quetzalcoatl and Cucuclan and even relationships

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and similarities can be found to Osiris in Egypt and other areas around the world

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he's often depicted like a Tuanaku here holding two staffs and he's crying because of the lost

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land that he was supposed to have come from which some people say is Atlantis and we have other

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depictions of him emerging from the lake and sometimes it's a raft of serpents that he is

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supposed to have emerged from and so there's lots and lots of very interesting stories about him

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the fact where he's carved onto the landscape into the mountains here is very interesting he

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was seen as a teacher a healer a wizard a scientist magician and he looked like a christian saint in

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some of the early paintings much like Jesus he was accompanied by what were called faithful soldiers

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and shining ones and the various veracotias it was like a group of them in some cases some

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stories they went off in different directions to share the message that he was giving to different

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parts of the world and one of these included building megalithic temples along the path of

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veracotia the specific alignment and by a race of earthen or stone giants now the lake was

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considered the center of the cosmos and the place of creation we see the location of it here we have

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the island of the sun we have the peru bolivia border here peru this side bolivia that side

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many of the many of the sites around here are very interesting megalithic temples all the way

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around here as well and this is what it looks like if you turn it the other way up it looks like a

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stone puma and that's kind of what titicacum translates as stone puma and so the fact that

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we're having the name is actually a representation of what it looks like is really quite interesting

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but tiwanaku itself is very very powerful site this is an early photo taken in the very early

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1900s of the calisthenic temple and the monolith the 99 of them that surrounded that particular

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temple but all around the lake we find evidence of these different symbols and relationships

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to veracotia and other gods often depicted in this kind of position with his hands together

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in an upright position where some kind of headdress or helmet or even a turban

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we have serpent symbolism all around the lake we find it everywhere and we'll come on to some of

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these sites in more detail and look at the importance and sophistication of them as we

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go through this lecture but the veracotias were said to have even headed towards the coast

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and in the 16th century written by a magistrate who was named louis de monzon he was the first

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person to announce the nazca lions to the world people don't not many people know this and he

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recalled through the local oral tradition that they were linked to the people who called themselves

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the veracotias coming from the area of lake titicaca and you can see some of the images

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of the nazca lions here and these go on for many miles there's hundreds of effigies there's

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straight lines marked again by these keks or these huacas so they were placing sacred

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sacred stones in piles along these particular alignments but veracotia as we mentioned briefly

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earlier created a race of giants now these are the stone giants that we find in america there's

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there's depictions of them there's descriptions of them we feature them quite in detail in our

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book giants on record this is david kusik's sketches of from 1828 and he talked about these

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muwuk indians etc talk you know and they were the stone giants we have exactly the same story

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around lake titicaca and the creation of the megalithic sites but he had to also destroy

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them veracotia because these giants got out of hand they became cannibalistic they would attack

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people they wouldn't obey his commands and continue the work he wanted to be done he had

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to destroy them with a flood this is a direct replica it's almost exactly the same as the story

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of the nephelin giants that were created in the biblical tradition going back many thousands of

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years and this is really intriguing in itself because we're finding parallel myths and legends

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relating to giants in different ages of mankind we find similar things in central america with

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the store with the aztec mayan and olmec origin stories as well and it throughout south america

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we have found many examples of actual giant bones being discovered and this is an early depiction

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of veracotia wearing his robes he was very similar to kexel aquatl in that he was long

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haired bearded tall sometimes fair skinned which is controversial but this is that these

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are the stories that they talk about and you can see even facial hair is on this particular

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depiction of him here

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and he was also there was an eighth inker of um who was basically called himself veracotia

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and again the strange thing is the very early inker the royal inker not only was said to be

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fair skinned and sometimes bearded but they spoke a completely different language to the native

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local people and they looked very different they weren't origin they weren't the origin what didn't

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seem to be in that part of south america and here's just this is very intriguing this is a

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bust there was actually like a full body which the body is still on display actually in the museum

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in kuzco but indigenous people ranked below spaniards according to the spaniards and so

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there was a lot of hoo-ha and people believed that the spaniards tried to make the early gods

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look fair skinned so it looked like them but actually that wasn't necessarily the case

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and so there's pictorial evidence that suggests they were a kind of different type of human being

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in that part of the world but isla del sol this is in the middle of lake titicaca a very important

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place and the birthplace of veracotia who came from the waters there's a depiction of him here

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this is the south part of the island where there's some inker ruins and you're looking

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over to the island of the moon here and when we do our trips there we take you know take people

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up to the north part and the southern part of the island but on the north part of the island there's

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some very interesting ruins this is almost like a tabletop or dolmen construction with a large

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stone underneath it now this is unusual and this has been noted that this type of rock comes from

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the mainland it's not local to the island and just next to that is what is called the rock of the cat

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or the rock of the puma on the north part of the island and the interesting geological features of

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this is on either side of this we have strips of a stone called elemonite which is very very

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electrically conductive and magnetic there's also magnetic red sandstone which is much less

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magnetic underground water and telluric currents this is a very strong energetic point on the

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island and this has been noted because there's been strange balls of light have been witnessed

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here over many hundreds of years potentially thousands of years and the island up until the

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inca times were still revered and females will come over there and do retreats on the island

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going back many hundreds of years so it's a very sacred part of the island and it was because it's

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the birthplace of viracocha it's also the birthplace of where it's thought manco capac and the

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inca culture came from so the inca would revere it in a very similar way

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again we see the shape of the island here and the different parts of it

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and it's here where you know some very important megalithic sites emerged from around the lake

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not just that part you know we have the southern part of the lake here there's some interesting

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sites the santiago oje the serpent temple we have chirupa which is before to anaku with

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conco wakani and to anaku itself obviously this is all the southern part of the lake

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but chirupa is a very interesting site officially it dates to 1500 bc up to about 850 bc but it

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could be much earlier strangely the name of the site actually means lucky break or fluke you know

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so it's got this lucky kind of feeling strangeness about it and it was built within this certain

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kind of structure had a sunken temple in the middle with statues and stones around the edge

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and stones around the edge you can see that here visited here in late 2017 it's been slightly

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reconstructed but it's a remarkable site and you can see the strange kind of scoop marks in this

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particular stone here but it had exposed walls in 1955 it was built up on a very large earthen mound

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it was excavated by michael coe in 1955 and they know that quinoa the grain or the pulse was

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actually grown here around 1200 bc so it's one of the earliest places in this part of the world

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where they were growing crops and they worked with melted copper and bronze and different tins and

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metals much like at to anaku and you can see this is when they're kind of reconstructing

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and excavating the site elongated skulls have also been found at this site as well as very

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interesting statues like this one which they call a tombstone

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but there's another site very interesting site just on this peninsula here called oje or santiago

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the oje which means the snake temple and you can see here when it was first discovered there was

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a big ceremony with the local andean people and you can see this beautiful serpent you see

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these beautiful carvings here some of this has now been covered up it's a huge square or rectangular

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temple area is at least 2000 years old or it could be older there's myself and jj ainsworth there

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we visited there in late 2017 and this is this is the ground level so they had to dig down to reveal

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most of the site here but look at this beautiful carving here and this stunning

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it's almost like a cobra type snake it's called the it's called the colossus of the great

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serpent serpent katari tupac and so we have these very strong suggestions that this was you know

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they were very much worshiping the serpent and now we see this all over the area around late

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and it spread out into the inca empire and potentially all over the world but the discovery

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here was quite remarkable no one visits this site it's not on any tourist trail or anything

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like that we have to make special arrangements to visit here but you can see it's something

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about this place and the reason it's got this coloring some of it was exposed some of it

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was burnt by local christians to try and destroy it but they didn't manage it but it's going to

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become a major site at some point because of its location and importance right next to the lake

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and there's even ruins under the lake itself nearby just off the coast here there's myself

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and jim viera at tiwanaku we went there together in 2016 it's a very stark landscape tiwanaku

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although is one of the most important sites on the planet i would say again we have the story here

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of the creation of the sites being built by giants and this is the main akapana pyramid

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this is a neat reconstruction that had the andean cross or the chicana pool of water on the top

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we have the sunken temple here we have the calisso sire temple which had 99 massive

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megaliths beautifully carved around the edge 99 is the same number of stones we find avyry in

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england and we have the the gateway of the sun we have some of the viracocha statues here

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pumapunkas over in this direction and multiple other temples have been found around here now

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they think there may have been another pyramid over in this direction it's also flanked by two

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great fault lines going on either side of the valley and even over the road probably about

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a mile or so away there's thought to be another pyramid so this area although it's stark it's

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very difficult to grow food it was originally next to the lake you know two or three thousand

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years ago late titicaca but but it's you know now become pretty derelict they're still excavating

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here we have the local amara people excavating it and more is being discovered but when we see

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these beautiful old kind of pictures we see stunning you know just beautifully cut pieces

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of rock most of this has now been bricked up in between so you can't really see these in detail

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but this is the gateway of the sun this is one piece of andesite and the site is a very hard

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type of basalt and this is found from at least this is from the caro capia quarry which is the

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other side of the lake in just over the peruvian side and this is from a mountain so they would

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bring it across the lake over about 50 or 60 miles just to bring it to the site but here this

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is the work done by various researchers who've realized that this could represent we have

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viracocha here potentially with the sun rays around his head holding these staffs but also

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this could be a sophisticated calendar system based upon the movement of the sun and the moon

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and you can see that here the way if you're looking across to the one side of the eastern

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side of the temple we have these stones mark the movement of the sun throughout the year

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and this is the work of jim allen and you can see here as well it's a remarkable site

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and a mark of remarkable discoveries and here we have it basically this encodes what we're seeing

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here and you can see the movement as we go through here so each one of these represents a different

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movement of the sun here through the different times of the year and this would be the equinox

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in the center and we have the extremes of the solstices on either side and so if this is a case

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this is very intriguing because this suggests as discovered by arthur poznanski that indeed this

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site could be up to 17 000 years old based upon the archaeoastronomy of the temple this is just

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one of the largest the benet monolith one of the great statues that was being moved it was moved

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to the center of lapaz but it got moved back to the site this is when it was on display in lapaz

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you can see the sheer magnitude of that 1938 but it's now back at the site thank god and this is

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stunning stunning piece of work just in itself and it's a very interesting piece of work

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then we have pumapunku which is one of the most important parts of the site it's actually part of

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tiwanaku and we have an aerial shot of it here and you can see the size of this people didn't

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realize it's only been excavated recently some of this this is the main area here with all the

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megaliths but this area here where the steps are would actually go directly onto the lake titicaca

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this is like a port site and it goes all the way around here similar shape to tiwanaku this is what

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it would have looked like this is kind of a reconstruction but some of the most sophisticated

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stonework we've ever seen another reconstruction of how it may have looked and this was a very

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sophisticated almost greek style temple and yet potentially it could be many thousands of years

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old although officially it's only a few hundred years aed that was supposed to have been built

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you can see some of the stones here these are the famous h blocks but these are precision carved

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extremely hard stone there's drill holes in these there's remarkable sophistication when you're

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looking at the the quality of the stonework here this is just me one of my videos you can you can

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watch this on youtube but basically here i'm describing this particular channel which is

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a water channel and these are along here we have these keystone cuts where bronze or tin and copper

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clamps would have been put between the stones and it's thought they were to hold the stones together

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but now it's actually thought these were in fact to channel the energy through and through the

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work of john berk and kaj alberg it's now been realized these are some of the actual clamps in

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the museum here and it's now been realized that this was an energetic temple they were flooding

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water from the pool on the top from the chinkana shaped pool spreading it through and this would

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create an electric charge then you have the force of the water coming through and then you have the

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fault lines acting you have to lower it currents earth energies and all these other things happening

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at the site at the same time there was some kind of processing plant some energetic temple system

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which i'll go into more detail in in some of the videos i've created on the megalithomania

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youtube channel this just shows you another view of the site this is the main part of the site as

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you come in the entrance here you can see some of these blocks now some of these are red sandstone

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these came from about 10 miles away but again the most of the gray andesite came from kerocapia again

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over 50 miles away on the other side of the lake some of these were about 200 tons these blocks

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they're very heavy very very some of them sinking right into the ground and it really does look like

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you can see this yourself it looks like a cataclysm has hit the site so there's a big question mark

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about this about who really built these sites and the thing is you keep finding these at the site

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this was actually found right near pumapunku is on display in a local restaurant this one was as

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well and you can see these are very elongated skulls which were thought to be inca actually

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these are before the inca this one actually got stolen and it's disappeared it's another one found

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at tuanaku some very beautiful very strange statues have been found at pumapunku and tuanaku

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as well we have the great we have the great pumas that are on display around the town

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this is actually from a site just south of tuanaku and pumapunku and this is the fuente

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magnabal which is something we'll look at in a moment but it's known that the acapana pyramid

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there's a huge magnetic field right within the center of this particular pyramid here this has

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been tested again by john burke and these spirals that are found on the stones may actually represent

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this but they may also represent other things we have the lightning here and the thunder and it's

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known that thanupa or viracocha different names given to him was a thunder god who could control

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the lightning and thunder now this is a tradition we find in britain and other parts of the world

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the whole soars of thunder tradition often related to giants there's some other beautiful strange

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carvings found all over tuanaku this would have been hidden it's been turned over so this could

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have been like the doodles or the signatures of the actual builders strangely a stone sphere was

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found i spotted this in 2014 at the museum in lapaz and this is almost identical to the stone

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spheres we find in northern scotland and so it just gets stranger the more you look into these

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particular sites again we have some very interesting faces carved on the stone this was on

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display at the museum it's now been removed disappeared again but the features of these

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don't look south american this is very strange very strange headdresses which we find on many

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of the statues there and these suggest there are ideas that these represent very sumerian

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or babylonian style that we find in the middle east and so there's several other sites around

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lake titicaca which are of interest this just shows you some of them which you can visit

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all around this area but there's one particularly which people are fascinated by and that's a

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marumuru which is this one here is my colleague friend andrew collins trying to get inside it

389
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there and this is carved out of solid rock sandstone no one knows who built this there's

390
00:40:37,080 --> 00:40:43,400
different names given to it some people translate it as gateway of the gods their stories of people

391
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:48,440
disappearing they're actually gone into the stone at certain times of year and but the shape of it

392
00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:54,600
is very intriguing because it's almost identical to the tea pillars we find in kebekli tepe in

393
00:40:54,600 --> 00:41:03,160
southeast turkey also around lake titicaca very interesting discovery was made which may link this

394
00:41:03,160 --> 00:41:08,840
to other parts of the world the fuente magnabal which is now on display in the gold museum in

395
00:41:08,840 --> 00:41:15,160
lapaz it's uh supposedly made of quartzite or sandstone according to some theories it weighs

396
00:41:15,160 --> 00:41:22,920
about 50 kilos it's about 64 centimeters wide um about 20 centimeters high it was found in the

397
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:28,600
village of chua about just next to the lake titicaca about a few miles away from tiwanaku

398
00:41:29,240 --> 00:41:36,040
it was found in 1953 and so it kind of removes the idea that it was faked for to make money

399
00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:43,960
from or anything like this because this was used strangely for pigs to eat their food from on a

400
00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:50,680
farm during the 1940s and 50s and yet so why would you fake something like this try and make this

401
00:41:50,680 --> 00:41:54,760
connection with sumeria if it was just used to feed pigs from surely you wouldn't go to that

402
00:41:54,760 --> 00:41:59,400
much trouble but what they've done they found two different types of sumerian script in it

403
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:06,920
and this has been analyzed in the 1960s and up to more recently um and basically there's some very

404
00:42:06,920 --> 00:42:13,240
interesting uh translations which they think is elemite or proto elemite which is a type of

405
00:42:13,240 --> 00:42:19,160
sumerian from mesopotamia um there's dr kleide winters he's been looking into it in various

406
00:42:19,160 --> 00:42:24,680
other academics and the translations come out to be quite interesting not only have you got a

407
00:42:24,680 --> 00:42:28,680
serpent going around the edge of the bowl you've got a mara script in there as well which is the

408
00:42:28,680 --> 00:42:34,840
local andean tradition and that is it's almost like the rosetta stone of south america and so

409
00:42:34,840 --> 00:42:39,800
there's so people are questioned well what's it all about then and this is actually the translation

410
00:42:40,520 --> 00:42:47,640
and what it is it's you know looking at i'll let you read it for yourself but it kind of talks

411
00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:54,440
about the goddess nia uh talking about fertility and to offer thanks and libations to the bountiful

412
00:42:54,440 --> 00:43:00,760
fauna and flora in the area that made it possible possible for these sumerian explorers to support

413
00:43:00,760 --> 00:43:06,520
themselves in bolivia and we believe it may have been because there were trade routes being opened

414
00:43:06,520 --> 00:43:11,320
up between these parts of the world there may have been there much earlier uh probably for the metal

415
00:43:11,320 --> 00:43:17,400
and tin that was produced here because some of the metals found in the area around late titicaca

416
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:21,800
that produced at tiwanaku and pumapunku have been found in other parts of the world

417
00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:28,600
and on the other side of the bowl there's more there's more of these uh talking about libations

418
00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:35,640
and very like incantations almost like prayers or you know uh different kind of stories created

419
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:42,600
to make thanks to the gods and goddesses of the area we have other carvings around the side of

420
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:49,880
the bowl here uh faces carved on them which are very much like the faces we find at tiwanaku

421
00:43:52,040 --> 00:43:57,960
and there's connections that have been made between greek and egyptian dieties with nia and

422
00:43:57,960 --> 00:44:04,280
neith and other such things suggesting uh there may have been a global diffusionism going back

423
00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:12,520
around this era which is probably probably around 2000 maybe 3000 bc the interesting thing is the

424
00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:20,360
type of script that was found on the bowl does date back to around 2500 bc and this to me that's

425
00:44:20,360 --> 00:44:25,240
quite interesting because that's the date i feel these sites were probably built around they found

426
00:44:25,240 --> 00:44:30,680
evidence of neolithic bronze age activity at the sites although most of it they believe is newer

427
00:44:30,680 --> 00:44:36,760
than that it's much more recent but it's known that the sumerians use seaworthy ships that could

428
00:44:36,760 --> 00:44:43,480
sail across the ocean and there's even jim allen who's done some brilliant books about this area

429
00:44:43,480 --> 00:44:49,640
of bolivia and south america believes that indeed this was the case that there was

430
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:54,840
connections between these great cultures this is the pokoitia monolith this was found

431
00:44:54,840 --> 00:45:00,600
10 or 12 miles south of tiwanaku and some of the larger statues we find outside the church at

432
00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:06,040
tiwanaku town are from this site and again we have these very strange script carved on the back of

433
00:45:06,040 --> 00:45:12,440
this he's wearing kind of cool pants headdresses showing his ribs for some reason it could be like

434
00:45:12,440 --> 00:45:16,760
a suggestion they were sort of difficulties growing the food or so forth but again this is

435
00:45:16,760 --> 00:45:25,160
on display in the gold museum in lapas bolivia these are some of the other statues that were

436
00:45:25,160 --> 00:45:29,080
found at pokoitia these are these are on display well not on display they're actually in a private

437
00:45:29,080 --> 00:45:35,320
room at tiwanaku and you can see this kneeling statue this is a called the quizo position which

438
00:45:35,320 --> 00:45:40,760
is found all over the world mostly with tiki statues in the south pacific but here you see

439
00:45:40,760 --> 00:45:46,840
like kind of plats sort of sumerian type headdresses even gogolais which we're going to

440
00:45:46,840 --> 00:45:53,320
talk about in another lecture this is the one from tiwanaku here these are from the south pacific

441
00:45:53,320 --> 00:46:00,360
on the left here this is actually from east ireland again you a very similar style so we're

442
00:46:00,360 --> 00:46:05,960
seeing connections here all over the world in some very very interesting places

443
00:46:07,480 --> 00:46:13,400
there are other sites in this area one of the most notable is pucara these are some of the

444
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:19,320
the carvings from pucara this is just the northern part of the lake around lake titicaca

445
00:46:20,760 --> 00:46:27,640
and you can see here these look almost identical these gogolais these headdresses different

446
00:46:27,640 --> 00:46:34,120
features kneeling position again strange serpents feathered serpents again you see the

447
00:46:34,120 --> 00:46:37,800
size of this here this is the site not many people know about but to me this is one of the most

448
00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:42,680
important sites it's even suggested it was built before tiwanaku and the pucara people may have

449
00:46:42,680 --> 00:46:47,960
influenced the tiwanaku culture again this is actually on display in lima in the museum

450
00:46:48,760 --> 00:46:54,120
in lapest on the peruvian side you can see these crisscross and lizards and

451
00:46:54,120 --> 00:46:59,640
patrusians here like we find in the later inca culture remarkably similar to gobekli tepe as

452
00:46:59,640 --> 00:47:06,600
well you can't deny the similarities are quite remarkable and and i think there may be connections

453
00:47:06,600 --> 00:47:11,240
that we're going to discover in the near future this is actually from pucara again almost

454
00:47:11,240 --> 00:47:18,120
identical to gobekli tepe we find other similarities at places like sulastani and kutimbo

455
00:47:18,120 --> 00:47:29,080
and again these are from gobekli tepe here the 3d relief carvings again this is from gobekli tepe

456
00:47:29,080 --> 00:47:33,960
just shows you some of the sophistication here and here as well and then you would think this

457
00:47:33,960 --> 00:47:40,360
was from gobekli tepe as well and so on but they're not this is actually from pucara on the north

458
00:47:40,440 --> 00:47:49,480
part of lake titicaca but when i was there in late 2017 i made some discoveries surprisingly

459
00:47:49,480 --> 00:47:55,080
i made a video about this and wrote an article for ancient origins which you can read while i

460
00:47:55,080 --> 00:48:01,160
was there i've been very interested in these statues of viracocha these gogolais also these

461
00:48:01,160 --> 00:48:06,840
features these belts this is actually made of diorite which is extremely hard black stone

462
00:48:07,640 --> 00:48:11,320
and i've been very interested in these statues these are some of the classic statues

463
00:48:12,840 --> 00:48:17,240
at tuanaku puma pukka this is actually on this supposedly in the berlin museum we're going to

464
00:48:17,240 --> 00:48:24,120
go and investigate this soon of a bird god which potentially could be a representation of thoth

465
00:48:24,760 --> 00:48:31,640
from ancient egypt this is the benet monolith this is some of the other ones the more tiki

466
00:48:31,640 --> 00:48:37,880
type statues in the sunken plaza but the cantatalita temple which is over to one

467
00:48:38,760 --> 00:48:46,520
one edge of tuanaku we have an old photo of it here but just past that on the very eastern edge

468
00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:53,000
i found this lost viracocha statue and this is the stump he would have been standing upright

469
00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:58,120
on top of this and i couldn't believe it so i actually walked around there went over the

470
00:48:58,120 --> 00:49:03,480
fence found it completely by accident and this has obviously been cleared all the mud and grass

471
00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:07,720
has been cut away and things like this and so probably on the other side of this there are

472
00:49:07,720 --> 00:49:12,360
carvings because it's been placed in the ground it's probably preserved the carvings and it's

473
00:49:12,360 --> 00:49:15,960
probably been there lying there for thousands of years if you turn that over a guarantee

474
00:49:15,960 --> 00:49:22,680
there's going to be carvings but so this is one of the monoliths one of the statues that

475
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:31,160
hasn't been recorded ever by any research or any or anyone really archaeologist over the last

476
00:49:31,160 --> 00:49:36,200
hundred years also when i was there i managed to sneak into some of the hidden rooms at

477
00:49:36,200 --> 00:49:42,680
tuanaku at the museum on site there and discovered about 40 or 50 statues and carvings that i've

478
00:49:42,680 --> 00:49:47,320
never seen before and these had never been published so this is all in the article on

479
00:49:47,880 --> 00:49:56,680
the youtube channel one of the most intriguing pieces was this this really blew my mind because

480
00:49:56,680 --> 00:50:04,360
it's got these beautiful hexagonal shapes carved on it and they're like 3d tubes coming out across

481
00:50:04,360 --> 00:50:11,000
the stone so again this shows very high levels of sophistication what these represent is unclear

482
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:16,760
but there's a few other pieces like this at pumapunku so this was probably found at pumapunku

483
00:50:16,760 --> 00:50:22,760
and created there originally we have other obscure shapes and carvings that were found

484
00:50:22,760 --> 00:50:29,400
within this hidden room but it really does suggest that there's a lot more to be discovered

485
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:34,360
they're still excavating pumapunku they're still excavating tuanaku they're making all these

486
00:50:34,360 --> 00:50:41,080
they're making many more discoveries in the area and it really is ripe for investigation and i

487
00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:49,320
really believe that there's a deep pre-history here in south america and when more discoveries

488
00:50:49,320 --> 00:50:56,600
are being made under the lake titicaca when they dig deeper around the cataclysm here pumapunku

489
00:50:56,600 --> 00:51:03,720
and tuanaku i'm sure more connections with other parts of the world will be found and so thank you

490
00:51:03,720 --> 00:51:12,360
for listening and i hope you enjoyed this aerial view and this overview of ancient peru and bolivia

491
00:51:33,720 --> 00:51:44,360
so