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Transcription by CastingWords

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Good evening, ladies and gentlemen and friends. Thank you so much for being here.

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Okay, yeah, as Andy said, I'm going to do a little warm-up act for myself,

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which will be half an hour of indulgence on the historical background to my story about my novel about the Spanish conquest of Mexico called War God.

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In fact, the novel is one of a series of three novels, and I've already written the second volume of that series,

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which will be published next year. The first volume is already out.

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But what I'm going to give is the historical background to that novel, about half an hour,

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and then go immediately into sharing some of my new research on the sequel to Fingerprints of the God.

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So, all together, I expect to keep you occupied here for about two hours until about 9.15.

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Is that going to be too late for anybody? Is that okay?

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All right. And I'll be delighted to sign books and, I don't know, take photographs and do a jig or anything afterwards.

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I'll just keep my hand up. Apparently, I'm not to move around.

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It causes interference, and we don't want interference.

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Okay, I'll stay here.

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And if at any point you can't hear me, please tell me.

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You can't hear me?

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No?

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But if I put it on the stand, what...

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I have a problem with technology.

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But then I have to stand and look at it, right?

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Do I?

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Do I?

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Do I have a problem with the stand?

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Do I have a problem with the stand?

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This is the case for lapel mics.

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Yes.

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Am I audible now?

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Yes.

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Okay. It's true about the interference, then.

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All right.

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Half an hour on the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

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This is where it all took place.

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This is Mexico as we know it today,

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and this was the area occupied by the Aztec Empire.

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I'll call them the Aztecs.

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That's the most common way that we know them today.

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But they call themselves the Mexica.

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And that's from that name we get the name Mexico.

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Their capital city was Tenochtitlan,

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which occupies part of the area now occupied by Mexico City.

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But in those days, Tenochtitlan was in a beautiful lake.

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It was an island on a lake,

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and it was approached by gigantic causeways,

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phenomenal feats of engineering,

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up to six miles in length.

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The Spanish were stunned by the beauty

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and achievement of this city,

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which far surpassed the greatest cities of Spain,

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in their opinion.

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The Aztecs were a military people,

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but to their disadvantage,

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they were a Stone Age people.

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They didn't know metal weapons,

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and of course they didn't have guns

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or other technological devices.

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They had bows and arrows.

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They had spear throwers called atlatls,

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and they had stone knives

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and a kind of sword

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which would have obsidian blades

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inserted into the edges of the sword.

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Quite a dangerous weapon,

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but not so formidable against Toledo steel.

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They had knights, eagle knights and jaguar knights.

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In many ways, they were rather similar to the Spanish.

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This was the man who sat at the top

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of the whole empire of terror

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that was the Aztec system.

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We know him as Montezuma.

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It's correctly called Moctezuma.

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He had a secret police force.

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He would carry out acts of human sacrifice

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deliberately to terrorize his neighbors.

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He was actually a very nasty guy,

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very, very unpleasant,

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and people lived in fear of him.

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And to look Moctezuma in the eye

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was to incur a death sentence.

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He was called the Great Speaker,

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but he was effectively the emperor

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of the Aztec Empire.

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The whole system of the Aztecs

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revolved around human sacrifice.

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When this pyramid,

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the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan,

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the foundations of which still stand

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in Mexico City today,

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was inaugurated in the 1480s,

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somewhat before Moctezuma's time,

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the reports say that 80,000 people

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were sacrificed.

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The queues of sacrificial victims

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stretched back in four directions,

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more than a mile in each direction.

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And each one would have his or her heart

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cut out on the summit of the pyramid

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and offered to the god of war,

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Hummingbird, who was known by the Aztecs.

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His Aztec name is Huitzilopochtli.

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And the Aztecs,

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I don't want to whitewash the Aztecs.

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There's a kind of political correctness now

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that tries to cast them in a more positive light.

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But they were murderous thugs

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as far as their neighbors were concerned.

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And they relished the act of human sacrifice.

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And you can see from their own imagery

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the kind of pleasure that they took in this.

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Typically, the head of the victim

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would be cut off

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and spitted on a skull rack in the temple.

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The heart would be removed

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and placed on a burning brazier.

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The Aztecs were cannibals

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so they favored the thigh meat of the victim

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which was cooked with chilies and beans.

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And all of this in honor of their god of war

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whose name translates as Hummingbird

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at the left hand of the sun.

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This is Huitzilopochtli.

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And this is imagery showing him

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presiding over acts of sacrifice

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and here in rather ghastly

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having sort of buckets of blood

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poured over him.

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Now, Moctezuma was in direct,

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virtually daily contact

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with Hummingbird, the god of war.

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This is one of the reasons

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why I wrote this as a novel

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because this is kind of difficult stuff

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to footnote.

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I think it's quite well known

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that I'm very much in favor

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of the responsible use of psychedelics

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but we have to accept

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that there's a dark side to psychedelics.

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If people bring darkness

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to the psychedelic experience

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then darkness will be fed back to them.

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And that's what happened with the Aztecs

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because Moctezuma approached his god of war

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in trances induced

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by the consumption of psilocybin mushrooms.

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And in these trances

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he was given advice by Hummingbird

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and that was almost always

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incredibly bad advice.

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which ultimately led to his downfall.

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I tell the story through the eyes

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of a number of different characters,

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actually 11 principal characters

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but my key characters

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are two young women,

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Tozi, an Aztec witch,

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aged about 14.

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The Aztecs did have witches

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and they persecuted them

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just as Europeans persecuted witches

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at that time.

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And we meet her in the fattening pen

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at the foot of the Great Pyramid

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because the Aztecs fattened their victims

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for several months

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before cutting out their hearts.

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And she's an invented figure

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but she's true to the historical reality.

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Alongside her in the fattening pen

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is a true historical figure

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whose name is Malinal.

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And she's the real heroine

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of this novel.

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And she's a fascinating character

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who emerges from the pages of history

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when she is handed over

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as a prisoner

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to Hernán Cortés,

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the conquistador,

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by the Maya

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in the early part of 1519.

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And the moment Malinal enters history,

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it's clear that she has a grudge

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against Moctezuma

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and it's clear that she's determined

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to use Cortés,

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the conquistador,

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to bring Moctezuma down.

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History doesn't tell us

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why she had that grudge

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but as a novelist,

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I'm able to give her a motive

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and that motive evolves

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as she waits to be sacrificed

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in the fattening pen

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in Tenochtitlan.

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Thank goodness for Google Images,

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I'm able to give some little idea

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of Tosi here.

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And this is actually a painting

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of the historical figure

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of Malinal,

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a modern painting.

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And to cut a long story short,

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they are marched up the pyramid

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but they're to be sacrificed

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by Moctezuma.

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But there is a supernatural intervention

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paradoxically by the war god himself

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and they are released.

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And Tosi stays in Tenochtitlan

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to work supernatural harm

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against Moctezuma

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and Malinal goes to the coast

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seeking the god

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Quetzalcoatl,

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the feathered serpent

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whose return was expected.

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You see,

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the Spanish had been in Cuba

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and Hispaniola

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for 40 odd years

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since 1492,

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let's say not 40,

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30 years since 1492,

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since the time of Columbus.

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And they'd been building up

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their forces there

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and they knew about the mainland

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but they weren't ready

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to take it on.

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But Spanish ships

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and Spaniards

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had been sighted

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by the Aztecs

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sailing off the coast of Mexico

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and sometimes landing

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on the coast of Mexico.

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And this fueled

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a deep superstitious fear

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in Moctezuma

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because the Spaniards

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being pale skinned

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and bearded

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and moving around

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in ships that

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moved by themselves

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without paddles

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fulfilled a prophecy

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which was that the god

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Quetzalcoatl,

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the feathered serpent

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who's always described

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as white-skinned

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and bearded,

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would return

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in the Aztec year

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one reed

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to overthrow

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a wicked king.

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And it just so happened

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that the year 1519,

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this is one of those

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extraordinary coincidences

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of history,

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was the year one reed

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in the Aztec calendar.

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And so this is why

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Marlinal goes to the coast

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in the hope of encountering

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what she believes

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is a god,

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although she quickly discovers

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is not a god.

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The Spanish, if anything,

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were even worse

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than the Aztecs.

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They were a really

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terrible militaristic culture.

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They had committed

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a gigantic act

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of genocide

282
00:11:13,780 --> 00:11:14,580
in the islands

283
00:11:14,580 --> 00:11:15,980
of Cuba and Hispaniola,

284
00:11:16,520 --> 00:11:17,780
completely wiping out

285
00:11:17,780 --> 00:11:19,220
the indigenous Taino Indians

286
00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:20,840
who, if they resisted

287
00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:21,460
conquest,

288
00:11:21,780 --> 00:11:22,440
were hung

289
00:11:22,440 --> 00:11:23,300
and burned

290
00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:24,300
over slow fires

291
00:11:24,300 --> 00:11:25,960
or indeed fed

292
00:11:25,960 --> 00:11:26,940
to the dogs

293
00:11:26,940 --> 00:11:28,060
for the amusement.

294
00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:29,500
Sorry?

295
00:11:30,500 --> 00:11:32,020
Yeah, I'll get there.

296
00:11:32,340 --> 00:11:32,860
I promise.

297
00:11:33,520 --> 00:11:34,300
Fed to the dogs.

298
00:11:36,060 --> 00:11:37,280
These were dark times.

299
00:11:38,220 --> 00:11:38,800
I beg your pardon?

300
00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:41,300
I beg...

301
00:11:41,300 --> 00:11:48,900
What would you like?

302
00:11:48,960 --> 00:11:49,660
Sweetness and light?

303
00:11:49,660 --> 00:11:51,060
I'm enjoying it.

304
00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:51,800
Thanks.

305
00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:56,060
Okay, so it's interesting

306
00:11:56,060 --> 00:11:57,460
that in 1492,

307
00:11:58,320 --> 00:11:59,080
the Borgia Pope,

308
00:11:59,180 --> 00:12:00,040
Alexander VI,

309
00:12:00,140 --> 00:12:01,340
had given the New World

310
00:12:01,340 --> 00:12:03,220
to the Spanish

311
00:12:03,220 --> 00:12:03,820
and the Portuguese.

312
00:12:04,180 --> 00:12:05,840
He had drawn a line

313
00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:07,620
of longitude down the map.

314
00:12:07,740 --> 00:12:08,880
Everything east of that line

315
00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:09,380
of longitude

316
00:12:09,380 --> 00:12:10,380
would belong to Portugal.

317
00:12:10,520 --> 00:12:11,280
Everything west of it

318
00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:12,340
would belong to Spain.

319
00:12:12,840 --> 00:12:14,000
That's why they still speak

320
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:15,580
Portuguese in Brazil today

321
00:12:15,580 --> 00:12:17,800
and Spanish everywhere else.

322
00:12:17,900 --> 00:12:18,820
Mexico fell within

323
00:12:18,820 --> 00:12:19,660
the Spanish sphere

324
00:12:19,660 --> 00:12:20,140
of influence.

325
00:12:20,140 --> 00:12:21,920
And in 1513,

326
00:12:21,920 --> 00:12:22,780
this document

327
00:12:22,780 --> 00:12:23,800
was promulgated,

328
00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:24,940
which the Spaniards

329
00:12:24,940 --> 00:12:26,020
were to read

330
00:12:26,020 --> 00:12:27,880
to those they were

331
00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:28,680
about to conquer.

332
00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:29,940
They were to read it

333
00:12:29,940 --> 00:12:31,100
in Spanish or in Latin,

334
00:12:31,240 --> 00:12:32,000
so of course nobody

335
00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:33,040
could understand it,

336
00:12:33,380 --> 00:12:34,460
but it gave them

337
00:12:34,460 --> 00:12:35,360
a legal justification

338
00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:36,180
for what they were

339
00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:36,720
about to do.

340
00:12:36,780 --> 00:12:37,220
And in brief,

341
00:12:37,300 --> 00:12:37,580
it says,

342
00:12:37,580 --> 00:12:38,620
if you do not surrender,

343
00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:39,940
I certify to you

344
00:12:39,940 --> 00:12:41,040
that with the help of God

345
00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:42,220
we shall powerfully

346
00:12:42,220 --> 00:12:43,300
enter into your country

347
00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:44,660
and shall make war

348
00:12:44,660 --> 00:12:45,240
against you.

349
00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:46,100
We shall take you

350
00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:46,720
and your wives

351
00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:47,320
and your children

352
00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:48,880
and shall make slaves

353
00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:49,380
of them.

354
00:12:49,640 --> 00:12:50,720
And we shall take away

355
00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:51,260
your goods

356
00:12:51,260 --> 00:12:52,180
and shall do you

357
00:12:52,180 --> 00:12:53,080
all the mischief

358
00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:54,420
and damage that we can.

359
00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:55,700
And we protest

360
00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:56,560
that the deaths

361
00:12:56,560 --> 00:12:57,340
and losses

362
00:12:57,340 --> 00:12:58,540
which shall accrue

363
00:12:58,540 --> 00:12:59,140
from this

364
00:12:59,140 --> 00:13:00,500
are your fault.

365
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:02,640
All of this,

366
00:13:02,780 --> 00:13:02,980
of course,

367
00:13:03,020 --> 00:13:03,900
was about gold.

368
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:04,520
The Spanish

369
00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:05,600
were hungry for gold.

370
00:13:05,940 --> 00:13:07,220
Cortes famously said,

371
00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:07,960
we Spaniards

372
00:13:07,960 --> 00:13:09,400
suffer from an ailment

373
00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:10,020
of the heart

374
00:13:10,020 --> 00:13:11,300
for which the only

375
00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:13,000
remedy is gold.

376
00:13:13,580 --> 00:13:14,700
Some of the key players

377
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:15,960
are Diego de Velasquez,

378
00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:17,000
the governor of Cuba,

379
00:13:17,160 --> 00:13:18,640
Hernán Cortes himself,

380
00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:19,340
and Cortes'

381
00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:21,200
psychopathic sidekick,

382
00:13:21,620 --> 00:13:22,740
Pedro de Alvarado.

383
00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:24,860
Cortes was given

384
00:13:24,860 --> 00:13:26,060
command of the expedition

385
00:13:26,060 --> 00:13:26,920
to the new world

386
00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:27,980
by Velasquez,

387
00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:28,940
but at the last minute,

388
00:13:29,060 --> 00:13:30,100
Velasquez changed

389
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:30,820
his mind.

390
00:13:31,460 --> 00:13:32,360
In my story,

391
00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:33,460
Alvarado carries

392
00:13:33,460 --> 00:13:34,700
that news to Cortes,

393
00:13:34,820 --> 00:13:36,280
and the historical fact

394
00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:37,220
is that Cortes

395
00:13:37,220 --> 00:13:38,600
sailed in the dead

396
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:39,520
of night from Cuba

397
00:13:39,520 --> 00:13:40,600
before Velasquez

398
00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:41,500
could arrest him.

399
00:13:41,820 --> 00:13:43,500
He sailed with 11 ships

400
00:13:43,500 --> 00:13:45,460
and 490 men.

401
00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:47,720
And they made landfall

402
00:13:47,720 --> 00:13:49,200
on the island of Cozumel,

403
00:13:49,860 --> 00:13:51,000
which is, of course,

404
00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:52,240
a holiday resort today.

405
00:13:52,680 --> 00:13:53,380
There they faced

406
00:13:53,380 --> 00:13:54,380
very little resistance

407
00:13:54,380 --> 00:13:55,760
from the indigenous

408
00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:57,260
Mayan tribes of Cozumel,

409
00:13:57,780 --> 00:13:58,940
and they had a stroke

410
00:13:58,940 --> 00:13:59,380
of luck.

411
00:13:59,380 --> 00:14:00,540
They heard that somebody

412
00:14:00,540 --> 00:14:01,940
who looked like Cortes,

413
00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:03,020
indeed was referred to

414
00:14:03,020 --> 00:14:03,520
by the Maya

415
00:14:03,520 --> 00:14:04,400
as a Castilian,

416
00:14:04,820 --> 00:14:06,380
was living on the mainland.

417
00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:07,560
And this turned out

418
00:14:07,560 --> 00:14:09,160
to be a shipwrecked Spaniard

419
00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:10,280
whose name was

420
00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:11,300
Jerónimo de Aguilar.

421
00:14:11,740 --> 00:14:13,020
He'd actually been shipwrecked

422
00:14:13,020 --> 00:14:14,280
11 years before,

423
00:14:14,720 --> 00:14:16,740
along with 26 other Spaniards.

424
00:14:17,060 --> 00:14:17,620
There were a total

425
00:14:17,620 --> 00:14:18,500
of 26 of them.

426
00:14:18,780 --> 00:14:20,060
25 had been eaten

427
00:14:20,060 --> 00:14:20,720
by the Maya,

428
00:14:21,220 --> 00:14:22,660
but Aguilar had survived.

429
00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:24,260
Aguilar, therefore,

430
00:14:24,360 --> 00:14:25,460
spoke fluent Maya

431
00:14:25,460 --> 00:14:26,720
and fluent Spanish,

432
00:14:26,980 --> 00:14:28,120
and he became

433
00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:29,780
Cortes' first interpreter

434
00:14:29,780 --> 00:14:31,740
in his interactions

435
00:14:31,740 --> 00:14:32,480
with the Maya.

436
00:14:33,280 --> 00:14:34,560
They sailed on

437
00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:35,540
from Cozumel

438
00:14:35,540 --> 00:14:36,980
to the Tabasco River,

439
00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:38,160
where Cortes intended

440
00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:39,320
to inflict an act

441
00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:39,980
of revenge

442
00:14:39,980 --> 00:14:41,160
on the Chantal Maya

443
00:14:41,160 --> 00:14:42,180
of that area,

444
00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:43,840
because the year before,

445
00:14:43,980 --> 00:14:44,980
a small Spanish fleet

446
00:14:44,980 --> 00:14:46,460
of just three ships

447
00:14:46,460 --> 00:14:47,780
and 100 men

448
00:14:47,780 --> 00:14:49,060
had taken a savage beating

449
00:14:49,060 --> 00:14:49,700
from the Maya,

450
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:51,280
and Cortes wanted

451
00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:52,440
revenge for that.

452
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:54,020
And interestingly,

453
00:14:54,260 --> 00:14:55,720
Cortes, like Moctezuma,

454
00:14:56,120 --> 00:14:57,660
had a supernatural advisor.

455
00:14:58,580 --> 00:14:59,300
He was visited

456
00:14:59,300 --> 00:15:00,580
by an entity

457
00:15:00,580 --> 00:15:01,420
that he construed

458
00:15:01,420 --> 00:15:02,340
to be St. Peter

459
00:15:02,340 --> 00:15:03,400
in dreams.

460
00:15:03,540 --> 00:15:04,400
St. Peter, he believed,

461
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:05,360
had saved his life

462
00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:06,720
from a fever as a child.

463
00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:08,900
And St. Peter,

464
00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:10,940
just as the god of war

465
00:15:10,940 --> 00:15:11,960
urged Moctezuma

466
00:15:11,960 --> 00:15:12,820
onto violence,

467
00:15:13,020 --> 00:15:14,280
so St. Peter urges

468
00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:15,520
Cortes onto violence.

469
00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:18,640
And the idea

470
00:15:18,640 --> 00:15:19,360
I'm playing with

471
00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:20,040
in the story

472
00:15:20,040 --> 00:15:21,820
is that the same,

473
00:15:21,940 --> 00:15:22,840
because this is a story

474
00:15:22,840 --> 00:15:23,580
of the supernatural,

475
00:15:24,180 --> 00:15:25,840
is that the same demon

476
00:15:25,840 --> 00:15:27,300
who appears

477
00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:29,200
to Moctezuma

478
00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:30,400
as the war god

479
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:31,880
takes on another disguise

480
00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:33,020
and appears

481
00:15:33,020 --> 00:15:34,400
to Cortes as St. Peter

482
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:35,960
and manipulates

483
00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:36,720
these two men

484
00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:37,500
to drive them

485
00:15:37,500 --> 00:15:39,000
to acts of ferocity

486
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:39,980
and madness

487
00:15:39,980 --> 00:15:41,080
and to multiply

488
00:15:41,080 --> 00:15:42,140
human misery,

489
00:15:42,340 --> 00:15:42,800
which has been

490
00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:43,320
the purpose

491
00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:44,560
of demons

492
00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:45,880
down the ages.

493
00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:47,280
So the Spanish

494
00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:48,100
went up

495
00:15:48,100 --> 00:15:49,860
the Tabasco River

496
00:15:49,860 --> 00:15:51,020
in longboats.

497
00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:51,820
They couldn't navigate

498
00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:52,980
up in their large craft

499
00:15:52,980 --> 00:15:53,620
and they faced

500
00:15:53,620 --> 00:15:55,100
a gigantic Mayan army.

501
00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:56,620
Spaniards of the time

502
00:15:56,620 --> 00:15:57,280
report that they

503
00:15:57,280 --> 00:15:59,920
confronted 40,000 Mayans

504
00:15:59,920 --> 00:16:00,880
armed for battle.

505
00:16:01,460 --> 00:16:01,800
Remember,

506
00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:02,380
there were only

507
00:16:02,380 --> 00:16:04,080
490 Spaniards.

508
00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:05,580
It seems,

509
00:16:06,020 --> 00:16:06,840
at this point,

510
00:16:06,960 --> 00:16:07,800
that the whole venture

511
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:08,940
would come to an end.

512
00:16:09,580 --> 00:16:10,900
But the Spanish

513
00:16:10,900 --> 00:16:11,960
had some

514
00:16:11,960 --> 00:16:13,220
extraordinary advantages.

515
00:16:13,220 --> 00:16:15,520
And I'm again

516
00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:16,280
sorry if this

517
00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:17,520
causes squeamishness,

518
00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:18,140
but I'm simply

519
00:16:18,140 --> 00:16:19,220
reporting the facts

520
00:16:19,220 --> 00:16:19,840
of the time.

521
00:16:20,420 --> 00:16:21,100
The Spanish

522
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:21,900
had a hundred

523
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:23,180
dogs of war

524
00:16:23,180 --> 00:16:23,720
with them.

525
00:16:24,220 --> 00:16:25,220
These were mastiffs

526
00:16:25,220 --> 00:16:26,680
and wolfhounds

527
00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:27,280
principally,

528
00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:28,500
and they were trained

529
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:29,760
to relish human flesh.

530
00:16:30,220 --> 00:16:31,120
They were armored

531
00:16:31,120 --> 00:16:32,580
in plate and mail.

532
00:16:33,860 --> 00:16:35,020
And actually,

533
00:16:35,140 --> 00:16:35,560
the Maya

534
00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:36,640
and the Aztecs

535
00:16:36,640 --> 00:16:37,900
did have dogs.

536
00:16:38,020 --> 00:16:39,020
They knew what dogs were.

537
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:39,980
They had

538
00:16:39,980 --> 00:16:41,320
chihuahuas.

539
00:16:42,860 --> 00:16:45,320
But the chihuahuas

540
00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:46,300
did not even bark,

541
00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:47,560
and they were used

542
00:16:47,560 --> 00:16:48,400
as a food item.

543
00:16:48,540 --> 00:16:49,240
So confronting

544
00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:50,420
the Spanish war dogs,

545
00:16:50,660 --> 00:16:51,740
the indigenous tribes

546
00:16:51,740 --> 00:16:52,460
had no idea

547
00:16:52,460 --> 00:16:53,120
what they were dealing

548
00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:53,320
with,

549
00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:53,740
and they thought

550
00:16:53,740 --> 00:16:54,320
they were dragons.

551
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:56,600
The other terrible

552
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:57,840
instrument of war

553
00:16:57,840 --> 00:16:58,840
was the Spanish cavalry.

554
00:16:59,460 --> 00:17:00,280
Spanish only had

555
00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:01,340
16 heavy horse

556
00:17:01,340 --> 00:17:01,760
with them,

557
00:17:01,840 --> 00:17:02,560
but this was the first

558
00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:03,360
time that a cavalry

559
00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:04,200
charge had ever been

560
00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:05,220
mounted in the New World.

561
00:17:05,340 --> 00:17:06,280
Horses had been extinct

562
00:17:06,280 --> 00:17:07,480
for 12,000 years.

563
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:08,860
And the impact

564
00:17:08,860 --> 00:17:09,840
was utterly

565
00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:10,500
devastating

566
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:11,420
on the Mayan forces

567
00:17:11,420 --> 00:17:12,040
who thought

568
00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:13,620
that horse and man

569
00:17:13,620 --> 00:17:14,400
were one animal,

570
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:15,840
a kind of hybrid entity,

571
00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:17,000
part deer

572
00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:18,000
and part human

573
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:19,320
in form.

574
00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:19,840
And then,

575
00:17:19,900 --> 00:17:20,120
of course,

576
00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:20,560
the Spanish

577
00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:21,560
had their swords

578
00:17:21,560 --> 00:17:22,420
of Toledo steel

579
00:17:22,420 --> 00:17:24,140
and they had cannon

580
00:17:24,140 --> 00:17:25,380
and they had

581
00:17:25,380 --> 00:17:26,160
a primitive form

582
00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:26,660
of musket

583
00:17:26,660 --> 00:17:27,920
called the arquebus

584
00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:29,880
and intense

585
00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:30,720
military discipline.

586
00:17:30,900 --> 00:17:31,520
So what should have

587
00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:32,180
been a complete

588
00:17:32,180 --> 00:17:33,120
route of the Spanish

589
00:17:33,120 --> 00:17:34,340
forces turned

590
00:17:34,340 --> 00:17:35,180
into a route

591
00:17:35,180 --> 00:17:35,800
for the Maya.

592
00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:37,820
The Maya surrendered

593
00:17:37,820 --> 00:17:39,060
and they gave

594
00:17:39,060 --> 00:17:39,680
Cortez

595
00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:40,280
a gift.

596
00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:41,200
Amongst the gifts

597
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:42,240
given to Cortez

598
00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:43,140
in the act

599
00:17:43,140 --> 00:17:43,640
of surrender

600
00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:44,640
was 20 women.

601
00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:46,500
And this is where

602
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:47,680
my heroine Malinal

603
00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:48,760
enters history

604
00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:49,940
because she was

605
00:17:49,940 --> 00:17:51,120
one of those women.

606
00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:53,440
And Cortez

607
00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:54,380
did not immediately

608
00:17:54,380 --> 00:17:56,100
realize what a treasure

609
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:57,540
he had been given.

610
00:17:57,880 --> 00:17:58,440
He was later

611
00:17:58,440 --> 00:17:59,020
to admit

612
00:17:59,020 --> 00:17:59,960
in his memoirs

613
00:17:59,960 --> 00:18:01,240
that aside

614
00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:02,200
from God himself,

615
00:18:02,620 --> 00:18:03,720
it was Malinal

616
00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:04,800
who gave me

617
00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:05,980
this conquest of Mexico.

618
00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:07,220
but initially

619
00:18:07,220 --> 00:18:08,680
he didn't understand

620
00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:09,220
what she had

621
00:18:09,220 --> 00:18:09,820
to offer him

622
00:18:09,820 --> 00:18:10,860
and he gave her

623
00:18:10,860 --> 00:18:11,980
to one of his lieutenants

624
00:18:11,980 --> 00:18:13,040
as a bed slave.

625
00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:15,240
Spanish sailed on

626
00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:16,200
from the Tabasco River

627
00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:17,460
and made their first

628
00:18:17,460 --> 00:18:18,780
contacts with the Aztecs

629
00:18:18,780 --> 00:18:19,660
at Quetlaxlan.

630
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:21,320
And there,

631
00:18:21,740 --> 00:18:22,100
Aguilar,

632
00:18:22,580 --> 00:18:23,540
the translator

633
00:18:23,540 --> 00:18:24,180
who could speak

634
00:18:24,180 --> 00:18:25,180
Mayan and Spanish

635
00:18:25,180 --> 00:18:26,160
became redundant

636
00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:27,440
because the Aztecs

637
00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:28,380
spoke another language

638
00:18:28,380 --> 00:18:29,260
called Nahuatl

639
00:18:29,260 --> 00:18:30,420
and Cortez

640
00:18:30,420 --> 00:18:31,300
was again reduced

641
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:32,320
to sign language.

642
00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:33,440
And that's when

643
00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:34,660
Malinal thrust herself

644
00:18:34,660 --> 00:18:35,180
forward

645
00:18:35,180 --> 00:18:36,400
and made it clear

646
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:37,340
that she could speak

647
00:18:37,340 --> 00:18:39,320
Maya and Nahuatl.

648
00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:40,380
Therefore,

649
00:18:40,540 --> 00:18:41,420
she could translate

650
00:18:41,420 --> 00:18:42,040
the words

651
00:18:42,040 --> 00:18:43,300
of the Aztec ambassadors

652
00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:44,400
from Nahuatl

653
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:45,020
into Maya

654
00:18:45,020 --> 00:18:46,040
and Aguilar

655
00:18:46,040 --> 00:18:46,860
could translate them

656
00:18:46,860 --> 00:18:47,320
from Maya

657
00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:48,040
into Spanish

658
00:18:48,040 --> 00:18:48,560
and reverse

659
00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:49,120
and suddenly

660
00:18:49,120 --> 00:18:52,880
Cortez was in control

661
00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:53,840
of the situation again.

662
00:18:53,940 --> 00:18:54,640
He could speak

663
00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:55,760
to the people

664
00:18:55,760 --> 00:18:57,620
he intended to conquer.

665
00:18:57,820 --> 00:18:58,520
Very quickly

666
00:18:58,520 --> 00:18:59,220
because Malinal

667
00:18:59,220 --> 00:19:00,640
was a brilliant woman.

668
00:19:01,120 --> 00:19:02,340
She had replaced

669
00:19:02,340 --> 00:19:03,300
Aguilar entirely.

670
00:19:03,460 --> 00:19:04,280
She learned Spanish

671
00:19:04,280 --> 00:19:05,380
very, very fast

672
00:19:05,380 --> 00:19:06,820
and she became

673
00:19:06,820 --> 00:19:08,920
Cortez's sole interpreter.

674
00:19:09,340 --> 00:19:10,420
And she also became

675
00:19:10,420 --> 00:19:11,000
his mistress

676
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:11,800
and the mother

677
00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:12,560
of his child.

678
00:19:13,180 --> 00:19:14,480
And a statue of Malinal

679
00:19:14,480 --> 00:19:16,340
stands in Mexico City

680
00:19:16,340 --> 00:19:16,980
to this day

681
00:19:16,980 --> 00:19:18,620
with the Cortez family.

682
00:19:19,760 --> 00:19:22,100
And she's enjoyed

683
00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:23,560
many different reputations

684
00:19:23,560 --> 00:19:24,400
throughout history

685
00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:25,540
but today in Mexico

686
00:19:25,540 --> 00:19:26,360
she's regarded

687
00:19:26,360 --> 00:19:27,040
as a traitor.

688
00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:28,240
In fact,

689
00:19:28,340 --> 00:19:29,580
the word Malinchist

690
00:19:29,580 --> 00:19:30,540
is an insult

691
00:19:30,540 --> 00:19:31,140
in Mexico

692
00:19:31,140 --> 00:19:32,500
and Malinal

693
00:19:32,500 --> 00:19:33,520
is seen as the person

694
00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:34,300
who handed over

695
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:34,840
her country

696
00:19:34,840 --> 00:19:36,480
to the invaders.

697
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:37,960
I hope my story

698
00:19:37,960 --> 00:19:38,720
has gone some way

699
00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:39,960
to restore her reputation

700
00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:40,440
because I think

701
00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:41,700
she was an amazing woman,

702
00:19:42,140 --> 00:19:43,180
incredibly courageous.

703
00:19:43,860 --> 00:19:44,520
And I think

704
00:19:44,520 --> 00:19:45,560
her whole project

705
00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:46,660
was to bring down

706
00:19:46,660 --> 00:19:47,760
the empire of terror

707
00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:49,180
headed by Moctezuma

708
00:19:49,180 --> 00:19:50,160
which she did succeed

709
00:19:50,160 --> 00:19:50,620
in doing.

710
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:51,900
She couldn't have known

711
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:52,900
initially that she would

712
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:53,680
be replacing it

713
00:19:53,680 --> 00:19:54,600
with something worse.

714
00:19:55,720 --> 00:19:57,020
Everywhere we see images

715
00:19:57,020 --> 00:19:57,480
of Malinal

716
00:19:57,480 --> 00:19:58,760
we see the speech glyph

717
00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:00,060
in front of her mouth

718
00:20:00,060 --> 00:20:01,280
because that's what she was.

719
00:20:01,340 --> 00:20:02,560
She was the tongue of Cortez

720
00:20:02,560 --> 00:20:03,120
and it was she

721
00:20:03,120 --> 00:20:03,880
who told him

722
00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:05,140
about the myths

723
00:20:05,140 --> 00:20:05,740
and traditions

724
00:20:05,740 --> 00:20:06,880
of a white-skinned,

725
00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:07,880
bearded god,

726
00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:08,720
a god of peace

727
00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:10,160
who would return

728
00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:12,400
to abolish human sacrifice

729
00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:14,720
and institute a reign

730
00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:15,740
of peace in Mexico

731
00:20:15,740 --> 00:20:17,360
and that Moctezuma

732
00:20:17,360 --> 00:20:18,080
was terrified

733
00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:18,740
of the return

734
00:20:18,740 --> 00:20:19,260
of this god

735
00:20:19,260 --> 00:20:19,940
and that Cortez

736
00:20:19,940 --> 00:20:21,180
could exploit it.

737
00:20:21,220 --> 00:20:21,940
And in case one

738
00:20:21,940 --> 00:20:23,360
doubts the mythology

739
00:20:23,360 --> 00:20:24,300
of the white-skinned,

740
00:20:24,420 --> 00:20:25,140
bearded stranger

741
00:20:25,140 --> 00:20:26,100
one need only look

742
00:20:26,100 --> 00:20:27,240
at this imagery

743
00:20:27,240 --> 00:20:28,840
from the oldest

744
00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:29,980
archaeological strata

745
00:20:29,980 --> 00:20:30,540
in Mexico

746
00:20:30,540 --> 00:20:32,120
always associated

747
00:20:32,120 --> 00:20:33,320
with the imagery

748
00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:34,340
of the feathered serpent.

749
00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,340
So Cortez was able

750
00:20:37,340 --> 00:20:38,280
to slot himself

751
00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:39,120
into prophecy

752
00:20:39,120 --> 00:20:41,620
and take great advantage

753
00:20:41,620 --> 00:20:42,120
of that

754
00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:43,600
in his campaign

755
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:44,700
against the Aztecs.

756
00:20:45,540 --> 00:20:47,360
He did something

757
00:20:47,360 --> 00:20:48,140
quite extraordinary.

758
00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:48,940
There was a faction

759
00:20:48,940 --> 00:20:49,700
of about 100

760
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:51,300
of his 490 men

761
00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:51,960
who wanted

762
00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:52,980
to return to Cuba.

763
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:53,880
Once they understood

764
00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:54,800
that the Aztecs

765
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:56,680
could put 200,000 men

766
00:20:56,680 --> 00:20:57,260
in the field,

767
00:20:58,660 --> 00:20:59,500
a number of the Spanish

768
00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:00,380
wanted to go home.

769
00:21:00,740 --> 00:21:01,300
They didn't think

770
00:21:01,300 --> 00:21:02,260
they could possibly win.

771
00:21:02,440 --> 00:21:03,620
Cortez solved the problem

772
00:21:03,620 --> 00:21:04,820
by sinking his fleet.

773
00:21:04,980 --> 00:21:05,960
He had holes drilled

774
00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:06,440
in the bottom

775
00:21:06,440 --> 00:21:07,040
of the ships

776
00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:07,860
and sank them

777
00:21:07,860 --> 00:21:08,380
in the bay

778
00:21:08,380 --> 00:21:10,160
and told his men

779
00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:11,560
this is how it is,

780
00:21:11,680 --> 00:21:12,520
you'll either conquer

781
00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:13,300
or die.

782
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:15,020
And they marched up

783
00:21:15,020 --> 00:21:16,300
into the highlands

784
00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:17,540
and they were heading

785
00:21:17,540 --> 00:21:19,320
for a place called

786
00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:20,060
Tlaxcala

787
00:21:20,060 --> 00:21:21,180
and they were heading

788
00:21:21,180 --> 00:21:21,860
for it because

789
00:21:21,860 --> 00:21:22,720
there was a small

790
00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:23,640
independent republic

791
00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:24,500
that had been fighting

792
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:26,280
the Aztecs for 200 years

793
00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:28,240
and had been used

794
00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:28,980
as a farm

795
00:21:28,980 --> 00:21:29,940
for human sacrifice

796
00:21:29,940 --> 00:21:30,840
by the Aztecs.

797
00:21:30,900 --> 00:21:31,740
But the Tlaxcalans

798
00:21:31,740 --> 00:21:32,760
were a military people

799
00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:34,020
and Cortez figured

800
00:21:34,020 --> 00:21:35,140
they would be natural

801
00:21:35,140 --> 00:21:36,040
allies for him.

802
00:21:36,780 --> 00:21:38,840
The enemies of the Aztecs

803
00:21:38,840 --> 00:21:39,640
would in theory

804
00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:40,380
be his friends

805
00:21:40,380 --> 00:21:41,800
and they would want

806
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:42,760
to join him

807
00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:43,960
to help him overthrow

808
00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:44,620
Moctezuma.

809
00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:46,160
But that's actually

810
00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:47,100
not what happened

811
00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:47,940
initially.

812
00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:49,300
Shikatenka the Younger

813
00:21:49,300 --> 00:21:49,840
who's another

814
00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:50,980
one of the heroes

815
00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:51,820
of my story

816
00:21:51,820 --> 00:21:52,760
and again a true

817
00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:53,660
historical figure

818
00:21:53,660 --> 00:21:54,500
was a very

819
00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:55,500
far-sighted man.

820
00:21:55,620 --> 00:21:56,240
He didn't believe

821
00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:56,960
any of the nonsense

822
00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:58,700
about Cortez being a god.

823
00:21:59,060 --> 00:22:00,220
He knew he was a bandit

824
00:22:00,220 --> 00:22:00,700
and a thief

825
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:01,440
and a conqueror.

826
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:02,400
And when he looked

827
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:02,980
at Cortez

828
00:22:02,980 --> 00:22:03,700
and the Spaniards

829
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:04,720
he realized

830
00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:06,220
that they wouldn't stop

831
00:22:06,220 --> 00:22:07,140
with the Aztecs

832
00:22:07,140 --> 00:22:08,220
and that they spelled

833
00:22:08,220 --> 00:22:08,780
the doom

834
00:22:08,780 --> 00:22:10,220
for the entire culture

835
00:22:10,220 --> 00:22:10,760
of Mexico.

836
00:22:11,540 --> 00:22:12,820
So rather than take

837
00:22:12,820 --> 00:22:13,500
the easy path

838
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:14,400
and join Cortez

839
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:14,900
at once

840
00:22:14,900 --> 00:22:16,240
Shikatenka fought him

841
00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:17,320
tooth and nail

842
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:19,920
for about six weeks

843
00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:20,800
and put the Spanish

844
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:22,340
under tremendous pressure

845
00:22:22,340 --> 00:22:23,700
and in one famous

846
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:24,080
incident

847
00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:25,320
a Tlaxcalan warrior

848
00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:26,120
actually beheaded

849
00:22:26,120 --> 00:22:27,000
a Spanish horse

850
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:28,180
with his primitive sword

851
00:22:28,180 --> 00:22:29,580
thus puncturing

852
00:22:29,580 --> 00:22:29,980
the myth

853
00:22:29,980 --> 00:22:31,200
of the supernatural nature

854
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:32,540
of these creatures.

855
00:22:33,120 --> 00:22:34,180
Cortez resorted

856
00:22:34,180 --> 00:22:35,180
to terrorism

857
00:22:35,180 --> 00:22:36,300
burning whole villages

858
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:36,940
throwing men

859
00:22:36,940 --> 00:22:37,260
and women

860
00:22:37,260 --> 00:22:38,360
onto pointed stakes

861
00:22:38,360 --> 00:22:39,420
in pits

862
00:22:39,420 --> 00:22:40,580
and eventually

863
00:22:40,580 --> 00:22:41,340
the elders

864
00:22:41,340 --> 00:22:42,140
of Tlaxcala

865
00:22:42,140 --> 00:22:43,420
forced a surrender

866
00:22:43,420 --> 00:22:44,780
and Shikatenka

867
00:22:44,780 --> 00:22:45,420
was obliged

868
00:22:45,420 --> 00:22:46,120
to become

869
00:22:46,120 --> 00:22:47,900
Cortez's lieutenant.

870
00:22:49,260 --> 00:22:50,100
It's a sign

871
00:22:50,100 --> 00:22:50,680
of the character

872
00:22:50,680 --> 00:22:51,200
of the man

873
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:52,280
that two years later

874
00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:53,280
when the city

875
00:22:53,280 --> 00:22:54,740
of Tenochtitlan

876
00:22:54,740 --> 00:22:55,740
faced its final

877
00:22:55,740 --> 00:22:56,880
apocalyptic fall

878
00:22:56,880 --> 00:22:57,960
when it was riddled

879
00:22:57,960 --> 00:22:58,780
with smallpox

880
00:22:58,780 --> 00:22:59,500
when the Aztecs

881
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:00,600
were starving to death

882
00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:01,600
that Shikatenka

883
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:02,540
went to Cortez

884
00:23:02,540 --> 00:23:03,020
and said

885
00:23:03,020 --> 00:23:04,100
you have to stop now.

886
00:23:04,780 --> 00:23:05,700
Enough is enough.

887
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:06,780
You have to show mercy

888
00:23:06,780 --> 00:23:08,340
and Cortez refused.

889
00:23:08,340 --> 00:23:09,120
He said I'm not going

890
00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:09,560
to show them

891
00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:10,520
any mercy whatsoever.

892
00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:11,360
I'm going to wipe them

893
00:23:11,360 --> 00:23:12,340
out to the last man

894
00:23:12,340 --> 00:23:13,520
and Shikatenka

895
00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:14,040
at that point

896
00:23:14,040 --> 00:23:15,480
walked out on Cortez.

897
00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:17,000
Cortez sent a team

898
00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:17,620
after him

899
00:23:17,620 --> 00:23:18,620
and hanged him

900
00:23:18,620 --> 00:23:19,880
from a tree.

901
00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:20,920
He's a hero

902
00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:21,560
in Tlaxcala

903
00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:22,220
to this day

904
00:23:22,220 --> 00:23:22,840
Shikatenka.

905
00:23:24,420 --> 00:23:25,340
The Spanish marched

906
00:23:25,340 --> 00:23:26,180
on to Cholula.

907
00:23:26,660 --> 00:23:27,460
There they conducted

908
00:23:27,460 --> 00:23:28,380
another massacre.

909
00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:29,780
There they killed

910
00:23:29,780 --> 00:23:30,940
5,000 people

911
00:23:30,940 --> 00:23:32,420
feeding them

912
00:23:32,420 --> 00:23:33,100
to the dogs

913
00:23:33,100 --> 00:23:35,080
to send a message

914
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:35,820
to Moctezuma

915
00:23:35,820 --> 00:23:36,860
and Moctezuma

916
00:23:36,860 --> 00:23:37,680
got the message

917
00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:38,980
when Cortez

918
00:23:38,980 --> 00:23:40,320
arrived on the shores

919
00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:41,220
of Lake Texcoco

920
00:23:41,220 --> 00:23:41,920
Moctezuma

921
00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:43,080
was a quivering wreck

922
00:23:43,080 --> 00:23:44,380
absolutely terrified.

923
00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:46,360
Not all of his lieutenants

924
00:23:46,360 --> 00:23:47,360
felt the same way

925
00:23:47,360 --> 00:23:48,200
and a plan

926
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:49,340
was cooked up.

927
00:23:49,460 --> 00:23:49,840
Moctezuma

928
00:23:49,840 --> 00:23:50,980
wanted to surrender

929
00:23:50,980 --> 00:23:51,740
to Cortez

930
00:23:51,740 --> 00:23:53,880
but what was decided

931
00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:54,280
instead

932
00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:55,160
was that the Spanish

933
00:23:55,160 --> 00:23:55,860
would be admitted

934
00:23:55,860 --> 00:23:56,820
to Tenochtitlan

935
00:23:56,820 --> 00:23:57,940
without their

936
00:23:57,940 --> 00:23:59,020
Tlaxcalan allies

937
00:23:59,020 --> 00:24:01,860
and an encounter

938
00:24:01,860 --> 00:24:02,900
actually took place

939
00:24:02,900 --> 00:24:03,840
on the causeway

940
00:24:03,840 --> 00:24:04,900
between Moctezuma

941
00:24:04,900 --> 00:24:05,760
and Cortez

942
00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:06,800
with Marlinal

943
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:07,400
translating

944
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:08,360
and it's interesting

945
00:24:08,360 --> 00:24:09,020
how the local

946
00:24:09,020 --> 00:24:10,740
accounts of that

947
00:24:10,740 --> 00:24:11,780
tell how Marlinal

948
00:24:11,780 --> 00:24:15,680
looked Moctezuma

949
00:24:15,680 --> 00:24:16,580
straight in the eye

950
00:24:16,580 --> 00:24:17,420
and never lowered

951
00:24:17,420 --> 00:24:18,240
her eyes for a second

952
00:24:18,240 --> 00:24:19,200
which was unheard of

953
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:20,520
for any Aztec to do

954
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:21,360
let alone

955
00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:22,300
for a woman to do.

956
00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:23,760
So the idea

957
00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:24,380
was to admit

958
00:24:24,380 --> 00:24:24,860
the Spanish

959
00:24:24,860 --> 00:24:26,300
then cut the bridges

960
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:27,200
on the causeway

961
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:28,320
maroon the Spanish

962
00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:29,240
inside the city

963
00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:30,260
and massacre them.

964
00:24:31,060 --> 00:24:32,000
Cortez forestalled

965
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:33,400
this by taking

966
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:34,480
Moctezuma hostage

967
00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:35,760
within four days

968
00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:36,600
of entering the city

969
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:37,460
and for the next six

970
00:24:37,460 --> 00:24:38,360
months he ran

971
00:24:38,360 --> 00:24:39,200
the Aztec empire

972
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:40,140
with Moctezuma

973
00:24:40,140 --> 00:24:41,440
as his puppet

974
00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:43,180
and he might have

975
00:24:43,180 --> 00:24:44,020
achieved his goal

976
00:24:44,020 --> 00:24:45,280
without further bloodshed

977
00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:46,360
had it not been

978
00:24:46,360 --> 00:24:46,980
for the jealousy

979
00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:48,240
of Diego de Velasquez

980
00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:49,220
the governor of Cuba

981
00:24:49,220 --> 00:24:50,640
who had by now

982
00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:52,300
heard of Cortez's

983
00:24:52,300 --> 00:24:53,260
success in Mexico

984
00:24:53,260 --> 00:24:54,400
and Velasquez

985
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:55,580
sent a fleet

986
00:24:55,580 --> 00:24:57,220
with a thousand Spaniards

987
00:24:57,220 --> 00:24:58,800
not to support Cortez

988
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:00,660
but to attack him

989
00:25:00,660 --> 00:25:02,380
Velasquez couldn't

990
00:25:02,380 --> 00:25:03,800
bear Cortez's success

991
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:05,260
Cortez had to leave

992
00:25:05,260 --> 00:25:05,920
a hundred men

993
00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:06,900
in Mexico City

994
00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:08,260
guarding Emperor

995
00:25:08,260 --> 00:25:08,900
Moctezuma

996
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:10,400
and he took 300

997
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:11,100
to the coast

998
00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:12,260
and he was such

999
00:25:12,260 --> 00:25:13,000
a brilliant military

1000
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:13,600
strategist

1001
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:14,340
that he defeated

1002
00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:15,040
the force sent

1003
00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:15,740
by Velasquez

1004
00:25:15,740 --> 00:25:16,800
and absorbed

1005
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:17,800
those thousand men

1006
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:19,300
into his own army

1007
00:25:19,300 --> 00:25:21,800
and unfortunately

1008
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:23,320
while that was happening

1009
00:25:23,320 --> 00:25:24,760
Pedro de Alvarado

1010
00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:27,000
who was a true psychopath

1011
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:29,180
conducted a massacre

1012
00:25:29,180 --> 00:25:30,940
in Tenochtitlan itself

1013
00:25:30,940 --> 00:25:32,080
and the Aztecs

1014
00:25:32,080 --> 00:25:33,600
rose against him

1015
00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:34,720
and when Cortez

1016
00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:35,820
returned to the city

1017
00:25:35,820 --> 00:25:37,520
those hundred Spaniards

1018
00:25:37,520 --> 00:25:38,460
were cornered

1019
00:25:38,460 --> 00:25:39,300
and in a desperate

1020
00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:40,600
situation

1021
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:41,460
with the whole

1022
00:25:41,460 --> 00:25:42,560
Aztec empire

1023
00:25:42,560 --> 00:25:43,500
risen against them

1024
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:45,840
Cortez broke into the city

1025
00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:47,160
he relieved the siege

1026
00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:48,880
he marched Moctezuma

1027
00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:49,900
up onto the battlements

1028
00:25:49,900 --> 00:25:50,940
to appeal for peace

1029
00:25:50,940 --> 00:25:52,040
and the Aztecs

1030
00:25:52,040 --> 00:25:53,080
killed Moctezuma

1031
00:25:53,080 --> 00:25:54,140
at that point

1032
00:25:54,140 --> 00:25:55,380
with stones and spears

1033
00:25:55,380 --> 00:25:56,940
and then

1034
00:25:56,940 --> 00:25:58,960
a terrible battle ensued

1035
00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:00,020
the Aztecs

1036
00:26:00,020 --> 00:26:00,660
were determined

1037
00:26:00,660 --> 00:26:01,940
to wipe the Spaniards out

1038
00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:03,520
and four days

1039
00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:04,520
of very very heavy

1040
00:26:04,520 --> 00:26:05,240
fighting followed

1041
00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:05,820
and finally

1042
00:26:05,820 --> 00:26:07,320
the Spanish realized

1043
00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:08,700
that they had to flee

1044
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:09,100
the city

1045
00:26:09,100 --> 00:26:09,660
they witnessed

1046
00:26:09,660 --> 00:26:10,880
50 of their own number

1047
00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:12,320
captured and marched

1048
00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:13,200
up the pyramid

1049
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:13,980
and sacrificed

1050
00:26:13,980 --> 00:26:15,000
to the god of war

1051
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:17,700
and they did flee the city

1052
00:26:17,700 --> 00:26:18,920
the causeways

1053
00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:19,800
had been cut

1054
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:21,420
and these causeways

1055
00:26:21,420 --> 00:26:22,400
eventually filled up

1056
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:23,300
with human bodies

1057
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:25,640
of the thousand plus Spaniards

1058
00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:27,080
who made their way

1059
00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:27,880
along the causeway

1060
00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:28,340
that night

1061
00:26:28,340 --> 00:26:29,400
600 were killed

1062
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:30,260
by the Aztecs

1063
00:26:30,260 --> 00:26:32,360
400 got to the other side

1064
00:26:32,360 --> 00:26:34,280
and the Aztecs

1065
00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:35,280
could have finished them off

1066
00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:36,260
but they were too busy

1067
00:26:36,260 --> 00:26:38,120
carrying out human sacrifices

1068
00:26:38,120 --> 00:26:39,080
to do that

1069
00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:39,760
and the Spanish

1070
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:40,920
those 400 Spaniards

1071
00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:41,500
got away

1072
00:26:41,500 --> 00:26:43,120
they licked their wounds

1073
00:26:43,120 --> 00:26:44,140
in Tlaxcala

1074
00:26:44,140 --> 00:26:45,500
for several months

1075
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:47,220
where they were given sanctuary

1076
00:26:47,220 --> 00:26:49,860
and then Cortez returned

1077
00:26:49,860 --> 00:26:50,900
and the iron

1078
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:52,620
has entered into his soul now

1079
00:26:52,620 --> 00:26:54,200
and he marches around

1080
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:54,940
Lake Texcoco

1081
00:26:54,940 --> 00:26:55,780
and one by one

1082
00:26:55,780 --> 00:26:56,440
he picks off

1083
00:26:56,440 --> 00:26:57,380
every single one

1084
00:26:57,380 --> 00:26:58,400
of the Aztec allies

1085
00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:00,240
isolating the Aztecs

1086
00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:01,360
in their island city

1087
00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:02,380
where they believe

1088
00:27:02,380 --> 00:27:03,580
they're impregnable

1089
00:27:03,580 --> 00:27:05,160
but Cortez

1090
00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:06,000
has done something

1091
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:06,960
that ranks alongside

1092
00:27:06,960 --> 00:27:07,500
the feats

1093
00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:08,540
of Alexander the Great

1094
00:27:08,540 --> 00:27:09,860
and Julius Caesar

1095
00:27:09,860 --> 00:27:11,040
he realizes

1096
00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:11,920
if he's going to take

1097
00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:12,380
this city

1098
00:27:12,380 --> 00:27:13,640
he must control the lake

1099
00:27:13,640 --> 00:27:14,920
in order to control

1100
00:27:14,920 --> 00:27:15,340
the lake

1101
00:27:15,340 --> 00:27:16,120
he needs ships

1102
00:27:16,120 --> 00:27:17,460
so up in the mountains

1103
00:27:17,460 --> 00:27:18,260
of Tlaxcala

1104
00:27:18,260 --> 00:27:19,240
a hundred miles

1105
00:27:19,240 --> 00:27:21,020
from Tenochtitlan

1106
00:27:21,020 --> 00:27:22,420
he has built

1107
00:27:22,420 --> 00:27:23,020
a fleet

1108
00:27:23,020 --> 00:27:25,100
of 13 ships

1109
00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:27,340
13 brigantines

1110
00:27:27,340 --> 00:27:27,980
each capable

1111
00:27:27,980 --> 00:27:29,060
of taking 50 men

1112
00:27:29,060 --> 00:27:30,180
they test them out

1113
00:27:30,180 --> 00:27:30,700
on a lake

1114
00:27:30,700 --> 00:27:31,700
in the mountains

1115
00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:33,440
they then dismantle them

1116
00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:34,300
place them

1117
00:27:34,300 --> 00:27:34,780
on the shoulders

1118
00:27:34,780 --> 00:27:36,020
of 8,000 bearers

1119
00:27:36,020 --> 00:27:36,860
and carry them

1120
00:27:36,860 --> 00:27:37,700
a hundred miles

1121
00:27:37,700 --> 00:27:38,940
to the edge

1122
00:27:38,940 --> 00:27:39,960
of Lake Texcoco

1123
00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:41,360
where they reassemble

1124
00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:41,980
their ships

1125
00:27:41,980 --> 00:27:43,220
and

1126
00:27:43,220 --> 00:27:44,840
they then

1127
00:27:44,840 --> 00:27:45,760
mount cannon

1128
00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:46,340
on the ships

1129
00:27:46,340 --> 00:27:46,920
and the siege

1130
00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:47,660
of Tenochtitlan

1131
00:27:47,660 --> 00:27:48,660
begins

1132
00:27:48,660 --> 00:27:50,220
and there are months

1133
00:27:50,220 --> 00:27:51,300
of truly horrendous

1134
00:27:51,300 --> 00:27:51,600
fighting

1135
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:52,300
it has to be said

1136
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:52,920
that the Aztecs

1137
00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:53,880
put up a very

1138
00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:54,780
brave

1139
00:27:54,780 --> 00:27:55,460
and determined

1140
00:27:55,460 --> 00:27:55,960
resistance

1141
00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:56,540
the Spanish

1142
00:27:56,540 --> 00:27:57,580
deliberately infected

1143
00:27:57,580 --> 00:27:58,520
them with smallpox

1144
00:27:58,520 --> 00:27:59,180
it was the first

1145
00:27:59,180 --> 00:27:59,700
known use

1146
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:01,320
of a biological weapon

1147
00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:02,880
they used

1148
00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:03,700
infected blankets

1149
00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:04,620
to bring smallpox

1150
00:28:04,620 --> 00:28:05,280
into the city

1151
00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:06,160
the Aztecs

1152
00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:07,140
had no resistance

1153
00:28:07,140 --> 00:28:08,840
thousands died

1154
00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:09,920
and

1155
00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:11,040
Cortes

1156
00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:11,860
finally breaks

1157
00:28:11,860 --> 00:28:12,460
into the city

1158
00:28:12,460 --> 00:28:12,900
again

1159
00:28:12,900 --> 00:28:13,740
there's two more

1160
00:28:13,740 --> 00:28:14,640
days of

1161
00:28:14,640 --> 00:28:15,680
intense fighting

1162
00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:17,460
and

1163
00:28:17,460 --> 00:28:18,680
he has won

1164
00:28:18,680 --> 00:28:20,020
and the Aztecs

1165
00:28:20,020 --> 00:28:21,220
those who are left

1166
00:28:21,220 --> 00:28:22,640
mourn and lament

1167
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:24,020
the loss

1168
00:28:24,020 --> 00:28:24,720
of their

1169
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:25,640
civilization

1170
00:28:25,640 --> 00:28:27,880
it's a fact

1171
00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:29,040
that the population

1172
00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:29,820
of Mexico

1173
00:28:29,820 --> 00:28:30,520
on the eve

1174
00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:31,060
of the conquest

1175
00:28:31,060 --> 00:28:32,080
was 30 million

1176
00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:33,480
50 years later

1177
00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:34,200
it had been reduced

1178
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:35,220
to just 1 million

1179
00:28:35,220 --> 00:28:37,140
29 million people

1180
00:28:37,140 --> 00:28:37,580
died

1181
00:28:37,580 --> 00:28:38,440
in the genocide

1182
00:28:38,440 --> 00:28:39,620
that the Spanish

1183
00:28:39,620 --> 00:28:40,460
brought with them

1184
00:28:40,460 --> 00:28:41,760
so from the

1185
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:42,540
supernatural point

1186
00:28:42,540 --> 00:28:42,800
of view

1187
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:43,360
it very much

1188
00:28:43,360 --> 00:28:43,980
looks as though

1189
00:28:43,980 --> 00:28:44,460
the demon

1190
00:28:44,460 --> 00:28:45,460
who has played

1191
00:28:45,460 --> 00:28:46,340
both these men

1192
00:28:46,340 --> 00:28:47,620
and driven them

1193
00:28:47,620 --> 00:28:48,720
to this

1194
00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:50,000
terrible act

1195
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:50,520
of folly

1196
00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:52,160
has won

1197
00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:53,220
and indeed

1198
00:28:53,220 --> 00:28:54,180
it's worth reflecting

1199
00:28:54,180 --> 00:28:54,860
that the world

1200
00:28:54,860 --> 00:28:55,860
we live in today

1201
00:28:55,860 --> 00:28:57,100
has been

1202
00:28:57,100 --> 00:28:58,440
is a direct consequence

1203
00:28:58,440 --> 00:28:59,040
of the Spanish

1204
00:28:59,040 --> 00:28:59,940
conquest of Mexico

1205
00:28:59,940 --> 00:29:01,160
Spanish conquest

1206
00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:01,720
of Peru

1207
00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:02,360
followed soon

1208
00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:02,880
afterwards

1209
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:06,180
the genocide

1210
00:29:06,180 --> 00:29:07,320
of the Native

1211
00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:08,060
American Indians

1212
00:29:08,060 --> 00:29:08,920
of North America

1213
00:29:08,920 --> 00:29:09,780
the whole relationship

1214
00:29:09,780 --> 00:29:10,580
of Europe

1215
00:29:10,580 --> 00:29:11,200
to the so-called

1216
00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:12,020
developing countries

1217
00:29:12,020 --> 00:29:12,620
was forged

1218
00:29:12,620 --> 00:29:13,760
and fashioned

1219
00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:14,480
at this time

1220
00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:15,500
and how different

1221
00:29:15,500 --> 00:29:16,480
it might have been

1222
00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:17,500
if those two people

1223
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:18,520
had approached

1224
00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:19,020
one another

1225
00:29:19,020 --> 00:29:20,120
in a spirit of love

1226
00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:21,440
and mutual tolerance

1227
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:21,860
and learning

1228
00:29:21,860 --> 00:29:23,040
how much each side

1229
00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:23,800
had to learn

1230
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:24,740
from the other

1231
00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:26,440
and how again

1232
00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:26,900
and again

1233
00:29:26,900 --> 00:29:27,500
as humans

1234
00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:28,420
we commit

1235
00:29:28,420 --> 00:29:29,200
these terrible

1236
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:30,060
follies

1237
00:29:30,060 --> 00:29:31,860
when bright prospects

1238
00:29:31,860 --> 00:29:32,300
are held

1239
00:29:32,300 --> 00:29:32,820
in front of us

1240
00:29:32,820 --> 00:29:33,480
what redeems

1241
00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:33,860
the story

1242
00:29:33,860 --> 00:29:34,240
for me

1243
00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:35,020
are the honest

1244
00:29:35,020 --> 00:29:35,380
decent

1245
00:29:35,380 --> 00:29:36,140
good characters

1246
00:29:36,140 --> 00:29:36,640
the power

1247
00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:37,840
of human love

1248
00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:39,220
to survive

1249
00:29:39,220 --> 00:29:40,340
even in the darkest

1250
00:29:40,340 --> 00:29:41,000
of times

1251
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:41,960
and I would just say

1252
00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:43,200
in closing

1253
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:44,600
that much hope

1254
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:46,180
has recently been raised

1255
00:29:46,180 --> 00:29:47,020
around the issue

1256
00:29:47,020 --> 00:29:47,780
of the return

1257
00:29:47,780 --> 00:29:49,000
of Quetzalcoatl

1258
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:50,340
it's taken as a symbol

1259
00:29:50,340 --> 00:29:51,100
for a rebirth

1260
00:29:51,100 --> 00:29:51,720
of consciousness

1261
00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:52,560
in the world today

1262
00:29:52,560 --> 00:29:53,380
I can only hope

1263
00:29:53,380 --> 00:29:54,720
that the next time

1264
00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:56,920
such a situation

1265
00:29:56,920 --> 00:29:57,740
is in the offing

1266
00:29:57,740 --> 00:29:58,820
we do it right

1267
00:29:58,820 --> 00:30:00,440
rather than

1268
00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:01,420
doing it wrong

1269
00:30:01,420 --> 00:30:03,700
so I'll get

1270
00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:04,480
straight on now

1271
00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:06,300
to the sequel

1272
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:08,480
to Fingerprints

1273
00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:09,080
of the Gods

1274
00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:10,980
and I'm going to

1275
00:30:10,980 --> 00:30:12,860
introduce

1276
00:30:12,860 --> 00:30:15,100
a lot of the new material

1277
00:30:15,100 --> 00:30:16,260
that is intriguing

1278
00:30:16,260 --> 00:30:16,880
and fascinating

1279
00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:17,580
me at the moment

1280
00:30:17,580 --> 00:30:18,680
but forgive me

1281
00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:19,680
for also going over

1282
00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:20,920
some of the old material

1283
00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:22,000
that first drew me

1284
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:23,800
into this mystery

1285
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:27,420
and made me feel

1286
00:30:27,420 --> 00:30:28,120
that there is

1287
00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:29,680
a strong possibility

1288
00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:31,280
of a forgotten episode

1289
00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:32,120
in human history

1290
00:30:32,120 --> 00:30:34,560
my wife Santa

1291
00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:36,620
took almost all the pictures

1292
00:30:36,620 --> 00:30:37,480
that we'll see tonight

1293
00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:39,600
I wouldn't be anywhere

1294
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:40,420
without Santa

1295
00:30:40,420 --> 00:30:41,340
she's been at the bottom

1296
00:30:41,340 --> 00:30:42,220
of the ocean with me

1297
00:30:42,220 --> 00:30:42,760
and at the top

1298
00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:43,560
of the Great Pyramid

1299
00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:44,700
and every adventure

1300
00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:45,540
we've shared

1301
00:30:45,540 --> 00:30:47,480
and I think I would have

1302
00:30:47,480 --> 00:30:48,440
been lost

1303
00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:49,620
in every possible way

1304
00:30:49,620 --> 00:30:50,940
that a man can be lost

1305
00:30:50,940 --> 00:30:51,520
if it hadn't been

1306
00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:52,480
for Santa in my life

1307
00:30:52,480 --> 00:30:53,320
so I just want to

1308
00:30:53,320 --> 00:30:53,940
thank her

1309
00:30:53,940 --> 00:30:54,800
for her role

1310
00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:55,500
in all of this

1311
00:30:55,500 --> 00:30:58,940
back in 95

1312
00:30:58,940 --> 00:30:59,680
when I published

1313
00:30:59,680 --> 00:31:00,660
Fingerprints of the Gods

1314
00:31:00,660 --> 00:31:01,920
it used to be said

1315
00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:04,140
all of us working

1316
00:31:04,140 --> 00:31:04,540
in this field

1317
00:31:04,540 --> 00:31:05,120
were interested

1318
00:31:05,120 --> 00:31:05,680
in the fact

1319
00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:06,680
that there were pyramids

1320
00:31:06,680 --> 00:31:08,400
in many different countries

1321
00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:09,180
around the world

1322
00:31:09,180 --> 00:31:10,660
and these pyramids

1323
00:31:10,660 --> 00:31:11,480
furthermore

1324
00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:14,400
seem to have

1325
00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:15,360
more in common

1326
00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:16,540
than just their shape

1327
00:31:16,540 --> 00:31:17,820
there seem to be

1328
00:31:17,820 --> 00:31:18,760
certain ideas

1329
00:31:18,760 --> 00:31:19,520
this idea of the

1330
00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:20,020
transformation

1331
00:31:20,020 --> 00:31:21,020
of human beings

1332
00:31:21,020 --> 00:31:21,780
into gods

1333
00:31:21,780 --> 00:31:22,700
is very central

1334
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:23,380
to the pyramids

1335
00:31:23,380 --> 00:31:23,860
of Giza

1336
00:31:23,860 --> 00:31:25,320
and it's also

1337
00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:27,120
central to the pyramids

1338
00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:28,080
of Teotihuacan

1339
00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:29,120
in Mexico

1340
00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:30,500
just north of Mexico City

1341
00:31:30,500 --> 00:31:30,980
where we have

1342
00:31:30,980 --> 00:31:31,560
the so-called

1343
00:31:31,560 --> 00:31:32,740
pyramid of the moon

1344
00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:33,220
and the pyramid

1345
00:31:33,220 --> 00:31:33,840
of the sun

1346
00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:35,200
and a myth

1347
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:35,840
of the beginning

1348
00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:37,620
of a world age

1349
00:31:37,620 --> 00:31:38,240
taking place

1350
00:31:38,240 --> 00:31:38,420
there

1351
00:31:38,420 --> 00:31:39,460
an old age

1352
00:31:39,460 --> 00:31:39,900
of the world

1353
00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:40,340
had ended

1354
00:31:40,340 --> 00:31:41,200
and a new age

1355
00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:41,920
began

1356
00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:42,580
these ideas

1357
00:31:42,580 --> 00:31:43,180
are resonant

1358
00:31:43,180 --> 00:31:43,760
and found

1359
00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:45,100
in pyramids

1360
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:46,600
all around the world

1361
00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:48,520
the astronomical

1362
00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:49,220
connection

1363
00:31:49,220 --> 00:31:50,200
at Teotihuacan

1364
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:50,840
very similar

1365
00:31:50,840 --> 00:31:52,240
to the astronomical

1366
00:31:52,240 --> 00:31:52,860
connection

1367
00:31:52,860 --> 00:31:54,020
that we find

1368
00:31:54,020 --> 00:31:55,260
in ancient Egypt

1369
00:31:55,260 --> 00:32:01,080
and the equinoctial

1370
00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:02,100
alignment

1371
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:02,860
for example

1372
00:32:02,860 --> 00:32:04,000
of the pyramid

1373
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:04,740
of Kukulkan

1374
00:32:04,740 --> 00:32:07,340
in Chichen Itza

1375
00:32:07,340 --> 00:32:08,740
in the Yucatan

1376
00:32:08,740 --> 00:32:10,680
all of these things

1377
00:32:10,680 --> 00:32:11,340
are very curious

1378
00:32:11,340 --> 00:32:12,040
because pyramids

1379
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:12,940
all around the world

1380
00:32:12,940 --> 00:32:13,720
have the same

1381
00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:14,700
seem to have

1382
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:15,320
the same set

1383
00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:15,980
of ideas

1384
00:32:15,980 --> 00:32:16,540
and the same

1385
00:32:16,540 --> 00:32:16,980
connections

1386
00:32:16,980 --> 00:32:17,700
to the heavens

1387
00:32:17,700 --> 00:32:19,220
incorporated within them

1388
00:32:19,220 --> 00:32:20,040
but the view

1389
00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:20,800
of archaeology

1390
00:32:20,800 --> 00:32:22,020
at the time

1391
00:32:22,020 --> 00:32:22,940
was that there

1392
00:32:22,940 --> 00:32:23,600
cannot be

1393
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:24,580
it's not possible

1394
00:32:24,580 --> 00:32:25,380
for there to be

1395
00:32:25,380 --> 00:32:26,280
any connection

1396
00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:27,600
between the pyramids

1397
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:28,220
of the old world

1398
00:32:28,220 --> 00:32:28,760
and the pyramids

1399
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:29,320
of the new world

1400
00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:30,820
because the pyramids

1401
00:32:30,820 --> 00:32:31,340
of Giza

1402
00:32:31,340 --> 00:32:32,320
were built

1403
00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:33,220
according to

1404
00:32:33,220 --> 00:32:34,080
orthodox chronology

1405
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:36,300
around 2500 BC

1406
00:32:36,300 --> 00:32:38,160
and the pyramids

1407
00:32:38,160 --> 00:32:38,600
of Mexico

1408
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:39,820
that Teotihuacan

1409
00:32:39,820 --> 00:32:41,020
group of pyramids

1410
00:32:41,020 --> 00:32:41,780
really that dates

1411
00:32:41,780 --> 00:32:43,580
to about 200 years

1412
00:32:43,580 --> 00:32:44,580
300 years

1413
00:32:44,580 --> 00:32:45,620
after Christ

1414
00:32:45,620 --> 00:32:46,300
maybe even

1415
00:32:46,300 --> 00:32:47,160
a little bit later

1416
00:32:47,160 --> 00:32:48,400
and the Chichen Itza

1417
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:48,800
pyramid

1418
00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:49,360
that we're looking

1419
00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:49,980
at now

1420
00:32:49,980 --> 00:32:51,380
around about

1421
00:32:51,380 --> 00:32:53,300
900 to 1000 years

1422
00:32:53,300 --> 00:32:54,120
after Christ

1423
00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:55,180
so if they're

1424
00:32:55,180 --> 00:32:55,660
separated

1425
00:32:55,660 --> 00:32:56,840
by so much time

1426
00:32:56,840 --> 00:32:57,420
it must be

1427
00:32:57,420 --> 00:32:57,960
a coincidence

1428
00:32:57,960 --> 00:32:58,800
that they all

1429
00:32:58,800 --> 00:32:59,820
have the same design

1430
00:32:59,820 --> 00:33:01,000
and that they all

1431
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:01,960
incorporate the same

1432
00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:02,340
features

1433
00:33:02,340 --> 00:33:03,360
so this was the

1434
00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:04,520
view of archaeology

1435
00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:05,060
and this was one

1436
00:33:05,060 --> 00:33:05,600
of the arguments

1437
00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:06,160
that was given

1438
00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:07,520
to debunk

1439
00:33:07,520 --> 00:33:08,380
any mysterious

1440
00:33:08,380 --> 00:33:09,240
connection between

1441
00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:10,400
pyramids around the world

1442
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:11,720
and I just want

1443
00:33:11,720 --> 00:33:12,380
to make this point

1444
00:33:12,380 --> 00:33:13,640
to say that really

1445
00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:15,440
I think archaeology

1446
00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:16,420
it's a wonderful

1447
00:33:16,420 --> 00:33:16,840
discipline

1448
00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:17,340
and they do

1449
00:33:17,340 --> 00:33:18,120
incredible work

1450
00:33:18,120 --> 00:33:18,520
but I think

1451
00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:19,080
they need to be

1452
00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:19,660
more humble

1453
00:33:19,660 --> 00:33:20,660
and I think

1454
00:33:20,660 --> 00:33:21,400
they need to be

1455
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:22,300
more provisional

1456
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:23,960
with regard to history

1457
00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:24,860
and prehistory

1458
00:33:24,860 --> 00:33:25,380
and the further

1459
00:33:25,380 --> 00:33:25,940
back we go

1460
00:33:25,940 --> 00:33:26,800
the more provisional

1461
00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:27,500
they need to be

1462
00:33:27,500 --> 00:33:28,080
we shouldn't be

1463
00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:29,280
drawing firm

1464
00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:30,340
conclusions about

1465
00:33:30,340 --> 00:33:30,780
the past

1466
00:33:30,780 --> 00:33:31,260
on the basis

1467
00:33:31,260 --> 00:33:32,020
of limited evidence

1468
00:33:32,020 --> 00:33:33,060
because the next

1469
00:33:33,060 --> 00:33:34,040
turn of the archaeologist

1470
00:33:34,040 --> 00:33:34,940
spade can change

1471
00:33:34,940 --> 00:33:35,620
the whole picture

1472
00:33:35,620 --> 00:33:36,820
and that's what's

1473
00:33:36,820 --> 00:33:37,500
happened here

1474
00:33:37,500 --> 00:33:38,300
at Corral

1475
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:40,260
which is a large

1476
00:33:40,260 --> 00:33:41,240
group of pyramids

1477
00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:43,000
about 200 kilometers

1478
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:43,760
north of Lima

1479
00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:44,460
in Peru

1480
00:33:44,460 --> 00:33:45,840
which have been

1481
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:46,640
excavated over

1482
00:33:46,640 --> 00:33:47,880
the last 10 years

1483
00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:50,340
and companion pyramids

1484
00:33:50,340 --> 00:33:52,120
there's another one

1485
00:33:52,120 --> 00:33:52,960
of the Corral pyramids

1486
00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:53,960
the companion pyramids

1487
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:54,740
at Banduria

1488
00:33:54,740 --> 00:33:56,780
about 65 kilometers

1489
00:33:56,780 --> 00:33:57,620
south of there

1490
00:33:57,620 --> 00:33:59,280
and it's now clear

1491
00:33:59,280 --> 00:34:00,220
that these pyramids

1492
00:34:00,220 --> 00:34:00,840
do date

1493
00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:01,440
to the period

1494
00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:02,600
from 2500

1495
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:04,020
to 3000 BC

1496
00:34:04,020 --> 00:34:05,740
exactly the period

1497
00:34:05,740 --> 00:34:06,480
that is attributed

1498
00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:08,400
to the Giza pyramids

1499
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:09,120
so the argument

1500
00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:10,940
that the chronological

1501
00:34:10,940 --> 00:34:11,680
separation

1502
00:34:11,680 --> 00:34:12,360
of the pyramids

1503
00:34:12,360 --> 00:34:13,460
means there can no longer

1504
00:34:13,460 --> 00:34:14,160
be any connection

1505
00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:14,640
with them

1506
00:34:14,640 --> 00:34:15,760
falls apart

1507
00:34:15,760 --> 00:34:16,660
in the light

1508
00:34:16,660 --> 00:34:17,360
of this new

1509
00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:18,860
archaeological evidence

1510
00:34:18,860 --> 00:34:22,320
so there's

1511
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:23,440
Fingerprints of the Gods

1512
00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:25,580
a battered

1513
00:34:25,580 --> 00:34:26,580
beaten up copy

1514
00:34:26,580 --> 00:34:27,760
of Fingerprints of the Gods

1515
00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:28,560
that's how I like

1516
00:34:28,560 --> 00:34:29,260
to see it

1517
00:34:29,260 --> 00:34:32,340
published in 1995

1518
00:34:32,340 --> 00:34:34,040
in which I argued

1519
00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:35,300
that civilization

1520
00:34:35,300 --> 00:34:37,000
was much older

1521
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,440
and much more mysterious

1522
00:34:38,440 --> 00:34:40,620
than we had previously

1523
00:34:40,620 --> 00:34:41,320
been taught

1524
00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:43,600
one of the magazines

1525
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:45,400
one of the friends

1526
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:47,380
of archaeology

1527
00:34:47,380 --> 00:34:48,400
that attacked me

1528
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:49,760
for suggesting that

1529
00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:51,440
was New Scientist

1530
00:34:51,440 --> 00:34:52,280
magazine

1531
00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:54,100
so I couldn't help

1532
00:34:54,100 --> 00:34:54,920
feeling a certain

1533
00:34:54,920 --> 00:34:55,860
warm glow

1534
00:34:55,860 --> 00:34:57,780
when I saw this cover

1535
00:34:57,780 --> 00:34:59,520
of New Scientist magazine

1536
00:34:59,520 --> 00:35:01,620
in October 2013

1537
00:35:01,620 --> 00:35:04,520
civilization is older

1538
00:35:04,520 --> 00:35:05,720
and more mysterious

1539
00:35:05,720 --> 00:35:06,580
than we thought

1540
00:35:06,580 --> 00:35:07,960
hmm

1541
00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:09,760
are things changing

1542
00:35:09,760 --> 00:35:11,520
I think they are

1543
00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:12,620
I think they are

1544
00:35:12,620 --> 00:35:14,080
and I'll outline

1545
00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:14,700
this evening

1546
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:15,360
some of the reasons

1547
00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:16,660
why I think they're changing

1548
00:35:16,660 --> 00:35:17,660
and as I say

1549
00:35:17,660 --> 00:35:18,400
that will involve

1550
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:19,180
going over some

1551
00:35:19,180 --> 00:35:20,080
old material

1552
00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:21,320
so please bear with me

1553
00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:22,820
while I do that

1554
00:35:22,820 --> 00:35:24,980
I want to take you

1555
00:35:24,980 --> 00:35:27,000
around the Giza Plateau

1556
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:28,580
and here are the

1557
00:35:28,580 --> 00:35:30,060
here is the Great Pyramid

1558
00:35:30,060 --> 00:35:30,420
of Giza

1559
00:35:30,420 --> 00:35:31,520
the last surviving wonder

1560
00:35:31,520 --> 00:35:33,120
of the ancient world

1561
00:35:33,120 --> 00:35:35,220
and here is the

1562
00:35:35,220 --> 00:35:38,600
southwest corner

1563
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:40,020
of the Great Pyramid

1564
00:35:40,020 --> 00:35:40,420
of Giza

1565
00:35:40,420 --> 00:35:42,160
and if you want to

1566
00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:43,320
climb the Great Pyramid

1567
00:35:43,320 --> 00:35:43,860
illegally

1568
00:35:43,860 --> 00:35:45,740
that's the corner

1569
00:35:45,740 --> 00:35:46,260
that you need

1570
00:35:46,260 --> 00:35:46,800
to go up

1571
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,420
and if you want

1572
00:35:49,420 --> 00:35:50,280
to climb the Pyramid

1573
00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:50,800
these days

1574
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:51,260
you're going to have

1575
00:35:51,260 --> 00:35:52,020
to do it illegally

1576
00:35:52,020 --> 00:35:53,080
because there is

1577
00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:53,780
no legal way

1578
00:35:53,780 --> 00:35:54,520
to climb it

1579
00:35:54,520 --> 00:35:55,640
other corners

1580
00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:56,320
are more eroded

1581
00:35:56,320 --> 00:35:56,760
and damaged

1582
00:35:56,760 --> 00:35:57,500
but there's a nice

1583
00:35:57,500 --> 00:35:58,200
straight line

1584
00:35:58,200 --> 00:35:59,000
and if you're

1585
00:35:59,000 --> 00:35:59,720
reasonably fit

1586
00:35:59,720 --> 00:36:00,840
you can climb up

1587
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:01,860
there in 25 minutes

1588
00:36:01,860 --> 00:36:02,300
or so

1589
00:36:02,300 --> 00:36:04,020
there was a chap

1590
00:36:04,020 --> 00:36:04,800
called Champion

1591
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:06,300
in Giza

1592
00:36:06,300 --> 00:36:07,220
who used to run up

1593
00:36:07,220 --> 00:36:08,420
in about 7 minutes

1594
00:36:08,420 --> 00:36:11,040
but takes me

1595
00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:11,660
about 25

1596
00:36:11,660 --> 00:36:13,100
to get up there

1597
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:14,200
some statistics here

1598
00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:16,040
this 13.1 acre footprint

1599
00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:17,140
6 million tons

1600
00:36:17,140 --> 00:36:19,280
481 feet high

1601
00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:20,120
and the angle

1602
00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:20,720
of slope here

1603
00:36:20,720 --> 00:36:21,740
is 52 degrees

1604
00:36:21,740 --> 00:36:22,520
which is exactly

1605
00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:23,820
double the angle

1606
00:36:23,820 --> 00:36:24,260
of slope

1607
00:36:24,260 --> 00:36:25,100
of the internal

1608
00:36:25,100 --> 00:36:26,120
corridors and chambers

1609
00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:27,160
at 26 degrees

1610
00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:29,240
here's the Great Pyramid

1611
00:36:29,240 --> 00:36:30,400
towering over Giza

1612
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:31,000
today

1613
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:34,880
the modern architecture

1614
00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:35,820
just humbled

1615
00:36:35,820 --> 00:36:36,600
in comparison

1616
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:37,640
to these majestic

1617
00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:38,560
ancient monuments

1618
00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:40,600
Santa took this photograph

1619
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:41,460
from an Egyptian

1620
00:36:41,460 --> 00:36:42,860
military helicopter

1621
00:36:42,860 --> 00:36:43,740
hovering over

1622
00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:44,140
the village

1623
00:36:44,140 --> 00:36:45,140
of Nazlet al-Saman

1624
00:36:45,140 --> 00:36:47,900
on the northeast

1625
00:36:47,900 --> 00:36:48,960
of the Giza plateau

1626
00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:50,260
and it's interesting

1627
00:36:50,260 --> 00:36:51,220
that the Great Sphinx

1628
00:36:51,220 --> 00:36:52,840
which is 270 feet long

1629
00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:53,960
and 70 feet high

1630
00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:55,380
is in this picture

1631
00:36:55,380 --> 00:36:57,580
but really dwarfed

1632
00:36:57,580 --> 00:36:58,760
by the majestic scale

1633
00:36:58,760 --> 00:36:59,860
of the monuments

1634
00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:01,080
that's the Sphinx there

1635
00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:03,100
little Sphinx-y

1636
00:37:03,100 --> 00:37:05,020
gazing east

1637
00:37:05,020 --> 00:37:06,120
across the Nile Valley

1638
00:37:06,120 --> 00:37:07,960
this photograph

1639
00:37:07,960 --> 00:37:09,900
is from the northwest side

1640
00:37:09,900 --> 00:37:11,360
of the Great Pyramids

1641
00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:11,960
and here we see

1642
00:37:11,960 --> 00:37:13,580
the north faces

1643
00:37:13,580 --> 00:37:14,260
of each pyramid

1644
00:37:14,260 --> 00:37:15,260
and we see why

1645
00:37:15,260 --> 00:37:16,460
Egypt is the gift

1646
00:37:16,460 --> 00:37:17,000
of the Nile

1647
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:17,960
as the ancients said

1648
00:37:17,960 --> 00:37:18,920
because see a desert

1649
00:37:18,920 --> 00:37:19,560
to the west

1650
00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:20,500
and the lush

1651
00:37:20,500 --> 00:37:22,120
and fertile Nile Valley

1652
00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:22,520
below

1653
00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:23,940
and the Great Sphinx

1654
00:37:23,940 --> 00:37:25,100
overlooking it all

1655
00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:27,420
and as we get closer

1656
00:37:27,420 --> 00:37:29,900
we see the true entrances

1657
00:37:29,900 --> 00:37:30,860
of all three

1658
00:37:30,860 --> 00:37:31,480
of the pyramids

1659
00:37:31,480 --> 00:37:31,980
and we see

1660
00:37:31,980 --> 00:37:33,000
half a course

1661
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:34,160
of masonry

1662
00:37:34,160 --> 00:37:34,680
is left

1663
00:37:34,680 --> 00:37:35,080
on top

1664
00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:35,940
of the Great Pyramid

1665
00:37:35,940 --> 00:37:37,160
and this is where

1666
00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:38,240
I tell the little anecdote

1667
00:37:38,240 --> 00:37:39,300
about my grandfather

1668
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:44,200
because amongst the graffiti

1669
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:45,380
carved into the top

1670
00:37:45,380 --> 00:37:45,980
of this pyramid

1671
00:37:45,980 --> 00:37:47,520
I found the name

1672
00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:48,380
of my grandfather

1673
00:37:48,380 --> 00:37:50,380
P. Hancock

1674
00:37:50,380 --> 00:37:52,940
5th of April 1916

1675
00:37:52,940 --> 00:37:54,820
I couldn't be sure

1676
00:37:54,820 --> 00:37:55,640
it was my grandfather

1677
00:37:55,640 --> 00:37:56,280
who was called

1678
00:37:56,280 --> 00:37:56,940
Philip Hancock

1679
00:37:56,940 --> 00:37:59,500
he had been in Egypt

1680
00:37:59,500 --> 00:38:00,480
with British forces

1681
00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:02,000
in the First World War

1682
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:02,780
he was a chaplain

1683
00:38:02,780 --> 00:38:04,800
but I called my dad

1684
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:05,640
who had his diaries

1685
00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:07,320
and I asked him

1686
00:38:07,320 --> 00:38:10,100
look up the 5th of April 1916

1687
00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:11,920
and I heard him

1688
00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:13,100
thumbing through the pages

1689
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:14,260
and finally he came back

1690
00:38:14,260 --> 00:38:14,700
on the line

1691
00:38:14,700 --> 00:38:15,440
and he said

1692
00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:15,860
but Graham

1693
00:38:15,860 --> 00:38:17,680
there's just one line here

1694
00:38:17,680 --> 00:38:19,340
and I said

1695
00:38:19,340 --> 00:38:20,660
what does the line say

1696
00:38:20,660 --> 00:38:22,040
he said

1697
00:38:22,040 --> 00:38:24,380
climbed Great Pyramid today

1698
00:38:24,380 --> 00:38:29,120
the Great Pyramid stands

1699
00:38:29,120 --> 00:38:30,200
on latitude

1700
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:32,220
30 degrees north

1701
00:38:32,220 --> 00:38:32,920
one third of the way

1702
00:38:32,920 --> 00:38:33,700
between the equator

1703
00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:34,380
and the North Pole

1704
00:38:34,380 --> 00:38:35,740
actually it doesn't stand

1705
00:38:35,740 --> 00:38:37,840
exactly on 30 degrees north

1706
00:38:37,840 --> 00:38:39,440
there's a fraction of error

1707
00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:41,360
and that fraction of error

1708
00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:42,680
would be accounted for

1709
00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:43,680
if you were to

1710
00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:45,240
take your latitude bearing

1711
00:38:45,240 --> 00:38:48,340
by the effect

1712
00:38:48,340 --> 00:38:49,560
of atmospheric refraction

1713
00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:51,580
would throw your

1714
00:38:51,580 --> 00:38:53,320
latitude measurement

1715
00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:54,280
slightly off

1716
00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:55,780
this is one of the reasons

1717
00:38:55,780 --> 00:38:56,440
amongst many

1718
00:38:56,440 --> 00:38:57,440
why I don't think

1719
00:38:57,440 --> 00:38:58,980
we need aliens

1720
00:38:58,980 --> 00:39:00,340
to explain

1721
00:39:00,340 --> 00:39:01,380
the construction

1722
00:39:01,380 --> 00:39:02,240
of the Great Pyramid

1723
00:39:02,240 --> 00:39:04,380
there are little errors

1724
00:39:04,380 --> 00:39:05,820
involved in the Great Pyramid

1725
00:39:05,820 --> 00:39:07,520
and if you've got

1726
00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:08,160
the technology

1727
00:39:08,160 --> 00:39:10,220
to cross interstellar space

1728
00:39:10,220 --> 00:39:11,820
if you've got

1729
00:39:11,820 --> 00:39:12,980
that level of technology

1730
00:39:12,980 --> 00:39:13,880
which is so far

1731
00:39:13,880 --> 00:39:14,720
beyond the technology

1732
00:39:14,720 --> 00:39:15,440
we have today

1733
00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:17,160
and you take it

1734
00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:17,620
upon yourself

1735
00:39:17,620 --> 00:39:18,460
to build a pyramid

1736
00:39:18,460 --> 00:39:19,720
in a particular location

1737
00:39:19,720 --> 00:39:20,920
I think you would get

1738
00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:22,460
the location spot on right

1739
00:39:22,460 --> 00:39:24,060
rather than slightly wrong

1740
00:39:24,060 --> 00:39:28,080
it's a significant latitude

1741
00:39:28,080 --> 00:39:28,540
however

1742
00:39:28,540 --> 00:39:29,320
one third of the way

1743
00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:30,120
between the equator

1744
00:39:30,120 --> 00:39:30,900
and the North Pole

1745
00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:32,200
and this is part

1746
00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:32,620
of the way

1747
00:39:32,620 --> 00:39:33,260
that the pyramid

1748
00:39:33,260 --> 00:39:34,440
speaks to the planet

1749
00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:35,220
on which it's built

1750
00:39:35,220 --> 00:39:36,440
it's also just

1751
00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:37,300
three sixtieths

1752
00:39:37,300 --> 00:39:38,160
of a single degree

1753
00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:39,580
of true north

1754
00:39:39,580 --> 00:39:40,380
and again

1755
00:39:40,380 --> 00:39:41,600
I think

1756
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:42,960
if aliens did it

1757
00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:44,740
they would have got it

1758
00:39:44,740 --> 00:39:45,900
spot on

1759
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:49,260
I think this whole argument

1760
00:39:49,260 --> 00:39:50,060
that aliens

1761
00:39:50,060 --> 00:39:51,160
the Great Pyramid

1762
00:39:51,160 --> 00:39:51,920
is truly the most

1763
00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:53,220
mysterious massive monument

1764
00:39:53,220 --> 00:39:54,120
anywhere in the world

1765
00:39:54,120 --> 00:39:55,380
and I've seen plenty of them

1766
00:39:55,380 --> 00:39:56,460
and

1767
00:39:56,460 --> 00:39:59,060
if you had the technology

1768
00:39:59,060 --> 00:40:00,260
to cross interstellar space

1769
00:40:00,260 --> 00:40:00,820
you wouldn't make

1770
00:40:00,820 --> 00:40:01,400
these mistakes

1771
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:02,140
you wouldn't get

1772
00:40:02,140 --> 00:40:03,560
the side lengths

1773
00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:04,760
varying by as much

1774
00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:05,560
as seven inches

1775
00:40:05,560 --> 00:40:06,860
this is human workmanship

1776
00:40:06,860 --> 00:40:07,560
in my view

1777
00:40:07,560 --> 00:40:08,700
and I think it trivializes

1778
00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:09,760
the mystery to say

1779
00:40:09,760 --> 00:40:10,860
oh I don't understand it

1780
00:40:10,860 --> 00:40:11,900
so it must be aliens

1781
00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:15,580
it is a complex piece of work

1782
00:40:15,580 --> 00:40:17,880
which is in many ways

1783
00:40:17,880 --> 00:40:18,620
far ahead

1784
00:40:18,620 --> 00:40:19,840
of what we think of

1785
00:40:19,840 --> 00:40:20,460
as the technology

1786
00:40:20,460 --> 00:40:21,500
of the time

1787
00:40:21,500 --> 00:40:23,720
but it is human workmanship

1788
00:40:23,720 --> 00:40:24,280
and I think

1789
00:40:24,280 --> 00:40:25,260
a lost civilization

1790
00:40:25,260 --> 00:40:25,920
and the legacy

1791
00:40:25,920 --> 00:40:26,980
of a lost civilization

1792
00:40:26,980 --> 00:40:27,960
better explains

1793
00:40:27,960 --> 00:40:28,680
these mysteries

1794
00:40:28,680 --> 00:40:30,480
within the human context

1795
00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:32,060
than invoking

1796
00:40:32,060 --> 00:40:33,720
alien interventions

1797
00:40:33,720 --> 00:40:35,240
to explain

1798
00:40:35,240 --> 00:40:36,140
how they got built

1799
00:40:36,140 --> 00:40:37,960
this is what I call

1800
00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:39,100
the Pyramid Earth Ratio

1801
00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:39,660
so if you take

1802
00:40:39,660 --> 00:40:40,800
the height of the Great Pyramid

1803
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:42,960
and multiply it by 43,200

1804
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:44,820
you get the polar radius

1805
00:40:44,820 --> 00:40:45,460
of the Earth

1806
00:40:45,460 --> 00:40:46,600
and if you measure

1807
00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:47,540
its base perimeter

1808
00:40:47,540 --> 00:40:50,180
and multiply it by 43,200

1809
00:40:50,180 --> 00:40:52,300
you get the equatorial circumference

1810
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:52,940
of the Earth

1811
00:40:52,940 --> 00:40:54,580
Egyptologists know this

1812
00:40:54,580 --> 00:40:55,080
but they say

1813
00:40:55,080 --> 00:40:55,860
it's a coincidence

1814
00:40:55,860 --> 00:40:58,380
of course the pyramid

1815
00:40:58,380 --> 00:41:00,120
can't be a mathematical scale model

1816
00:41:00,120 --> 00:41:00,620
of a hemisphere

1817
00:41:00,620 --> 00:41:02,800
because the ancient Egyptians

1818
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:03,440
didn't even know

1819
00:41:03,440 --> 00:41:04,420
we lived on a planet

1820
00:41:04,420 --> 00:41:06,340
never mind the scale

1821
00:41:06,340 --> 00:41:08,040
the dimensions of the planet

1822
00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:08,980
so how could they have

1823
00:41:08,980 --> 00:41:10,740
incorporated those measures

1824
00:41:10,740 --> 00:41:11,880
but it turns out

1825
00:41:11,880 --> 00:41:13,660
that the number 43,200

1826
00:41:13,660 --> 00:41:15,160
is not a random number

1827
00:41:15,160 --> 00:41:16,900
that it belongs

1828
00:41:16,900 --> 00:41:18,160
to a sequence of numbers

1829
00:41:18,160 --> 00:41:19,280
generated by another

1830
00:41:19,280 --> 00:41:20,280
key motion of the Earth

1831
00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:21,480
and that is the precession

1832
00:41:21,480 --> 00:41:22,500
of the equinoxes

1833
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:24,100
thought to be caused

1834
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:24,800
by a wobble

1835
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:26,140
on the axis of the Earth

1836
00:41:26,140 --> 00:41:28,040
which changes the positions

1837
00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:29,280
of the stars in the skies

1838
00:41:29,280 --> 00:41:30,920
over very long periods of time

1839
00:41:30,920 --> 00:41:32,500
over what we might call

1840
00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:33,280
the Great Year

1841
00:41:33,280 --> 00:41:35,160
of just under 26,000 years

1842
00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:37,080
25,920 years

1843
00:41:37,080 --> 00:41:38,440
Polestar right now

1844
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:39,180
is Polaris

1845
00:41:39,180 --> 00:41:40,860
but as the whole

1846
00:41:40,860 --> 00:41:42,640
precessional cycle unfolds

1847
00:41:42,640 --> 00:41:43,960
sometimes the north pole

1848
00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:44,420
of our planet

1849
00:41:44,420 --> 00:41:45,580
will point at empty space

1850
00:41:45,580 --> 00:41:46,640
and sometimes it will point

1851
00:41:46,640 --> 00:41:47,540
at other stars

1852
00:41:47,540 --> 00:41:48,960
which are not Polaris

1853
00:41:48,960 --> 00:41:51,040
and this process

1854
00:41:51,040 --> 00:41:52,280
is also visible

1855
00:41:52,280 --> 00:41:53,260
on the horizon

1856
00:41:53,260 --> 00:41:54,180
at the equinoxes

1857
00:41:54,180 --> 00:41:55,000
as I'll explain

1858
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:55,520
in the moment

1859
00:41:55,520 --> 00:41:56,240
where it changes

1860
00:41:56,240 --> 00:41:57,660
the background stars

1861
00:41:57,660 --> 00:41:58,900
that rise behind the sun

1862
00:41:58,900 --> 00:42:00,200
and it operates

1863
00:42:00,200 --> 00:42:00,900
and unfolds

1864
00:42:00,900 --> 00:42:01,980
at the rate of one degree

1865
00:42:01,980 --> 00:42:03,980
every 72 years

1866
00:42:03,980 --> 00:42:06,220
and that number 43,200

1867
00:42:06,220 --> 00:42:09,200
is a multiple of 72

1868
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,420
72 is the heartbeat

1869
00:42:12,420 --> 00:42:13,580
of the precessional cycle

1870
00:42:13,580 --> 00:42:14,280
and I looked into

1871
00:42:14,280 --> 00:42:14,980
a whole sequence

1872
00:42:14,980 --> 00:42:15,600
of what I call

1873
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:16,580
precessional numbers

1874
00:42:16,580 --> 00:42:17,760
in fingerprints of the gods

1875
00:42:17,760 --> 00:42:20,360
which are numbers derived

1876
00:42:20,360 --> 00:42:21,200
from and generated

1877
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:22,060
by the precession

1878
00:42:22,060 --> 00:42:24,480
so half of 72 is 36

1879
00:42:24,480 --> 00:42:26,260
and if you add 36 to 72

1880
00:42:26,260 --> 00:42:27,220
you get 108

1881
00:42:27,220 --> 00:42:29,160
and half of that is 54

1882
00:42:29,160 --> 00:42:31,260
108 times 2 is 216

1883
00:42:31,260 --> 00:42:31,900
and so on

1884
00:42:31,900 --> 00:42:33,080
and so forth

1885
00:42:33,080 --> 00:42:33,940
a whole sequence

1886
00:42:33,940 --> 00:42:34,360
of numbers

1887
00:42:34,360 --> 00:42:35,220
that can be generated

1888
00:42:35,220 --> 00:42:36,500
by the number 72

1889
00:42:36,500 --> 00:42:38,040
and such numbers

1890
00:42:38,040 --> 00:42:38,640
are found

1891
00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:40,640
in the Mayan calendar

1892
00:42:40,640 --> 00:42:43,320
and they are found

1893
00:42:43,320 --> 00:42:44,300
in myths

1894
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:45,040
and traditions

1895
00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:46,360
all around the world

1896
00:42:46,360 --> 00:42:47,640
and I drew attention

1897
00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:48,780
to the majestic work

1898
00:42:48,780 --> 00:42:50,000
of Giorgio de Santillana

1899
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:50,540
the professor

1900
00:42:50,540 --> 00:42:51,440
of the history of science

1901
00:42:51,440 --> 00:42:51,960
at MIT

1902
00:42:51,960 --> 00:42:53,780
and Hertha von Deschend

1903
00:42:53,780 --> 00:42:56,380
who made the astonishing

1904
00:42:56,380 --> 00:42:56,960
suggestion

1905
00:42:56,960 --> 00:42:58,580
that information

1906
00:42:58,580 --> 00:42:59,400
about the precession

1907
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:00,100
of the equinoxes

1908
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:01,520
had been deliberately

1909
00:43:01,520 --> 00:43:02,780
encoded in myths

1910
00:43:02,780 --> 00:43:04,080
by what they called

1911
00:43:04,080 --> 00:43:05,440
some almost unbelievable

1912
00:43:05,440 --> 00:43:06,740
ancestor civilization

1913
00:43:06,740 --> 00:43:08,000
at some time

1914
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:09,160
in remote prehistory

1915
00:43:09,160 --> 00:43:10,360
with the intention

1916
00:43:10,360 --> 00:43:11,220
that that information

1917
00:43:11,220 --> 00:43:12,360
should be preserved

1918
00:43:12,360 --> 00:43:14,520
encoded in a good story

1919
00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:15,640
it doesn't matter

1920
00:43:15,640 --> 00:43:16,500
what knowledge

1921
00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:17,700
the storyteller has

1922
00:43:17,700 --> 00:43:18,860
as long as the storyteller

1923
00:43:18,860 --> 00:43:20,280
tells the story true

1924
00:43:20,280 --> 00:43:21,480
that information

1925
00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:22,600
will be carried down

1926
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:25,180
and they make the case

1927
00:43:25,180 --> 00:43:26,120
that these numbers

1928
00:43:26,120 --> 00:43:27,640
are there

1929
00:43:27,640 --> 00:43:28,340
to tell us

1930
00:43:28,340 --> 00:43:29,160
about precession

1931
00:43:29,160 --> 00:43:30,060
of the equinoxes

1932
00:43:30,060 --> 00:43:31,740
the great sphinx

1933
00:43:31,740 --> 00:43:33,460
is part of the pattern

1934
00:43:33,460 --> 00:43:34,440
the precessional pattern

1935
00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:34,980
at Giza

1936
00:43:34,980 --> 00:43:36,540
which has between

1937
00:43:36,540 --> 00:43:37,340
its paws

1938
00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:38,300
a stella

1939
00:43:38,300 --> 00:43:39,520
of much later date

1940
00:43:39,520 --> 00:43:40,780
the so-called dream stella

1941
00:43:40,780 --> 00:43:41,880
which tells us

1942
00:43:41,880 --> 00:43:42,620
that the sphinx

1943
00:43:42,620 --> 00:43:44,580
marks the splendid place

1944
00:43:44,580 --> 00:43:45,520
of the first time

1945
00:43:45,520 --> 00:43:46,520
which was a concept

1946
00:43:46,520 --> 00:43:47,740
in ancient Egyptian

1947
00:43:47,740 --> 00:43:48,640
tradition

1948
00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:51,020
the time when the gods

1949
00:43:51,020 --> 00:43:51,840
walked the earth

1950
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:54,560
and this is what

1951
00:43:54,560 --> 00:43:55,000
you see

1952
00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:55,640
if you get up

1953
00:43:55,640 --> 00:43:56,100
illegally

1954
00:43:56,100 --> 00:43:56,700
on the back

1955
00:43:56,700 --> 00:43:57,420
of the sphinx

1956
00:43:57,420 --> 00:43:59,240
you see the back

1957
00:43:59,240 --> 00:44:00,240
of the sphinx's head

1958
00:44:00,240 --> 00:44:00,580
here

1959
00:44:00,580 --> 00:44:02,080
and were you to be there

1960
00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:03,020
at the summer solstice

1961
00:44:03,020 --> 00:44:03,780
the sun would be

1962
00:44:03,780 --> 00:44:04,760
rising over here

1963
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:06,320
and at the winter solstice

1964
00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:07,060
it would be rising

1965
00:44:07,060 --> 00:44:07,780
over here

1966
00:44:07,780 --> 00:44:09,020
north of east

1967
00:44:09,020 --> 00:44:09,840
at the summer solstice

1968
00:44:09,840 --> 00:44:10,520
south of east

1969
00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:11,420
at the winter solstice

1970
00:44:11,420 --> 00:44:12,260
but if you get up

1971
00:44:12,260 --> 00:44:12,680
on the back

1972
00:44:12,680 --> 00:44:13,280
of the sphinx

1973
00:44:13,280 --> 00:44:15,020
on the spring equinox

1974
00:44:15,020 --> 00:44:16,360
when night and day

1975
00:44:16,360 --> 00:44:17,540
are of equal length

1976
00:44:17,540 --> 00:44:18,120
you'll find

1977
00:44:18,120 --> 00:44:19,120
what the sphinx

1978
00:44:19,120 --> 00:44:20,200
is designed to do

1979
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:22,100
it is designed to marry

1980
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:22,940
heaven and earth

1981
00:44:22,940 --> 00:44:24,300
on that special day

1982
00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:25,340
it gazes directly

1983
00:44:25,340 --> 00:44:26,720
at the rising sun

1984
00:44:26,720 --> 00:44:27,880
on the equinox

1985
00:44:27,880 --> 00:44:29,040
and it'll always do so

1986
00:44:29,040 --> 00:44:30,520
but what changes

1987
00:44:30,520 --> 00:44:32,100
is the background stars

1988
00:44:32,100 --> 00:44:32,900
that rise

1989
00:44:32,900 --> 00:44:34,340
behind the sun

1990
00:44:34,340 --> 00:44:36,160
the stars that house

1991
00:44:36,160 --> 00:44:36,560
the sun

1992
00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:37,360
the constellations

1993
00:44:37,360 --> 00:44:38,040
of the zodiac

1994
00:44:38,040 --> 00:44:39,020
that's why we live

1995
00:44:39,020 --> 00:44:39,540
in the dawning

1996
00:44:39,540 --> 00:44:40,560
of the age of Aquarius

1997
00:44:40,560 --> 00:44:42,180
we've lived in the age

1998
00:44:42,180 --> 00:44:42,720
of Pisces

1999
00:44:42,720 --> 00:44:44,080
for the last 2,000 years

2000
00:44:44,080 --> 00:44:45,220
but the age of Aquarius

2001
00:44:45,220 --> 00:44:46,880
is indeed coming on

2002
00:44:46,880 --> 00:44:47,840
when Aquarius

2003
00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:48,800
will house the sun

2004
00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:51,340
and the constellations

2005
00:44:51,340 --> 00:44:52,040
of the zodiac

2006
00:44:52,040 --> 00:44:52,940
march backwards

2007
00:44:52,940 --> 00:44:54,180
against the rising sun

2008
00:44:54,180 --> 00:44:55,480
over the whole great year

2009
00:44:55,480 --> 00:44:56,300
at the rate

2010
00:44:56,300 --> 00:44:57,020
of one constellation

2011
00:44:57,020 --> 00:44:59,420
every 2,160 years

2012
00:44:59,420 --> 00:45:00,880
and the process

2013
00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:01,700
is the opposite

2014
00:45:01,700 --> 00:45:02,720
of the annual passage

2015
00:45:02,720 --> 00:45:03,600
through the zodiac

2016
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:04,800
Leo, Cancer, Gemini,

2017
00:45:04,940 --> 00:45:06,720
Taurus, Aries, Pisces, Aquarius

2018
00:45:06,720 --> 00:45:07,900
and so on

2019
00:45:07,900 --> 00:45:08,800
and so forth

2020
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:10,940
now it was

2021
00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:12,200
my colleague Robert Boval

2022
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:13,720
who's sitting back there

2023
00:45:13,720 --> 00:45:17,100
who made the fundamental

2024
00:45:17,100 --> 00:45:18,940
breakthrough with the great pyramids

2025
00:45:18,940 --> 00:45:19,640
with his book

2026
00:45:19,640 --> 00:45:20,500
The Orion Mystery

2027
00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:21,500
and the recognition

2028
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:23,400
that the three pyramids

2029
00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:23,900
of Giza

2030
00:45:23,900 --> 00:45:25,480
are a representation

2031
00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:26,300
on the ground

2032
00:45:26,300 --> 00:45:27,340
of the three stars

2033
00:45:27,340 --> 00:45:29,120
of the belt of Orion

2034
00:45:29,120 --> 00:45:30,100
this really is a key

2035
00:45:30,100 --> 00:45:32,700
to understanding everything

2036
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:34,760
about ancient Egypt

2037
00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:36,140
once you get that key

2038
00:45:36,140 --> 00:45:37,020
and Egyptology's been

2039
00:45:37,020 --> 00:45:37,880
very reluctant

2040
00:45:37,880 --> 00:45:39,020
to accept it

2041
00:45:39,020 --> 00:45:40,440
once you get that key

2042
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:41,200
everything else

2043
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:42,600
swings into shape

2044
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:43,920
and a few years

2045
00:45:43,920 --> 00:45:44,820
after Robert published

2046
00:45:44,820 --> 00:45:46,080
the Orion Mystery

2047
00:45:46,080 --> 00:45:46,600
I had the honor

2048
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:47,320
to work with him

2049
00:45:47,320 --> 00:45:47,920
on a book called

2050
00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:48,720
Keeper of Genesis

2051
00:45:48,720 --> 00:45:51,260
where we deployed

2052
00:45:51,260 --> 00:45:52,000
this diagram

2053
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:53,520
which is based

2054
00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:54,680
on computer simulations

2055
00:45:54,680 --> 00:45:56,440
of the ancient skies

2056
00:45:56,440 --> 00:45:57,560
and shows how the sky

2057
00:45:57,560 --> 00:45:58,140
looked roughly

2058
00:45:58,140 --> 00:45:59,360
between 10,000

2059
00:45:59,360 --> 00:46:00,980
and 11,000 BC

2060
00:46:00,980 --> 00:46:02,200
between 12,000

2061
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:03,700
and 13,000 years ago

2062
00:46:03,700 --> 00:46:05,320
at dawn on the equinox

2063
00:46:05,320 --> 00:46:05,980
when the constellation

2064
00:46:05,980 --> 00:46:07,080
of Leo

2065
00:46:07,080 --> 00:46:08,340
houses the sun

2066
00:46:08,340 --> 00:46:09,800
and at the moment

2067
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:10,680
that the sun breaks

2068
00:46:10,680 --> 00:46:11,220
the horizon

2069
00:46:11,220 --> 00:46:12,520
the constellation of Orion

2070
00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:14,540
is lying due south

2071
00:46:14,540 --> 00:46:15,100
I mean frankly

2072
00:46:15,100 --> 00:46:15,740
you'd have to be

2073
00:46:15,740 --> 00:46:17,000
astronomically illiterate

2074
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:18,900
to build an equinoctial

2075
00:46:18,900 --> 00:46:20,400
marker at Giza

2076
00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:22,160
in 2500 BC

2077
00:46:22,160 --> 00:46:23,800
in the shape of a lion

2078
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:25,020
for that was the age

2079
00:46:25,020 --> 00:46:25,600
of Taurus

2080
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:27,600
and you would ideally

2081
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:28,400
build it in the form

2082
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:28,920
of a bull

2083
00:46:28,920 --> 00:46:30,120
not of a lion

2084
00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:32,360
so there seems to be

2085
00:46:32,360 --> 00:46:33,760
some kind of effort

2086
00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:35,960
to use processional astronomy

2087
00:46:35,960 --> 00:46:37,620
and monumental architecture

2088
00:46:37,620 --> 00:46:38,700
to draw attention

2089
00:46:38,700 --> 00:46:39,620
to this epoch

2090
00:46:39,620 --> 00:46:40,300
that we call

2091
00:46:40,300 --> 00:46:40,980
in our calendar

2092
00:46:40,980 --> 00:46:42,600
between 10,000

2093
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:44,340
and 11,000 BC

2094
00:46:44,340 --> 00:46:46,380
and interestingly

2095
00:46:46,380 --> 00:46:47,200
a whole range

2096
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:47,760
of sites

2097
00:46:47,760 --> 00:46:48,660
around the world

2098
00:46:48,660 --> 00:46:49,560
of sacred sites

2099
00:46:49,560 --> 00:46:50,560
are laid out

2100
00:46:50,560 --> 00:46:52,480
significant degrees

2101
00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:53,140
of longitude

2102
00:46:53,140 --> 00:46:54,300
apart from Giza

2103
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:55,700
and those degrees

2104
00:46:55,700 --> 00:46:56,260
of longitude

2105
00:46:56,260 --> 00:46:57,240
respond

2106
00:46:57,240 --> 00:46:59,060
to processional numbers

2107
00:46:59,060 --> 00:47:01,860
we're being told

2108
00:47:01,860 --> 00:47:02,580
that something

2109
00:47:02,580 --> 00:47:03,540
happened

2110
00:47:03,540 --> 00:47:05,180
at a particular time

2111
00:47:05,180 --> 00:47:05,580
astronomy

2112
00:47:05,580 --> 00:47:06,240
and architecture

2113
00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:06,780
are being used

2114
00:47:06,780 --> 00:47:07,620
to tell us that

2115
00:47:07,620 --> 00:47:08,340
so it's interesting

2116
00:47:08,340 --> 00:47:09,900
if we go to Tiruvannamalai

2117
00:47:09,900 --> 00:47:11,420
in southern India

2118
00:47:11,420 --> 00:47:13,240
we find this sacred

2119
00:47:13,240 --> 00:47:13,960
red hill

2120
00:47:13,960 --> 00:47:15,540
and the legend

2121
00:47:15,540 --> 00:47:16,460
is that the ground

2122
00:47:16,460 --> 00:47:17,260
near it

2123
00:47:17,260 --> 00:47:18,200
is not at all

2124
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:19,720
touched by the four oceans

2125
00:47:19,720 --> 00:47:20,980
that become agitated

2126
00:47:20,980 --> 00:47:22,220
at the close of the Yuga

2127
00:47:22,220 --> 00:47:23,640
the Yuga is a world age

2128
00:47:23,640 --> 00:47:25,280
when the annihilation

2129
00:47:25,280 --> 00:47:26,280
of all living beings

2130
00:47:26,280 --> 00:47:27,020
takes place

2131
00:47:27,020 --> 00:47:29,140
all the future seeds

2132
00:47:29,140 --> 00:47:30,680
are certainly deposited here

2133
00:47:30,680 --> 00:47:32,040
Brahmins who resort

2134
00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:33,220
to the foot of that mountain

2135
00:47:33,220 --> 00:47:34,360
are called by me

2136
00:47:34,360 --> 00:47:35,520
after the deluge

2137
00:47:35,520 --> 00:47:36,880
and I make them study

2138
00:47:36,880 --> 00:47:37,340
the Vedas

2139
00:47:37,340 --> 00:47:37,800
in other words

2140
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:39,320
this is being typecast

2141
00:47:39,320 --> 00:47:40,820
as a place of refuge

2142
00:47:40,820 --> 00:47:42,800
from a global cataclysm

2143
00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:43,900
from the flood

2144
00:47:43,900 --> 00:47:44,840
where the wisdom

2145
00:47:44,840 --> 00:47:45,640
of the past age

2146
00:47:45,640 --> 00:47:46,640
will be passed forward

2147
00:47:46,640 --> 00:47:48,260
to the future age

2148
00:47:48,260 --> 00:47:50,520
and the temple

2149
00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:51,460
that stands on

2150
00:47:51,460 --> 00:47:52,540
at the foot

2151
00:47:52,540 --> 00:47:53,520
of the red hill today

2152
00:47:53,520 --> 00:47:54,280
Tiruvannamalai

2153
00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:55,680
is an intriguing place

2154
00:47:55,680 --> 00:47:56,700
and there are still sadhus

2155
00:47:56,700 --> 00:47:57,300
who come there

2156
00:47:57,300 --> 00:47:58,840
from all over India

2157
00:47:58,840 --> 00:48:00,340
but what's interesting

2158
00:48:00,340 --> 00:48:00,880
is that

2159
00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:02,880
in the Tiruvannamalai area

2160
00:48:02,880 --> 00:48:04,280
there are indeed

2161
00:48:04,280 --> 00:48:05,360
submerged ruins

2162
00:48:05,360 --> 00:48:06,280
underwater

2163
00:48:06,280 --> 00:48:08,480
here at Pumpahar

2164
00:48:08,480 --> 00:48:09,040
for example

2165
00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:09,880
a gigantic

2166
00:48:09,880 --> 00:48:11,400
U-shaped structure

2167
00:48:11,400 --> 00:48:13,040
and here

2168
00:48:13,040 --> 00:48:14,280
at Mahabalipuram

2169
00:48:14,280 --> 00:48:15,920
where we find

2170
00:48:15,920 --> 00:48:16,440
the famous

2171
00:48:16,440 --> 00:48:17,660
rock-hewn temples

2172
00:48:17,660 --> 00:48:18,700
of Mahabalipuram

2173
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:20,040
Santa and I

2174
00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:20,760
were told

2175
00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:22,020
by Tamil fishermen

2176
00:48:22,020 --> 00:48:23,040
that there was

2177
00:48:23,040 --> 00:48:23,980
a city underwater

2178
00:48:23,980 --> 00:48:27,080
and we went

2179
00:48:27,080 --> 00:48:27,560
to the Scientific

2180
00:48:27,560 --> 00:48:28,640
Exploration Society

2181
00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:29,100
in Britain

2182
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:29,560
and managed

2183
00:48:29,560 --> 00:48:30,200
to put together

2184
00:48:30,200 --> 00:48:30,820
an expedition

2185
00:48:30,820 --> 00:48:32,260
to go and check out

2186
00:48:32,260 --> 00:48:32,880
what the fishermen

2187
00:48:32,880 --> 00:48:33,740
were telling us

2188
00:48:33,740 --> 00:48:34,660
as you can see

2189
00:48:34,660 --> 00:48:35,160
it was a very

2190
00:48:35,160 --> 00:48:36,780
high-tech expedition

2191
00:48:36,780 --> 00:48:39,140
and off we went

2192
00:48:39,140 --> 00:48:40,080
and we dived

2193
00:48:40,080 --> 00:48:40,720
in the bay

2194
00:48:40,720 --> 00:48:41,840
of Mahabalipuram

2195
00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:42,960
and lo and behold

2196
00:48:42,960 --> 00:48:43,760
it turned out

2197
00:48:43,760 --> 00:48:44,500
that what the fishermen

2198
00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:45,300
were telling us

2199
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:47,140
was absolutely correct

2200
00:48:47,140 --> 00:48:48,780
and that there is indeed

2201
00:48:48,780 --> 00:48:49,820
a city underwater

2202
00:48:49,820 --> 00:48:51,580
and that this city

2203
00:48:51,580 --> 00:48:52,900
extends as much

2204
00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:53,920
as five kilometers

2205
00:48:53,920 --> 00:48:55,460
out from the shore

2206
00:48:55,460 --> 00:48:59,560
it became impossible

2207
00:48:59,560 --> 00:49:00,300
for archaeology

2208
00:49:00,300 --> 00:49:01,060
to deny it

2209
00:49:01,060 --> 00:49:01,760
because that bay

2210
00:49:01,760 --> 00:49:02,480
was emptied

2211
00:49:02,480 --> 00:49:04,720
during the Boxing Day tsunami

2212
00:49:04,720 --> 00:49:06,000
and many people

2213
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:07,240
saw these ruins

2214
00:49:07,240 --> 00:49:07,780
for themselves

2215
00:49:07,780 --> 00:49:08,440
before the sea

2216
00:49:08,440 --> 00:49:09,480
came rushing back in

2217
00:49:09,480 --> 00:49:12,200
if we continue

2218
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:13,360
along this longitude grid

2219
00:49:13,360 --> 00:49:14,240
we come to Angkor

2220
00:49:14,240 --> 00:49:14,960
in Cambodia

2221
00:49:14,960 --> 00:49:15,940
which is exactly

2222
00:49:15,940 --> 00:49:16,960
72 degrees

2223
00:49:16,960 --> 00:49:17,520
of longitude

2224
00:49:17,520 --> 00:49:18,400
east of Giza

2225
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:19,940
and there are

2226
00:49:19,940 --> 00:49:21,640
72 major temples

2227
00:49:21,640 --> 00:49:22,160
at Angkor

2228
00:49:22,160 --> 00:49:24,400
I'm fully aware

2229
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:25,060
that these temples

2230
00:49:25,060 --> 00:49:25,560
were built

2231
00:49:25,560 --> 00:49:27,260
around 1150 AD

2232
00:49:27,260 --> 00:49:28,840
but I believe

2233
00:49:28,840 --> 00:49:29,440
they're the latest

2234
00:49:29,440 --> 00:49:30,220
incarnations

2235
00:49:30,220 --> 00:49:31,040
of much earlier

2236
00:49:31,040 --> 00:49:32,000
sacred sites

2237
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:33,760
on the location

2238
00:49:33,760 --> 00:49:34,780
that we know

2239
00:49:34,780 --> 00:49:35,720
as Angkor today

2240
00:49:35,720 --> 00:49:37,880
and here

2241
00:49:37,880 --> 00:49:39,140
we see

2242
00:49:39,140 --> 00:49:40,940
Angkor Wat itself

2243
00:49:40,940 --> 00:49:41,880
and by the way

2244
00:49:41,880 --> 00:49:43,160
Angkor has a meaning

2245
00:49:43,160 --> 00:49:44,200
in ancient Egyptian

2246
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:44,900
it means life

2247
00:49:44,900 --> 00:49:45,660
to the Horus

2248
00:49:45,660 --> 00:49:47,180
and here

2249
00:49:47,180 --> 00:49:48,280
is the causeway

2250
00:49:48,280 --> 00:49:49,260
running east-west

2251
00:49:49,260 --> 00:49:50,580
through the center

2252
00:49:50,580 --> 00:49:51,360
of Angkor Wat

2253
00:49:51,360 --> 00:49:52,700
and if you position

2254
00:49:52,700 --> 00:49:54,060
yourself on that causeway

2255
00:49:54,060 --> 00:49:55,480
at dawn on the spring equinox

2256
00:49:55,480 --> 00:49:56,440
and look east

2257
00:49:56,440 --> 00:49:57,740
you find that something

2258
00:49:57,740 --> 00:49:58,320
very similar

2259
00:49:58,320 --> 00:49:59,180
to what happens

2260
00:49:59,180 --> 00:49:59,960
at Giza

2261
00:49:59,960 --> 00:50:00,900
is taking place

2262
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:01,680
there's the Sphinx

2263
00:50:01,680 --> 00:50:02,900
looking at the rising sun

2264
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:04,820
at dawn on the spring equinox

2265
00:50:04,820 --> 00:50:06,700
and here's what happens

2266
00:50:06,700 --> 00:50:07,240
at Angkor

2267
00:50:07,240 --> 00:50:07,840
as the sun

2268
00:50:07,840 --> 00:50:09,200
slowly rises up

2269
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:10,100
the central tower

2270
00:50:10,100 --> 00:50:11,440
and eventually

2271
00:50:11,440 --> 00:50:12,440
positions itself

2272
00:50:12,440 --> 00:50:13,000
perfectly

2273
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:14,060
on top

2274
00:50:14,060 --> 00:50:15,180
of the central tower

2275
00:50:15,180 --> 00:50:15,760
and again

2276
00:50:15,760 --> 00:50:16,200
you know

2277
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:16,860
you have a moment

2278
00:50:16,860 --> 00:50:17,460
of epiphany

2279
00:50:17,460 --> 00:50:18,580
that this is what

2280
00:50:18,580 --> 00:50:20,000
Angkor is all about

2281
00:50:20,000 --> 00:50:21,240
that it is a place

2282
00:50:21,240 --> 00:50:21,880
as above

2283
00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:22,840
so below

2284
00:50:22,840 --> 00:50:23,920
that will unite

2285
00:50:23,920 --> 00:50:24,640
heaven and earth

2286
00:50:24,640 --> 00:50:26,040
on that special day

2287
00:50:26,040 --> 00:50:27,140
and that it is speaking

2288
00:50:27,140 --> 00:50:28,120
the language

2289
00:50:28,120 --> 00:50:29,360
of precession

2290
00:50:29,360 --> 00:50:31,140
I got into a lot

2291
00:50:31,140 --> 00:50:31,560
of trouble

2292
00:50:31,560 --> 00:50:32,480
for the so-called

2293
00:50:32,480 --> 00:50:33,880
Draco correlation

2294
00:50:33,880 --> 00:50:34,500
at Angkor

2295
00:50:34,500 --> 00:50:36,440
that the principal temples

2296
00:50:36,440 --> 00:50:37,160
appear to be

2297
00:50:37,160 --> 00:50:37,980
laid out

2298
00:50:37,980 --> 00:50:38,580
in the pattern

2299
00:50:38,580 --> 00:50:39,820
of the northern constellation

2300
00:50:39,820 --> 00:50:40,440
Draco

2301
00:50:40,440 --> 00:50:41,220
the dragon

2302
00:50:41,220 --> 00:50:41,840
which is seen

2303
00:50:41,840 --> 00:50:42,560
in many cultures

2304
00:50:42,560 --> 00:50:43,260
as a serpent

2305
00:50:43,260 --> 00:50:45,040
and the principal imagery

2306
00:50:45,040 --> 00:50:45,760
at Angkor

2307
00:50:45,760 --> 00:50:47,160
is of serpents

2308
00:50:47,160 --> 00:50:47,680
particularly

2309
00:50:47,680 --> 00:50:48,340
Vasuki

2310
00:50:48,340 --> 00:50:49,780
famous serpent

2311
00:50:49,780 --> 00:50:50,600
of Indian myth

2312
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:52,160
and it seems to me

2313
00:50:52,160 --> 00:50:52,740
that the correlation

2314
00:50:52,740 --> 00:50:54,140
is actually quite close

2315
00:50:54,140 --> 00:50:55,560
but what's eerie

2316
00:50:55,560 --> 00:50:56,140
about it

2317
00:50:56,140 --> 00:50:57,520
is that it only works

2318
00:50:57,520 --> 00:50:58,700
on the spring equinox

2319
00:50:58,700 --> 00:51:00,440
in 10,500 BC

2320
00:51:00,440 --> 00:51:02,320
the same time

2321
00:51:02,320 --> 00:51:03,360
that the correlation

2322
00:51:03,360 --> 00:51:04,820
works at Giza

2323
00:51:04,820 --> 00:51:07,200
so

2324
00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:09,140
why am I showing

2325
00:51:09,140 --> 00:51:09,520
a picture

2326
00:51:09,520 --> 00:51:10,340
of the Hoover Dam

2327
00:51:10,340 --> 00:51:12,100
well

2328
00:51:12,100 --> 00:51:12,820
it turns out

2329
00:51:12,820 --> 00:51:13,860
that there's a star map

2330
00:51:13,860 --> 00:51:14,620
in the Hoover Dam

2331
00:51:14,620 --> 00:51:16,340
and that star map

2332
00:51:16,340 --> 00:51:17,400
freezes the skies

2333
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:18,500
above the Hoover Dam

2334
00:51:18,500 --> 00:51:19,100
on the date

2335
00:51:19,100 --> 00:51:20,300
of the dam's completion

2336
00:51:20,300 --> 00:51:23,420
and the artist responsible

2337
00:51:23,420 --> 00:51:24,400
Oscar Hansen

2338
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:27,080
stated that

2339
00:51:27,080 --> 00:51:28,460
he believed

2340
00:51:28,460 --> 00:51:29,520
that in remote ages

2341
00:51:29,520 --> 00:51:30,060
to come

2342
00:51:30,060 --> 00:51:31,280
intelligent people

2343
00:51:31,280 --> 00:51:31,740
with knowledge

2344
00:51:31,740 --> 00:51:32,480
of procession

2345
00:51:32,480 --> 00:51:33,460
would be able

2346
00:51:33,460 --> 00:51:34,240
to discern

2347
00:51:34,240 --> 00:51:35,960
the astronomical time

2348
00:51:35,960 --> 00:51:37,360
of the dam's dedication

2349
00:51:37,360 --> 00:51:41,340
I mean in a sense

2350
00:51:41,340 --> 00:51:42,380
who gives a dam

2351
00:51:42,380 --> 00:51:43,460
when the Hoover Dam

2352
00:51:43,460 --> 00:51:44,000
was built

2353
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:46,620
but what this tells us

2354
00:51:46,620 --> 00:51:47,520
is that it's not

2355
00:51:47,520 --> 00:51:48,400
an alien idea

2356
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:49,600
in our culture today

2357
00:51:49,600 --> 00:51:51,000
to use architecture

2358
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:52,080
and the stars

2359
00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:53,100
to send a message

2360
00:51:53,100 --> 00:51:53,820
to the future

2361
00:51:53,820 --> 00:51:55,020
you don't want

2362
00:51:55,020 --> 00:51:55,700
to send a message

2363
00:51:55,700 --> 00:51:56,500
10,000 years

2364
00:51:56,500 --> 00:51:57,260
into the future

2365
00:51:57,260 --> 00:51:58,600
written in the language

2366
00:51:58,600 --> 00:51:59,040
of the day

2367
00:51:59,040 --> 00:52:00,520
nobody may be able

2368
00:52:00,520 --> 00:52:01,080
to read it

2369
00:52:01,080 --> 00:52:01,660
the document

2370
00:52:01,660 --> 00:52:02,720
may not even survive

2371
00:52:02,720 --> 00:52:04,100
you want a language

2372
00:52:04,100 --> 00:52:05,040
that's universal

2373
00:52:05,040 --> 00:52:07,400
that any developed

2374
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:08,100
human culture

2375
00:52:08,100 --> 00:52:08,700
will be able

2376
00:52:08,700 --> 00:52:09,280
to grasp

2377
00:52:09,280 --> 00:52:09,900
and understand

2378
00:52:09,900 --> 00:52:10,620
and that is

2379
00:52:10,620 --> 00:52:11,260
the language

2380
00:52:11,260 --> 00:52:12,600
of astronomy

2381
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:13,920
and architecture

2382
00:52:13,920 --> 00:52:15,560
the ancient Egyptians

2383
00:52:15,560 --> 00:52:16,900
this is the Pharaoh

2384
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:17,520
Seti I

2385
00:52:17,520 --> 00:52:18,620
showing his young

2386
00:52:18,620 --> 00:52:20,220
son Ramesses II

2387
00:52:20,220 --> 00:52:20,860
the list of

2388
00:52:20,860 --> 00:52:22,200
all the Pharaohs

2389
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:22,620
who ruled

2390
00:52:22,620 --> 00:52:23,620
before their time

2391
00:52:23,620 --> 00:52:26,420
had a concept

2392
00:52:26,420 --> 00:52:27,320
of their own history

2393
00:52:27,320 --> 00:52:28,260
and they believed

2394
00:52:28,260 --> 00:52:29,100
that it went back

2395
00:52:29,100 --> 00:52:29,860
far before

2396
00:52:29,860 --> 00:52:30,820
the first dynasty

2397
00:52:30,820 --> 00:52:31,440
so called

2398
00:52:31,440 --> 00:52:33,100
far before 3000 BC

2399
00:52:33,100 --> 00:52:35,480
and these king lists

2400
00:52:35,480 --> 00:52:36,520
which are used

2401
00:52:36,520 --> 00:52:37,280
by Egyptologists

2402
00:52:37,280 --> 00:52:37,900
to derive

2403
00:52:37,900 --> 00:52:38,980
the orthodox chronology

2404
00:52:38,980 --> 00:52:39,500
of Egypt

2405
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:40,760
annoyingly for

2406
00:52:40,760 --> 00:52:41,260
Egyptologists

2407
00:52:41,260 --> 00:52:41,960
don't stop

2408
00:52:41,960 --> 00:52:42,980
at 3000 BC

2409
00:52:42,980 --> 00:52:43,720
but go back

2410
00:52:43,720 --> 00:52:44,680
thousands and thousands

2411
00:52:44,680 --> 00:52:45,280
and thousands

2412
00:52:45,280 --> 00:52:46,000
of years

2413
00:52:46,000 --> 00:52:47,540
into the past

2414
00:52:47,540 --> 00:52:49,260
so it's interesting

2415
00:52:49,260 --> 00:52:50,100
that behind

2416
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:50,620
the temple

2417
00:52:50,620 --> 00:52:51,200
of Seti I

2418
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:52,160
is this huge

2419
00:52:52,160 --> 00:52:53,380
megalithic structure

2420
00:52:53,380 --> 00:52:54,000
of completely

2421
00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:54,860
different character

2422
00:52:54,860 --> 00:52:56,360
which was excavated

2423
00:52:56,360 --> 00:52:56,900
from beneath

2424
00:52:56,900 --> 00:52:58,040
50 feet of silt

2425
00:52:58,040 --> 00:52:59,240
the so called

2426
00:52:59,240 --> 00:52:59,860
Osirion

2427
00:52:59,860 --> 00:53:01,300
maybe it wasn't

2428
00:53:01,300 --> 00:53:02,320
built by Seti I

2429
00:53:02,320 --> 00:53:03,880
maybe it belongs

2430
00:53:03,880 --> 00:53:05,580
to an earlier period

2431
00:53:05,580 --> 00:53:06,060
and maybe

2432
00:53:06,060 --> 00:53:06,860
these gigantic

2433
00:53:06,860 --> 00:53:07,580
megaliths

2434
00:53:07,580 --> 00:53:08,420
weren't always

2435
00:53:08,420 --> 00:53:09,780
moved in the way

2436
00:53:09,780 --> 00:53:10,600
that Egyptologists

2437
00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:11,000
want them

2438
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:11,900
to have been moved

2439
00:53:11,900 --> 00:53:13,600
maybe there was

2440
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:14,380
a kind of psychic

2441
00:53:14,380 --> 00:53:16,140
magic being deployed

2442
00:53:16,140 --> 00:53:16,980
maybe the myths

2443
00:53:16,980 --> 00:53:17,560
and traditions

2444
00:53:17,560 --> 00:53:18,280
that speak of the

2445
00:53:18,280 --> 00:53:19,500
priests singing

2446
00:53:19,500 --> 00:53:20,000
the blocks

2447
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:20,720
into place

2448
00:53:20,720 --> 00:53:22,220
have something

2449
00:53:22,220 --> 00:53:23,300
solid to them

2450
00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:24,640
certainly there are

2451
00:53:24,640 --> 00:53:25,580
many gigantic

2452
00:53:25,580 --> 00:53:26,540
megalithic structures

2453
00:53:26,540 --> 00:53:27,060
at Giza

2454
00:53:27,060 --> 00:53:29,180
and it's long

2455
00:53:29,180 --> 00:53:29,800
seen to me

2456
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:30,780
that these belong

2457
00:53:30,780 --> 00:53:31,500
to a different

2458
00:53:31,500 --> 00:53:32,000
epoch

2459
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:33,760
from 2500 BC

2460
00:53:33,760 --> 00:53:35,220
and that we

2461
00:53:35,220 --> 00:53:35,780
may be looking

2462
00:53:35,780 --> 00:53:36,520
at two phase

2463
00:53:36,520 --> 00:53:37,100
construction

2464
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:37,720
that the ancient

2465
00:53:37,720 --> 00:53:38,120
Egyptians

2466
00:53:38,120 --> 00:53:38,900
may have worked

2467
00:53:38,900 --> 00:53:39,660
on those temples

2468
00:53:39,660 --> 00:53:40,800
and may have

2469
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:42,000
moderated them

2470
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:43,600
and overbuilt them

2471
00:53:43,600 --> 00:53:44,520
and built around them

2472
00:53:44,520 --> 00:53:45,420
but may not have been

2473
00:53:45,420 --> 00:53:46,340
responsible for the

2474
00:53:46,340 --> 00:53:48,080
original megalithic core

2475
00:53:48,080 --> 00:53:51,240
this becomes all the more

2476
00:53:51,240 --> 00:53:52,340
pointed when we realize

2477
00:53:52,340 --> 00:53:53,000
that the blocks

2478
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:53,720
in these temples

2479
00:53:53,720 --> 00:53:54,540
were excavated

2480
00:53:54,540 --> 00:53:55,540
from around the core

2481
00:53:55,540 --> 00:53:56,560
body of the sphinx

2482
00:53:56,560 --> 00:53:58,720
therefore if there's

2483
00:53:58,720 --> 00:53:59,420
any argument

2484
00:53:59,420 --> 00:54:00,100
that the sphinx

2485
00:54:00,100 --> 00:54:02,300
is older than 2500 BC

2486
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:03,660
it follows that

2487
00:54:03,660 --> 00:54:04,340
these temples

2488
00:54:04,340 --> 00:54:05,780
are older as well

2489
00:54:05,780 --> 00:54:07,480
and this is where

2490
00:54:07,480 --> 00:54:08,020
the work of

2491
00:54:08,020 --> 00:54:08,900
John Anthony West

2492
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:09,740
and Professor Robert

2493
00:54:09,740 --> 00:54:10,920
Shock of Boston University

2494
00:54:10,920 --> 00:54:11,540
that I featured

2495
00:54:11,540 --> 00:54:12,740
in Fingerprints of the Gods

2496
00:54:12,740 --> 00:54:14,100
is so important

2497
00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:15,660
because they have

2498
00:54:15,660 --> 00:54:18,420
shown that the sphinx

2499
00:54:18,420 --> 00:54:19,300
was the subject

2500
00:54:19,300 --> 00:54:20,380
of thousands of years

2501
00:54:20,380 --> 00:54:20,940
of erosion

2502
00:54:20,940 --> 00:54:22,200
by heavy, heavy rainfall

2503
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:23,420
and we don't get

2504
00:54:23,420 --> 00:54:24,460
that kind of rainfall

2505
00:54:24,460 --> 00:54:25,740
in Giza

2506
00:54:25,740 --> 00:54:27,280
in the last 5000 years

2507
00:54:27,280 --> 00:54:28,040
so geologically

2508
00:54:28,040 --> 00:54:28,660
the sphinx

2509
00:54:28,660 --> 00:54:29,820
appears to be much

2510
00:54:29,820 --> 00:54:31,740
older than 2500 BC

2511
00:54:31,740 --> 00:54:34,800
well the killer argument

2512
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:35,640
that Egyptology

2513
00:54:35,640 --> 00:54:36,880
gave back to that

2514
00:54:36,880 --> 00:54:39,240
when John West

2515
00:54:39,240 --> 00:54:39,980
and Robert Shock

2516
00:54:39,980 --> 00:54:41,220
planted this bomb

2517
00:54:41,220 --> 00:54:42,540
under the comfortable

2518
00:54:42,540 --> 00:54:43,840
bottoms of Egyptology

2519
00:54:43,840 --> 00:54:45,200
the killer argument

2520
00:54:45,200 --> 00:54:47,140
was that the sphinx

2521
00:54:47,140 --> 00:54:49,040
can't be 12,000 years old

2522
00:54:49,040 --> 00:54:49,940
it cannot be

2523
00:54:49,940 --> 00:54:51,620
because if a culture

2524
00:54:51,620 --> 00:54:52,680
was capable of creating

2525
00:54:52,680 --> 00:54:54,060
the sphinx 12,000 years ago

2526
00:54:54,060 --> 00:54:55,380
there would be other

2527
00:54:55,380 --> 00:54:56,360
big monuments

2528
00:54:56,360 --> 00:54:57,160
around the world

2529
00:54:57,160 --> 00:54:57,860
that are also

2530
00:54:57,860 --> 00:54:59,240
12,000 years old

2531
00:54:59,240 --> 00:55:01,120
Mark Lehner famously said

2532
00:55:01,120 --> 00:55:02,240
show me the pot shirt

2533
00:55:02,240 --> 00:55:03,680
that's been left behind

2534
00:55:03,680 --> 00:55:04,920
by that civilization

2535
00:55:04,920 --> 00:55:05,840
there's none

2536
00:55:05,840 --> 00:55:06,960
so the geology

2537
00:55:06,960 --> 00:55:07,720
has to be wrong

2538
00:55:07,720 --> 00:55:08,660
the Egyptology

2539
00:55:08,660 --> 00:55:09,280
must be right

2540
00:55:09,280 --> 00:55:10,280
the sphinx must date

2541
00:55:10,280 --> 00:55:11,660
to 2500 BC

2542
00:55:11,660 --> 00:55:13,520
well what has thrown

2543
00:55:13,520 --> 00:55:14,480
a huge spanner

2544
00:55:14,480 --> 00:55:15,040
in the works

2545
00:55:15,040 --> 00:55:16,300
of that argument

2546
00:55:16,300 --> 00:55:18,520
is Gobekli Tepe

2547
00:55:18,520 --> 00:55:20,280
in Turkey

2548
00:55:20,280 --> 00:55:22,220
really not even

2549
00:55:22,220 --> 00:55:22,900
very far

2550
00:55:22,900 --> 00:55:24,020
from the sphinx

2551
00:55:24,020 --> 00:55:26,140
and Gobekli Tepe

2552
00:55:26,140 --> 00:55:27,080
as I'm sure Andy

2553
00:55:27,080 --> 00:55:28,380
has been discussing

2554
00:55:28,380 --> 00:55:29,460
earlier today

2555
00:55:29,460 --> 00:55:31,460
is 12,000 years old

2556
00:55:31,460 --> 00:55:33,420
and what's rather special

2557
00:55:33,420 --> 00:55:33,900
about it

2558
00:55:33,900 --> 00:55:34,600
is that the site

2559
00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:36,140
was deliberately buried

2560
00:55:36,140 --> 00:55:38,420
and shut off

2561
00:55:38,420 --> 00:55:39,860
for the last 10,000 years

2562
00:55:39,860 --> 00:55:40,420
that site

2563
00:55:40,420 --> 00:55:41,400
has been pristine

2564
00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:42,920
no culture

2565
00:55:42,920 --> 00:55:43,740
has been marching

2566
00:55:43,740 --> 00:55:44,260
over it

2567
00:55:44,260 --> 00:55:45,080
and perhaps

2568
00:55:45,080 --> 00:55:46,380
interposing carbon

2569
00:55:46,380 --> 00:55:47,580
from a later period

2570
00:55:47,580 --> 00:55:48,740
because you can't date stone

2571
00:55:48,740 --> 00:55:50,020
you can only date

2572
00:55:50,020 --> 00:55:50,880
organic material

2573
00:55:50,880 --> 00:55:51,800
found associated

2574
00:55:51,800 --> 00:55:52,580
with the stone

2575
00:55:52,580 --> 00:55:53,920
and this is why

2576
00:55:53,920 --> 00:55:54,760
it's so clear

2577
00:55:54,760 --> 00:55:56,040
that Gobekli Tepe

2578
00:55:56,040 --> 00:55:58,040
is 12,000 years old

2579
00:55:58,040 --> 00:55:59,820
because there is

2580
00:55:59,820 --> 00:56:00,460
no contamination

2581
00:56:00,460 --> 00:56:01,660
from later cultures

2582
00:56:01,660 --> 00:56:03,300
it's a time capsule

2583
00:56:03,300 --> 00:56:05,920
and this is

2584
00:56:05,920 --> 00:56:07,640
the general appearance

2585
00:56:07,640 --> 00:56:08,540
of Gobekli Tepe

2586
00:56:08,540 --> 00:56:10,120
and I'm here

2587
00:56:10,120 --> 00:56:11,580
talking to Klaus Schmidt

2588
00:56:11,580 --> 00:56:13,520
who is the lead archaeologist

2589
00:56:13,520 --> 00:56:15,160
who excavated Gobekli Tepe

2590
00:56:15,160 --> 00:56:16,360
is in the process

2591
00:56:16,360 --> 00:56:17,360
still of excavating

2592
00:56:17,360 --> 00:56:18,040
Gobekli Tepe

2593
00:56:18,040 --> 00:56:19,420
and what he's telling me

2594
00:56:19,420 --> 00:56:20,220
rather emphatically

2595
00:56:20,220 --> 00:56:21,500
is that the stuff

2596
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:22,200
they've dug up

2597
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:22,680
at the moment

2598
00:56:22,680 --> 00:56:24,100
is just 1 20th

2599
00:56:24,100 --> 00:56:26,240
perhaps even only 1 50th

2600
00:56:26,240 --> 00:56:27,300
of what is still

2601
00:56:27,300 --> 00:56:28,000
under the ground

2602
00:56:28,000 --> 00:56:29,560
that they've done

2603
00:56:29,560 --> 00:56:30,820
ground penetrating radar

2604
00:56:30,820 --> 00:56:31,680
over the site

2605
00:56:31,680 --> 00:56:33,440
and these few stone circles

2606
00:56:33,440 --> 00:56:34,460
that we look at today

2607
00:56:34,460 --> 00:56:35,640
are just a tiny fraction

2608
00:56:35,640 --> 00:56:36,840
of what remains

2609
00:56:36,840 --> 00:56:37,820
to be excavated

2610
00:56:37,820 --> 00:56:39,620
and you know what

2611
00:56:39,620 --> 00:56:40,380
he's not actually

2612
00:56:40,380 --> 00:56:41,480
intending to excavate

2613
00:56:41,480 --> 00:56:42,000
all of it

2614
00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:42,840
he's going to run out

2615
00:56:42,840 --> 00:56:43,200
of money

2616
00:56:43,200 --> 00:56:44,220
in the next few years

2617
00:56:44,220 --> 00:56:45,480
and he's probably

2618
00:56:45,480 --> 00:56:46,100
going to wrap up

2619
00:56:46,100 --> 00:56:46,920
the excavation

2620
00:56:46,920 --> 00:56:48,880
and I also

2621
00:56:48,880 --> 00:56:49,800
I do understand

2622
00:56:49,800 --> 00:56:50,940
the conservation argument

2623
00:56:50,940 --> 00:56:52,080
to not excavating

2624
00:56:52,080 --> 00:56:53,120
all of this site

2625
00:56:53,120 --> 00:56:54,020
but this site

2626
00:56:54,020 --> 00:56:55,200
is in my opinion

2627
00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:56,340
the single most important

2628
00:56:56,340 --> 00:56:57,240
archaeological site

2629
00:56:57,240 --> 00:56:58,300
in the world right now

2630
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:00,720
and I think it justifies

2631
00:57:00,720 --> 00:57:02,460
a full and complete excavation

2632
00:57:02,460 --> 00:57:03,600
so that we can get

2633
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:04,320
to the bottom of it

2634
00:57:04,320 --> 00:57:04,840
because frankly

2635
00:57:04,840 --> 00:57:05,540
hunter-gatherers

2636
00:57:05,540 --> 00:57:06,300
don't just wake up

2637
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:06,840
one morning

2638
00:57:06,840 --> 00:57:08,520
and decide to

2639
00:57:08,520 --> 00:57:09,720
create a site

2640
00:57:09,720 --> 00:57:11,300
with 50 ton megaliths

2641
00:57:11,300 --> 00:57:13,020
they don't wake up

2642
00:57:13,020 --> 00:57:13,560
one morning

2643
00:57:13,560 --> 00:57:14,900
and suddenly have

2644
00:57:14,900 --> 00:57:15,500
the skills

2645
00:57:15,500 --> 00:57:16,140
to mobilize

2646
00:57:16,140 --> 00:57:16,720
organize

2647
00:57:16,720 --> 00:57:17,720
feed and water

2648
00:57:17,720 --> 00:57:18,580
hundreds of men

2649
00:57:18,580 --> 00:57:20,300
to cut and manipulate

2650
00:57:20,300 --> 00:57:20,800
stone

2651
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:21,620
to lift that stone

2652
00:57:21,620 --> 00:57:22,000
into place

2653
00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:22,500
there has to be

2654
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:23,000
a background

2655
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:24,380
to this

2656
00:57:24,380 --> 00:57:25,300
and that background

2657
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:26,800
I personally think

2658
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:28,760
is likely to be

2659
00:57:28,760 --> 00:57:30,360
a lost civilization

2660
00:57:30,360 --> 00:57:31,740
the survivors

2661
00:57:31,740 --> 00:57:32,900
of a lost civilization

2662
00:57:32,900 --> 00:57:34,180
settling at Giza

2663
00:57:34,180 --> 00:57:34,820
Andy may have

2664
00:57:34,820 --> 00:57:35,380
a different view

2665
00:57:35,380 --> 00:57:36,620
but that's the view

2666
00:57:36,620 --> 00:57:37,760
that I hold

2667
00:57:37,760 --> 00:57:38,640
here's one

2668
00:57:38,640 --> 00:57:39,400
the unfinished

2669
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:40,040
pillar

2670
00:57:40,040 --> 00:57:41,920
which was not

2671
00:57:41,920 --> 00:57:42,580
ever removed

2672
00:57:42,580 --> 00:57:43,180
from the quarry

2673
00:57:43,180 --> 00:57:43,880
because a fault

2674
00:57:43,880 --> 00:57:44,780
was found in the rock

2675
00:57:44,780 --> 00:57:45,320
but this one

2676
00:57:45,320 --> 00:57:45,860
would have weighed

2677
00:57:45,860 --> 00:57:47,020
50 tons

2678
00:57:47,020 --> 00:57:48,340
if fully

2679
00:57:48,340 --> 00:57:50,120
raised up

2680
00:57:50,120 --> 00:57:50,960
I think what

2681
00:57:50,960 --> 00:57:52,040
Gobekli Tepe does

2682
00:57:52,040 --> 00:57:52,760
is it raises

2683
00:57:52,760 --> 00:57:53,540
question marks

2684
00:57:53,540 --> 00:57:54,660
over megalithic sites

2685
00:57:54,660 --> 00:57:55,680
virtually everywhere

2686
00:57:55,680 --> 00:57:56,500
else in the world

2687
00:57:56,500 --> 00:57:57,640
like

2688
00:57:57,640 --> 00:57:59,200
these extraordinary

2689
00:57:59,200 --> 00:58:00,340
megaliths at Baalbek

2690
00:58:00,340 --> 00:58:00,940
in the Lebanon

2691
00:58:00,940 --> 00:58:02,840
they've been handed

2692
00:58:02,840 --> 00:58:03,560
to Rome

2693
00:58:03,560 --> 00:58:04,580
because there's

2694
00:58:04,580 --> 00:58:05,320
a Roman temple

2695
00:58:05,320 --> 00:58:06,300
of Jupiter

2696
00:58:06,300 --> 00:58:07,640
on top of them

2697
00:58:07,640 --> 00:58:08,480
but maybe

2698
00:58:08,480 --> 00:58:08,960
the Romans

2699
00:58:08,960 --> 00:58:09,460
did build

2700
00:58:09,460 --> 00:58:09,820
the temple

2701
00:58:09,820 --> 00:58:10,320
of Jupiter

2702
00:58:10,320 --> 00:58:11,560
but were not

2703
00:58:11,560 --> 00:58:12,020
responsible

2704
00:58:12,020 --> 00:58:12,940
for the megaliths

2705
00:58:12,940 --> 00:58:13,880
maybe the megaliths

2706
00:58:13,880 --> 00:58:14,280
are from

2707
00:58:14,280 --> 00:58:15,860
a much earlier period

2708
00:58:15,860 --> 00:58:17,500
and if we look

2709
00:58:17,500 --> 00:58:18,460
at the general form

2710
00:58:18,460 --> 00:58:19,340
of Gobekli Tepe

2711
00:58:19,340 --> 00:58:21,340
it's really astonishingly

2712
00:58:21,340 --> 00:58:21,980
similar to the

2713
00:58:21,980 --> 00:58:22,700
megalithic temples

2714
00:58:22,700 --> 00:58:23,320
of Malta

2715
00:58:23,320 --> 00:58:25,380
such as Menaedra

2716
00:58:25,380 --> 00:58:26,120
that we're looking

2717
00:58:26,120 --> 00:58:26,900
down on here

2718
00:58:26,900 --> 00:58:28,100
now the Maltese temples

2719
00:58:28,100 --> 00:58:30,120
are slotted in

2720
00:58:30,120 --> 00:58:30,900
by archaeology

2721
00:58:30,900 --> 00:58:31,880
between 5000

2722
00:58:31,880 --> 00:58:33,340
and 6000 years ago

2723
00:58:33,340 --> 00:58:34,440
3000

2724
00:58:34,440 --> 00:58:36,020
and 4000 BC

2725
00:58:36,020 --> 00:58:37,820
they're considered

2726
00:58:37,820 --> 00:58:38,660
amongst the oldest

2727
00:58:38,660 --> 00:58:39,460
megalithic temples

2728
00:58:39,460 --> 00:58:40,500
anywhere in the world

2729
00:58:40,500 --> 00:58:42,980
but that is not a date

2730
00:58:42,980 --> 00:58:44,020
that threatens history

2731
00:58:44,020 --> 00:58:46,360
you can have megaliths

2732
00:58:46,360 --> 00:58:47,760
being organized

2733
00:58:47,760 --> 00:58:49,100
by a neolithic

2734
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:50,400
agricultural society

2735
00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:51,340
in that period

2736
00:58:51,340 --> 00:58:52,800
what's much more

2737
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:53,740
threatening to history

2738
00:58:53,740 --> 00:58:54,440
is the idea

2739
00:58:54,440 --> 00:58:56,500
of 12,000 year old megaliths

2740
00:58:56,500 --> 00:58:58,160
but I think what Gobekli Tepe

2741
00:58:58,160 --> 00:58:58,740
does is

2742
00:58:58,740 --> 00:58:59,640
it means we need

2743
00:58:59,640 --> 00:59:00,260
to look again

2744
00:59:00,260 --> 00:59:00,840
at the dating

2745
00:59:00,840 --> 00:59:02,280
of all sites like this

2746
00:59:02,280 --> 00:59:04,200
because unlike Gobekli Tepe

2747
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:05,100
the Maltese temples

2748
00:59:05,100 --> 00:59:05,620
have never been

2749
00:59:05,620 --> 00:59:06,360
a time capsule

2750
00:59:06,360 --> 00:59:07,740
they have been

2751
00:59:07,740 --> 00:59:08,620
contaminated by

2752
00:59:08,620 --> 00:59:09,440
later cultures

2753
00:59:09,440 --> 00:59:10,560
is it possible

2754
00:59:10,560 --> 00:59:11,520
that the carbon dating

2755
00:59:11,520 --> 00:59:12,560
record is wrong

2756
00:59:12,560 --> 00:59:14,060
is it possible

2757
00:59:14,060 --> 00:59:14,760
that the temples

2758
00:59:14,760 --> 00:59:15,140
of Malta

2759
00:59:15,140 --> 00:59:15,840
like this

2760
00:59:15,840 --> 00:59:16,820
Hypogeum

2761
00:59:16,820 --> 00:59:17,660
which is an amazing

2762
00:59:17,660 --> 00:59:18,680
underground temple

2763
00:59:18,680 --> 00:59:19,660
should be on

2764
00:59:19,660 --> 00:59:20,860
anybody's bucket list

2765
00:59:20,860 --> 00:59:22,880
in Malta

2766
00:59:22,880 --> 00:59:24,240
that they may be

2767
00:59:24,240 --> 00:59:24,980
much older

2768
00:59:24,980 --> 00:59:27,000
than 5000 years ago

2769
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:27,920
and maybe these

2770
00:59:27,920 --> 00:59:28,720
goddess figures

2771
00:59:28,720 --> 00:59:29,520
that were found

2772
00:59:29,520 --> 00:59:30,940
in the Hypogeum

2773
00:59:30,940 --> 00:59:32,080
and that have therefore

2774
00:59:32,080 --> 00:59:32,980
also been dated

2775
00:59:32,980 --> 00:59:34,340
to 5000 years old

2776
00:59:34,340 --> 00:59:35,540
maybe they're much older

2777
00:59:35,540 --> 00:59:36,740
maybe they could even

2778
00:59:36,740 --> 00:59:37,360
be as old

2779
00:59:37,360 --> 00:59:38,400
as the Upper Paleolithic

2780
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:39,460
like other goddess

2781
00:59:39,460 --> 00:59:40,620
figures dating back

2782
00:59:40,620 --> 00:59:43,740
35 or 40,000 years

2783
00:59:43,740 --> 00:59:44,840
why should the

2784
00:59:44,840 --> 00:59:45,700
goddess figures

2785
00:59:45,700 --> 00:59:46,120
of Malta

2786
00:59:46,120 --> 00:59:47,500
be just 5000 years old

2787
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:48,480
because that comfortably

2788
00:59:48,480 --> 00:59:49,720
fits into the framework

2789
00:59:49,720 --> 00:59:50,280
of history

2790
00:59:50,280 --> 00:59:51,080
that the temples

2791
00:59:51,080 --> 00:59:52,320
are said to occupy

2792
00:59:52,320 --> 00:59:54,880
and there's red ochre

2793
00:59:54,880 --> 00:59:57,160
paint on the ceiling

2794
00:59:57,160 --> 00:59:58,020
and walls

2795
00:59:58,020 --> 00:59:58,940
of the Hypogeum

2796
00:59:58,940 --> 01:00:00,540
and here

2797
01:00:00,540 --> 01:00:01,460
a friend

2798
01:00:01,460 --> 01:00:01,840
and colleague

2799
01:00:01,840 --> 01:00:02,160
of mine

2800
01:00:02,160 --> 01:00:02,960
Anton Mifsud

2801
01:00:02,960 --> 01:00:03,580
who's the chief

2802
01:00:03,580 --> 01:00:04,280
pediatrician

2803
01:00:04,280 --> 01:00:05,300
at the main hospital

2804
01:00:05,300 --> 01:00:05,880
in Valletta

2805
01:00:05,880 --> 01:00:07,020
and a gifted

2806
01:00:07,020 --> 01:00:08,120
amateur archaeologist

2807
01:00:08,120 --> 01:00:08,780
has proved

2808
01:00:08,780 --> 01:00:09,900
a thorn in the flesh

2809
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:11,980
of Maltese archaeology

2810
01:00:11,980 --> 01:00:12,960
because he has exposed

2811
01:00:12,960 --> 01:00:13,580
a scandal

2812
01:00:13,580 --> 01:00:14,960
which is that

2813
01:00:14,960 --> 01:00:15,560
there was once

2814
01:00:15,560 --> 01:00:16,000
a painting

2815
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:16,900
of an animal figure

2816
01:00:16,900 --> 01:00:17,820
on the walls

2817
01:00:17,820 --> 01:00:18,560
of the Hypogeum

2818
01:00:18,560 --> 01:00:19,520
in fact it's documented

2819
01:00:19,520 --> 01:00:20,480
in a number of books

2820
01:00:20,480 --> 01:00:21,100
it's documented

2821
01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:22,100
in Donald Trump's

2822
01:00:22,100 --> 01:00:23,120
David Trump's book

2823
01:00:23,120 --> 01:00:25,960
one of the fundamental

2824
01:00:25,960 --> 01:00:27,160
archaeological texts

2825
01:00:27,160 --> 01:00:28,180
about Malta

2826
01:00:28,180 --> 01:00:30,340
but that bison bull

2827
01:00:30,340 --> 01:00:31,340
a hybrid creature

2828
01:00:31,340 --> 01:00:32,180
that was half bison

2829
01:00:32,180 --> 01:00:32,880
and half bull

2830
01:00:32,880 --> 01:00:34,020
cannot be found

2831
01:00:34,020 --> 01:00:34,620
on the walls

2832
01:00:34,620 --> 01:00:35,960
of the Hypogeum

2833
01:00:35,960 --> 01:00:36,300
anymore

2834
01:00:36,300 --> 01:00:37,420
and the reason

2835
01:00:37,420 --> 01:00:38,220
it can't be found

2836
01:00:38,220 --> 01:00:39,180
was that it was scrubbed

2837
01:00:39,180 --> 01:00:40,160
off by the director

2838
01:00:40,160 --> 01:00:41,260
of the Maltese museums

2839
01:00:41,260 --> 01:00:42,080
F.S. Malia

2840
01:00:42,080 --> 01:00:44,240
he actually deliberately

2841
01:00:44,240 --> 01:00:45,320
removed it

2842
01:00:45,320 --> 01:00:46,080
from the walls

2843
01:00:46,080 --> 01:00:47,480
because it suggested

2844
01:00:47,480 --> 01:00:49,200
that the Hypogeum

2845
01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:49,900
might belong

2846
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:50,900
to the Apropaleolithic

2847
01:00:50,900 --> 01:00:52,140
rather than

2848
01:00:52,140 --> 01:00:54,420
to the Neolithic

2849
01:00:54,420 --> 01:00:56,220
so I'm sitting

2850
01:00:56,220 --> 01:00:57,000
in these so-called

2851
01:00:57,000 --> 01:00:57,660
cart ruts

2852
01:00:57,660 --> 01:00:59,600
with Anton Mifsud

2853
01:00:59,600 --> 01:01:01,360
and these cart ruts

2854
01:01:01,360 --> 01:01:02,480
if that's what they are

2855
01:01:02,480 --> 01:01:04,240
are also thought

2856
01:01:04,240 --> 01:01:04,700
to date

2857
01:01:04,700 --> 01:01:05,920
from the megalithic period

2858
01:01:05,920 --> 01:01:06,580
in Malta

2859
01:01:06,580 --> 01:01:08,740
but the unfortunate fact

2860
01:01:08,740 --> 01:01:09,720
is that they continue

2861
01:01:09,720 --> 01:01:10,800
underwater

2862
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:12,320
to depths

2863
01:01:12,320 --> 01:01:13,540
of 110 feet

2864
01:01:13,540 --> 01:01:14,420
beneath the water

2865
01:01:14,420 --> 01:01:15,620
in areas

2866
01:01:15,620 --> 01:01:16,740
that have been submerged

2867
01:01:16,740 --> 01:01:17,260
for more than

2868
01:01:17,260 --> 01:01:18,600
12,000 years

2869
01:01:18,600 --> 01:01:20,900
if we go further west

2870
01:01:20,900 --> 01:01:22,240
we come to the Balearic Islands

2871
01:01:22,240 --> 01:01:23,260
and the very interesting

2872
01:01:23,260 --> 01:01:24,460
island of Menorca

2873
01:01:24,460 --> 01:01:26,480
which has an extensive

2874
01:01:26,480 --> 01:01:27,760
megalithic culture

2875
01:01:27,760 --> 01:01:28,420
of its own

2876
01:01:28,420 --> 01:01:30,440
and here are

2877
01:01:30,440 --> 01:01:32,160
the T-shaped megaliths

2878
01:01:32,160 --> 01:01:33,280
of Gobekli Tepe

2879
01:01:33,280 --> 01:01:34,360
and here are

2880
01:01:34,360 --> 01:01:35,220
the almost identical

2881
01:01:35,220 --> 01:01:36,480
T-shaped megaliths

2882
01:01:36,480 --> 01:01:37,400
of Menorca

2883
01:01:37,400 --> 01:01:39,520
again I want to raise

2884
01:01:39,520 --> 01:01:40,120
the question

2885
01:01:40,120 --> 01:01:41,820
have the Menorcan megaliths

2886
01:01:41,820 --> 01:01:42,240
which are thought

2887
01:01:42,240 --> 01:01:43,540
to be only 3,000 or 4,000

2888
01:01:43,540 --> 01:01:44,200
years old

2889
01:01:44,200 --> 01:01:45,720
have they been misdated

2890
01:01:45,720 --> 01:01:47,960
because of contaminated

2891
01:01:47,960 --> 01:01:48,520
carbon

2892
01:01:48,520 --> 01:01:50,480
and are we in fact

2893
01:01:50,480 --> 01:01:51,300
looking at a much

2894
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:52,200
older site here

2895
01:01:52,200 --> 01:01:53,420
than we think

2896
01:01:53,420 --> 01:01:55,020
if we cross

2897
01:01:55,020 --> 01:01:55,700
the Mediterranean

2898
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:58,040
from Menorca

2899
01:01:58,040 --> 01:01:59,560
we come to North Africa

2900
01:01:59,560 --> 01:02:00,900
and it's interesting

2901
01:02:00,900 --> 01:02:02,200
that many ancient maps

2902
01:02:02,200 --> 01:02:04,000
show huge lakes

2903
01:02:04,000 --> 01:02:06,240
present in the Sahara Desert

2904
01:02:06,240 --> 01:02:07,560
the last time

2905
01:02:07,560 --> 01:02:08,340
that there were lakes

2906
01:02:08,340 --> 01:02:09,640
present in the Sahara Desert

2907
01:02:09,640 --> 01:02:11,600
was during the last ice age

2908
01:02:11,600 --> 01:02:13,140
and what all these maps

2909
01:02:13,140 --> 01:02:13,880
have in common

2910
01:02:13,880 --> 01:02:15,440
is that they are copies

2911
01:02:15,440 --> 01:02:17,500
of older source maps

2912
01:02:17,500 --> 01:02:18,880
now lost to us

2913
01:02:18,880 --> 01:02:20,460
and I went into

2914
01:02:20,460 --> 01:02:21,200
this whole issue

2915
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:22,260
of the maps

2916
01:02:22,260 --> 01:02:22,880
at great length

2917
01:02:22,880 --> 01:02:23,300
in fingerprints

2918
01:02:23,300 --> 01:02:23,780
of the gods

2919
01:02:23,780 --> 01:02:24,900
here's our beautiful planet

2920
01:02:24,900 --> 01:02:26,420
as it looks today

2921
01:02:26,420 --> 01:02:28,620
but back during the ice age

2922
01:02:28,620 --> 01:02:29,460
we had ice caps

2923
01:02:29,460 --> 01:02:30,600
two miles deep

2924
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:31,320
sitting on top

2925
01:02:31,320 --> 01:02:32,520
of North America

2926
01:02:32,520 --> 01:02:34,140
and sitting on top

2927
01:02:34,140 --> 01:02:35,360
of Northern Europe

2928
01:02:35,360 --> 01:02:36,620
and all that ice

2929
01:02:36,620 --> 01:02:37,120
of course

2930
01:02:37,120 --> 01:02:38,660
was frozen water

2931
01:02:38,660 --> 01:02:39,320
that had come

2932
01:02:39,320 --> 01:02:40,200
out of the oceans

2933
01:02:40,200 --> 01:02:41,920
therefore sea level

2934
01:02:41,920 --> 01:02:43,320
was 400 feet lower

2935
01:02:43,320 --> 01:02:44,640
than it is today

2936
01:02:44,640 --> 01:02:46,700
this is the world

2937
01:02:46,700 --> 01:02:47,420
as we know it

2938
01:02:47,420 --> 01:02:48,880
and this is the world

2939
01:02:48,880 --> 01:02:50,280
of the ice age

2940
01:02:50,280 --> 01:02:52,580
with substantial differences

2941
01:02:52,580 --> 01:02:53,380
no Red Sea

2942
01:02:53,380 --> 01:02:54,440
no Arabian Gulf

2943
01:02:54,440 --> 01:02:55,320
Sri Lanka joined

2944
01:02:55,320 --> 01:02:55,920
to India

2945
01:02:55,920 --> 01:02:57,180
vastly extended

2946
01:02:57,180 --> 01:02:58,200
Southeast Asia

2947
01:02:58,200 --> 01:03:00,280
Australia joined

2948
01:03:00,280 --> 01:03:00,860
to New Guinea

2949
01:03:00,860 --> 01:03:01,680
and so on

2950
01:03:01,680 --> 01:03:02,380
and so forth

2951
01:03:02,380 --> 01:03:03,980
10 million square miles

2952
01:03:03,980 --> 01:03:04,460
of land

2953
01:03:04,460 --> 01:03:06,440
that was above water

2954
01:03:06,440 --> 01:03:06,780
then

2955
01:03:06,780 --> 01:03:08,200
is underwater today

2956
01:03:08,200 --> 01:03:09,720
and that's why

2957
01:03:09,720 --> 01:03:10,920
it's very interesting

2958
01:03:10,920 --> 01:03:11,700
to look again

2959
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:12,800
at the much derided

2960
01:03:12,800 --> 01:03:13,820
Piri Reis map

2961
01:03:13,820 --> 01:03:15,920
the map of 1513

2962
01:03:15,920 --> 01:03:17,740
created by a Turkish

2963
01:03:17,740 --> 01:03:18,520
admiral called

2964
01:03:18,520 --> 01:03:19,240
Piri Reis

2965
01:03:19,240 --> 01:03:20,220
now the reason

2966
01:03:20,220 --> 01:03:21,160
he made this map

2967
01:03:21,160 --> 01:03:21,960
and only a fragment

2968
01:03:21,960 --> 01:03:23,100
of it has survived

2969
01:03:23,100 --> 01:03:24,460
it was once a world map

2970
01:03:24,460 --> 01:03:25,540
he tells us

2971
01:03:25,540 --> 01:03:26,480
in his own handwriting

2972
01:03:26,480 --> 01:03:27,160
on the map

2973
01:03:27,160 --> 01:03:28,300
that he had come

2974
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:29,140
across a cache

2975
01:03:29,140 --> 01:03:29,980
of ancient maps

2976
01:03:29,980 --> 01:03:30,680
actually more than

2977
01:03:30,680 --> 01:03:31,700
100 ancient maps

2978
01:03:31,700 --> 01:03:32,340
which he thought

2979
01:03:32,340 --> 01:03:33,260
had originally come

2980
01:03:33,260 --> 01:03:34,280
from the library

2981
01:03:34,280 --> 01:03:34,980
of Alexandria

2982
01:03:34,980 --> 01:03:37,460
and these ancient maps

2983
01:03:37,460 --> 01:03:38,000
were in such

2984
01:03:38,000 --> 01:03:39,100
a fragile state

2985
01:03:39,100 --> 01:03:40,620
so worm-eaten

2986
01:03:40,620 --> 01:03:41,660
so falling apart

2987
01:03:41,660 --> 01:03:42,800
so crumbling away

2988
01:03:42,800 --> 01:03:43,800
that he decided

2989
01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:44,520
to preserve

2990
01:03:44,520 --> 01:03:45,260
the information

2991
01:03:45,260 --> 01:03:46,240
on them

2992
01:03:46,240 --> 01:03:47,280
by consolidating

2993
01:03:47,280 --> 01:03:48,080
everything in them

2994
01:03:48,080 --> 01:03:50,260
into his world map

2995
01:03:50,260 --> 01:03:52,460
and the fragment

2996
01:03:52,460 --> 01:03:53,160
of his map

2997
01:03:53,160 --> 01:03:53,960
that has survived

2998
01:03:53,960 --> 01:03:54,840
shows us

2999
01:03:54,840 --> 01:03:55,420
the west coast

3000
01:03:55,420 --> 01:03:55,900
of Africa

3001
01:03:55,900 --> 01:03:56,960
the east coast

3002
01:03:56,960 --> 01:03:57,900
of South America

3003
01:03:57,900 --> 01:03:59,760
and it shows us

3004
01:03:59,760 --> 01:04:00,700
off the coast

3005
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:01,400
of North America

3006
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:02,440
this very interesting

3007
01:04:02,440 --> 01:04:03,400
island here

3008
01:04:03,400 --> 01:04:04,920
roughly in the location

3009
01:04:04,920 --> 01:04:05,760
occupied by

3010
01:04:05,760 --> 01:04:06,860
the Grand Bahama banks

3011
01:04:06,860 --> 01:04:07,260
today

3012
01:04:07,260 --> 01:04:08,860
that island

3013
01:04:08,860 --> 01:04:10,420
no longer exists

3014
01:04:10,420 --> 01:04:11,380
it did exist

3015
01:04:11,380 --> 01:04:12,360
during the ice age

3016
01:04:12,360 --> 01:04:13,300
but if we take

3017
01:04:13,300 --> 01:04:14,040
a close-up look

3018
01:04:14,040 --> 01:04:14,260
at it

3019
01:04:14,260 --> 01:04:14,840
we can see

3020
01:04:14,840 --> 01:04:15,360
that running

3021
01:04:15,360 --> 01:04:15,820
up the middle

3022
01:04:15,820 --> 01:04:16,420
of the island

3023
01:04:16,420 --> 01:04:17,580
is a long

3024
01:04:17,580 --> 01:04:19,080
row of megaliths

3025
01:04:19,080 --> 01:04:21,120
and those megaliths

3026
01:04:21,120 --> 01:04:22,440
are just identical

3027
01:04:22,440 --> 01:04:24,220
to the now submerged

3028
01:04:24,220 --> 01:04:26,300
so-called Bimini Road

3029
01:04:26,300 --> 01:04:27,780
of course archaeologists

3030
01:04:27,780 --> 01:04:28,820
say that the Bimini Road

3031
01:04:28,820 --> 01:04:30,380
is a natural phenomenon

3032
01:04:30,380 --> 01:04:31,540
I don't really care

3033
01:04:31,540 --> 01:04:32,300
whether it's natural

3034
01:04:32,300 --> 01:04:32,860
or not

3035
01:04:32,860 --> 01:04:34,260
I think what's interesting

3036
01:04:34,260 --> 01:04:35,420
is that it's documented

3037
01:04:35,420 --> 01:04:36,380
above water

3038
01:04:36,380 --> 01:04:37,440
on a map

3039
01:04:37,440 --> 01:04:38,940
based on much older

3040
01:04:38,940 --> 01:04:39,580
source maps

3041
01:04:39,580 --> 01:04:40,460
now lost to us

3042
01:04:40,460 --> 01:04:41,180
this suggests

3043
01:04:41,180 --> 01:04:41,900
that somebody

3044
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:43,400
was mapping the world

3045
01:04:43,400 --> 01:04:44,640
when the Bimini Road

3046
01:04:44,640 --> 01:04:45,620
was above water

3047
01:04:45,620 --> 01:04:47,840
i.e. more than 12,000

3048
01:04:47,840 --> 01:04:48,440
years ago

3049
01:04:48,440 --> 01:04:50,580
i.e. a lost civilization

3050
01:04:50,580 --> 01:04:52,980
the Piri Reis map

3051
01:04:52,980 --> 01:04:53,900
also controversially

3052
01:04:53,900 --> 01:04:55,440
shows Antarctica

3053
01:04:55,440 --> 01:04:58,040
and this is how

3054
01:04:58,040 --> 01:05:00,320
Antarctica looks today

3055
01:05:00,320 --> 01:05:01,100
but this is how

3056
01:05:01,100 --> 01:05:02,540
it looked on honest maps

3057
01:05:02,540 --> 01:05:04,740
of the early 1800s

3058
01:05:04,740 --> 01:05:05,700
because our civilization

3059
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:06,400
didn't discover

3060
01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:08,100
Antarctica until 1818

3061
01:05:08,100 --> 01:05:10,160
so if you're an honest

3062
01:05:10,160 --> 01:05:10,740
map maker

3063
01:05:10,740 --> 01:05:12,200
and you are drawing

3064
01:05:12,200 --> 01:05:12,980
a map of the world

3065
01:05:12,980 --> 01:05:14,200
you leave a gap

3066
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:15,480
where Antarctica is

3067
01:05:15,480 --> 01:05:16,400
in 1800

3068
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:17,960
because you don't know

3069
01:05:17,960 --> 01:05:18,940
that it exists

3070
01:05:18,940 --> 01:05:20,460
so it's a great puzzle

3071
01:05:20,460 --> 01:05:21,320
that Antarctica

3072
01:05:21,320 --> 01:05:22,500
shows up

3073
01:05:22,500 --> 01:05:23,540
again and again

3074
01:05:23,540 --> 01:05:25,600
on many much older maps

3075
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:28,260
maps from the 15, 14, 1600s

3076
01:05:28,260 --> 01:05:29,760
and again these maps

3077
01:05:29,760 --> 01:05:30,760
are based on

3078
01:05:30,760 --> 01:05:31,880
older source maps

3079
01:05:31,880 --> 01:05:33,260
now lost to us

3080
01:05:33,260 --> 01:05:36,360
they seem to be

3081
01:05:36,360 --> 01:05:37,300
mapping the world

3082
01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:37,780
as it looked

3083
01:05:37,780 --> 01:05:38,820
during the last ice age

3084
01:05:38,820 --> 01:05:39,960
look at this little island

3085
01:05:39,960 --> 01:05:41,080
off the coast of Ireland

3086
01:05:41,080 --> 01:05:41,500
here

3087
01:05:41,500 --> 01:05:43,060
called High Brazil

3088
01:05:43,060 --> 01:05:44,420
such an island

3089
01:05:44,420 --> 01:05:45,240
did exist

3090
01:05:45,240 --> 01:05:46,620
12,000 years ago

3091
01:05:46,620 --> 01:05:47,340
when sea level

3092
01:05:47,340 --> 01:05:48,980
was hundreds of feet lower

3093
01:05:48,980 --> 01:05:50,640
and the greatly extended

3094
01:05:50,640 --> 01:05:52,060
coast of Southeast Asia

3095
01:05:52,060 --> 01:05:54,340
doesn't look like

3096
01:05:54,340 --> 01:05:55,220
Southeast Asia

3097
01:05:55,220 --> 01:05:56,800
in the 1500s

3098
01:05:56,800 --> 01:05:57,340
or today

3099
01:05:57,340 --> 01:05:58,740
but does look a lot

3100
01:05:58,740 --> 01:05:59,800
like Southeast Asia

3101
01:05:59,800 --> 01:06:01,360
during the ice age

3102
01:06:01,360 --> 01:06:03,340
and while we're on

3103
01:06:03,340 --> 01:06:04,680
the subject of Southeast Asia

3104
01:06:04,680 --> 01:06:05,780
I want to draw attention

3105
01:06:05,780 --> 01:06:08,040
to another extraordinary site

3106
01:06:08,040 --> 01:06:09,440
which I will be visiting

3107
01:06:09,440 --> 01:06:10,700
in early December

3108
01:06:10,700 --> 01:06:11,860
and it is called

3109
01:06:11,860 --> 01:06:12,660
Gunung Padang

3110
01:06:12,660 --> 01:06:14,240
and it is in West Java

3111
01:06:14,240 --> 01:06:16,020
in Indonesia

3112
01:06:16,020 --> 01:06:20,180
quite near the city of Bandung

3113
01:06:20,180 --> 01:06:23,500
and Gunung Padang

3114
01:06:23,500 --> 01:06:24,600
has been known about

3115
01:06:24,600 --> 01:06:25,960
for a long time

3116
01:06:25,960 --> 01:06:26,860
it was discovered

3117
01:06:26,860 --> 01:06:28,280
in the early 1900s

3118
01:06:28,280 --> 01:06:30,380
and it has been dated

3119
01:06:30,380 --> 01:06:32,860
to between 3,000 and 4,000 years old

3120
01:06:32,860 --> 01:06:34,740
which doesn't threaten

3121
01:06:34,740 --> 01:06:35,900
the mainstream model

3122
01:06:35,900 --> 01:06:36,840
of history at all

3123
01:06:36,840 --> 01:06:39,480
you can have a megalithic site

3124
01:06:39,480 --> 01:06:41,200
between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago

3125
01:06:41,200 --> 01:06:42,540
but here again

3126
01:06:42,540 --> 01:06:44,160
one of those annoying geologists

3127
01:06:44,160 --> 01:06:44,920
has come up

3128
01:06:44,920 --> 01:06:46,180
with some contrary information

3129
01:06:46,180 --> 01:06:48,760
and his name is Danny Hillman

3130
01:06:48,760 --> 01:06:49,420
and it's Danny

3131
01:06:49,420 --> 01:06:50,080
who's invited me

3132
01:06:50,080 --> 01:06:51,480
to go to Indonesia

3133
01:06:51,480 --> 01:06:52,800
in early December

3134
01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:53,500
where there'll be

3135
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:54,820
his team will be revealing

3136
01:06:54,820 --> 01:06:55,740
their full findings

3137
01:06:55,740 --> 01:06:57,100
they've been

3138
01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:58,820
he works for the Indonesian government

3139
01:06:58,820 --> 01:07:00,480
and he has been conducting

3140
01:07:00,480 --> 01:07:01,220
a site survey

3141
01:07:01,220 --> 01:07:02,020
at Gunung Padang

3142
01:07:02,020 --> 01:07:03,860
and that site survey

3143
01:07:03,860 --> 01:07:05,280
has gone on for five years

3144
01:07:05,280 --> 01:07:06,900
and what he says is

3145
01:07:06,900 --> 01:07:08,040
that Gunung Padang

3146
01:07:08,040 --> 01:07:09,880
is older than 9,000 years

3147
01:07:09,880 --> 01:07:12,360
and could be up to 20,000 years

3148
01:07:12,360 --> 01:07:13,980
it's a strong case

3149
01:07:13,980 --> 01:07:15,360
but not an easy case

3150
01:07:15,360 --> 01:07:16,480
we're up against

3151
01:07:16,480 --> 01:07:17,240
the world's belief

3152
01:07:17,240 --> 01:07:17,780
in other words

3153
01:07:17,780 --> 01:07:18,180
again

3154
01:07:18,180 --> 01:07:19,980
as Robert Schock found

3155
01:07:19,980 --> 01:07:20,980
when he confronted

3156
01:07:20,980 --> 01:07:22,300
the mainstream paradigm

3157
01:07:22,300 --> 01:07:24,300
there's a reference frame

3158
01:07:24,300 --> 01:07:25,780
of how history should unfold

3159
01:07:25,780 --> 01:07:26,860
and if you have evidence

3160
01:07:26,860 --> 01:07:28,040
that contradicts

3161
01:07:28,040 --> 01:07:28,820
that reference frame

3162
01:07:28,820 --> 01:07:29,500
it's very difficult

3163
01:07:29,500 --> 01:07:30,920
to get that evidence accepted

3164
01:07:30,920 --> 01:07:34,260
in the case of Gobekli Tepe

3165
01:07:34,260 --> 01:07:35,920
they've had to accept it

3166
01:07:35,920 --> 01:07:36,660
but it's astonishing

3167
01:07:36,660 --> 01:07:38,340
how little mainstream archaeology

3168
01:07:38,340 --> 01:07:39,160
is actually saying

3169
01:07:39,160 --> 01:07:40,240
about Gobekli Tepe

3170
01:07:40,240 --> 01:07:41,920
I mean this incredible site

3171
01:07:41,920 --> 01:07:42,880
is really not getting

3172
01:07:42,880 --> 01:07:43,340
the coverage

3173
01:07:43,340 --> 01:07:43,860
and attention

3174
01:07:43,860 --> 01:07:44,620
that it deserves

3175
01:07:44,620 --> 01:07:46,260
and now in Indonesia

3176
01:07:46,260 --> 01:07:47,480
we have another site

3177
01:07:47,480 --> 01:07:48,660
where again

3178
01:07:48,660 --> 01:07:49,540
the suggestion is

3179
01:07:49,540 --> 01:07:50,060
that the site

3180
01:07:50,060 --> 01:07:50,940
is much older

3181
01:07:50,940 --> 01:07:51,920
and has been radically

3182
01:07:51,920 --> 01:07:53,720
misdated by archaeology

3183
01:07:53,720 --> 01:07:55,620
so this is what Gunung Padang

3184
01:07:55,620 --> 01:07:56,500
looks like

3185
01:07:56,500 --> 01:07:57,280
it's made of these

3186
01:07:57,280 --> 01:07:59,480
hexagonal basalt blocks

3187
01:07:59,480 --> 01:08:02,500
and I want to take you

3188
01:08:02,500 --> 01:08:03,720
over here to Ponope

3189
01:08:03,720 --> 01:08:05,280
which is again

3190
01:08:05,280 --> 01:08:07,820
on the processional grid

3191
01:08:07,820 --> 01:08:10,100
because structures

3192
01:08:10,100 --> 01:08:11,920
made in exactly the same way

3193
01:08:11,920 --> 01:08:13,660
are found on Ponope as well

3194
01:08:13,660 --> 01:08:15,980
and indeed pyramid shaped hills

3195
01:08:15,980 --> 01:08:17,180
rather like the artificial

3196
01:08:17,180 --> 01:08:18,160
pyramid shaped hill

3197
01:08:18,160 --> 01:08:18,940
at Gunung Padang

3198
01:08:18,940 --> 01:08:20,980
is found at Ponope

3199
01:08:20,980 --> 01:08:23,660
and this is the famous site

3200
01:08:23,660 --> 01:08:24,620
of Nan Madol

3201
01:08:24,620 --> 01:08:27,360
made of these

3202
01:08:27,360 --> 01:08:28,900
identical basalt blocks

3203
01:08:28,900 --> 01:08:29,460
that we found

3204
01:08:29,460 --> 01:08:30,900
at Gunung Padang

3205
01:08:30,900 --> 01:08:32,720
and it's thought

3206
01:08:32,720 --> 01:08:33,420
to be only about

3207
01:08:33,420 --> 01:08:34,760
800 years old

3208
01:08:34,760 --> 01:08:36,940
based on radiocarbon

3209
01:08:36,940 --> 01:08:37,920
of organic materials

3210
01:08:37,920 --> 01:08:39,020
found around the site

3211
01:08:39,020 --> 01:08:40,400
but the problem is

3212
01:08:40,400 --> 01:08:41,080
that the site

3213
01:08:41,080 --> 01:08:42,320
continues underwater

3214
01:08:42,320 --> 01:08:44,600
you can just dive down

3215
01:08:44,600 --> 01:08:45,960
and keep on going

3216
01:08:45,960 --> 01:08:47,540
down and down and down

3217
01:08:47,540 --> 01:08:48,560
and eventually

3218
01:08:48,560 --> 01:08:50,480
around about 100 feet

3219
01:08:50,480 --> 01:08:51,320
under the waves

3220
01:08:51,320 --> 01:08:52,540
you come to these huge

3221
01:08:52,540 --> 01:08:53,880
pillars standing up

3222
01:08:53,880 --> 01:08:54,700
from the seabed

3223
01:08:54,700 --> 01:08:56,300
some of which

3224
01:08:56,300 --> 01:08:57,700
have fallen

3225
01:08:57,700 --> 01:09:00,980
and like this one here

3226
01:09:00,980 --> 01:09:02,420
which bears a striking

3227
01:09:02,420 --> 01:09:03,160
resemblance

3228
01:09:03,160 --> 01:09:05,500
to the megalithic pillars

3229
01:09:05,500 --> 01:09:06,820
on the island of Tinian

3230
01:09:06,820 --> 01:09:08,620
not very far away

3231
01:09:08,620 --> 01:09:09,960
and again

3232
01:09:09,960 --> 01:09:11,180
what I'm saying is

3233
01:09:11,180 --> 01:09:13,600
this is 110 feet underwater

3234
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:15,320
it was last above water

3235
01:09:15,320 --> 01:09:16,880
more than 12,000 years ago

3236
01:09:16,880 --> 01:09:18,600
it raises the possibility

3237
01:09:18,600 --> 01:09:20,500
that other megalithic sites

3238
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:21,240
have also been

3239
01:09:21,240 --> 01:09:22,720
radically misdated

3240
01:09:22,720 --> 01:09:25,200
this is a map

3241
01:09:25,200 --> 01:09:26,600
of Japan

3242
01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:28,680
made in 1424

3243
01:09:28,680 --> 01:09:31,080
and it shows

3244
01:09:31,080 --> 01:09:32,300
the three main islands

3245
01:09:32,300 --> 01:09:33,120
of Japan

3246
01:09:33,120 --> 01:09:35,880
Honshu, Shikoku

3247
01:09:35,880 --> 01:09:36,540
and Kyushu

3248
01:09:36,540 --> 01:09:38,500
as one land mass

3249
01:09:38,500 --> 01:09:40,000
and it shows

3250
01:09:40,000 --> 01:09:41,280
a deep inlet here

3251
01:09:41,280 --> 01:09:42,940
and another deep inlet there

3252
01:09:42,940 --> 01:09:44,100
and that's actually

3253
01:09:44,100 --> 01:09:45,720
exactly how Japan looked

3254
01:09:45,720 --> 01:09:48,160
about 12,400 years ago

3255
01:09:48,160 --> 01:09:49,580
when the three islands

3256
01:09:49,580 --> 01:09:51,380
were one land mass

3257
01:09:51,380 --> 01:09:52,300
and when there was

3258
01:09:52,300 --> 01:09:53,400
a deep inlet here

3259
01:09:53,400 --> 01:09:54,740
and here

3260
01:09:54,740 --> 01:09:56,120
around what is now

3261
01:09:56,120 --> 01:09:57,520
the island of Shikoku

3262
01:09:57,520 --> 01:10:01,480
so let's go diving off Japan

3263
01:10:01,480 --> 01:10:04,100
these megalithic pillars

3264
01:10:04,100 --> 01:10:05,980
of the island of Yonaguni

3265
01:10:05,980 --> 01:10:08,780
are regarded as totally natural

3266
01:10:08,780 --> 01:10:10,060
by mainstream archaeology

3267
01:10:10,060 --> 01:10:12,500
they have to be natural

3268
01:10:12,500 --> 01:10:13,740
because they've been underwater

3269
01:10:13,740 --> 01:10:14,840
for 12,000 years

3270
01:10:14,840 --> 01:10:16,540
and mainstream archaeology

3271
01:10:16,540 --> 01:10:17,700
says there was no culture

3272
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:19,260
capable of architecture

3273
01:10:19,260 --> 01:10:20,020
on this scale

3274
01:10:20,020 --> 01:10:21,460
12,000 years ago

3275
01:10:21,460 --> 01:10:23,260
this is how they're situated

3276
01:10:23,260 --> 01:10:25,780
against the edge

3277
01:10:25,780 --> 01:10:27,440
of a huge rocky outcrop

3278
01:10:27,440 --> 01:10:28,940
and the suggestion is

3279
01:10:28,940 --> 01:10:29,640
that they just kind of

3280
01:10:29,640 --> 01:10:30,960
fell into place there

3281
01:10:30,960 --> 01:10:33,660
perfectly without breaking

3282
01:10:33,660 --> 01:10:34,940
they just situated

3283
01:10:34,940 --> 01:10:35,820
themselves there

3284
01:10:35,820 --> 01:10:37,760
but if we swim around

3285
01:10:37,760 --> 01:10:38,440
to the side

3286
01:10:38,440 --> 01:10:39,520
of this rocky outcrop

3287
01:10:39,520 --> 01:10:41,580
we come to the famous

3288
01:10:41,580 --> 01:10:43,200
terraces of Yonaguni

3289
01:10:43,200 --> 01:10:45,980
and these again

3290
01:10:45,980 --> 01:10:47,380
are said by archaeology

3291
01:10:47,380 --> 01:10:48,540
to be totally natural

3292
01:10:48,540 --> 01:10:51,740
and not man-made

3293
01:10:51,740 --> 01:10:52,360
in any way

3294
01:10:52,360 --> 01:10:53,760
because there was no culture

3295
01:10:53,760 --> 01:10:54,780
12,000 years ago

3296
01:10:54,780 --> 01:10:55,680
capable of creating

3297
01:10:55,680 --> 01:10:56,780
a monument on this scale

3298
01:10:56,780 --> 01:10:57,380
this is the way

3299
01:10:57,380 --> 01:10:58,340
the argument works

3300
01:10:58,340 --> 01:11:00,080
that the sea

3301
01:11:00,080 --> 01:11:01,020
beating against

3302
01:11:01,020 --> 01:11:02,440
this rocky outcrop

3303
01:11:02,440 --> 01:11:03,580
selectively removed

3304
01:11:03,580 --> 01:11:04,540
the softer layers

3305
01:11:04,540 --> 01:11:06,100
and left the harder layers

3306
01:11:06,100 --> 01:11:06,620
in place

3307
01:11:06,620 --> 01:11:07,120
and that's why

3308
01:11:07,120 --> 01:11:07,960
we get this stepped

3309
01:11:07,960 --> 01:11:08,620
appearance

3310
01:11:08,620 --> 01:11:10,380
well if there was

3311
01:11:10,380 --> 01:11:10,940
something to that

3312
01:11:10,940 --> 01:11:11,340
argument

3313
01:11:11,340 --> 01:11:12,040
then I would want

3314
01:11:12,040 --> 01:11:12,980
to see the rubble

3315
01:11:12,980 --> 01:11:13,940
down here

3316
01:11:13,940 --> 01:11:14,320
because there's

3317
01:11:14,320 --> 01:11:15,120
a big drop-off

3318
01:11:15,120 --> 01:11:15,800
down here

3319
01:11:15,800 --> 01:11:18,080
there's the terraces

3320
01:11:18,080 --> 01:11:19,180
and the drop-off

3321
01:11:19,180 --> 01:11:20,680
actually has at the

3322
01:11:20,680 --> 01:11:21,160
bottom of it

3323
01:11:21,160 --> 01:11:22,560
a perfectly manicured

3324
01:11:22,560 --> 01:11:23,120
path

3325
01:11:23,120 --> 01:11:26,220
with all the rubble

3326
01:11:26,220 --> 01:11:27,300
gathered to the side

3327
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:27,860
of the path

3328
01:11:27,860 --> 01:11:28,560
and indeed with

3329
01:11:28,560 --> 01:11:29,800
drainage

3330
01:11:29,800 --> 01:11:31,300
with gutters

3331
01:11:31,300 --> 01:11:32,340
running alongside

3332
01:11:32,340 --> 01:11:33,500
the path

3333
01:11:33,500 --> 01:11:35,700
and if we continue

3334
01:11:35,700 --> 01:11:36,700
our exploration

3335
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:37,220
of Yonaguni

3336
01:11:37,220 --> 01:11:38,020
we find this

3337
01:11:38,020 --> 01:11:38,940
spooky face

3338
01:11:38,940 --> 01:11:39,480
underwater

3339
01:11:39,480 --> 01:11:41,060
with two eyes

3340
01:11:41,060 --> 01:11:41,500
a nose

3341
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:42,040
and a mouth

3342
01:11:42,040 --> 01:11:42,940
gazing perfectly

3343
01:11:42,940 --> 01:11:43,640
due south

3344
01:11:43,640 --> 01:11:46,320
and there are

3345
01:11:46,320 --> 01:11:47,720
pupils in the eyes

3346
01:11:47,720 --> 01:11:50,080
and the head

3347
01:11:50,080 --> 01:11:50,820
of the face

3348
01:11:50,820 --> 01:11:52,300
is nicely

3349
01:11:52,300 --> 01:11:53,280
demarcated

3350
01:11:53,280 --> 01:11:54,000
from the rocky

3351
01:11:54,000 --> 01:11:54,540
outcrop

3352
01:11:54,540 --> 01:11:55,380
out of which

3353
01:11:55,380 --> 01:11:55,980
it was cut

3354
01:11:55,980 --> 01:11:58,580
and if you look

3355
01:11:58,580 --> 01:11:59,420
closely you can see

3356
01:11:59,420 --> 01:11:59,880
the remnants

3357
01:11:59,880 --> 01:12:00,940
of a headdress

3358
01:12:00,940 --> 01:12:02,340
on top of this

3359
01:12:02,340 --> 01:12:02,940
figure here

3360
01:12:02,940 --> 01:12:03,800
I'm absolutely

3361
01:12:03,800 --> 01:12:04,660
certain that this

3362
01:12:04,660 --> 01:12:05,540
is the work of man

3363
01:12:05,540 --> 01:12:06,760
and not the work

3364
01:12:06,760 --> 01:12:07,240
of nature

3365
01:12:07,240 --> 01:12:08,740
and if we pull

3366
01:12:08,740 --> 01:12:09,340
back further

3367
01:12:09,340 --> 01:12:10,320
we find again

3368
01:12:10,320 --> 01:12:11,340
one of these avenues

3369
01:12:11,340 --> 01:12:12,160
with gutters

3370
01:12:12,160 --> 01:12:13,060
alongside

3371
01:12:13,060 --> 01:12:13,960
and what appears

3372
01:12:13,960 --> 01:12:14,480
to be a sort of

3373
01:12:14,480 --> 01:12:15,460
ceremonial plaza

3374
01:12:15,460 --> 01:12:16,620
but this is the

3375
01:12:16,620 --> 01:12:17,340
underwater site

3376
01:12:17,340 --> 01:12:17,700
in Japan

3377
01:12:17,700 --> 01:12:18,580
that really settles

3378
01:12:18,580 --> 01:12:19,120
it for me

3379
01:12:19,120 --> 01:12:20,380
this is off the

3380
01:12:20,380 --> 01:12:21,380
island of Okinawa

3381
01:12:21,380 --> 01:12:23,060
about 40 miles

3382
01:12:23,060 --> 01:12:24,140
west of Okinawa

3383
01:12:24,140 --> 01:12:25,200
off the Kerama

3384
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:26,020
group of islands

3385
01:12:26,020 --> 01:12:27,000
and it's a

3386
01:12:27,000 --> 01:12:27,880
it's a series

3387
01:12:27,880 --> 01:12:28,640
of stone circles

3388
01:12:28,640 --> 01:12:29,060
some of them

3389
01:12:29,060 --> 01:12:29,800
are very small

3390
01:12:29,800 --> 01:12:30,540
they're actually

3391
01:12:30,540 --> 01:12:31,360
river stones

3392
01:12:31,360 --> 01:12:31,980
and they appear

3393
01:12:31,980 --> 01:12:32,440
in some way

3394
01:12:32,440 --> 01:12:33,340
to be cemented

3395
01:12:33,340 --> 01:12:34,200
to the seabed

3396
01:12:34,200 --> 01:12:35,120
but some of them

3397
01:12:35,120 --> 01:12:36,460
are very very large

3398
01:12:36,460 --> 01:12:37,440
and they're not

3399
01:12:37,440 --> 01:12:38,420
built in the way

3400
01:12:38,420 --> 01:12:39,280
of a megalithic circle

3401
01:12:39,280 --> 01:12:39,780
they're actually

3402
01:12:39,780 --> 01:12:41,600
cut out of the bedrock

3403
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:43,880
and I have not

3404
01:12:43,880 --> 01:12:44,580
been able to find

3405
01:12:44,580 --> 01:12:45,220
any geologist

3406
01:12:45,220 --> 01:12:45,980
who could tell me

3407
01:12:45,980 --> 01:12:47,040
a natural process

3408
01:12:47,040 --> 01:12:47,900
that could have

3409
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:48,700
cut this out

3410
01:12:48,700 --> 01:12:49,680
because the scale

3411
01:12:49,680 --> 01:12:51,660
is really quite enormous

3412
01:12:51,660 --> 01:12:52,700
there's the central

3413
01:12:52,700 --> 01:12:53,080
upright

3414
01:12:53,080 --> 01:12:54,300
and the surrounding

3415
01:12:54,300 --> 01:12:55,480
spiral of megaliths

3416
01:12:55,480 --> 01:12:56,360
of one of the circles

3417
01:12:56,360 --> 01:12:57,860
and again

3418
01:12:57,860 --> 01:12:59,220
if we look closer

3419
01:12:59,220 --> 01:13:01,780
110 feet beneath

3420
01:13:01,780 --> 01:13:02,280
the waves

3421
01:13:02,280 --> 01:13:03,060
the central upright

3422
01:13:03,060 --> 01:13:03,820
the outer curve

3423
01:13:03,820 --> 01:13:04,400
is matched by

3424
01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:05,180
the inner curve

3425
01:13:05,180 --> 01:13:06,340
of this outer upright

3426
01:13:06,340 --> 01:13:06,720
here

3427
01:13:06,720 --> 01:13:08,640
not the work of nature

3428
01:13:08,640 --> 01:13:09,400
not at all

3429
01:13:09,400 --> 01:13:11,600
let's hop over now

3430
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:12,820
to Easter Island

3431
01:13:12,820 --> 01:13:14,880
also on the

3432
01:13:14,880 --> 01:13:15,520
processional grid

3433
01:13:15,520 --> 01:13:16,300
but Easter Island

3434
01:13:16,300 --> 01:13:17,520
is the exception

3435
01:13:17,520 --> 01:13:18,240
that proves the rule

3436
01:13:18,240 --> 01:13:19,260
because Easter Island

3437
01:13:19,260 --> 01:13:19,820
today

3438
01:13:19,820 --> 01:13:21,460
what's left

3439
01:13:21,460 --> 01:13:22,180
of Easter Island

3440
01:13:22,180 --> 01:13:23,180
that little bit

3441
01:13:23,180 --> 01:13:24,200
that's called

3442
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:25,060
Easter Island today

3443
01:13:25,060 --> 01:13:26,400
is actually not

3444
01:13:26,400 --> 01:13:26,940
on the grid

3445
01:13:26,940 --> 01:13:29,260
it's about 70 miles

3446
01:13:29,260 --> 01:13:30,060
off the grid

3447
01:13:30,060 --> 01:13:31,900
but interestingly

3448
01:13:31,900 --> 01:13:33,440
if you wind back

3449
01:13:33,440 --> 01:13:33,960
time

3450
01:13:33,960 --> 01:13:35,800
to 12,000 years ago

3451
01:13:35,800 --> 01:13:36,240
and earlier

3452
01:13:36,240 --> 01:13:36,860
when sea level

3453
01:13:36,860 --> 01:13:37,580
was much lower

3454
01:13:37,580 --> 01:13:38,660
you find that Easter Island

3455
01:13:38,660 --> 01:13:40,080
was part of a gigantic

3456
01:13:40,080 --> 01:13:40,760
archipelago

3457
01:13:40,760 --> 01:13:41,880
of seamounts

3458
01:13:41,880 --> 01:13:42,980
which stuck above

3459
01:13:42,980 --> 01:13:43,560
the waves

3460
01:13:43,560 --> 01:13:44,940
and the largest part

3461
01:13:44,940 --> 01:13:46,140
of that archipelago

3462
01:13:46,140 --> 01:13:47,380
was precisely

3463
01:13:47,380 --> 01:13:49,760
on the 216 degree line

3464
01:13:49,760 --> 01:13:51,260
of the processional grid

3465
01:13:51,260 --> 01:13:52,860
so Easter Island

3466
01:13:52,860 --> 01:13:53,540
is a remnant

3467
01:13:53,540 --> 01:13:54,540
of something

3468
01:13:54,540 --> 01:13:55,620
much older

3469
01:13:55,620 --> 01:13:57,220
and is it possible

3470
01:13:57,220 --> 01:13:58,180
that the statues

3471
01:13:58,180 --> 01:13:59,280
of Easter Island

3472
01:13:59,280 --> 01:14:01,000
have been misdated

3473
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:02,700
have been misunderstood

3474
01:14:02,700 --> 01:14:04,220
they're thought to be

3475
01:14:04,220 --> 01:14:05,580
usually not more

3476
01:14:05,580 --> 01:14:06,700
than 800 years old

3477
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:07,180
as well

3478
01:14:07,180 --> 01:14:09,180
is it possible

3479
01:14:09,180 --> 01:14:10,260
that they might be

3480
01:14:10,260 --> 01:14:11,540
much older than that

3481
01:14:11,540 --> 01:14:13,240
one thing that suggests

3482
01:14:13,240 --> 01:14:13,920
it is that

3483
01:14:13,920 --> 01:14:14,940
in a number of cases

3484
01:14:14,940 --> 01:14:15,500
the statues

3485
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:16,260
are raised up

3486
01:14:16,260 --> 01:14:16,820
on these rather

3487
01:14:16,820 --> 01:14:18,100
poorly built platforms

3488
01:14:18,100 --> 01:14:19,900
and it's clear

3489
01:14:19,900 --> 01:14:21,280
that the platforms

3490
01:14:21,280 --> 01:14:21,980
belong

3491
01:14:21,980 --> 01:14:23,300
to a later period

3492
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:24,060
than the statues

3493
01:14:24,060 --> 01:14:25,360
why is it clear

3494
01:14:25,360 --> 01:14:26,280
because we can see

3495
01:14:26,280 --> 01:14:26,980
that the head

3496
01:14:26,980 --> 01:14:27,860
a very ancient

3497
01:14:27,860 --> 01:14:28,600
eroded head

3498
01:14:28,600 --> 01:14:29,200
of a statue

3499
01:14:29,200 --> 01:14:31,160
has actually been used

3500
01:14:31,160 --> 01:14:32,600
as one of the blocks

3501
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:33,300
in the construction

3502
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:34,020
of this wall

3503
01:14:34,020 --> 01:14:35,200
therefore it follows

3504
01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:35,760
that the wall

3505
01:14:35,760 --> 01:14:37,780
is younger

3506
01:14:37,780 --> 01:14:38,520
than the statues

3507
01:14:38,520 --> 01:14:40,140
is it possible

3508
01:14:40,140 --> 01:14:40,160
is it possible

3509
01:14:40,160 --> 01:14:41,280
that a later culture

3510
01:14:41,280 --> 01:14:42,480
came along

3511
01:14:42,480 --> 01:14:44,120
and found

3512
01:14:44,120 --> 01:14:46,020
the megalithic ruins

3513
01:14:46,020 --> 01:14:46,940
of Easter Island

3514
01:14:46,940 --> 01:14:48,900
and tampered with them

3515
01:14:48,900 --> 01:14:49,820
and did some work

3516
01:14:49,820 --> 01:14:50,180
with them

3517
01:14:50,180 --> 01:14:51,240
and that we are dating

3518
01:14:51,240 --> 01:14:52,420
everything to the work

3519
01:14:52,420 --> 01:14:53,380
of the later culture

3520
01:14:53,380 --> 01:14:54,480
rather than

3521
01:14:54,480 --> 01:14:55,220
to the work

3522
01:14:55,220 --> 01:14:55,900
of the original

3523
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:57,240
megalithic culture

3524
01:14:57,240 --> 01:14:59,200
and it's here

3525
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:01,400
that Professor Robert Schock

3526
01:15:01,400 --> 01:15:02,180
who did the incredible

3527
01:15:02,180 --> 01:15:03,120
work on the Sphinx

3528
01:15:03,120 --> 01:15:04,040
has come up

3529
01:15:04,040 --> 01:15:04,540
with a new

3530
01:15:04,540 --> 01:15:05,920
and very important insight

3531
01:15:05,920 --> 01:15:07,620
this is Rana Raraku

3532
01:15:07,620 --> 01:15:08,580
Quarry

3533
01:15:08,580 --> 01:15:09,660
Santa and I

3534
01:15:09,660 --> 01:15:10,260
have been there

3535
01:15:10,260 --> 01:15:11,160
many times

3536
01:15:11,160 --> 01:15:13,940
since the early 1990s

3537
01:15:13,940 --> 01:15:14,880
it's an amazing place

3538
01:15:14,880 --> 01:15:15,580
very spooky

3539
01:15:15,580 --> 01:15:16,860
and wonderful place

3540
01:15:16,860 --> 01:15:17,640
to spend time

3541
01:15:17,640 --> 01:15:18,980
and you might imagine

3542
01:15:18,980 --> 01:15:20,100
that these statues

3543
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:21,940
are just buried

3544
01:15:21,940 --> 01:15:22,560
a few feet

3545
01:15:22,560 --> 01:15:23,120
under the ground

3546
01:15:23,120 --> 01:15:24,060
but Tor Haardal

3547
01:15:24,060 --> 01:15:24,880
who I had the privilege

3548
01:15:24,880 --> 01:15:25,420
of knowing

3549
01:15:25,420 --> 01:15:27,180
proved that wrong

3550
01:15:27,180 --> 01:15:28,760
back in the 1950s

3551
01:15:28,760 --> 01:15:29,720
when he excavated

3552
01:15:29,720 --> 01:15:30,320
the statues

3553
01:15:30,320 --> 01:15:32,080
and what he shows

3554
01:15:32,080 --> 01:15:32,980
that's Tor there

3555
01:15:32,980 --> 01:15:34,900
in his blue safari suit

3556
01:15:34,900 --> 01:15:36,320
and what he shows

3557
01:15:36,320 --> 01:15:37,420
is that the statues

3558
01:15:37,420 --> 01:15:38,120
are actually

3559
01:15:38,120 --> 01:15:38,720
they actually go

3560
01:15:38,720 --> 01:15:40,460
30 feet under the ground

3561
01:15:40,460 --> 01:15:42,300
and what Robert Schock

3562
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:42,740
has done

3563
01:15:42,740 --> 01:15:43,700
is he studied

3564
01:15:43,700 --> 01:15:45,060
this infill

3565
01:15:45,060 --> 01:15:46,560
and he's found

3566
01:15:46,560 --> 01:15:47,980
that it is sedimentation

3567
01:15:47,980 --> 01:15:49,460
that these statues

3568
01:15:49,460 --> 01:15:51,620
have been submerged

3569
01:15:51,620 --> 01:15:53,320
by sedimentation

3570
01:15:53,320 --> 01:15:54,100
they've been covered

3571
01:15:54,100 --> 01:15:54,960
by sedimentation

3572
01:15:54,960 --> 01:15:55,800
and you don't get

3573
01:15:55,800 --> 01:15:57,140
30 feet of sedimentation

3574
01:15:57,140 --> 01:15:58,520
in 700 or 800 years

3575
01:15:58,520 --> 01:15:59,740
you need to have

3576
01:15:59,740 --> 01:16:00,720
thousands of years

3577
01:16:00,720 --> 01:16:01,880
to get that level

3578
01:16:01,880 --> 01:16:02,680
of sedimentation

3579
01:16:02,680 --> 01:16:03,440
on Easter Island

3580
01:16:03,440 --> 01:16:04,880
something else as well

3581
01:16:04,880 --> 01:16:05,400
these statues

3582
01:16:05,400 --> 01:16:06,800
all have arms

3583
01:16:06,800 --> 01:16:07,600
and hands

3584
01:16:07,600 --> 01:16:08,980
with rather long fingers

3585
01:16:08,980 --> 01:16:12,660
and here you can see

3586
01:16:12,660 --> 01:16:14,080
there's the fingers

3587
01:16:14,080 --> 01:16:14,660
and hands

3588
01:16:14,660 --> 01:16:15,980
of the Easter Island statue

3589
01:16:15,980 --> 01:16:16,720
and interestingly

3590
01:16:16,720 --> 01:16:18,120
the Gobekli Tepe pillars

3591
01:16:18,120 --> 01:16:19,260
have hands

3592
01:16:19,260 --> 01:16:20,340
arms and fingers

3593
01:16:20,340 --> 01:16:20,740
as well

3594
01:16:20,740 --> 01:16:21,760
you can see it more clearly

3595
01:16:21,760 --> 01:16:23,100
in this slide

3596
01:16:23,100 --> 01:16:24,920
the crooked elbow

3597
01:16:24,920 --> 01:16:26,040
and the fingers

3598
01:16:26,040 --> 01:16:27,800
across the belly

3599
01:16:27,800 --> 01:16:29,280
very very similar

3600
01:16:29,280 --> 01:16:30,620
to the appearance

3601
01:16:30,620 --> 01:16:32,420
of the Easter Island statues

3602
01:16:32,420 --> 01:16:34,660
and indeed

3603
01:16:34,660 --> 01:16:35,840
another statue

3604
01:16:35,840 --> 01:16:37,420
from the Gobekli Tepe area

3605
01:16:37,420 --> 01:16:39,240
from Urfa

3606
01:16:39,240 --> 01:16:40,960
dating about

3607
01:16:40,960 --> 01:16:41,900
a thousand years later

3608
01:16:41,900 --> 01:16:42,680
than Gobekli Tepe

3609
01:16:42,680 --> 01:16:43,620
shows that same

3610
01:16:43,620 --> 01:16:44,640
hand posture

3611
01:16:44,640 --> 01:16:45,860
across the belly

3612
01:16:45,860 --> 01:16:47,720
there are some

3613
01:16:47,720 --> 01:16:49,160
excellent megalithic walls

3614
01:16:49,160 --> 01:16:50,500
on Easter Island

3615
01:16:50,500 --> 01:16:53,040
and this is one of them

3616
01:16:53,040 --> 01:16:54,720
again with an ancient

3617
01:16:54,720 --> 01:16:56,200
sunken Easter Island statue

3618
01:16:56,200 --> 01:16:56,980
beside it

3619
01:16:56,980 --> 01:16:58,680
perhaps it was originally

3620
01:16:58,680 --> 01:17:00,020
placed on top of that wall

3621
01:17:00,020 --> 01:17:00,820
and fell off it

3622
01:17:00,820 --> 01:17:02,240
and

3623
01:17:02,240 --> 01:17:04,400
if we look at the construction

3624
01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:04,900
of that wall

3625
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:06,620
we can see it's very finely done

3626
01:17:06,620 --> 01:17:08,200
and rather similar

3627
01:17:08,200 --> 01:17:09,860
to this megalithic wall

3628
01:17:09,860 --> 01:17:10,400
in Peru

3629
01:17:10,400 --> 01:17:11,180
at a place called

3630
01:17:11,180 --> 01:17:11,960
Silustani

3631
01:17:11,960 --> 01:17:12,980
near Puno

3632
01:17:12,980 --> 01:17:13,480
in Peru

3633
01:17:13,480 --> 01:17:14,740
close to Lake Titicaca

3634
01:17:14,740 --> 01:17:16,420
and again

3635
01:17:16,420 --> 01:17:18,720
if we go here

3636
01:17:18,720 --> 01:17:19,860
we can see that

3637
01:17:19,860 --> 01:17:20,500
there's a kind of

3638
01:17:20,500 --> 01:17:21,600
jigsaw puzzle pattern

3639
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:22,640
you can see that little piece

3640
01:17:22,640 --> 01:17:23,620
inserted there

3641
01:17:23,620 --> 01:17:25,120
in this Easter Island wall

3642
01:17:25,120 --> 01:17:26,300
and you have exactly

3643
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:27,440
the same thing happening

3644
01:17:27,440 --> 01:17:28,780
at Silustani

3645
01:17:28,780 --> 01:17:30,840
there's great similarities

3646
01:17:30,840 --> 01:17:31,620
of architecture

3647
01:17:31,620 --> 01:17:32,700
between these two walls

3648
01:17:32,700 --> 01:17:33,980
and again it was Thor Heyerdahl

3649
01:17:33,980 --> 01:17:35,340
who first suggested

3650
01:17:35,340 --> 01:17:36,600
that whoever built

3651
01:17:36,600 --> 01:17:37,480
the megaliths

3652
01:17:37,480 --> 01:17:39,120
of the Andes

3653
01:17:39,120 --> 01:17:40,420
may have been responsible

3654
01:17:40,420 --> 01:17:41,260
for the original

3655
01:17:41,260 --> 01:17:42,180
megalithic layer

3656
01:17:42,180 --> 01:17:43,600
at Easter Island

3657
01:17:43,600 --> 01:17:45,660
and here's the famous site

3658
01:17:45,660 --> 01:17:46,420
of Sacsayhuaman

3659
01:17:46,420 --> 01:17:48,160
in the Andes

3660
01:17:48,160 --> 01:17:49,160
just an extraordinary

3661
01:17:49,160 --> 01:17:50,120
place to go

3662
01:17:50,120 --> 01:17:51,240
I mean this is just

3663
01:17:51,240 --> 01:17:52,060
a tiny fraction

3664
01:17:52,060 --> 01:17:52,620
of a wall

3665
01:17:52,620 --> 01:17:53,800
hundreds of feet long

3666
01:17:53,800 --> 01:17:55,100
where these huge

3667
01:17:55,100 --> 01:17:56,040
megalithic blocks

3668
01:17:56,040 --> 01:17:56,660
weighing 100

3669
01:17:56,660 --> 01:17:57,840
150 tons each

3670
01:17:57,840 --> 01:17:59,100
are slotted together

3671
01:17:59,100 --> 01:18:00,200
in a massive

3672
01:18:00,200 --> 01:18:01,240
ambitious

3673
01:18:01,240 --> 01:18:02,140
three-dimensional

3674
01:18:02,140 --> 01:18:03,000
jigsaw puzzle

3675
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:03,760
all the edges

3676
01:18:03,760 --> 01:18:04,860
seeming almost to melt

3677
01:18:04,860 --> 01:18:05,460
and flow

3678
01:18:05,460 --> 01:18:06,520
into place

3679
01:18:06,520 --> 01:18:07,800
Mainstream says

3680
01:18:07,800 --> 01:18:08,500
this is the work

3681
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:09,180
of the Incas

3682
01:18:09,180 --> 01:18:10,740
and the Incas

3683
01:18:10,740 --> 01:18:11,560
were

3684
01:18:11,560 --> 01:18:13,320
a relatively

3685
01:18:13,320 --> 01:18:14,160
recent culture

3686
01:18:14,160 --> 01:18:15,060
in fact they dated

3687
01:18:15,060 --> 01:18:15,760
from about the same

3688
01:18:15,760 --> 01:18:16,640
period as the Aztecs

3689
01:18:16,640 --> 01:18:18,020
roughly from 1300

3690
01:18:18,020 --> 01:18:18,980
to 1500

3691
01:18:18,980 --> 01:18:20,300
and they were brought

3692
01:18:20,300 --> 01:18:20,760
down

3693
01:18:20,760 --> 01:18:22,040
by the Spanish

3694
01:18:22,040 --> 01:18:22,940
the Inca Empire

3695
01:18:22,940 --> 01:18:24,300
was only 200 years old

3696
01:18:24,300 --> 01:18:25,480
when the Spanish arrived

3697
01:18:25,480 --> 01:18:26,900
but everything

3698
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:28,140
that you see

3699
01:18:28,140 --> 01:18:29,340
in the way of architecture

3700
01:18:29,340 --> 01:18:30,720
across huge swathe

3701
01:18:30,720 --> 01:18:31,420
of the Andes

3702
01:18:31,420 --> 01:18:32,800
is attributed

3703
01:18:32,800 --> 01:18:34,300
without question

3704
01:18:34,300 --> 01:18:35,200
to the Incas

3705
01:18:35,200 --> 01:18:36,540
by mainstream archaeology

3706
01:18:36,540 --> 01:18:37,740
so you go to Sacsayhuaman

3707
01:18:37,740 --> 01:18:39,160
and they will tell you

3708
01:18:39,160 --> 01:18:40,040
that the Incas

3709
01:18:40,040 --> 01:18:41,100
built this

3710
01:18:41,100 --> 01:18:43,820
and they'll also tell you

3711
01:18:43,820 --> 01:18:44,380
that the Incas

3712
01:18:44,380 --> 01:18:45,020
built this

3713
01:18:45,020 --> 01:18:46,380
very different style

3714
01:18:46,380 --> 01:18:47,160
of architecture

3715
01:18:47,160 --> 01:18:48,100
that we find

3716
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:49,080
actually just opposite

3717
01:18:49,080 --> 01:18:50,160
those megalithic walls

3718
01:18:50,160 --> 01:18:50,860
of Sacsayhuaman

3719
01:18:50,860 --> 01:18:53,300
cut from solid rock

3720
01:18:53,300 --> 01:18:55,840
and that the Incas

3721
01:18:55,840 --> 01:18:56,940
built this amazing

3722
01:18:56,940 --> 01:18:59,040
little rock-hewn shrine

3723
01:18:59,040 --> 01:18:59,880
look at the perfection

3724
01:18:59,880 --> 01:19:01,560
of that rock cutting there

3725
01:19:01,560 --> 01:19:03,840
some horrendous vandal

3726
01:19:03,840 --> 01:19:04,400
at the beginning

3727
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:05,300
of the 20th century

3728
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:06,820
or in the 20th century

3729
01:19:06,820 --> 01:19:07,540
when they were building

3730
01:19:07,540 --> 01:19:08,840
the railway to Machu Picchu

3731
01:19:08,840 --> 01:19:09,720
came along

3732
01:19:09,720 --> 01:19:10,780
and drilled a hole in here

3733
01:19:10,780 --> 01:19:11,820
and planted dynamite

3734
01:19:11,820 --> 01:19:12,280
in this

3735
01:19:12,280 --> 01:19:14,100
tried to blow it up

3736
01:19:14,100 --> 01:19:14,640
because they thought

3737
01:19:14,640 --> 01:19:15,440
there might be treasure

3738
01:19:15,440 --> 01:19:15,920
in it

3739
01:19:15,920 --> 01:19:17,200
so we're looking

3740
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:18,040
at what's left of it

3741
01:19:18,040 --> 01:19:20,080
and if we step back

3742
01:19:20,080 --> 01:19:21,060
we can see

3743
01:19:21,060 --> 01:19:22,340
that there's a beautiful

3744
01:19:22,340 --> 01:19:23,980
rock cut wall

3745
01:19:23,980 --> 01:19:24,880
on the side here

3746
01:19:24,880 --> 01:19:26,380
and there's that little shrine

3747
01:19:26,380 --> 01:19:27,360
and then off here

3748
01:19:27,360 --> 01:19:28,440
there's a very inferior

3749
01:19:28,440 --> 01:19:29,540
piece of architecture

3750
01:19:29,540 --> 01:19:30,660
which looks like

3751
01:19:30,660 --> 01:19:31,760
completely different work

3752
01:19:31,760 --> 01:19:32,800
but all of this

3753
01:19:32,800 --> 01:19:34,000
according to the

3754
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:34,740
mainstream model

3755
01:19:34,740 --> 01:19:35,820
is supposed to be

3756
01:19:35,820 --> 01:19:36,860
the work of the Incas

3757
01:19:36,860 --> 01:19:39,460
as in

3758
01:19:39,460 --> 01:19:40,040
is this

3759
01:19:40,040 --> 01:19:40,220
now

3760
01:19:40,220 --> 01:19:40,660
okay

3761
01:19:40,660 --> 01:19:42,260
this little terrazzo

3762
01:19:42,260 --> 01:19:42,820
down here

3763
01:19:42,820 --> 01:19:43,260
this is

3764
01:19:43,260 --> 01:19:44,580
this little mosaic

3765
01:19:44,580 --> 01:19:45,380
this is modern

3766
01:19:45,380 --> 01:19:45,620
okay

3767
01:19:45,620 --> 01:19:47,120
this is 20th century

3768
01:19:47,120 --> 01:19:48,120
fine

3769
01:19:48,120 --> 01:19:49,060
but

3770
01:19:49,060 --> 01:19:50,280
everything else

3771
01:19:50,280 --> 01:19:50,960
we're looking at

3772
01:19:50,960 --> 01:19:51,360
in this

3773
01:19:51,360 --> 01:19:52,680
in this picture

3774
01:19:52,680 --> 01:19:54,020
this one

3775
01:19:54,020 --> 01:19:54,780
and this one

3776
01:19:54,780 --> 01:19:55,600
is supposed to have

3777
01:19:55,600 --> 01:19:56,620
been done by the Incas

3778
01:19:56,620 --> 01:19:57,520
so those very same

3779
01:19:57,520 --> 01:19:57,960
masons

3780
01:19:57,960 --> 01:19:59,140
who made this

3781
01:19:59,140 --> 01:20:00,300
fantastic sheer

3782
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:01,180
megalithic wall

3783
01:20:01,180 --> 01:20:02,520
are also said to have

3784
01:20:02,520 --> 01:20:03,300
made this horrible

3785
01:20:03,300 --> 01:20:04,800
messy little wall

3786
01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:05,540
over here

3787
01:20:05,540 --> 01:20:07,640
how much sense

3788
01:20:07,640 --> 01:20:08,560
does that make really

3789
01:20:08,560 --> 01:20:10,120
when we get these

3790
01:20:10,120 --> 01:20:11,020
radically different

3791
01:20:11,020 --> 01:20:12,020
architectural styles

3792
01:20:12,020 --> 01:20:12,860
doesn't it make sense

3793
01:20:12,860 --> 01:20:13,900
to consider the possibility

3794
01:20:13,900 --> 01:20:14,780
they might have been made

3795
01:20:14,780 --> 01:20:15,760
by different peoples

3796
01:20:15,760 --> 01:20:17,060
maybe the Incas

3797
01:20:17,060 --> 01:20:18,480
found this stuff

3798
01:20:18,480 --> 01:20:19,500
and overbuilt it

3799
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:20,540
and built around it

3800
01:20:20,540 --> 01:20:22,260
and adopted it

3801
01:20:22,260 --> 01:20:22,960
in some way

3802
01:20:22,960 --> 01:20:24,120
look at this

3803
01:20:24,120 --> 01:20:25,040
on the corner here

3804
01:20:25,040 --> 01:20:26,340
quite apart from

3805
01:20:26,340 --> 01:20:27,380
the Coca-Cola stand

3806
01:20:27,380 --> 01:20:29,800
this is supposed

3807
01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:30,680
to be Inca work

3808
01:20:30,680 --> 01:20:31,420
this is supposed

3809
01:20:31,420 --> 01:20:32,200
to be Inca work

3810
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:33,160
and this is supposed

3811
01:20:33,160 --> 01:20:34,040
to be Inca work

3812
01:20:34,040 --> 01:20:35,660
well I've met

3813
01:20:35,660 --> 01:20:36,820
a fascinating researcher

3814
01:20:36,820 --> 01:20:37,380
in the Andes

3815
01:20:37,380 --> 01:20:38,420
called Jesus Gamara

3816
01:20:38,420 --> 01:20:39,940
whose family

3817
01:20:39,940 --> 01:20:40,780
has been studying

3818
01:20:40,780 --> 01:20:41,980
these monuments

3819
01:20:41,980 --> 01:20:43,280
for the last hundred years

3820
01:20:43,280 --> 01:20:43,800
his dad

3821
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:44,680
Alfredo Gamara

3822
01:20:44,680 --> 01:20:47,020
was a great expert

3823
01:20:47,020 --> 01:20:48,040
on the monuments

3824
01:20:48,040 --> 01:20:48,540
of the Andes

3825
01:20:48,540 --> 01:20:49,500
and the Gamara family

3826
01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:50,820
are in fact

3827
01:20:50,820 --> 01:20:52,560
descended from the Incas

3828
01:20:52,560 --> 01:20:53,440
which they take

3829
01:20:53,440 --> 01:20:54,140
great pride in

3830
01:20:54,140 --> 01:20:55,500
so you would think

3831
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:56,040
that they would have

3832
01:20:56,040 --> 01:20:56,560
an investment

3833
01:20:56,560 --> 01:20:57,920
in saying

3834
01:20:57,920 --> 01:20:58,560
yeah the Incas

3835
01:20:58,560 --> 01:20:59,220
built everything

3836
01:20:59,220 --> 01:21:00,460
but the result

3837
01:21:00,460 --> 01:21:01,600
of their century of work

3838
01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:02,300
Jesus Gamara

3839
01:21:02,300 --> 01:21:03,560
is now 77 years old

3840
01:21:03,560 --> 01:21:03,960
himself

3841
01:21:03,960 --> 01:21:04,700
the result of their

3842
01:21:04,700 --> 01:21:05,960
combined century of work

3843
01:21:05,960 --> 01:21:07,260
is that they've concluded

3844
01:21:07,260 --> 01:21:08,660
that only a tiny fraction

3845
01:21:08,660 --> 01:21:09,360
of what we see

3846
01:21:09,360 --> 01:21:09,880
in the Andes

3847
01:21:09,880 --> 01:21:10,920
is the work of the Incas

3848
01:21:10,920 --> 01:21:11,960
and that there are

3849
01:21:11,960 --> 01:21:12,740
at least two

3850
01:21:12,740 --> 01:21:14,060
much earlier cultures

3851
01:21:14,060 --> 01:21:15,000
whose works

3852
01:21:15,000 --> 01:21:15,760
have been overbuilt

3853
01:21:15,760 --> 01:21:16,540
by the Incas

3854
01:21:16,540 --> 01:21:18,500
and then handed over

3855
01:21:18,500 --> 01:21:19,200
to the Incas

3856
01:21:19,200 --> 01:21:20,720
by modern archaeology

3857
01:21:20,720 --> 01:21:21,640
so there I am

3858
01:21:21,640 --> 01:21:22,580
with Jesus Gamara

3859
01:21:22,580 --> 01:21:24,380
looking at what he regards

3860
01:21:24,380 --> 01:21:25,400
as the earliest layer

3861
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:26,040
of construction

3862
01:21:26,040 --> 01:21:27,300
and he doesn't think

3863
01:21:27,300 --> 01:21:28,960
it's hewn out of solid rock

3864
01:21:28,960 --> 01:21:30,460
he thinks that

3865
01:21:30,460 --> 01:21:31,640
there was some system

3866
01:21:31,640 --> 01:21:32,760
for softening the rock

3867
01:21:32,760 --> 01:21:33,820
perhaps using heat

3868
01:21:33,820 --> 01:21:35,360
and that these are more

3869
01:21:35,360 --> 01:21:36,660
the impression of molds

3870
01:21:36,660 --> 01:21:38,320
into that softened rock

3871
01:21:38,320 --> 01:21:39,060
and he doesn't find

3872
01:21:39,060 --> 01:21:39,940
any tool marks

3873
01:21:39,940 --> 01:21:40,680
which suggest

3874
01:21:40,680 --> 01:21:41,400
that it's been

3875
01:21:41,400 --> 01:21:42,620
cut out

3876
01:21:42,620 --> 01:21:45,160
and this kind of astonishing

3877
01:21:45,160 --> 01:21:45,820
thing

3878
01:21:45,820 --> 01:21:46,380
this has actually

3879
01:21:46,380 --> 01:21:48,020
fallen away here

3880
01:21:48,020 --> 01:21:49,240
from the side

3881
01:21:49,240 --> 01:21:50,180
there was this little

3882
01:21:50,180 --> 01:21:51,040
narrow stairway

3883
01:21:51,040 --> 01:21:52,100
and at the bottom of it

3884
01:21:52,100 --> 01:21:52,700
down here

3885
01:21:52,700 --> 01:21:53,740
is a hole in the ground

3886
01:21:53,740 --> 01:21:54,560
now filled in

3887
01:21:54,560 --> 01:21:56,200
by the Peruvian government

3888
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:57,060
which is said

3889
01:21:57,060 --> 01:21:57,700
to be a tunnel

3890
01:21:57,700 --> 01:21:58,220
that leads

3891
01:21:58,220 --> 01:21:58,840
all the way

3892
01:21:58,840 --> 01:21:59,740
to the Coricancha

3893
01:21:59,740 --> 01:22:00,960
in the heart

3894
01:22:00,960 --> 01:22:02,000
of Cusco

3895
01:22:02,000 --> 01:22:03,740
so

3896
01:22:03,740 --> 01:22:06,680
Jesus is saying

3897
01:22:06,680 --> 01:22:08,220
that this kind

3898
01:22:08,220 --> 01:22:08,700
of stuff

3899
01:22:08,700 --> 01:22:09,740
this stuff

3900
01:22:09,740 --> 01:22:11,000
is the earliest layer

3901
01:22:11,000 --> 01:22:11,940
he dates it back

3902
01:22:11,940 --> 01:22:12,740
tens of thousands

3903
01:22:12,740 --> 01:22:13,620
of years actually

3904
01:22:13,620 --> 01:22:14,800
and

3905
01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:16,180
then this

3906
01:22:16,180 --> 01:22:16,740
he puts it

3907
01:22:16,740 --> 01:22:17,820
about 12,000

3908
01:22:17,820 --> 01:22:18,640
plus years ago

3909
01:22:18,640 --> 01:22:19,060
the work

3910
01:22:19,060 --> 01:22:20,720
of a megalithic culture

3911
01:22:20,720 --> 01:22:21,240
but again

3912
01:22:21,240 --> 01:22:22,400
commanding techniques

3913
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:23,500
that we don't

3914
01:22:23,500 --> 01:22:24,560
fully understand today

3915
01:22:24,560 --> 01:22:25,620
I mean go figure

3916
01:22:25,620 --> 01:22:26,940
how these three dimensional

3917
01:22:26,940 --> 01:22:28,600
hundred ton jigsaw puzzles

3918
01:22:28,600 --> 01:22:29,640
were made

3919
01:22:29,640 --> 01:22:31,500
you can't get a sheet of paper

3920
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:32,340
between the joints

3921
01:22:32,340 --> 01:22:33,580
and they just seem to melt

3922
01:22:33,580 --> 01:22:34,100
and flow

3923
01:22:34,100 --> 01:22:34,620
and fit together

3924
01:22:34,620 --> 01:22:35,760
not a single stone

3925
01:22:35,760 --> 01:22:36,680
is the same size

3926
01:22:36,680 --> 01:22:37,700
as another one

3927
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:38,680
how could anybody

3928
01:22:38,680 --> 01:22:40,420
set out deliberately

3929
01:22:40,420 --> 01:22:41,580
to make the architecture

3930
01:22:41,580 --> 01:22:42,260
so difficult

3931
01:22:42,260 --> 01:22:42,920
for themselves

3932
01:22:42,920 --> 01:22:44,460
everything is

3933
01:22:44,460 --> 01:22:45,380
incredibly

3934
01:22:45,380 --> 01:22:47,040
overwhelmingly

3935
01:22:47,040 --> 01:22:48,600
complicated

3936
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:49,840
and yet

3937
01:22:49,840 --> 01:22:51,300
there it stands

3938
01:22:51,300 --> 01:22:51,840
somebody

3939
01:22:51,840 --> 01:22:52,960
did this

3940
01:22:52,960 --> 01:22:54,660
there I am

3941
01:22:54,660 --> 01:22:55,460
as a younger man

3942
01:22:55,460 --> 01:22:57,020
standing in front

3943
01:22:57,020 --> 01:22:57,740
of one of those

3944
01:22:57,740 --> 01:22:59,160
gigantic stones

3945
01:22:59,160 --> 01:23:00,560
and

3946
01:23:00,560 --> 01:23:01,760
associated with them

3947
01:23:01,760 --> 01:23:02,280
you find

3948
01:23:02,280 --> 01:23:03,680
vitrification of stone

3949
01:23:03,680 --> 01:23:05,280
definite signs

3950
01:23:05,280 --> 01:23:05,900
of vitrification

3951
01:23:05,900 --> 01:23:06,640
huge heat

3952
01:23:06,640 --> 01:23:07,180
has been applied

3953
01:23:07,180 --> 01:23:07,800
to these stones

3954
01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:08,140
and these

3955
01:23:08,140 --> 01:23:08,940
astonishing

3956
01:23:08,940 --> 01:23:10,260
precision cut

3957
01:23:10,260 --> 01:23:11,100
channels

3958
01:23:11,100 --> 01:23:13,900
this is

3959
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:15,360
the

3960
01:23:15,360 --> 01:23:16,260
island of the moon

3961
01:23:16,260 --> 01:23:17,820
sacred to the Incas

3962
01:23:17,820 --> 01:23:19,740
and this was

3963
01:23:19,740 --> 01:23:20,740
the place

3964
01:23:20,740 --> 01:23:21,480
where the virgins

3965
01:23:21,480 --> 01:23:22,360
who would marry

3966
01:23:22,360 --> 01:23:22,780
the Inca

3967
01:23:22,780 --> 01:23:23,140
the Inca

3968
01:23:23,140 --> 01:23:23,640
was the name

3969
01:23:23,640 --> 01:23:24,140
of the king

3970
01:23:24,140 --> 01:23:25,400
from whose number

3971
01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:26,160
would be selected

3972
01:23:26,160 --> 01:23:27,320
the wife of the king

3973
01:23:27,320 --> 01:23:28,080
were kept

3974
01:23:28,080 --> 01:23:29,220
so this was an incredibly

3975
01:23:29,220 --> 01:23:30,020
important site

3976
01:23:30,020 --> 01:23:30,640
to the Incas

3977
01:23:30,640 --> 01:23:31,600
you could imagine

3978
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:32,180
that they did

3979
01:23:32,180 --> 01:23:33,340
their best work here

3980
01:23:33,340 --> 01:23:34,720
and that's the suggestion

3981
01:23:34,720 --> 01:23:36,240
this is the best Inca work

3982
01:23:36,240 --> 01:23:37,340
and everything else

3983
01:23:37,340 --> 01:23:37,900
we're seeing

3984
01:23:37,900 --> 01:23:39,020
isn't Inca at all

3985
01:23:39,020 --> 01:23:39,900
it's pre-Inca

3986
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:40,840
it's much older

3987
01:23:40,840 --> 01:23:41,900
we need to rewrite

3988
01:23:41,900 --> 01:23:42,880
the history

3989
01:23:42,880 --> 01:23:44,060
of the Andes

3990
01:23:44,060 --> 01:23:44,840
entirely

3991
01:23:44,840 --> 01:23:47,060
places like

3992
01:23:47,060 --> 01:23:47,960
Olante Tambo

3993
01:23:47,960 --> 01:23:49,180
with these

3994
01:23:49,180 --> 01:23:50,040
huge

3995
01:23:50,040 --> 01:23:50,960
megalithic blocks

3996
01:23:50,960 --> 01:23:52,780
and there we find

3997
01:23:52,780 --> 01:23:53,560
on the

3998
01:23:53,560 --> 01:23:55,420
wall at Olante Tambo

3999
01:23:55,420 --> 01:23:56,580
the imagery

4000
01:23:56,580 --> 01:23:58,140
of stepped pyramids

4001
01:23:58,140 --> 01:24:00,120
and actually

4002
01:24:00,120 --> 01:24:00,800
we do find

4003
01:24:00,800 --> 01:24:01,600
a stepped pyramid

4004
01:24:01,600 --> 01:24:02,740
in the Andes

4005
01:24:02,740 --> 01:24:04,100
at Tiwanaco

4006
01:24:04,100 --> 01:24:05,460
in Bolivia

4007
01:24:05,460 --> 01:24:05,920
it's called

4008
01:24:05,920 --> 01:24:07,120
the Acapana Pyramid

4009
01:24:07,120 --> 01:24:08,340
and this enclosure

4010
01:24:08,340 --> 01:24:08,880
is called

4011
01:24:08,880 --> 01:24:09,920
the Calasasilla

4012
01:24:09,920 --> 01:24:13,300
and Tiwanaco

4013
01:24:13,300 --> 01:24:14,520
is thought to date

4014
01:24:14,520 --> 01:24:14,920
again

4015
01:24:14,920 --> 01:24:15,920
by the mainstream

4016
01:24:15,920 --> 01:24:17,040
it's older than the Incas

4017
01:24:17,040 --> 01:24:17,880
but it's thought to date

4018
01:24:17,880 --> 01:24:18,900
about two, three hundred

4019
01:24:18,900 --> 01:24:20,100
years after Christ

4020
01:24:20,100 --> 01:24:21,900
there's a strong argument

4021
01:24:21,900 --> 01:24:23,200
that Tiwanaco

4022
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:24,080
also

4023
01:24:24,080 --> 01:24:25,280
is much older

4024
01:24:25,280 --> 01:24:25,960
and part of that

4025
01:24:25,960 --> 01:24:26,880
argument depends

4026
01:24:26,880 --> 01:24:27,480
on the gateway

4027
01:24:27,480 --> 01:24:28,800
of the sun

4028
01:24:28,800 --> 01:24:30,580
and the suggestion

4029
01:24:30,580 --> 01:24:31,140
there's another

4030
01:24:31,140 --> 01:24:32,140
motion of the earth

4031
01:24:32,140 --> 01:24:32,780
which changes

4032
01:24:32,780 --> 01:24:33,800
the solstitial rising

4033
01:24:33,800 --> 01:24:34,580
points of the sun

4034
01:24:34,580 --> 01:24:35,340
over long periods

4035
01:24:35,340 --> 01:24:35,800
of time

4036
01:24:35,800 --> 01:24:37,040
and the suggestion

4037
01:24:37,040 --> 01:24:37,880
that the astronomy

4038
01:24:37,880 --> 01:24:39,680
of the Calasasilla

4039
01:24:39,680 --> 01:24:41,060
suggests that

4040
01:24:41,060 --> 01:24:41,800
the Calasasilla

4041
01:24:41,800 --> 01:24:43,080
was originally laid out

4042
01:24:43,080 --> 01:24:45,660
around 10,000 BC

4043
01:24:45,660 --> 01:24:48,000
huge blocks of stone

4044
01:24:48,000 --> 01:24:48,420
up there

4045
01:24:48,420 --> 01:24:50,380
at 14,000 feet

4046
01:24:50,380 --> 01:24:51,460
above sea level

4047
01:24:51,460 --> 01:24:53,240
let's take a closer look

4048
01:24:53,240 --> 01:24:54,360
at this one here

4049
01:24:54,360 --> 01:24:56,480
which is just

4050
01:24:56,480 --> 01:24:57,780
mind-boggling actually

4051
01:24:57,780 --> 01:24:59,480
I mean

4052
01:24:59,480 --> 01:25:00,240
mind-boggling

4053
01:25:00,240 --> 01:25:01,060
to move something

4054
01:25:01,060 --> 01:25:01,700
on that scale

4055
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:02,300
anywhere

4056
01:25:02,300 --> 01:25:03,360
but to do it

4057
01:25:03,360 --> 01:25:04,440
14,000 feet

4058
01:25:04,440 --> 01:25:05,260
above sea level

4059
01:25:05,260 --> 01:25:07,120
absolutely beggars belief

4060
01:25:07,120 --> 01:25:08,440
and then we find

4061
01:25:08,440 --> 01:25:09,240
all of these

4062
01:25:09,240 --> 01:25:10,240
beautifully

4063
01:25:10,240 --> 01:25:13,140
almost machine-like

4064
01:25:13,140 --> 01:25:14,320
pieces of stone

4065
01:25:14,320 --> 01:25:15,820
which almost feel

4066
01:25:15,820 --> 01:25:16,660
when you study them

4067
01:25:16,660 --> 01:25:17,140
as though

4068
01:25:17,140 --> 01:25:18,400
they had metal parts

4069
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:18,900
that were fitted

4070
01:25:18,900 --> 01:25:19,360
into them

4071
01:25:19,360 --> 01:25:20,100
and the metal parts

4072
01:25:20,100 --> 01:25:20,820
aren't there anymore

4073
01:25:20,820 --> 01:25:21,360
they seem like

4074
01:25:21,360 --> 01:25:22,080
the end blocks

4075
01:25:22,080 --> 01:25:22,700
of something

4076
01:25:22,700 --> 01:25:23,920
almost like a piece

4077
01:25:23,920 --> 01:25:25,120
of machinery

4078
01:25:25,120 --> 01:25:26,060
it's a really

4079
01:25:26,060 --> 01:25:27,380
very mysterious place

4080
01:25:27,380 --> 01:25:27,960
Tiwanaco

4081
01:25:27,960 --> 01:25:29,140
there's these

4082
01:25:29,140 --> 01:25:30,380
H-shaped blocks

4083
01:25:30,380 --> 01:25:32,540
and I just want

4084
01:25:32,540 --> 01:25:33,260
to draw attention

4085
01:25:33,260 --> 01:25:33,700
to the fact

4086
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:34,900
that the H motif

4087
01:25:34,900 --> 01:25:36,960
appears regularly

4088
01:25:36,960 --> 01:25:38,400
at Gobekli Tepe

4089
01:25:38,400 --> 01:25:38,720
of course

4090
01:25:38,720 --> 01:25:39,560
it didn't mean H

4091
01:25:39,560 --> 01:25:40,640
like it means to us

4092
01:25:40,640 --> 01:25:41,320
in our alphabet

4093
01:25:41,320 --> 01:25:42,680
but it's interesting

4094
01:25:42,680 --> 01:25:43,720
that the same symbol

4095
01:25:43,720 --> 01:25:44,680
that we see

4096
01:25:44,680 --> 01:25:45,520
as an H-shape

4097
01:25:45,520 --> 01:25:47,180
also occurs

4098
01:25:47,180 --> 01:25:48,000
at Tiwanaco

4099
01:25:48,000 --> 01:25:49,860
and this is a place

4100
01:25:49,860 --> 01:25:50,820
called Kutimbo

4101
01:25:50,820 --> 01:25:52,260
in the Andes

4102
01:25:52,260 --> 01:25:54,120
quite near Lake Titicaca

4103
01:25:54,120 --> 01:25:56,060
again it's all

4104
01:25:56,060 --> 01:25:57,540
given to the Incas

4105
01:25:57,540 --> 01:25:58,880
it has these amazing

4106
01:25:58,880 --> 01:25:59,440
towers

4107
01:25:59,440 --> 01:26:00,920
on top of it

4108
01:26:00,920 --> 01:26:02,440
and the towers

4109
01:26:02,440 --> 01:26:03,480
when you get closer

4110
01:26:03,480 --> 01:26:05,440
are fantastic works

4111
01:26:05,440 --> 01:26:06,120
of architecture

4112
01:26:06,120 --> 01:26:07,040
for a start

4113
01:26:07,040 --> 01:26:09,020
and turn out

4114
01:26:09,020 --> 01:26:11,260
to have animal figures

4115
01:26:11,260 --> 01:26:12,380
carved into them

4116
01:26:12,380 --> 01:26:14,520
and I'm not going

4117
01:26:14,520 --> 01:26:15,160
to make a big deal

4118
01:26:15,160 --> 01:26:15,440
of this

4119
01:26:15,440 --> 01:26:16,140
I just want to draw

4120
01:26:16,140 --> 01:26:17,020
attention to some

4121
01:26:17,020 --> 01:26:19,280
curious similarities

4122
01:26:19,280 --> 01:26:20,540
some stronger than others

4123
01:26:20,540 --> 01:26:21,740
some of the similarities

4124
01:26:21,740 --> 01:26:22,480
are not so great

4125
01:26:22,480 --> 01:26:23,880
some are much stronger

4126
01:26:23,880 --> 01:26:25,380
like the Gobekli Tepe figures

4127
01:26:25,380 --> 01:26:26,060
pillars

4128
01:26:26,060 --> 01:26:27,140
many of them

4129
01:26:27,140 --> 01:26:28,040
have animal figures

4130
01:26:28,040 --> 01:26:29,040
carved on the side

4131
01:26:29,040 --> 01:26:31,220
here the penis

4132
01:26:31,220 --> 01:26:31,900
of this animal

4133
01:26:31,900 --> 01:26:32,940
and here at Kutimbo

4134
01:26:32,940 --> 01:26:34,440
a very similar posture

4135
01:26:34,440 --> 01:26:36,900
is found on that creature

4136
01:26:36,900 --> 01:26:41,380
the similarities here

4137
01:26:41,380 --> 01:26:42,900
with the curving

4138
01:26:42,900 --> 01:26:43,640
of the tail

4139
01:26:43,640 --> 01:26:45,700
of a Leonine creature

4140
01:26:45,700 --> 01:26:46,280
that we find

4141
01:26:46,280 --> 01:26:47,060
at Gobekli Tepe

4142
01:26:47,060 --> 01:26:47,860
and Kutimbo

4143
01:26:47,860 --> 01:26:51,860
and this weird creature

4144
01:26:51,860 --> 01:26:53,320
from Gobekli Tepe

4145
01:26:53,320 --> 01:26:54,520
and its counterpart

4146
01:26:54,520 --> 01:26:56,180
at Kutimbo

4147
01:26:56,180 --> 01:27:01,380
and at Gobekli Tepe

4148
01:27:01,380 --> 01:27:04,220
you have a salamander

4149
01:27:04,220 --> 01:27:06,640
and almost designed

4150
01:27:06,640 --> 01:27:07,660
in exactly the same way

4151
01:27:07,660 --> 01:27:09,520
a salamander at Kutimbo

4152
01:27:09,520 --> 01:27:10,900
serpents at Kutimbo

4153
01:27:10,900 --> 01:27:12,240
serpents at Gobekli Tepe

4154
01:27:12,240 --> 01:27:14,800
this is the temple

4155
01:27:14,800 --> 01:27:15,480
of the moon

4156
01:27:15,480 --> 01:27:17,260
near Sacsayhuaman

4157
01:27:17,260 --> 01:27:19,280
that's a serpent

4158
01:27:19,280 --> 01:27:21,420
with a large head

4159
01:27:21,420 --> 01:27:22,180
it's almost more like

4160
01:27:22,180 --> 01:27:22,780
a newt

4161
01:27:22,780 --> 01:27:23,880
or a sperm

4162
01:27:23,880 --> 01:27:25,200
than a serpent

4163
01:27:25,200 --> 01:27:27,360
and that same kind

4164
01:27:27,360 --> 01:27:27,880
of serpent

4165
01:27:27,880 --> 01:27:28,920
is found on a pillar

4166
01:27:28,920 --> 01:27:29,840
at Gobekli Tepe

4167
01:27:29,840 --> 01:27:31,020
with the sinuous body

4168
01:27:31,020 --> 01:27:31,500
of the serpent

4169
01:27:31,500 --> 01:27:32,440
and that huge head

4170
01:27:32,440 --> 01:27:33,980
more like a sperm

4171
01:27:33,980 --> 01:27:34,680
or a newt

4172
01:27:34,680 --> 01:27:35,640
than a serpent

4173
01:27:35,640 --> 01:27:41,180
and that's the front

4174
01:27:41,180 --> 01:27:41,560
of that pillar

4175
01:27:41,560 --> 01:27:44,100
there's those serpent heads

4176
01:27:44,100 --> 01:27:45,320
and if we go

4177
01:27:45,320 --> 01:27:46,320
to the front of the pillar

4178
01:27:46,320 --> 01:27:47,540
you can see the serpent heads

4179
01:27:47,540 --> 01:27:48,000
with their bodies

4180
01:27:48,000 --> 01:27:48,440
down the side

4181
01:27:48,440 --> 01:27:48,880
and then there's

4182
01:27:48,880 --> 01:27:49,600
this little figure

4183
01:27:49,600 --> 01:27:50,140
in the middle

4184
01:27:50,140 --> 01:27:51,420
which again I see

4185
01:27:51,420 --> 01:27:52,360
strikingly similar

4186
01:27:52,360 --> 01:27:53,780
to these little figures

4187
01:27:53,780 --> 01:27:54,920
from Kutimbo

4188
01:27:54,920 --> 01:27:57,280
and here in Tiwanaku

4189
01:27:57,280 --> 01:27:57,840
that figure

4190
01:27:57,840 --> 01:27:59,640
that whole statue

4191
01:27:59,640 --> 01:28:00,420
with the serpents

4192
01:28:00,420 --> 01:28:01,220
on the side

4193
01:28:01,220 --> 01:28:02,520
and the figure

4194
01:28:02,520 --> 01:28:03,740
has hands

4195
01:28:03,740 --> 01:28:04,820
laid very like

4196
01:28:04,820 --> 01:28:05,260
the hands

4197
01:28:05,260 --> 01:28:06,380
of this pillar

4198
01:28:06,380 --> 01:28:07,820
from Tiwanaku

4199
01:28:07,820 --> 01:28:08,780
and that pillar

4200
01:28:08,780 --> 01:28:10,020
also has serpents

4201
01:28:10,020 --> 01:28:11,600
along the side of it

4202
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:13,500
bearded human head

4203
01:28:13,500 --> 01:28:14,200
there by the way

4204
01:28:14,200 --> 01:28:15,040
I'll come to that

4205
01:28:15,040 --> 01:28:17,500
these are the famous

4206
01:28:17,500 --> 01:28:18,600
statues of Tiwanaku

4207
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:19,380
again the hands

4208
01:28:19,380 --> 01:28:19,940
are in that

4209
01:28:19,940 --> 01:28:20,960
familiar posture

4210
01:28:20,960 --> 01:28:23,180
what they're holding

4211
01:28:23,180 --> 01:28:24,120
ancient aliens

4212
01:28:24,120 --> 01:28:24,520
would say

4213
01:28:24,520 --> 01:28:25,600
that's ray guns

4214
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:28,020
from outer space

4215
01:28:28,020 --> 01:28:30,000
well no

4216
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:30,640
I'm sorry

4217
01:28:30,640 --> 01:28:31,800
they're not ray guns

4218
01:28:31,800 --> 01:28:32,760
there's a bit

4219
01:28:32,760 --> 01:28:33,740
of a segue here

4220
01:28:33,740 --> 01:28:34,900
to another interest

4221
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:35,380
of mine

4222
01:28:35,380 --> 01:28:36,280
but

4223
01:28:36,280 --> 01:28:38,420
these are actually

4224
01:28:38,420 --> 01:28:39,340
snuff trays

4225
01:28:39,340 --> 01:28:41,860
for inhaling

4226
01:28:41,860 --> 01:28:43,560
dimethyltryptamine

4227
01:28:43,560 --> 01:28:44,340
DMT

4228
01:28:44,340 --> 01:28:45,600
the most powerful

4229
01:28:45,600 --> 01:28:46,460
hallucinogen known

4230
01:28:46,460 --> 01:28:46,960
to man

4231
01:28:46,960 --> 01:28:48,600
and it speaks

4232
01:28:48,600 --> 01:28:49,200
of a connection

4233
01:28:49,200 --> 01:28:50,340
between Tiwanaku

4234
01:28:50,340 --> 01:28:51,840
and the Amazon

4235
01:28:51,840 --> 01:28:53,360
now this is the work

4236
01:28:53,360 --> 01:28:55,180
of Dr. Manuel Torres

4237
01:28:55,180 --> 01:28:56,300
an ethnobotanist

4238
01:28:56,300 --> 01:28:57,020
and it's now accepted

4239
01:28:57,020 --> 01:28:57,700
that he's right

4240
01:28:57,700 --> 01:28:58,280
actually you can

4241
01:28:58,280 --> 01:28:59,040
you can see this

4242
01:28:59,040 --> 01:29:00,000
on the plaques

4243
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:01,000
of Tiwanaku itself

4244
01:29:01,000 --> 01:29:01,580
they accept

4245
01:29:01,580 --> 01:29:02,820
that what they're holding

4246
01:29:02,820 --> 01:29:03,940
are snuff trays

4247
01:29:03,940 --> 01:29:04,800
very similar to

4248
01:29:04,800 --> 01:29:06,000
ancient snuff trays

4249
01:29:06,000 --> 01:29:07,080
from the Amazon jungle

4250
01:29:07,080 --> 01:29:08,220
and used to snuff

4251
01:29:08,220 --> 01:29:09,020
the powdered seeds

4252
01:29:09,020 --> 01:29:10,480
of an adenanthera colibrina

4253
01:29:10,480 --> 01:29:13,900
so let's just

4254
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:15,120
quickly visit the Amazon

4255
01:29:15,120 --> 01:29:16,840
and remind ourselves

4256
01:29:16,840 --> 01:29:17,660
of the astonishing

4257
01:29:17,660 --> 01:29:18,820
journey of Francisco

4258
01:29:18,820 --> 01:29:19,540
de Oriana

4259
01:29:19,540 --> 01:29:20,740
a Spanish conquistador

4260
01:29:20,740 --> 01:29:22,100
who went hunting

4261
01:29:22,100 --> 01:29:23,060
in a small boat

4262
01:29:23,060 --> 01:29:24,280
up here

4263
01:29:24,280 --> 01:29:25,880
in December

4264
01:29:25,880 --> 01:29:27,320
1541

4265
01:29:27,320 --> 01:29:28,720
but didn't reckon

4266
01:29:28,720 --> 01:29:29,480
with the current

4267
01:29:29,480 --> 01:29:30,500
of the Amazon River

4268
01:29:30,500 --> 01:29:33,880
in August 1542

4269
01:29:33,880 --> 01:29:35,120
he ended up

4270
01:29:35,120 --> 01:29:36,100
in the Atlantic Ocean

4271
01:29:36,100 --> 01:29:37,900
he traversed

4272
01:29:37,900 --> 01:29:39,000
the entire length

4273
01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:39,540
of the Amazon

4274
01:29:39,540 --> 01:29:40,600
and he reported

4275
01:29:40,600 --> 01:29:41,220
the existence

4276
01:29:41,220 --> 01:29:42,260
of huge cities

4277
01:29:42,260 --> 01:29:42,920
in the Amazon

4278
01:29:42,920 --> 01:29:45,080
and forever afterwards

4279
01:29:45,080 --> 01:29:46,000
he's been regarded

4280
01:29:46,000 --> 01:29:46,700
as a liar

4281
01:29:46,700 --> 01:29:49,480
who was simply trying

4282
01:29:49,480 --> 01:29:51,160
to glorify himself

4283
01:29:51,160 --> 01:29:51,920
by claiming

4284
01:29:51,920 --> 01:29:52,560
that he'd seen

4285
01:29:52,560 --> 01:29:53,800
amazing magical things

4286
01:29:53,800 --> 01:29:54,260
in the Amazon

4287
01:29:54,260 --> 01:29:55,340
how could there be cities

4288
01:29:55,340 --> 01:29:55,880
in the Amazon

4289
01:29:55,880 --> 01:29:57,260
the Amazon is a pristine jungle

4290
01:29:57,260 --> 01:29:59,320
the haunt of hunter-gatherers

4291
01:29:59,320 --> 01:29:59,920
you don't find

4292
01:29:59,920 --> 01:30:00,820
any cities there

4293
01:30:00,820 --> 01:30:03,160
well the tragic clearances

4294
01:30:03,160 --> 01:30:03,760
of the Amazon

4295
01:30:03,760 --> 01:30:05,260
are changing that picture

4296
01:30:05,260 --> 01:30:07,440
we now know

4297
01:30:07,440 --> 01:30:08,160
that there were

4298
01:30:08,160 --> 01:30:08,940
huge cities

4299
01:30:08,940 --> 01:30:09,720
in the Amazon

4300
01:30:09,720 --> 01:30:10,720
and that Francisco

4301
01:30:10,720 --> 01:30:11,780
Oriana was right

4302
01:30:11,780 --> 01:30:13,100
and that their inhabitants

4303
01:30:13,100 --> 01:30:14,460
were wiped out

4304
01:30:14,460 --> 01:30:15,480
by smallpox

4305
01:30:15,480 --> 01:30:16,920
brought by the Spaniards

4306
01:30:16,920 --> 01:30:18,780
and something else

4307
01:30:18,780 --> 01:30:19,220
in the Amazon

4308
01:30:19,220 --> 01:30:20,360
is this amazing soil

4309
01:30:20,360 --> 01:30:21,540
called terra preta

4310
01:30:21,540 --> 01:30:22,520
the black soil

4311
01:30:22,520 --> 01:30:23,960
which you find

4312
01:30:23,960 --> 01:30:25,380
dotted in certain areas

4313
01:30:25,380 --> 01:30:26,100
around the Amazon

4314
01:30:26,100 --> 01:30:26,840
it's been studied

4315
01:30:26,840 --> 01:30:27,500
by scientists

4316
01:30:27,500 --> 01:30:28,040
turns out

4317
01:30:28,040 --> 01:30:29,240
it's a man-made soil

4318
01:30:29,240 --> 01:30:31,320
filled with bacteria

4319
01:30:31,320 --> 01:30:32,340
and biochar

4320
01:30:32,340 --> 01:30:33,360
and it constantly

4321
01:30:33,360 --> 01:30:34,560
regenerates itself

4322
01:30:34,560 --> 01:30:36,220
it's incredibly fertile

4323
01:30:36,220 --> 01:30:36,920
to this day

4324
01:30:36,920 --> 01:30:38,240
but it's been discovered

4325
01:30:38,240 --> 01:30:38,900
to be more than

4326
01:30:38,900 --> 01:30:40,580
11,000 years old

4327
01:30:40,580 --> 01:30:41,820
are we looking

4328
01:30:41,820 --> 01:30:42,500
at the remains

4329
01:30:42,500 --> 01:30:43,740
of a lost civilization

4330
01:30:43,740 --> 01:30:44,340
of the Amazon

4331
01:30:44,340 --> 01:30:45,020
is the Amazon

4332
01:30:45,020 --> 01:30:46,380
like a desert

4333
01:30:46,380 --> 01:30:47,560
like the ocean

4334
01:30:47,560 --> 01:30:48,160
a place where

4335
01:30:48,160 --> 01:30:49,460
archaeologists don't go

4336
01:30:49,460 --> 01:30:50,980
which is hiding

4337
01:30:50,980 --> 01:30:52,000
the story

4338
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:53,020
of the human past

4339
01:30:53,020 --> 01:30:53,880
and I think

4340
01:30:53,880 --> 01:30:54,920
this is a very real

4341
01:30:54,920 --> 01:30:55,460
possibility

4342
01:30:55,460 --> 01:30:56,260
and has to be

4343
01:30:56,260 --> 01:30:58,080
considered seriously

4344
01:30:58,080 --> 01:30:59,360
because emerging

4345
01:30:59,360 --> 01:31:01,020
from the cleared

4346
01:31:01,020 --> 01:31:01,840
Amazon jungle

4347
01:31:01,840 --> 01:31:02,700
are these huge geoglyphs

4348
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:03,220
geoglyphs

4349
01:31:03,220 --> 01:31:04,300
and earthworks

4350
01:31:04,300 --> 01:31:05,520
and indeed

4351
01:31:05,520 --> 01:31:06,760
even stone circles

4352
01:31:06,760 --> 01:31:07,700
megalithic circles

4353
01:31:07,700 --> 01:31:08,320
are being found

4354
01:31:08,320 --> 01:31:09,180
this is in Brazil

4355
01:31:09,180 --> 01:31:10,740
in the Amazon

4356
01:31:10,740 --> 01:31:12,240
a word on the

4357
01:31:12,240 --> 01:31:13,120
ethnopharmacology

4358
01:31:13,120 --> 01:31:13,740
of the Amazon

4359
01:31:13,740 --> 01:31:15,260
ayahuasca

4360
01:31:15,260 --> 01:31:17,360
the deeply

4361
01:31:17,360 --> 01:31:18,400
visionary brew

4362
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:19,340
of the Amazon

4363
01:31:19,340 --> 01:31:19,940
which I've written

4364
01:31:19,940 --> 01:31:20,700
a great deal about

4365
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:21,420
in other books

4366
01:31:21,420 --> 01:31:22,480
is actually quite

4367
01:31:22,480 --> 01:31:23,320
a complicated

4368
01:31:23,320 --> 01:31:24,460
piece of pharmacology

4369
01:31:24,460 --> 01:31:26,200
the active ingredient

4370
01:31:26,200 --> 01:31:27,700
is the dimethyltryptamine

4371
01:31:27,700 --> 01:31:28,340
the DMT

4372
01:31:28,340 --> 01:31:28,960
that's contained

4373
01:31:28,960 --> 01:31:29,780
in these leaves

4374
01:31:29,780 --> 01:31:31,260
but you cannot

4375
01:31:31,260 --> 01:31:32,280
normally access

4376
01:31:32,280 --> 01:31:33,520
DMT orally

4377
01:31:33,520 --> 01:31:34,420
there's an enzyme

4378
01:31:34,420 --> 01:31:35,280
in our stomachs

4379
01:31:35,280 --> 01:31:36,560
called monoamine oxidase

4380
01:31:36,560 --> 01:31:37,380
that turns off

4381
01:31:37,380 --> 01:31:38,500
DMT on contact

4382
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:39,340
you can snuff it

4383
01:31:39,340 --> 01:31:39,980
and smoke it

4384
01:31:39,980 --> 01:31:40,960
but you can't

4385
01:31:40,960 --> 01:31:41,540
drink it

4386
01:31:41,540 --> 01:31:43,020
it's just switched off

4387
01:31:43,020 --> 01:31:44,340
by monoamine oxidase

4388
01:31:44,340 --> 01:31:46,140
there's 150,000

4389
01:31:46,140 --> 01:31:46,860
different species

4390
01:31:46,860 --> 01:31:47,720
of plants and trees

4391
01:31:47,720 --> 01:31:48,300
in the Amazon

4392
01:31:48,300 --> 01:31:49,900
but at some

4393
01:31:49,900 --> 01:31:50,780
remote time

4394
01:31:50,780 --> 01:31:51,400
in the past

4395
01:31:51,400 --> 01:31:52,300
someone discovered

4396
01:31:52,300 --> 01:31:53,120
that this one

4397
01:31:53,120 --> 01:31:54,480
the ayahuasca vine

4398
01:31:54,480 --> 01:31:55,900
contains a monoamine

4399
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:56,980
oxidase inhibitor

4400
01:31:56,980 --> 01:31:58,920
and allows

4401
01:31:58,920 --> 01:31:59,740
the DMT

4402
01:31:59,740 --> 01:32:00,260
and the leaves

4403
01:32:00,260 --> 01:32:01,040
when cooked together

4404
01:32:01,040 --> 01:32:01,760
with the vine

4405
01:32:01,760 --> 01:32:03,040
to produce

4406
01:32:03,040 --> 01:32:04,820
an orally active brew

4407
01:32:04,820 --> 01:32:06,100
and interestingly

4408
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:07,900
the tree of life

4409
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:08,860
of ancient Egypt

4410
01:32:08,860 --> 01:32:10,820
has recently been

4411
01:32:10,820 --> 01:32:11,400
identified

4412
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:13,060
by my friend

4413
01:32:13,060 --> 01:32:14,020
Dennis McKenna

4414
01:32:14,020 --> 01:32:14,800
the brother of

4415
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:15,440
Terence McKenna

4416
01:32:15,440 --> 01:32:16,320
and Dennis is

4417
01:32:16,320 --> 01:32:18,240
an ethnopharmacologist

4418
01:32:18,240 --> 01:32:20,320
and he points out

4419
01:32:20,320 --> 01:32:21,200
that the tree of life

4420
01:32:21,200 --> 01:32:22,040
on which we see

4421
01:32:22,040 --> 01:32:22,860
the god Thoth

4422
01:32:22,860 --> 01:32:24,540
writing the immortal name

4423
01:32:24,540 --> 01:32:25,020
of the pharaoh

4424
01:32:25,020 --> 01:32:25,660
Seti I

4425
01:32:25,660 --> 01:32:27,500
that the tree of life

4426
01:32:27,500 --> 01:32:28,620
is Acacia nilotica

4427
01:32:28,620 --> 01:32:30,180
and Acacia nilotica

4428
01:32:30,180 --> 01:32:32,160
contains large quantities

4429
01:32:32,160 --> 01:32:33,140
of DMT

4430
01:32:33,140 --> 01:32:34,480
dimethyltryptamine

4431
01:32:34,480 --> 01:32:35,400
in its bark

4432
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:36,380
by the way

4433
01:32:36,380 --> 01:32:37,400
we all have DMT

4434
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:38,160
in our bodies

4435
01:32:38,160 --> 01:32:39,820
it's a natural brain hormone

4436
01:32:39,820 --> 01:32:41,240
produced in the pineal gland

4437
01:32:41,240 --> 01:32:42,400
but normally

4438
01:32:42,400 --> 01:32:43,200
we generate it

4439
01:32:43,200 --> 01:32:44,620
in sub-psychedelic quantities

4440
01:32:44,620 --> 01:32:47,380
it's quite a feat

4441
01:32:47,380 --> 01:32:47,900
of chemistry

4442
01:32:47,900 --> 01:32:49,040
to get the DMT

4443
01:32:49,040 --> 01:32:49,960
out of the bark

4444
01:32:49,960 --> 01:32:51,000
of Acacia nilotica

4445
01:32:51,000 --> 01:32:52,480
but where do we get

4446
01:32:52,480 --> 01:32:53,860
the word chemistry from

4447
01:32:53,860 --> 01:32:55,280
what was the ancient name

4448
01:32:55,280 --> 01:32:55,700
of Egypt

4449
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:56,340
if not

4450
01:32:56,340 --> 01:32:57,180
Al-Kempt

4451
01:32:57,180 --> 01:32:59,800
what did the Arabs

4452
01:32:59,800 --> 01:33:00,480
call Egypt

4453
01:33:00,480 --> 01:33:01,520
sorry

4454
01:33:01,520 --> 01:33:02,080
the ancient name

4455
01:33:02,080 --> 01:33:03,400
of Egypt

4456
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:03,860
was Kemet

4457
01:33:03,860 --> 01:33:04,900
the Arabs called Egypt

4458
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:05,460
Al-Kempt

4459
01:33:05,460 --> 01:33:06,200
from which we get

4460
01:33:06,200 --> 01:33:06,620
alchemy

4461
01:33:06,620 --> 01:33:08,140
and the ancient Egyptians

4462
01:33:08,140 --> 01:33:09,520
have led their name

4463
01:33:09,520 --> 01:33:10,080
to the origins

4464
01:33:10,080 --> 01:33:10,600
of chemistry

4465
01:33:10,600 --> 01:33:11,640
I have no doubt

4466
01:33:11,640 --> 01:33:12,760
that they were able

4467
01:33:12,760 --> 01:33:14,480
to free DMT

4468
01:33:14,480 --> 01:33:15,080
from the bark

4469
01:33:15,080 --> 01:33:16,060
of Acacia nilotica

4470
01:33:16,060 --> 01:33:18,380
and this kind

4471
01:33:18,380 --> 01:33:18,960
of relief

4472
01:33:18,960 --> 01:33:19,660
where we see

4473
01:33:19,660 --> 01:33:20,820
the initiate

4474
01:33:20,820 --> 01:33:22,060
connected to a star

4475
01:33:22,060 --> 01:33:22,500
in the sky

4476
01:33:22,500 --> 01:33:23,600
through the third eye

4477
01:33:23,600 --> 01:33:25,120
through the pineal gland

4478
01:33:25,120 --> 01:33:27,780
seems to hint

4479
01:33:27,780 --> 01:33:28,600
at a connection

4480
01:33:28,600 --> 01:33:30,140
so I'm very near

4481
01:33:30,140 --> 01:33:31,000
the end of this

4482
01:33:31,000 --> 01:33:32,340
presentation now

4483
01:33:32,340 --> 01:33:32,920
and I just want

4484
01:33:32,920 --> 01:33:33,480
to go back

4485
01:33:33,480 --> 01:33:35,100
to this diagram

4486
01:33:35,100 --> 01:33:36,560
involving the Sphinx

4487
01:33:36,560 --> 01:33:37,200
Orion

4488
01:33:37,200 --> 01:33:37,940
Draco

4489
01:33:37,940 --> 01:33:40,860
this huge project

4490
01:33:40,860 --> 01:33:42,060
to use procession

4491
01:33:42,060 --> 01:33:42,880
and architecture

4492
01:33:42,880 --> 01:33:44,200
to draw attention

4493
01:33:44,200 --> 01:33:45,160
to a date

4494
01:33:45,160 --> 01:33:46,100
that can be pinned down

4495
01:33:46,100 --> 01:33:47,140
between 10,000

4496
01:33:47,140 --> 01:33:49,040
and 11,000 BC

4497
01:33:49,040 --> 01:33:50,980
are we being told

4498
01:33:50,980 --> 01:33:51,440
that something

4499
01:33:51,440 --> 01:33:52,480
of great significance

4500
01:33:52,480 --> 01:33:53,480
for the world

4501
01:33:53,480 --> 01:33:54,840
happened in this period

4502
01:33:54,840 --> 01:33:56,000
that's a hypothesis

4503
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:56,780
could there be

4504
01:33:56,780 --> 01:33:58,520
something happened then

4505
01:33:58,520 --> 01:34:00,020
that the ancients

4506
01:34:00,020 --> 01:34:01,200
wanted to tell us about

4507
01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:02,260
that changed everything

4508
01:34:02,260 --> 01:34:03,880
that changed the game

4509
01:34:03,880 --> 01:34:04,900
something perhaps

4510
01:34:04,900 --> 01:34:05,920
that led to the destruction

4511
01:34:05,920 --> 01:34:07,720
of a great global

4512
01:34:07,720 --> 01:34:08,480
civilization

4513
01:34:08,480 --> 01:34:09,480
and something on a scale

4514
01:34:09,480 --> 01:34:10,340
that would justify

4515
01:34:10,340 --> 01:34:11,580
the initiation

4516
01:34:11,580 --> 01:34:12,460
of gigantic

4517
01:34:12,460 --> 01:34:13,880
archaeological

4518
01:34:13,880 --> 01:34:15,880
architectural projects

4519
01:34:15,880 --> 01:34:16,620
around the globe

4520
01:34:16,620 --> 01:34:17,880
to mark

4521
01:34:17,880 --> 01:34:18,680
and commemorate it

4522
01:34:18,680 --> 01:34:19,480
and that's something

4523
01:34:19,480 --> 01:34:21,360
we now know

4524
01:34:21,360 --> 01:34:22,460
is a comet

4525
01:34:22,460 --> 01:34:24,320
and what I'm showing here

4526
01:34:24,320 --> 01:34:25,940
is comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

4527
01:34:25,940 --> 01:34:28,340
which many of us remember

4528
01:34:28,340 --> 01:34:29,540
from 1994

4529
01:34:29,540 --> 01:34:31,320
Shoemaker-Levy 9

4530
01:34:31,320 --> 01:34:33,980
collided with Jupiter

4531
01:34:33,980 --> 01:34:36,560
and it was a spectacular

4532
01:34:36,560 --> 01:34:38,540
series of impacts

4533
01:34:38,540 --> 01:34:40,440
the comet was broken

4534
01:34:40,440 --> 01:34:41,600
into multiple fragments

4535
01:34:41,600 --> 01:34:43,120
like just a gigantic

4536
01:34:43,120 --> 01:34:45,840
lethal freight train

4537
01:34:45,840 --> 01:34:47,200
whizzing through

4538
01:34:47,200 --> 01:34:48,060
the solar system

4539
01:34:48,060 --> 01:34:49,880
and Jupiter's gravity

4540
01:34:49,880 --> 01:34:50,740
drew it in

4541
01:34:50,740 --> 01:34:52,400
and the comet

4542
01:34:52,400 --> 01:34:55,660
exploded spectacularly

4543
01:34:55,660 --> 01:34:56,000
on Jupiter

4544
01:34:56,000 --> 01:34:56,700
if that comet

4545
01:34:56,700 --> 01:34:57,860
had not been drawn in

4546
01:34:57,860 --> 01:34:58,420
by Jupiter

4547
01:34:58,420 --> 01:34:59,540
if it had come

4548
01:34:59,540 --> 01:35:00,680
into the inner solar system

4549
01:35:00,680 --> 01:35:01,760
if it had hit the Earth

4550
01:35:01,760 --> 01:35:02,620
none of us

4551
01:35:02,620 --> 01:35:03,440
would be here today

4552
01:35:03,440 --> 01:35:04,240
the Earth

4553
01:35:04,240 --> 01:35:05,540
would have been sterilized

4554
01:35:05,540 --> 01:35:07,100
by those impacts

4555
01:35:07,100 --> 01:35:09,120
which is a good reason

4556
01:35:09,120 --> 01:35:09,700
to say

4557
01:35:09,700 --> 01:35:11,220
thank you Jupiter

4558
01:35:11,220 --> 01:35:13,700
we really owe a lot

4559
01:35:13,700 --> 01:35:14,180
to Jupiter

4560
01:35:14,180 --> 01:35:15,060
in fact arguably

4561
01:35:15,060 --> 01:35:16,080
there would be no life

4562
01:35:16,080 --> 01:35:16,820
on planet Earth

4563
01:35:16,820 --> 01:35:17,560
were it not

4564
01:35:17,560 --> 01:35:19,540
for that gigantic guardian

4565
01:35:19,540 --> 01:35:20,920
of our planet

4566
01:35:20,920 --> 01:35:23,160
circling in the outer solar system

4567
01:35:23,160 --> 01:35:24,940
and drawing in lethal comets

4568
01:35:24,940 --> 01:35:26,040
and destroying them

4569
01:35:26,040 --> 01:35:28,920
life could not have existed

4570
01:35:28,920 --> 01:35:30,700
if Jupiter were not there

4571
01:35:30,700 --> 01:35:31,740
to protect the Earth

4572
01:35:31,740 --> 01:35:33,080
from these horrendous impacts

4573
01:35:33,080 --> 01:35:33,920
but occasionally

4574
01:35:33,920 --> 01:35:35,800
a comet gets through

4575
01:35:35,800 --> 01:35:37,740
and we now know

4576
01:35:37,740 --> 01:35:39,600
it's been an argument

4577
01:35:39,600 --> 01:35:41,040
since 2007

4578
01:35:41,040 --> 01:35:42,100
but the evidence

4579
01:35:42,100 --> 01:35:43,260
has become more

4580
01:35:43,260 --> 01:35:44,200
and more firm

4581
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:44,940
and really

4582
01:35:44,940 --> 01:35:45,600
it's no longer

4583
01:35:45,600 --> 01:35:46,500
an argument anymore

4584
01:35:46,500 --> 01:35:48,160
it's been through

4585
01:35:48,160 --> 01:35:49,460
the mill of scholarly argument

4586
01:35:49,460 --> 01:35:50,260
and it's accepted

4587
01:35:50,260 --> 01:35:52,680
a giant fragmenting comet

4588
01:35:52,680 --> 01:35:53,820
did hit the Earth

4589
01:35:53,820 --> 01:35:56,180
around 10,900 BC

4590
01:35:56,180 --> 01:35:56,920
in fact

4591
01:35:56,920 --> 01:35:59,400
10,980 BC

4592
01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:00,420
to be exact

4593
01:36:00,420 --> 01:36:02,800
12,980 years ago

4594
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:05,700
and another mystery

4595
01:36:05,700 --> 01:36:06,800
has been solved by this

4596
01:36:06,800 --> 01:36:07,320
and that mystery

4597
01:36:07,320 --> 01:36:07,720
was called

4598
01:36:07,720 --> 01:36:08,800
the Younger Dryas

4599
01:36:08,800 --> 01:36:09,140
you see

4600
01:36:09,140 --> 01:36:09,900
just when the Earth

4601
01:36:09,900 --> 01:36:10,580
was coming out

4602
01:36:10,580 --> 01:36:11,620
at the last ice age

4603
01:36:11,620 --> 01:36:13,920
about 13,000 years ago

4604
01:36:13,920 --> 01:36:15,520
it was suddenly

4605
01:36:15,520 --> 01:36:16,640
plunged back in

4606
01:36:16,640 --> 01:36:17,560
to a thousand year

4607
01:36:17,560 --> 01:36:18,320
deep freeze

4608
01:36:18,320 --> 01:36:19,360
and that thousand year

4609
01:36:19,360 --> 01:36:19,840
deep freeze

4610
01:36:19,840 --> 01:36:20,420
has been known

4611
01:36:20,420 --> 01:36:21,100
for a long time

4612
01:36:21,100 --> 01:36:22,140
as the Younger Dryas

4613
01:36:22,140 --> 01:36:23,740
but nobody understood

4614
01:36:23,740 --> 01:36:24,440
what caused it

4615
01:36:24,440 --> 01:36:25,360
now we get it

4616
01:36:25,360 --> 01:36:26,840
the comet impact

4617
01:36:26,840 --> 01:36:28,300
threw a huge amount

4618
01:36:28,300 --> 01:36:28,800
of dust

4619
01:36:28,800 --> 01:36:30,060
into the upper atmosphere

4620
01:36:30,060 --> 01:36:31,740
cloaked the entire

4621
01:36:31,740 --> 01:36:32,580
Earth in dust

4622
01:36:32,580 --> 01:36:33,960
shut off the sun's rays

4623
01:36:33,960 --> 01:36:35,080
for a thousand years

4624
01:36:35,080 --> 01:36:36,520
and caused that

4625
01:36:36,520 --> 01:36:37,340
deep freeze

4626
01:36:37,340 --> 01:36:40,360
the new evidence

4627
01:36:40,360 --> 01:36:40,920
that's emerging

4628
01:36:40,920 --> 01:36:41,440
is that

4629
01:36:41,440 --> 01:36:42,640
at least some fragments

4630
01:36:42,640 --> 01:36:42,860
of the

4631
01:36:42,860 --> 01:36:43,980
the worst impacts

4632
01:36:43,980 --> 01:36:44,960
were in North America

4633
01:36:44,960 --> 01:36:45,540
and Canada

4634
01:36:45,540 --> 01:36:46,980
and some fragments

4635
01:36:46,980 --> 01:36:47,480
of the comet

4636
01:36:47,480 --> 01:36:47,980
it seems

4637
01:36:47,980 --> 01:36:49,420
actually hit the ice cap

4638
01:36:49,420 --> 01:36:50,080
what was left

4639
01:36:50,080 --> 01:36:50,760
of the ice cap

4640
01:36:50,760 --> 01:36:51,440
at that time

4641
01:36:51,440 --> 01:36:52,660
and in addition

4642
01:36:52,660 --> 01:36:54,540
caused devastating floods

4643
01:36:54,540 --> 01:36:56,260
massive outburst floods

4644
01:36:56,260 --> 01:36:56,740
these floods

4645
01:36:56,740 --> 01:36:57,340
have traditionally

4646
01:36:57,340 --> 01:36:57,940
been attributed

4647
01:36:57,940 --> 01:36:58,600
to the bursting

4648
01:36:58,600 --> 01:36:59,600
of glacial lakes

4649
01:36:59,600 --> 01:37:00,620
it now looks

4650
01:37:00,620 --> 01:37:01,380
much more likely

4651
01:37:01,380 --> 01:37:02,000
and I want to cite

4652
01:37:02,000 --> 01:37:03,260
the work of Randall Carlson

4653
01:37:03,260 --> 01:37:03,520
here

4654
01:37:03,520 --> 01:37:04,500
it now looks

4655
01:37:04,500 --> 01:37:05,320
much more likely

4656
01:37:05,320 --> 01:37:07,040
that these massive floods

4657
01:37:07,040 --> 01:37:08,080
in that period

4658
01:37:08,080 --> 01:37:09,960
just after 13,000 years ago

4659
01:37:09,960 --> 01:37:10,980
were caused

4660
01:37:10,980 --> 01:37:12,620
by the vaporization

4661
01:37:12,620 --> 01:37:13,740
the liquefaction

4662
01:37:13,740 --> 01:37:15,180
of the ice cap

4663
01:37:15,180 --> 01:37:16,980
as gigantic fragments

4664
01:37:16,980 --> 01:37:17,460
of comet

4665
01:37:17,460 --> 01:37:18,920
smashed into it

4666
01:37:18,920 --> 01:37:21,720
and this is just

4667
01:37:21,720 --> 01:37:22,960
following the scientific argument

4668
01:37:22,960 --> 01:37:23,820
they go back and forth

4669
01:37:23,820 --> 01:37:25,220
but they're getting it now

4670
01:37:25,220 --> 01:37:26,880
a comet did wipe out

4671
01:37:26,880 --> 01:37:28,160
the first North American

4672
01:37:28,160 --> 01:37:29,400
prehistoric humans

4673
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:30,140
ice core data

4674
01:37:30,140 --> 01:37:31,640
suggests the cosmic impact

4675
01:37:31,640 --> 01:37:33,180
killed off the Clovis people

4676
01:37:33,180 --> 01:37:34,160
I would say

4677
01:37:34,160 --> 01:37:36,020
this is the smoking gun

4678
01:37:36,020 --> 01:37:36,660
I don't think

4679
01:37:36,660 --> 01:37:37,200
it killed off

4680
01:37:37,200 --> 01:37:38,620
just the Clovis people

4681
01:37:38,620 --> 01:37:39,740
I think

4682
01:37:39,740 --> 01:37:40,920
this is

4683
01:37:40,920 --> 01:37:42,140
the cause

4684
01:37:42,140 --> 01:37:43,120
of the loss

4685
01:37:43,120 --> 01:37:44,160
of a whole episode

4686
01:37:44,160 --> 01:37:45,660
of human civilization

4687
01:37:45,660 --> 01:37:47,420
this was a cataclysm

4688
01:37:47,420 --> 01:37:48,880
gigantic enough

4689
01:37:48,880 --> 01:37:50,080
to wipe out

4690
01:37:50,080 --> 01:37:51,400
a whole civilization

4691
01:37:51,400 --> 01:37:52,560
from memory

4692
01:37:52,560 --> 01:37:53,540
and when I wrote

4693
01:37:53,540 --> 01:37:54,540
fingerprints of the gods

4694
01:37:54,540 --> 01:37:55,420
I couldn't

4695
01:37:55,420 --> 01:37:58,380
say what the smoking gun was

4696
01:37:58,380 --> 01:37:59,460
I looked at a number

4697
01:37:59,460 --> 01:38:00,540
of scenarios

4698
01:38:00,540 --> 01:38:01,320
around the end

4699
01:38:01,320 --> 01:38:02,080
of the ice age

4700
01:38:02,080 --> 01:38:03,440
this is a key piece

4701
01:38:03,440 --> 01:38:04,160
of new evidence

4702
01:38:04,160 --> 01:38:05,500
which makes

4703
01:38:05,500 --> 01:38:06,300
the likelihood

4704
01:38:06,300 --> 01:38:07,460
of a lost civilization

4705
01:38:07,460 --> 01:38:08,980
extremely high

4706
01:38:08,980 --> 01:38:11,340
and in closing

4707
01:38:11,340 --> 01:38:11,960
I see Hugh

4708
01:38:11,960 --> 01:38:13,000
is Hugh about to come here

4709
01:38:13,000 --> 01:38:13,320
and tell me

4710
01:38:13,320 --> 01:38:14,200
I've got five minutes

4711
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:16,500
in closing

4712
01:38:16,500 --> 01:38:18,340
let's just go back

4713
01:38:18,340 --> 01:38:19,020
to Egypt

4714
01:38:19,020 --> 01:38:19,780
and look at the temple

4715
01:38:19,780 --> 01:38:20,260
of Horus

4716
01:38:20,260 --> 01:38:20,640
at Edfu

4717
01:38:20,640 --> 01:38:21,340
which is like one

4718
01:38:21,340 --> 01:38:22,500
of those ancient maps

4719
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:24,340
which where

4720
01:38:24,340 --> 01:38:25,440
an ancient document

4721
01:38:25,440 --> 01:38:26,400
that was fragile

4722
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:27,660
and falling apart

4723
01:38:27,660 --> 01:38:28,860
but of great importance

4724
01:38:28,860 --> 01:38:29,840
to the ancient Egyptians

4725
01:38:29,840 --> 01:38:31,160
was preserved

4726
01:38:31,160 --> 01:38:32,240
by copying it

4727
01:38:32,240 --> 01:38:33,240
it was copied

4728
01:38:33,240 --> 01:38:33,900
onto the walls

4729
01:38:33,900 --> 01:38:34,340
of the temple

4730
01:38:34,340 --> 01:38:34,720
of Horus

4731
01:38:34,720 --> 01:38:35,160
at Edfu

4732
01:38:35,160 --> 01:38:37,740
and thus made permanent

4733
01:38:37,740 --> 01:38:39,280
and it's called

4734
01:38:39,280 --> 01:38:40,880
the Edfu Building Texts

4735
01:38:40,880 --> 01:38:42,120
and it's a document

4736
01:38:42,120 --> 01:38:43,340
that speaks

4737
01:38:43,340 --> 01:38:45,560
of the homeland

4738
01:38:45,560 --> 01:38:46,940
of the primeval ones

4739
01:38:46,940 --> 01:38:48,460
which was destroyed

4740
01:38:48,460 --> 01:38:49,300
an island actually

4741
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:50,220
which was destroyed

4742
01:38:50,220 --> 01:38:51,620
in a gigantic cataclysm

4743
01:38:51,620 --> 01:38:52,060
and a flood

4744
01:38:52,060 --> 01:38:53,340
and many of the gods

4745
01:38:53,340 --> 01:38:54,240
were drowned

4746
01:38:54,240 --> 01:38:55,480
which is an odd thing

4747
01:38:55,480 --> 01:38:56,320
to happen to gods

4748
01:38:56,320 --> 01:38:57,460
but the survivors

4749
01:38:57,460 --> 01:38:58,340
came to Egypt

4750
01:38:58,340 --> 01:38:59,280
and settled in Egypt

4751
01:38:59,280 --> 01:39:02,760
and established religion

4752
01:39:02,760 --> 01:39:03,260
in Egypt

4753
01:39:03,260 --> 01:39:04,080
and created

4754
01:39:04,080 --> 01:39:05,380
the primeval mounds

4755
01:39:05,380 --> 01:39:06,300
around which

4756
01:39:06,300 --> 01:39:07,560
would be the site

4757
01:39:07,560 --> 01:39:08,580
of all future temples

4758
01:39:08,580 --> 01:39:09,260
and pyramids

4759
01:39:09,260 --> 01:39:10,080
in Egypt

4760
01:39:10,080 --> 01:39:10,880
this is the story

4761
01:39:10,880 --> 01:39:12,760
of the Edfu Building Texts

4762
01:39:12,760 --> 01:39:14,480
in other words

4763
01:39:14,480 --> 01:39:15,580
civilizing heroes

4764
01:39:15,580 --> 01:39:17,200
survivors of a cataclysm

4765
01:39:17,200 --> 01:39:18,400
who bring knowledge

4766
01:39:18,400 --> 01:39:18,920
and wisdom

4767
01:39:18,920 --> 01:39:20,680
to a devastated world

4768
01:39:20,680 --> 01:39:22,820
could they be a bit

4769
01:39:22,820 --> 01:39:23,820
like the legend

4770
01:39:23,820 --> 01:39:24,620
of Viracocha

4771
01:39:24,620 --> 01:39:26,200
in the Andes

4772
01:39:26,200 --> 01:39:27,100
we see figures

4773
01:39:27,100 --> 01:39:27,940
of Viracocha

4774
01:39:27,940 --> 01:39:30,000
at Tiwanaku

4775
01:39:30,000 --> 01:39:30,760
and interestingly

4776
01:39:30,760 --> 01:39:33,840
he is profusely bearded

4777
01:39:33,840 --> 01:39:35,700
which is very unusual

4778
01:39:35,700 --> 01:39:36,860
to find in the peoples

4779
01:39:36,860 --> 01:39:37,500
of the Andes

4780
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:38,740
he looks like somebody

4781
01:39:38,740 --> 01:39:39,780
from a different land

4782
01:39:39,780 --> 01:39:40,660
or a different culture

4783
01:39:40,660 --> 01:39:42,160
on the side

4784
01:39:42,160 --> 01:39:43,300
of this Viracocha pillar

4785
01:39:43,300 --> 01:39:44,920
there is a serpent

4786
01:39:44,920 --> 01:39:46,280
and again

4787
01:39:46,280 --> 01:39:46,820
I don't want to make

4788
01:39:46,820 --> 01:39:47,440
too much of this

4789
01:39:47,440 --> 01:39:48,680
but this weird little creature

4790
01:39:48,680 --> 01:39:49,260
which is actually

4791
01:39:49,260 --> 01:39:50,600
I've turned it on its side here

4792
01:39:50,600 --> 01:39:51,980
is actually up here

4793
01:39:51,980 --> 01:39:52,940
on the head of the figure

4794
01:39:52,940 --> 01:39:54,200
looks a whole lot

4795
01:39:54,200 --> 01:39:55,160
like Toxodon

4796
01:39:55,160 --> 01:39:56,540
and Toxodon

4797
01:39:56,540 --> 01:39:57,300
is an animal

4798
01:39:57,300 --> 01:39:58,180
that went extinct

4799
01:39:58,180 --> 01:39:58,840
in the Andes

4800
01:39:58,840 --> 01:40:00,180
between 13,000

4801
01:40:00,180 --> 01:40:01,920
and 12,000 years ago

4802
01:40:01,920 --> 01:40:03,580
if this is Toxodon

4803
01:40:03,580 --> 01:40:06,220
then this statue

4804
01:40:06,220 --> 01:40:07,860
is extremely ancient

4805
01:40:07,860 --> 01:40:08,680
much more ancient

4806
01:40:08,680 --> 01:40:09,920
than archaeologists agree

4807
01:40:09,920 --> 01:40:11,980
and what about

4808
01:40:11,980 --> 01:40:12,520
those stories

4809
01:40:12,520 --> 01:40:13,380
of Quetzalcoatl

4810
01:40:13,380 --> 01:40:14,380
and those white-skinned

4811
01:40:14,380 --> 01:40:15,220
bearded strangers

4812
01:40:15,220 --> 01:40:16,280
who came in remote

4813
01:40:16,280 --> 01:40:16,940
prehistory

4814
01:40:16,940 --> 01:40:18,500
bringing civilization

4815
01:40:18,500 --> 01:40:20,200
to Central America

4816
01:40:20,200 --> 01:40:20,980
and who were later

4817
01:40:20,980 --> 01:40:22,040
driven out

4818
01:40:22,040 --> 01:40:23,200
but promised to return

4819
01:40:23,200 --> 01:40:25,020
these bearded figures

4820
01:40:25,020 --> 01:40:25,880
are found

4821
01:40:25,880 --> 01:40:26,460
in the oldest

4822
01:40:26,460 --> 01:40:27,600
archaeological strata

4823
01:40:27,600 --> 01:40:28,220
of Mexico

4824
01:40:28,220 --> 01:40:29,640
and are always associated

4825
01:40:29,640 --> 01:40:31,100
with the imagery

4826
01:40:31,100 --> 01:40:32,640
of the feathered serpent

4827
01:40:32,640 --> 01:40:34,900
it was said

4828
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:35,920
when Quetzalcoatl

4829
01:40:35,920 --> 01:40:36,700
was driven out

4830
01:40:36,700 --> 01:40:37,160
of Mexico

4831
01:40:37,160 --> 01:40:38,020
that he fled

4832
01:40:38,020 --> 01:40:38,860
on a raft

4833
01:40:38,860 --> 01:40:39,920
of serpents

4834
01:40:39,920 --> 01:40:41,200
serpents woven

4835
01:40:41,200 --> 01:40:42,380
together in a raft

4836
01:40:42,380 --> 01:40:44,280
and here at Gobekli Tepe

4837
01:40:44,280 --> 01:40:45,580
on one of the pillars

4838
01:40:45,580 --> 01:40:46,460
we have an image

4839
01:40:46,460 --> 01:40:47,180
of serpents

4840
01:40:47,180 --> 01:40:48,400
woven together

4841
01:40:48,400 --> 01:40:49,080
in a net

4842
01:40:49,080 --> 01:40:50,000
or a raft

4843
01:40:50,000 --> 01:40:51,380
those are the heads

4844
01:40:51,380 --> 01:40:52,080
and tails

4845
01:40:52,080 --> 01:40:52,840
of the serpents

4846
01:40:52,840 --> 01:40:56,100
so the bearded figures

4847
01:40:56,100 --> 01:40:57,380
from Mexico

4848
01:40:57,380 --> 01:40:57,980
which certainly

4849
01:40:57,980 --> 01:40:59,040
do not look at all

4850
01:40:59,040 --> 01:41:00,160
like indigenous

4851
01:41:00,160 --> 01:41:01,100
American Indians

4852
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:04,680
and if you look closely

4853
01:41:04,680 --> 01:41:05,820
at the Easter Island figures

4854
01:41:05,820 --> 01:41:06,300
you can see

4855
01:41:06,300 --> 01:41:07,140
that they are bearded

4856
01:41:07,140 --> 01:41:07,500
as well

4857
01:41:07,500 --> 01:41:08,840
that those extravagant

4858
01:41:08,840 --> 01:41:09,800
huge chins

4859
01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:11,220
are actually beards

4860
01:41:11,220 --> 01:41:11,700
and the beard

4861
01:41:11,700 --> 01:41:12,500
is quite clear

4862
01:41:12,500 --> 01:41:12,960
on a number

4863
01:41:12,960 --> 01:41:13,540
of the figures

4864
01:41:13,540 --> 01:41:15,380
so I want to close

4865
01:41:15,380 --> 01:41:16,560
with these bearded men

4866
01:41:16,560 --> 01:41:18,940
and ask two questions

4867
01:41:18,940 --> 01:41:20,080
one

4868
01:41:20,080 --> 01:41:21,720
why is he wearing

4869
01:41:21,720 --> 01:41:23,400
a fish on his head

4870
01:41:23,400 --> 01:41:25,720
and two

4871
01:41:25,720 --> 01:41:27,480
why is he carrying

4872
01:41:27,480 --> 01:41:28,440
a man bag

4873
01:41:28,440 --> 01:41:32,940
these cute little

4874
01:41:32,940 --> 01:41:34,280
man bags

4875
01:41:34,280 --> 01:41:36,080
that we see here

4876
01:41:36,080 --> 01:41:38,580
could it be his stash

4877
01:41:38,580 --> 01:41:39,280
of DMT

4878
01:41:39,280 --> 01:41:41,160
I don't know

4879
01:41:41,160 --> 01:41:43,160
but it's interesting

4880
01:41:43,160 --> 01:41:44,040
the fish on the head

4881
01:41:44,040 --> 01:41:45,080
actually we know about that

4882
01:41:45,080 --> 01:41:47,260
this figure represents

4883
01:41:47,260 --> 01:41:48,900
a character

4884
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:50,060
in Babylonians

4885
01:41:50,060 --> 01:41:51,000
and Sumerian myth

4886
01:41:51,000 --> 01:41:51,540
and he's called

4887
01:41:51,540 --> 01:41:52,080
Oannis

4888
01:41:52,080 --> 01:41:53,620
and he is said

4889
01:41:53,620 --> 01:41:54,700
to be a civilizer

4890
01:41:54,700 --> 01:41:56,980
who survived the flood

4891
01:41:56,980 --> 01:41:59,540
who swam through the flood

4892
01:41:59,540 --> 01:42:00,820
emerged from the waters

4893
01:42:00,820 --> 01:42:01,300
of the ocean

4894
01:42:01,300 --> 01:42:02,520
and brought civilization

4895
01:42:02,520 --> 01:42:04,340
back to a devastated land

4896
01:42:04,340 --> 01:42:05,500
and the fish symbolism

4897
01:42:05,500 --> 01:42:06,840
symbolizes his ability

4898
01:42:06,840 --> 01:42:08,440
to survive the flood

4899
01:42:08,440 --> 01:42:10,960
but what about the man bag

4900
01:42:10,960 --> 01:42:14,280
and why is

4901
01:42:14,280 --> 01:42:15,800
the feathered serpent

4902
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:17,860
carrying the same

4903
01:42:17,860 --> 01:42:18,640
man bag

4904
01:42:18,640 --> 01:42:20,860
and indeed holding it

4905
01:42:20,860 --> 01:42:22,320
in exactly the same way

4906
01:42:22,320 --> 01:42:23,320
it's not just the bag

4907
01:42:23,320 --> 01:42:24,320
it's the hand gesture

4908
01:42:24,320 --> 01:42:24,840
as well

4909
01:42:24,840 --> 01:42:26,000
that's really interesting

4910
01:42:26,000 --> 01:42:26,760
this is the other side

4911
01:42:26,760 --> 01:42:27,240
of the world

4912
01:42:27,240 --> 01:42:28,020
this is Mexico

4913
01:42:28,020 --> 01:42:29,240
the other one's

4914
01:42:29,240 --> 01:42:30,400
from Sumer

4915
01:42:30,400 --> 01:42:30,840
Babylon

4916
01:42:30,840 --> 01:42:32,000
what's going on

4917
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:32,820
is it a coincidence

4918
01:42:32,820 --> 01:42:33,640
or is there some

4919
01:42:33,640 --> 01:42:34,540
connection

4920
01:42:34,540 --> 01:42:35,400
could we be looking

4921
01:42:35,400 --> 01:42:36,860
at a badge of office

4922
01:42:36,860 --> 01:42:38,380
of the survivors

4923
01:42:38,380 --> 01:42:40,000
of a lost civilization

4924
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:40,540
here

4925
01:42:40,540 --> 01:42:42,560
and what makes

4926
01:42:42,560 --> 01:42:43,240
that connection

4927
01:42:43,240 --> 01:42:44,260
firmer to me

4928
01:42:44,260 --> 01:42:45,240
is the fact

4929
01:42:45,240 --> 01:42:46,040
that man bags

4930
01:42:46,040 --> 01:42:47,200
are also found

4931
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:49,140
on the Gobekli Tepe

4932
01:42:49,140 --> 01:42:49,820
pillars

4933
01:42:49,820 --> 01:42:51,200
where we know

4934
01:42:51,200 --> 01:42:52,140
that they are

4935
01:42:52,140 --> 01:42:53,660
12,000 years old

4936
01:42:53,660 --> 01:42:55,340
there's a lot

4937
01:42:55,340 --> 01:42:56,340
to look into here

4938
01:42:56,340 --> 01:42:57,580
I'm just really

4939
01:42:57,580 --> 01:42:59,500
beginning this work

4940
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:00,640
and I've just shared

4941
01:43:00,640 --> 01:43:01,140
this evening

4942
01:43:01,140 --> 01:43:02,100
some of the

4943
01:43:02,100 --> 01:43:03,180
background

4944
01:43:03,180 --> 01:43:03,900
and some of the

4945
01:43:03,900 --> 01:43:04,800
tantalizing clues

4946
01:43:04,800 --> 01:43:06,480
that intrigued me

4947
01:43:06,480 --> 01:43:07,460
I hope it's been

4948
01:43:07,460 --> 01:43:07,940
of interest

4949
01:43:07,940 --> 01:43:08,640
thank you ladies

4950
01:43:08,640 --> 01:43:09,080
and gentlemen

4951
01:43:09,080 --> 01:43:11,640
thank you

4952
01:43:11,640 --> 01:43:13,740
thank you

4953
01:43:13,740 --> 01:43:13,760
thank you

4954
01:43:13,780 --> 01:43:16,100
thank you

4955
01:43:16,100 --> 01:43:17,860
thank you

4956
01:43:17,860 --> 01:43:18,000
thank you

4957
01:43:18,000 --> 01:43:18,360
thank you

4958
01:43:18,360 --> 01:43:19,000
thank you

4959
01:43:19,000 --> 01:43:19,600
thank you

4960
01:43:19,600 --> 01:43:20,200
thank you

4961
01:43:20,200 --> 01:43:26,280
thank you

4962
01:43:26,280 --> 01:43:26,960
thank you

4963
01:43:26,960 --> 01:43:27,100
thank you

4964
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:27,960
thank you

4965
01:43:27,960 --> 01:43:29,620
thank you

4966
01:43:29,620 --> 01:43:30,200
thank you

4967
01:43:30,200 --> 01:43:30,360
thank you

4968
01:43:30,360 --> 01:43:30,920
thank you

4969
01:43:30,920 --> 01:43:31,220
thank you

4970
01:43:31,220 --> 01:43:31,720
thank you

4971
01:43:31,720 --> 01:43:32,460
thank you

4972
01:43:32,460 --> 01:43:32,560
thank you

4973
01:43:32,560 --> 01:43:33,180
thank you

4974
01:43:33,180 --> 01:43:33,740
thank you

4975
01:43:33,740 --> 01:43:33,780
thank you

4976
01:43:33,780 --> 01:43:35,780
You