1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:06,840 We shall propose further cooperative efforts between all the nations in weather prediction 2 00:00:06,840 --> 00:00:09,560 and eventually in weather control. 3 00:00:12,120 --> 00:00:17,560 The Army's need to know more and more about weather that surrounds this planet 4 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:22,840 is a vital part of the expanded research program of atomic weapons. 5 00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:25,700 We all talk about the weather. 6 00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:29,960 The Army is doing something about the weather. 7 00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:39,760 The Army is doing something about the knew他've been in the field. 8 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:41,780 The Army is because there were nociplines of that has impacted the time and the weather that 9 00:00:41,780 --> 00:00:42,160 has been before. 10 00:00:42,160 --> 00:00:45,040 The Army is a little bit concerned about the weather derby State national organization. 11 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:54,580 The Army is doing something about how to prevent some 북한 12 00:00:54,580 --> 00:01:10,320 I would like to take you into the laboratory and show you a few of the experiments that 13 00:01:10,320 --> 00:01:14,460 led us to our outdoor experiments in converting clouds into snow. 14 00:01:14,780 --> 00:01:20,280 Using our home freezing unit such as this, we can form super cool clouds just like those 15 00:01:20,280 --> 00:01:25,380 in the natural atmosphere by taking a tiny piece of dry ice such as this and scratching 16 00:01:25,380 --> 00:01:31,520 it so a few tiny fragments fall into the super cool cloud, long streaks develop, the particles 17 00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:36,380 grow very fast, they grow about a billion fold in volume in a few seconds. 18 00:01:36,380 --> 00:01:42,100 Many millions of snow crystals form and we get the same effect as is produced by dry ice. 19 00:01:42,100 --> 00:01:49,240 Dry ice is not particularly important as far as the fact that it's CO2, but it's primarily 20 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:52,340 important because it's colder than minus 35 degrees centigrade. 21 00:01:52,340 --> 00:01:57,640 This is a picture of the first cloud that we seeded back last November, flying in a small 22 00:01:57,640 --> 00:02:03,860 Fairchild plane and putting dry ice from a small dispenser in the bottom of the plane and within 23 00:02:03,860 --> 00:02:09,160 a minute saw long streamers of snow falling from the base of the clouds and evaporating 24 00:02:09,160 --> 00:02:11,160 into the drier air below. 25 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:15,740 Under many conditions of course, full-fledged snow storms will be produced in this way. 26 00:02:15,740 --> 00:02:22,840 This is a picture at last has permitted to do a little something about the weather. 27 00:02:22,840 --> 00:02:29,420 Using Schaefer-Langmuir techniques, the Army Signal Corps and Office of Naval Research began 28 00:02:29,420 --> 00:02:30,840 conducting many of these experiments. 29 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:37,940 In 1947, Project Cirrus expanded to test the cloud seeding on a hurricane traveling eastbound 30 00:02:37,940 --> 00:02:40,940 350 miles off the coast of Jacksonville, Florida. 31 00:02:40,940 --> 00:02:45,340 They dropped 80 pounds of dry ice into the raging storm, only to realize that the hurricane 32 00:02:45,340 --> 00:02:48,940 suddenly changed direction and began traveling back towards the United States. 33 00:02:48,940 --> 00:02:52,940 Savannah, Georgia was hit by record-breaking winds of up to 85 miles per hour. 34 00:02:52,940 --> 00:02:58,040 More than 1,500 people were left homeless and at least two people died. 35 00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:02,040 The total damage was reported in the millions of dollars and the Project and its participants 36 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:04,040 were blamed for what happened. 37 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:11,140 On the night of the 15th of August 1952, the worst flood in British history swept through 38 00:03:11,140 --> 00:03:13,140 the tiny seaside village of Linmouth. 39 00:03:13,140 --> 00:03:20,140 Ninety million tons of water devastated the area, killing 35 people and leaving over 400 40 00:03:20,140 --> 00:03:21,140 homeless. 41 00:03:21,140 --> 00:03:26,140 40,000 tons of boulders were dragged off the moors, destroying houses and cars. 42 00:03:26,140 --> 00:03:29,140 Porter spoke to squadron leader Len Ottley. 43 00:03:29,140 --> 00:03:35,240 He confirmed that he worked on Project or Operation Cumulus, which was also referred to as Operation 44 00:03:35,240 --> 00:03:36,240 Witch Doctor. 45 00:03:36,240 --> 00:03:42,240 What's more, in mid-August 1952, Alan Yates, a lecturer at Cranfield School of Aeronautics 46 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:46,240 at the time, was asked to take part in cloud seeding experiments. 47 00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:52,240 According to Yates, the artificial rain fell over Linmouth and washed the village into the 48 00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:53,240 sea. 49 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:58,240 Newly declassified documents prove that Project Cumulus was indeed going on. 50 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:00,940 The study of the flood that year. 51 00:04:00,940 --> 00:04:06,140 Project Skyfire, a U.S. forestry research operation concerned with the study of lightning in all 52 00:04:06,140 --> 00:04:07,940 of its manifestations. 53 00:04:07,940 --> 00:04:14,200 Project Skyfire is aimed at lightning fires in western forest in detail. 54 00:04:14,200 --> 00:04:21,620 The manner in which your work involves you in the dispersion of clouds, which happen to 55 00:04:21,620 --> 00:04:26,460 have some effect on or rather bring about thunderstorms or what have you. 56 00:04:26,460 --> 00:04:29,160 Could you tell our audience something about that type of work? 57 00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:36,260 Laurie, we're conducting experiments in cloud seeding aimed at determining whether or not weather 58 00:04:36,260 --> 00:04:41,160 modification techniques might possibly prevent lightning fires. 59 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:48,860 We carry this work on by seeding clouds with silver iodide nuclei. 60 00:04:48,860 --> 00:04:55,860 We disperse silver iodide from specially developed generators located either on the ground or on 61 00:04:55,860 --> 00:04:56,860 aircraft. 62 00:04:56,860 --> 00:05:01,860 Our experience has been that we can do the best job through aircraft seeding. 63 00:05:01,860 --> 00:05:11,560 Again, man looks to his own efforts to increase the flow of water. 64 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:18,560 Since the 1946 experiments of Dr. Vincent Schaefer, we have known that some clouds can be modified 65 00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:22,560 through seeding to yield additional precipitation. 66 00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:29,260 In 1961, Congress directed the Bureau of Reclamation to begin a long-range study of cloud seeding, 67 00:05:29,260 --> 00:05:33,260 with the aim of eventually augmenting the nation's supply of water. 68 00:05:33,260 --> 00:05:40,260 The program called Project Skywater continues at many sites throughout the United States. 69 00:05:40,260 --> 00:05:46,260 Eventually, if the research program proves successful, the methods learned will become part of our nation's 70 00:05:46,260 --> 00:05:49,960 integrated water resources program. 71 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:56,960 In 1962, during the Vietnam War, American forces responded with Operation Ranch Hand, 72 00:05:56,960 --> 00:06:01,960 over the next nine years spraying an area about the size of Massachusetts with defolients, 73 00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:05,960 the most notorious being Agent Orange. 74 00:06:05,960 --> 00:06:08,960 Large swaths of Vietnam were left barren. 75 00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:13,960 Enough food to feed 600,000 people for a year has been destroyed. 76 00:06:13,960 --> 00:06:19,660 Despite this sudden devastation, U.S. officials said the sprain created no lasting harm. 77 00:06:19,660 --> 00:06:25,660 Milton Ross, a special forces advisor near Pleiku, has a son born without the tips of his fingers. 78 00:06:25,660 --> 00:06:30,960 North Vietnam charged today that defolients have produced many instances of miscarriages, 79 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:33,960 congenital defects, and monstrosities among children. 80 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,960 The Vietnamese government insisted the cause was Agent Orange. 81 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:42,960 Although that war was long ago, there is lingering anger about the United States' use of a controversial 82 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:46,660 defoliant spread by American aircraft and the jungles there. 83 00:06:46,660 --> 00:06:53,660 An epidemic of fruit defects, brain damage, and rare cancers still affecting hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese today. 84 00:06:53,660 --> 00:07:00,660 According to environmental studies, high levels of dioxin could still be found in the soil in certain areas, 85 00:07:00,660 --> 00:07:03,660 and had seeped into nearby lakes. 86 00:07:03,660 --> 00:07:10,660 Agent Orange was a safe product when it was used in the Vietnam War, and it's a safe product today. 87 00:07:10,660 --> 00:07:15,360 I got something to say. I want to know how come the fascist pigs have been seeding the clouds. 88 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:16,360 Right. 89 00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:21,360 I've seen the airplanes going over twice with all the smoke coming out of them seeding the clouds. 90 00:07:21,360 --> 00:07:24,360 And I want to know, you know, why that stuff is going down, man. 91 00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:28,360 And why doesn't the media report that stuff to the people, man. 92 00:07:28,360 --> 00:07:30,060 Do you want to talk about what happened? 93 00:07:30,060 --> 00:07:31,060 I'm telling you what happened. 94 00:07:31,060 --> 00:07:32,060 The planes come over an hour and a half. 95 00:07:32,060 --> 00:07:34,060 And they've seen it all in class. 96 00:07:34,060 --> 00:07:36,060 And it's the second time they've seen the clouds. 97 00:07:36,060 --> 00:07:40,060 People of unknown origin were seeding the clouds over the air. 98 00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:41,060 And I don't know what they hope to prove. 99 00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:42,060 You ain't waiting for. 100 00:07:42,060 --> 00:07:51,760 Project Storm Fury assembles a team of highly trained scientists and technicians to fly into mature hurricanes. 101 00:07:51,760 --> 00:07:59,260 Scientists working on the project were convinced that they could reduce hurricane devastation using a process called cloud seeding 102 00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:04,760 by spraying the thunderclouds inside the hurricane with a chemical called silver iodide. 103 00:08:04,760 --> 00:08:10,460 This would become known as the Storm Fury hypothesis. 104 00:08:10,460 --> 00:08:19,960 The seeding planes fly across the eye and into these clouds, seeding the supercooled water droplets from the belt of maximum winds outwards. 105 00:08:19,960 --> 00:08:29,960 As the silver iodide turns the supercooled water into ice, the heat released during this process causes the seeded clouds to grow and develop into a new outer eye wall. 106 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:39,460 At that time, the United States Army were in Vietnam. 107 00:08:39,460 --> 00:08:48,760 Pierre Saint-Amand was part of the team assembled in a top-secret cloud seeding operation known simply as Project Popeye. 108 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:58,760 In May 1967, as monsoon clouds developed over the Ho Chi Minh Trail, Armand and his team put their new weapon to the test. 109 00:08:58,760 --> 00:09:13,760 We ejected the material so that it fell into the growing part of the cloud and it rained very heavily out of it and everybody was convinced with that one experiment that we had done enough. 110 00:09:13,760 --> 00:09:18,460 Project Popeye had opened the door to a new and dangerous type of warfare. 111 00:09:18,460 --> 00:09:22,460 Some said, if you control the weather, you can control the world. 112 00:09:22,460 --> 00:09:30,460 Military planners imagined loading the clouds with radiological, biological or chemical agents and having them rain on demand. 113 00:09:30,460 --> 00:09:34,460 You could attack your enemy using the weather but deny ever doing so. 114 00:09:34,460 --> 00:09:42,460 Allegations were made that cloud seeding had not only made jungle paths impossible, it had also killed thousands of innocent people. 115 00:09:42,460 --> 00:09:54,460 But this didn't stop governments from continuing to explore ways of modifying the weather, sometimes for highly questionable purposes. 116 00:09:54,460 --> 00:09:59,460 And that message calls for new frontiers, new visions. 117 00:09:59,460 --> 00:10:08,460 It calls for us taking the steps now that will make us no longer second in space and science. 118 00:10:08,460 --> 00:10:26,460 It lays the predicate and the foundation for the development of a weather satellite that will permit man to determine the world's cloud layer and ultimately to control the weather and he who controls the weather will control the world. 119 00:10:26,460 --> 00:10:30,460 It lays the steps that are necessary to provide a nuclear rocket. 120 00:10:30,460 --> 00:10:38,460 That will produce benefits that are so unlimited that I couldn't tell you about them if I had all left.