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Hey everyone, this year I'm doing a series of public discussions on the future of the internet and society and some of the big issues around that.

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And today I'm here with Yuval Noah Harari, a great historian and best-selling author of a number of books.

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His first book, Sapiens, A Brief History of Humankind, kind of chronicled and did an analysis going from the early days of hunter-gatherer society to now how our civilization is organized.

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And your next two books, The Homo Deus, A Brief History of Tomorrow and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, actually tackle important issues of technology and the future.

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And that's, I think, a lot of what we'll talk about today.

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But, you know, most historians only tackle and analyze the past, but a lot of the work that you've done has had really interesting insights and raised important questions for the future.

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So I'm really glad to have an opportunity to talk with you today.

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So Yuval, thank you for joining for this conversation.

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Yeah, I'm happy to be here.

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I think that if historians and philosophers cannot engage with the current questions of technology and the future of humanity, then we aren't doing our jobs.

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And we are not just supposed to chronicle events, you know, centuries ago.

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All the people that lived in the past are dead.

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They don't care.

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The question is what happens to us and to the people in the future.

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Yeah.

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All right.

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So all the questions that you've outlined, where should we start here?

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I mean, I think one of the big topics that we've talked about is around, you know, this dualism around whether, with all of the technology and progress that has been made, are people coming together?

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And are we becoming more unified?

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Or, you know, is our world becoming more fragmented?

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And so I'm curious to start off by how you're thinking about that.

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And I mean, that's probably a big area we could probably spend most of the time on that topic.

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Yeah, I mean, if you look at the long span of history, then it's obvious that humanity is becoming more and more connected.

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If thousands of years ago, planet Earth was actually a galaxy of a lot of isolated worlds with almost no connection between them.

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So gradually, people came together and became more and more connected until we reach today when the entire world, for the first time, is a single historical, economic, and cultural unit.

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But connectivity doesn't necessarily mean harmony.

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The people we fight most often are our own family members and neighbors and friends.

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So it's really a question of are we talking about connecting people or are we talking about harmonizing people?

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Connecting people can lead to a lot of conflicts.

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And when you look at the world today, you see this duality, for example, in the rise of walls, which we talked about earlier when we met, which for me is something that I just can't figure out what is happening.

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Because you have all this new connecting technology and the internet and virtual realities and social networks.

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And then one of the top political issues becomes building walls.

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And not just cyber walls or firewalls, building stone walls.

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Like the most stone-age technology is suddenly the most advanced technology.

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So how to make sense of this world, which is more connected than ever, but at the same time is building more walls than ever before?

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Yeah, well, I think one of the interesting questions is around whether there's actually so much of a conflict between these ideas of people becoming more connected and this fragmentation that you talk about.

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I mean, one of the things that it seems to me is that we, in the 21st century, in order to address the biggest opportunities and challenges that humanity has, right?

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So I think it's both opportunities, spreading prosperity, spreading peace, scientific progress, as well as some of the big challenges, right?

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Addressing climate change, making sure that, you know, on the flip side, that diseases don't spread and there aren't epidemics and things like that.

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We really need to be able to come together and have the world be more connected.

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But at the same time, that only works if we as individuals have our economic and social and spiritual needs met.

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And, you know, so one way to think about this is in terms of fragmentation.

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But another way to think about it is in terms of personalization, right?

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And, you know, I just think about, you know, when I was growing up, you know, one of the big things that I think that the Internet enables is for people to connect with groups of people who share their real values and interests.

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And it wasn't always like this, right?

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Before the Internet, you were really tied to your physical location.

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And I just think about how when I was growing up, you know, I grew up in a town of about 10,000 people.

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And, you know, there were only, you know, so many different clubs or activities that you could do.

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So I grew up, like a lot of the other kids, playing Little League baseball.

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And, you know, I kind of think about this in retrospect.

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It's like, I'm not really into baseball.

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I'm not really an athlete.

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So why did I play Little League when, you know, my real passion was programming computers?

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And, you know, the reality was that growing up, there was no one else really in my town who was into programming computers.

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So I didn't have a peer group or a club that I could do that.

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It wasn't until I went to boarding school and then later college where I actually was able to meet people who were into the same things as I am.

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And now I think with the Internet, that's starting to change, right?

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And now you have the ability to not just be tethered to your physical location, but to find people who have more niche interests and different kind of subcultures and communities on the Internet, which I think is a really powerful thing.

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But it also means that, you know, me growing up today, I probably wouldn't have played Little League.

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And you can think about me playing Little League as, you know, that could have been a unifying thing where, you know, there weren't that many things in my town.

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So that was a thing that brought people together.

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So maybe, you know, if I was creating or if I was a part of a community online that might have been more meaningful to me, getting to know real people, but around programming, which is my real interest, you would have said that our community growing up would have been more fragmented, right?

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And people wouldn't have had the same kind of sense of physical community.

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So when I think about these problems, I mean, one of the questions that I wonder is maybe, you know, fragmentation and personalization or finding what you actually care about are two sides of the same coin.

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But the bigger challenge that I worry about is whether there are a number of people who are just left behind in the transition who, you know, were people who would have played Little League but haven't now found their new community and now just feel dislocated.

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And, you know, maybe their primary orientation in the world is still the physical community that they're in, you know, or they haven't really been able to find a community of people who they're interested in.

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And as the world has progressed, you know, I think a lot of people feel lost in that way.

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And that probably contributes to some of the feelings.

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That would be my hypothesis, at least.

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I mean, that's the social version of it.

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There's also the economic version around globalization, which I think is as important.

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But I'm curious what you think about that.

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About the social issue, well, online communities can be a wonderful thing, but they are still incapable of replacing physical communities.

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Because there are still so many things that you can only do with your body and with your physical friends.

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And you can travel with your mind throughout the world, but not with your body.

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And there is a huge question about the costs and benefits there.

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And also the ability of people to just escape things they don't like in online communities.

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But you can't do it in real offline communities.

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I mean, you can unfriend your Facebook friends, but you can't unneighbor your neighbors.

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They are still there.

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Yeah.

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I mean, you can take yourself and move to another country if you have the means, but most people can't.

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So part of the logic of traditional communities was that you must learn how to get along with people you don't like, necessarily, maybe.

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And you must develop social mechanisms how to do that.

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And with online communities, I mean, and they have done some really wonderful things for people.

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But also, they kind of don't give us the experience of doing these difficult but important things.

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Yeah.

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And I definitely don't mean to state that online communities can replace everything that a physical community did.

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The most meaningful online communities that we see are ones that span online and offline, that bring people together.

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Maybe the original organization might be online, but people are coming together physically because that ultimately is really important for relationships and because we're physical beings.

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So whether it's – there are lots of examples around whether it's an interest community where people care about running, but they also care about cleaning up the environment.

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So a group of people organize online and then they, you know, every week go for a run along a beach or through a town and clean up garbage.

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You know, that's like a physical thing.

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I mean, we hear about communities where, you know, people – if you're in a profession, you know, maybe the military or maybe something else where you have to move around a lot,

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people form these communities of, you know, military families or families of, you know, groups that travel around and, you know, the first thing they do when they go to a new city is they find that community

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and then that's how they get integrated into the local physical community too.

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So that's obviously a super important part of this that I don't mean to understand.

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Yeah, and then the question, you know, the practical question for also a service provider like Facebook is what is the goal?

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I mean, are we trying to connect people so ultimately they will leave the screens and go and play football or pick up garbage?

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Or are we trying to keep them as long as possible on the screens?

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And there is a conflict of interest there.

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I mean, you could have – I mean, one model would have been we want people to stay as little as possible.

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Online, we just need them to stay there the shortest time necessary to form the connection which they will then go and do something in the outside world.

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Yeah.

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And that's one of the key questions, I think, about what the internet is doing to people, whether it's connecting them or fragmenting society.

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Yeah, and I think your point is right.

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I mean, we basically went – we've made this big shift in our systems to make sure that they're optimized for meaningful social interactions,

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which, of course, the most meaningful interactions that you can have are physical offline interactions.

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And there's always this question when you're building a service of how you measure the different thing that you're trying to optimize for.

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So, you know, it's a lot easier for us to measure if people are interacting or messaging online than if you're having a meaningful connection physically.

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But there are ways to get at that.

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I mean, you can ask people questions about what the most meaningful things that they did.

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You can't ask, you know, all 2 billion people, but you can have a statistical subsample of that.

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And I'm going to have people come in and tell you, okay, what are the most meaningful things that I was able to do today

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and how many of them were enabled by me, you know, connecting with people online

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or how much of it was me connecting with someone physically, maybe around the dinner table with content or something that I learned online or saw.

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So that is definitely a really important part of it.

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But I think one of the important and interesting questions is about the richness of the world that can be built

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where you have on one level unification or this global connection where there's a common framework where people can connect.

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Maybe it's through using, you know, common Internet services or maybe it's just common social norms as you travel around.

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And, you know, one of the things that you'd pointed out to me in a previous conversation is now something that's different from at any other time in history

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is you could travel to almost any other country and, you know, look like you dress like you're appropriate and that you fit in there.

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And if, you know, 200 years ago or 300 years ago, that just wouldn't have been the case.

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If you went to a different country, you would have just stood out immediately.

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So there's this norm, there's this level of cultural norm that is united.

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But then the question is, what do we build on top of that?

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And I think one of the things that a broader kind of set of cultural norms or shared values and framework enables

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is a richer set of subcultures and subcommunities and people to actually go find the things that they're interested in

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in lots of different communities to be created that wouldn't have existed before.

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You know, going back to my story before, it wasn't just my town that had Little League.

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You know, I think when I was growing up, you know, basically every town had very similar things.

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You know, there's a Little League in every town.

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And, you know, maybe instead of, you know, every town having Little League, there should be, Little League should be an option.

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But if you wanted to do something that not that many people were interested in, in my case, programming,

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in other people's case, maybe, you know, interest in some part of history or some part of art,

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that there just may not be another person in your 10,000-person town who share that interest,

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I think it's good if you can form those kind of communities and now people can find connections

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and can find a group of people who share their interest.

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And I think that there's a question, though, of you can look at that as fragmentation, right?

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Because now we're not all doing the same things, right?

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We're not all, you know, going to church and playing Little League and doing the exact same things.

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Or you can think about that as richness and depthness in our social lives.

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And I just think that that's an interesting question, is where you want the commonality across the world

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and the connection and where you actually want that commonality to enable deeper richness,

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even if that means that people are doing different things.

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And I'm curious if you have a view on that and where that's positive versus where that creates a lack of social cohesion.

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Yeah, I think almost nobody would argue with the benefits of a richer social environment

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in which people have more options to connect around all kinds of things.

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The key question is how do you still create enough social cohesion on a level of a country

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and increasingly also on the level of the entire globe in order to tackle our main problems?

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I mean, we need global cooperation like never before because we are facing unprecedented global problems.

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We just heard Earth Day, and to be obvious to everybody, we cannot deal with the problems of the environment,

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of climate change, except through global cooperation.

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Similarly, if you think about the potential disruption caused by new technologies like artificial intelligence,

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we need to find a mechanism for global cooperation around issues like how to prevent an AI arms race,

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how to prevent different countries racing to build autonomous weapon systems and killer robots

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and weaponizing the Internet and weaponizing social networks.

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Unless we have global cooperation, we can't stop that because every country will say,

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well, we don't want to produce killer robots, it's a bad idea,

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but we can't allow our rivals to do it before us, so we must do it first.

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And then you have a race to the bottom.

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Similarly, if you think about the potential disruptions to the job market and the economy,

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caused by AI and automation, so, you know, it's quite obvious that there will be jobs in the future,

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but will they be evenly distributed between different parts of the world?

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One of the potential results of the AI revolution could be the concentration of immense wealth

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in some parts of the world and the complete bankruptcy of other parts.

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There will be lots of new jobs for software engineers in California,

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but there will be maybe no jobs for textile workers and truck drivers in Honduras and Mexico.

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So what will they do?

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If we don't find a solution on the global level, like creating a global safety net

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to protect humans against the shocks of AI and enabling them to use the opportunities of AI,

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then we will create the most unequal economic situation that ever existed.

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It will be much worse, even than what happened in the Industrial Revolution,

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when some countries industrialized, most countries didn't,

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and the few industrial powers went on to conquer and dominate and exploit all the others.

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So how do we create enough global cooperation

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so that the enormous benefits of AI and automation

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don't go only, say, to California and eastern China,

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while the rest of the world is being left far behind?

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Yeah, I think that that's important.

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So I would unpack that into two sets of issues.

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One around AI and the future economic and geopolitical issues around that.

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And let's put that aside for a second,

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because I actually think we should spend 15 minutes on that.

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I mean, that's a big set of things.

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But then the other question is around how do you create the global cooperation

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that's necessary to take advantage of the big opportunities that are ahead

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and to address the big challenges, right?

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I don't think it's just fighting crises like climate change.

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I think that there are massive opportunities around global.

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Definitely, yeah.

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Spreading prosperity, spreading more human rights and freedom.

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Those are things that come with trade and connection as well.

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So I think that you want that for the upside.

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But I guess my diagnosis at this point,

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and I'm curious to hear your view on this,

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is I actually think we've spent a lot of the last 20 years with the Internet,

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maybe even longer, working on global trade, global information flow,

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making it so that people can connect.

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I actually think the bigger challenge at this point

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is making it so that in addition to that global framework that we have,

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making it so that things work for people locally, right?

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Because I think that there's this dualism here where you need both, right?

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If you just, if you resort to just kind of local tribalism,

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then you miss the opportunity to work on the really important global issues.

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But if you have a global framework,

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but people feel like it's not working for them at home

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or some set of people don't feel like that's not working,

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then they're not politically going to support

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the global collaboration that needs to have happened.

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I think there's the social version of this,

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which we talked about a little bit before,

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where people are now able to find communities

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that match their interests more,

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but some people haven't found those communities yet

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and are left behind as some of the more physical communities.

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And some of these communities are quite nasty also,

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so we shouldn't forget that.

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Yes, so I think they should be, yes.

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Although I would argue that people joining kind of extreme communities

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is largely a result of not having healthier communities

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and not having healthy economic progress for individuals.

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I think most people, when they feel good about their lives,

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they don't seek out extreme communities.

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So there's a lot of work that I think we as an internet platform provider

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need to do to lock that down even further.

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But I actually think creating prosperity

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is probably one of the better ways at a macro level to go at that.

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But I guess...

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Maybe just stop there a little.

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People that feel good about themselves

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have done some of the most terrible things in human history.

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I mean, we shouldn't confuse people feeling good

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about themselves and about their lives

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with people being benevolent and kind and so forth.

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And also, they wouldn't say that their ideas are extreme.

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And we have so many examples throughout human history

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00:22:06,540 --> 00:22:11,800
from the Roman Empire to slave trade in the modern age and colonialism

239
00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:15,760
that people, that they had a very good life.

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They had a very good family life and social life.

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They were nice people.

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I mean, I guess, I don't know,

243
00:22:20,940 --> 00:22:23,360
most Nazi voters were also nice people.

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If you meet them for a cup of coffee

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and you talk about your kids, they were nice people.

246
00:22:28,260 --> 00:22:30,420
And they think good things about themselves.

247
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And maybe some of them can have very happy lives.

248
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And even the ideas that we look back

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and say this was terrible, this was extreme,

250
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they didn't think so.

251
00:22:40,600 --> 00:22:44,860
Again, if you just think about colonialism...

252
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Well, but World War II,

253
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and that came through a period of intense economic

254
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and social disruption after the Industrial Revolution.

255
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Let's put aside the extreme example.

256
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Let's just think about European colonialism in the 19th century.

257
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So people say in Britain, in the late 19th century,

258
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they had the best life in the world at the time.

259
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And they didn't suffer from an economic crisis

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or disintegration of society or anything like that.

261
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And they thought that by going all over the world

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and conquering and changing societies in India,

263
00:23:24,180 --> 00:23:25,400
in Africa, in Australia,

264
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they were bringing lots of goods to the world.

265
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And I'm just saying that so that we are more careful about not confusing

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the good feelings people have about their life.

267
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It's not just miserable people suffering from poverty and economic crisis.

268
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Well, I think that there's a difference between the example that you're using of a wealthy society

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going and colonizing or doing different things that had different negative effects.

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That wasn't the fringe in that society.

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I guess what I was more reacting to before was your point about people becoming extremists.

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I would argue that in those societies, that wasn't those people becoming extremists.

273
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You can have a long debate about any part of history

274
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and whether the direction that a society chose to take is positive or negative

275
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and the ramifications of that.

276
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But I think today we have a specific issue,

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which is that more people are seeking out solutions at the extremes.

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And I think a lot of that is because of a feeling of dislocation,

279
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both economic and social.

280
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So that...

281
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Now, I think that there's a lot of ways that you go at that.

282
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And I think part of it,

283
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I mean, as someone who's running one of the internet platforms,

284
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I think we have a special responsibility

285
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to make sure that our systems aren't encouraging that.

286
00:25:02,120 --> 00:25:06,520
But I think broadly, the more macro solution for this

287
00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:09,840
is to make sure that people feel like they have that grounding

288
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and that sense of purpose and community

289
00:25:11,580 --> 00:25:13,860
and that their lives are...

290
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And that they have opportunity.

291
00:25:16,380 --> 00:25:19,960
And I think that statistically, what we see in sociologically

292
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is that when people have those opportunities,

293
00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:26,840
they don't, on balance as much, seek out those kind of groups.

294
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And I think that there's the social version of this.

295
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There's also the economic version.

296
00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:32,600
I mean, this is the basic story of globalization,

297
00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:36,940
is on the one hand, it's been extremely positive

298
00:25:36,940 --> 00:25:38,780
for bringing a lot of people into the global economy,

299
00:25:39,080 --> 00:25:39,200
right?

300
00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:42,280
People in India and Southeast Asia and across Africa

301
00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:45,980
who wouldn't have previously had access to a lot of jobs

302
00:25:45,980 --> 00:25:47,300
in the global economy now do.

303
00:25:47,300 --> 00:25:49,140
And there's been probably the greatest...

304
00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:52,420
At a global level, inequality is weighed down, right?

305
00:25:52,480 --> 00:25:55,580
Because hundreds of millions of people

306
00:25:55,580 --> 00:25:59,540
have come out of poverty and that's been positive.

307
00:26:00,860 --> 00:26:05,940
But the big issue has been that in developed countries,

308
00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:09,680
there have been a large number of people

309
00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:12,500
who are now competing with all these other people

310
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who are joining the economy

311
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and jobs are moving to these other places.

312
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So a lot of people have lost jobs.

313
00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:19,180
For some of the people who haven't lost jobs,

314
00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:21,040
there's now more competition for those jobs

315
00:26:21,040 --> 00:26:22,960
for people internationally.

316
00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:25,300
So their wages, that's one of the factors

317
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:26,160
I would...

318
00:26:27,640 --> 00:26:30,000
The analyses have shown that is...

319
00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:33,080
That's preventing more wage growth.

320
00:26:33,500 --> 00:26:36,080
And there are, you know, 5% to 10% of people,

321
00:26:36,220 --> 00:26:38,460
according to a lot of the analyses that I've shown,

322
00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:41,160
who are actually in absolute terms worse off

323
00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:42,020
because of globalization.

324
00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:44,260
Now, that doesn't necessarily mean that globalization

325
00:26:44,260 --> 00:26:47,280
for the whole world is negative.

326
00:26:47,460 --> 00:26:50,960
I think in general, it's been on balance positive,

327
00:26:51,140 --> 00:26:52,420
but the story we've told about it

328
00:26:52,420 --> 00:26:54,760
has probably been too optimistic

329
00:26:54,760 --> 00:26:57,100
in that we've only talked about the positives

330
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and how it's good as this global movement

331
00:27:00,980 --> 00:27:02,740
to bring people out of poverty

332
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and create more opportunities.

333
00:27:04,420 --> 00:27:05,660
And the reality, I think, has been

334
00:27:05,660 --> 00:27:07,620
that it's been net very positive.

335
00:27:07,620 --> 00:27:10,320
But, you know, if there are 5% or 10% of people in the world

336
00:27:10,320 --> 00:27:11,340
who are worse off,

337
00:27:11,740 --> 00:27:13,200
there's 7 billion people in the world.

338
00:27:13,280 --> 00:27:15,440
So that's many hundreds of millions of people,

339
00:27:15,820 --> 00:27:18,380
the majority of whom are likely

340
00:27:18,380 --> 00:27:22,180
in the most developed countries in the U.S.

341
00:27:22,180 --> 00:27:22,900
and across Europe.

342
00:27:23,140 --> 00:27:26,200
That's going to create a lot of political pressure

343
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:28,620
on those countries.

344
00:27:28,620 --> 00:27:31,600
So in order to have a global system that works,

345
00:27:31,680 --> 00:27:34,920
it feels like you need it to work at the global level,

346
00:27:35,060 --> 00:27:37,100
but then you also need individuals

347
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:40,240
in each of the member nations in that system

348
00:27:40,240 --> 00:27:42,500
to feel like it's working for them too.

349
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:43,960
And that recurses all the way down.

350
00:27:44,260 --> 00:27:46,400
So, you know, in local cities and communities,

351
00:27:46,540 --> 00:27:48,080
people need to feel like it's working for them,

352
00:27:48,380 --> 00:27:51,500
both economically and socially.

353
00:27:51,940 --> 00:27:52,920
So I guess at this point,

354
00:27:52,980 --> 00:27:54,240
the thing that I worry about,

355
00:27:54,740 --> 00:27:56,700
and I've rotated a lot of Facebook's energy

356
00:27:56,700 --> 00:27:58,080
to try to focus on this,

357
00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:00,960
is, you know, our mission used to be connecting the world.

358
00:28:01,340 --> 00:28:04,560
Now it's about helping people build communities

359
00:28:04,560 --> 00:28:06,640
and bringing people closer together.

360
00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:08,080
And a lot of that is because

361
00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:10,260
I actually think that the thing that we need to do

362
00:28:10,260 --> 00:28:13,820
to support more global connection at this point

363
00:28:13,820 --> 00:28:16,360
is making sure that things work for people locally.

364
00:28:16,780 --> 00:28:18,100
That, you know, in a lot of ways,

365
00:28:18,180 --> 00:28:19,420
we've made it so the internet,

366
00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:21,880
you know, so that an emerging creator can...

367
00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:24,060
But how do you balance working it locally

368
00:28:24,060 --> 00:28:26,760
for people in the American Midwest

369
00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:28,800
and at the same time working it better

370
00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:32,000
for people in Mexico or South America or Africa?

371
00:28:32,620 --> 00:28:34,740
I mean, part of the imbalance is

372
00:28:34,740 --> 00:28:38,720
that when people in middle America are angry,

373
00:28:39,220 --> 00:28:40,840
everybody pays attention

374
00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:44,380
because they have their finger on the button.

375
00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:49,300
But if people in Mexico or people in Zambia feel angry,

376
00:28:49,740 --> 00:28:50,760
we care far less

377
00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:52,660
because they have far less power.

378
00:28:53,220 --> 00:28:55,420
The pain, and I'm not saying the pain is not real.

379
00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:56,760
The pain is definitely real.

380
00:28:57,060 --> 00:28:59,660
But the pain of somebody in Indiana

381
00:28:59,660 --> 00:29:03,480
reverberates around the world far more

382
00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:06,020
than the pain of somebody in Honduras

383
00:29:06,020 --> 00:29:07,360
or in the Philippines,

384
00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:09,560
simply because of the imbalances

385
00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:11,340
of the power in the world.

386
00:29:11,340 --> 00:29:17,460
And earlier, what we said about fragmentation,

387
00:29:17,960 --> 00:29:21,040
I know that Facebook faces a lot of criticism

388
00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:24,920
about kind of encouraging people,

389
00:29:25,180 --> 00:29:28,440
some people to move to these extremist groups.

390
00:29:29,380 --> 00:29:31,320
But that's a big problem,

391
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:33,300
but I don't think it's the main problem.

392
00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:36,720
I think also it's something that you can solve

393
00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:39,080
if you put enough energy into that.

394
00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:40,400
That is something you can solve.

395
00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:41,880
But this is the problem

396
00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:43,480
that gets most of the attention now.

397
00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:45,460
What I worry more,

398
00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:47,200
again, not just about Facebook,

399
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:49,300
about the entire direction

400
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:52,280
that the new internet economy

401
00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:55,040
and the new tech economy is going towards,

402
00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:58,700
is increasing inequality

403
00:29:58,700 --> 00:30:01,280
between different parts of the world,

404
00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:03,860
which is not the result of extremist ideology,

405
00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:07,620
but the result of a certain economic and political model.

406
00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:13,000
And secondly, undermining human agency

407
00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:17,180
and undermining the basic philosophical ideas

408
00:30:17,180 --> 00:30:21,320
of democracy and the free market and individualism.

409
00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:22,100
These, I would say,

410
00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:23,740
are my two greatest concerns

411
00:30:23,740 --> 00:30:26,820
about the development of technology

412
00:30:26,820 --> 00:30:29,400
like AI and machine learning.

413
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:36,000
And this will continue to be a major problem

414
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:38,660
even if we find solutions

415
00:30:38,660 --> 00:30:42,480
to the issue of social extremism

416
00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:44,380
in particular groups.

417
00:30:44,380 --> 00:30:48,080
Yeah, I certainly agree

418
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:49,500
that extremism isn't,

419
00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:51,840
I would think about it more as a symptom

420
00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:54,680
and a big issue that needs to be worked on.

421
00:30:55,180 --> 00:30:58,380
But I think the bigger question

422
00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:01,660
is making sure that everyone has a sense of purpose,

423
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:04,480
has a role that they feel matters,

424
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:06,920
and social connections.

425
00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:08,140
Because at the end of the day,

426
00:31:08,220 --> 00:31:09,700
we're social animals.

427
00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:12,960
And I think it's easy in our theoretical thinking

428
00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:15,100
to abstract that away.

429
00:31:15,320 --> 00:31:19,840
But that's such a fundamental part of who we are.

430
00:31:19,900 --> 00:31:21,160
So that's why I focus on that.

431
00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:22,840
I don't know,

432
00:31:22,860 --> 00:31:24,920
do you want to move over to some of the AI issues?

433
00:31:25,060 --> 00:31:27,080
Because I think that that's a...

434
00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:28,980
Or do you want to stick on this topic for a second?

435
00:31:28,980 --> 00:31:32,640
No, I mean, this topic is closely connected to AI.

436
00:31:33,740 --> 00:31:35,220
Again, because I think that,

437
00:31:36,580 --> 00:31:37,880
you know, one of the disservices

438
00:31:37,880 --> 00:31:39,420
that science fiction,

439
00:31:39,580 --> 00:31:41,100
and I'm a huge fan of science fiction,

440
00:31:41,220 --> 00:31:42,360
but I think it has done some,

441
00:31:42,420 --> 00:31:46,320
also some pretty bad things,

442
00:31:46,500 --> 00:31:48,180
which is to focus attention

443
00:31:48,180 --> 00:31:50,440
on the wrong scenarios,

444
00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:51,500
on the wrong dangers.

445
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:52,560
That people think,

446
00:31:52,660 --> 00:31:53,720
oh, AI is dangerous

447
00:31:53,720 --> 00:31:56,580
because the robots are coming to kill us.

448
00:31:56,920 --> 00:31:58,440
And this is extremely unlikely

449
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:01,620
that we'll face a robot rebellion.

450
00:32:01,620 --> 00:32:02,660
I'm much more frightened

451
00:32:02,660 --> 00:32:04,740
about robots always obeying orders

452
00:32:04,740 --> 00:32:09,120
than about robots rebelling against the humans.

453
00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:13,580
I think the two main problems with AI,

454
00:32:13,700 --> 00:32:15,660
and we can explore this in greater depth,

455
00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:16,800
is what I just mentioned.

456
00:32:17,100 --> 00:32:19,240
First, increasing inequality

457
00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:20,820
between different parts of the world,

458
00:32:20,940 --> 00:32:22,960
because you'll have some countries

459
00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:27,780
which lead and dominate the new AI economy.

460
00:32:27,780 --> 00:32:30,340
And this is such a huge advantage

461
00:32:30,340 --> 00:32:33,420
that it kind of trumps everything else.

462
00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:34,740
And we will see,

463
00:32:34,820 --> 00:32:36,660
I mean, if we had the Industrial Revolution

464
00:32:36,660 --> 00:32:38,580
creating this huge gap

465
00:32:38,580 --> 00:32:40,380
between a few industrial powers

466
00:32:40,380 --> 00:32:41,380
and everybody else,

467
00:32:41,640 --> 00:32:43,420
and then it took 150 years

468
00:32:43,420 --> 00:32:44,580
to close the gap,

469
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:46,560
and over the last few decades,

470
00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:48,220
the gap has been closed,

471
00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:49,300
or closing,

472
00:32:49,620 --> 00:32:51,040
as more and more countries,

473
00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:52,520
which were far behind,

474
00:32:52,820 --> 00:32:53,960
are catching up.

475
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:56,860
Now the gap may reopen

476
00:32:56,860 --> 00:32:59,340
and be much worse than ever before

477
00:32:59,340 --> 00:33:01,880
because of the rise of AI

478
00:33:01,880 --> 00:33:05,380
and because AI is likely to be dominated

479
00:33:05,380 --> 00:33:07,420
by just a small number of countries.

480
00:33:07,680 --> 00:33:08,760
So that's one issue,

481
00:33:08,860 --> 00:33:09,880
AI and inequality.

482
00:33:10,540 --> 00:33:11,580
And the other issue

483
00:33:11,580 --> 00:33:14,920
is AI and human agency,

484
00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:18,260
or even the meaning of human life.

485
00:33:18,340 --> 00:33:19,280
What happens

486
00:33:19,280 --> 00:33:23,360
when AI is mature enough

487
00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:24,900
and you have enough data

488
00:33:24,900 --> 00:33:27,020
to basically hack human beings,

489
00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:28,520
and you have an AI

490
00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:30,120
that knows me better

491
00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:31,380
than I know myself

492
00:33:31,380 --> 00:33:35,060
and can make decisions for me,

493
00:33:35,340 --> 00:33:36,400
predict my choices,

494
00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:38,000
manipulate my choices,

495
00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:40,420
and authority increasingly shifts

496
00:33:40,420 --> 00:33:43,240
from humans to algorithms.

497
00:33:43,920 --> 00:33:45,620
So not only decisions

498
00:33:45,620 --> 00:33:47,220
about which movie to see,

499
00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:48,900
but even decisions like

500
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:49,980
which community to join,

501
00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:51,920
who to befriend,

502
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:52,680
whom to marry.

503
00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:55,400
We increasingly rely

504
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:56,560
on the recommendations

505
00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:57,840
of the AI

506
00:33:57,840 --> 00:33:59,360
and what does it do

507
00:33:59,360 --> 00:34:00,440
to human life

508
00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:01,420
and human agency.

509
00:34:01,940 --> 00:34:02,480
So these are,

510
00:34:02,580 --> 00:34:02,960
I would say,

511
00:34:02,980 --> 00:34:04,440
the two most important issues

512
00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:05,480
of inequality

513
00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:06,460
and AI

514
00:34:06,460 --> 00:34:07,620
and human agency.

515
00:34:08,280 --> 00:34:08,520
Yeah.

516
00:34:09,540 --> 00:34:11,280
And I think both of them

517
00:34:11,280 --> 00:34:12,520
get down to

518
00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:15,220
a similar question

519
00:34:15,220 --> 00:34:17,520
around values, right?

520
00:34:17,580 --> 00:34:19,420
And who's building this

521
00:34:19,420 --> 00:34:20,360
and what are the values

522
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:21,100
that are encoded

523
00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:23,300
and how does that

524
00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:24,860
end up playing out?

525
00:34:26,420 --> 00:34:27,360
Yeah, I tend to think

526
00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:28,460
that in a lot of the conversations

527
00:34:28,460 --> 00:34:29,120
around AI,

528
00:34:29,500 --> 00:34:31,480
we almost personify AI, right?

529
00:34:31,540 --> 00:34:33,360
Your point around killer robots

530
00:34:33,360 --> 00:34:34,040
or something like that.

531
00:34:34,180 --> 00:34:35,360
But I actually think it's,

532
00:34:35,900 --> 00:34:37,080
AI is very connected

533
00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:40,820
to the general tech sector, right?

534
00:34:40,820 --> 00:34:43,220
So almost every technology product

535
00:34:43,220 --> 00:34:45,100
and increasingly a lot of

536
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:48,360
not what you call technology products

537
00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:52,200
are made better in some way by AI.

538
00:34:52,420 --> 00:34:53,140
So it's not like AI

539
00:34:53,140 --> 00:34:54,480
is a monolithic thing

540
00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:55,040
that you build.

541
00:34:55,420 --> 00:34:57,480
It powers a lot of products.

542
00:34:57,660 --> 00:34:59,100
So it's a lot of economic progress

543
00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:00,320
and can get towards

544
00:35:00,320 --> 00:35:01,500
some of the distribution

545
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:02,960
of opportunity questions

546
00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:03,560
that you're raising.

547
00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:06,720
But it also is fundamentally

548
00:35:06,720 --> 00:35:07,460
interconnected

549
00:35:07,460 --> 00:35:09,960
with these really

550
00:35:09,960 --> 00:35:11,520
socially important questions

551
00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:13,060
around data

552
00:35:13,060 --> 00:35:14,680
and privacy

553
00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:16,100
and how we want

554
00:35:16,100 --> 00:35:17,100
our data to be used

555
00:35:17,100 --> 00:35:17,980
and what are the policies

556
00:35:17,980 --> 00:35:18,660
around that

557
00:35:18,660 --> 00:35:19,200
and what are the

558
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:20,320
global frameworks.

559
00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:23,140
And so one of the big questions

560
00:35:23,140 --> 00:35:23,460
that,

561
00:35:23,780 --> 00:35:25,420
so I tend to agree

562
00:35:25,420 --> 00:35:26,600
with a lot of the

563
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,300
questions that you're raising

564
00:35:29,300 --> 00:35:29,920
which is that

565
00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:31,380
a lot of the countries

566
00:35:31,380 --> 00:35:33,500
that have the ability

567
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:35,180
to invest

568
00:35:35,180 --> 00:35:36,740
in future technology

569
00:35:36,740 --> 00:35:37,840
of which AI

570
00:35:37,840 --> 00:35:38,700
and data

571
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:39,660
and future

572
00:35:39,660 --> 00:35:40,820
internet technologies

573
00:35:40,820 --> 00:35:41,340
are certainly

574
00:35:41,340 --> 00:35:42,180
an important area

575
00:35:42,180 --> 00:35:43,280
are doing that

576
00:35:43,280 --> 00:35:44,160
because it will give

577
00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:45,960
their local companies

578
00:35:45,960 --> 00:35:47,400
an advantage

579
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:49,040
in the future, right?

580
00:35:49,120 --> 00:35:50,040
And to be the ones

581
00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:51,360
that are exporting services

582
00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:52,760
around the world.

583
00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:54,540
I tend to think

584
00:35:54,540 --> 00:35:55,300
that right now

585
00:35:55,300 --> 00:35:57,700
the United States

586
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:00,060
has a major

587
00:36:00,060 --> 00:36:01,320
advantage

588
00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:01,980
that a lot of

589
00:36:01,980 --> 00:36:03,400
the global technology

590
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:04,220
platforms

591
00:36:04,220 --> 00:36:05,680
are made here

592
00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:07,220
and certainly

593
00:36:07,220 --> 00:36:08,160
a lot of the

594
00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:09,420
values

595
00:36:09,420 --> 00:36:10,960
that are encoded

596
00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:11,420
in that

597
00:36:11,420 --> 00:36:13,080
are shaped

598
00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:13,600
largely

599
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:15,120
by American values.

600
00:36:15,220 --> 00:36:15,660
They're not only,

601
00:36:16,280 --> 00:36:17,620
speaking for Facebook

602
00:36:17,620 --> 00:36:18,420
and we serve people

603
00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:18,800
around the world

604
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:19,260
and we take that

605
00:36:19,260 --> 00:36:19,860
very seriously

606
00:36:19,860 --> 00:36:21,380
but certainly ideas

607
00:36:21,380 --> 00:36:22,180
like giving everyone

608
00:36:22,180 --> 00:36:22,720
a voice

609
00:36:22,720 --> 00:36:24,740
that's something

610
00:36:24,740 --> 00:36:26,060
that is probably

611
00:36:26,060 --> 00:36:26,680
very shaped

612
00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:29,200
by the American ideas

613
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:30,260
around free speech

614
00:36:30,260 --> 00:36:31,820
and strong adherence

615
00:36:31,820 --> 00:36:32,260
to that.

616
00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:34,620
So I think culturally

617
00:36:34,620 --> 00:36:35,700
and economically

618
00:36:35,700 --> 00:36:37,460
there's an advantage

619
00:36:37,460 --> 00:36:38,700
for countries

620
00:36:38,700 --> 00:36:39,420
to develop

621
00:36:39,420 --> 00:36:41,620
to kind of push

622
00:36:41,620 --> 00:36:42,500
forward the state

623
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:44,060
of the field

624
00:36:44,060 --> 00:36:47,460
and have the companies

625
00:36:47,460 --> 00:36:48,060
that in the next

626
00:36:48,060 --> 00:36:48,540
generation

627
00:36:48,540 --> 00:36:50,040
are the strongest

628
00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:51,280
companies in that.

629
00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:51,740
So certainly

630
00:36:51,740 --> 00:36:52,380
you see different

631
00:36:52,380 --> 00:36:52,880
countries

632
00:36:52,880 --> 00:36:54,340
trying to do that

633
00:36:54,340 --> 00:36:55,100
and this is very

634
00:36:55,100 --> 00:36:55,580
tied up

635
00:36:55,580 --> 00:36:57,600
in not just

636
00:36:57,600 --> 00:36:58,620
economic prosperity

637
00:36:58,620 --> 00:36:59,220
and inequality

638
00:36:59,220 --> 00:36:59,620
Do they have

639
00:36:59,620 --> 00:37:00,320
a real chance?

640
00:37:00,500 --> 00:37:00,680
I mean

641
00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:01,740
does a country

642
00:37:01,740 --> 00:37:03,020
like Honduras

643
00:37:03,020 --> 00:37:03,960
Ukraine

644
00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:04,680
Yemen

645
00:37:04,680 --> 00:37:06,180
has any real chance

646
00:37:06,180 --> 00:37:07,320
of joining

647
00:37:07,320 --> 00:37:09,500
the AI race

648
00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:10,780
or are they

649
00:37:10,780 --> 00:37:12,280
they are already out?

650
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:12,500
I mean

651
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:13,920
it's not going to happen

652
00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:14,300
in Yemen

653
00:37:14,300 --> 00:37:15,100
it's not going to happen

654
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:15,720
in Honduras

655
00:37:15,720 --> 00:37:16,880
and then what happens

656
00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:17,360
to them

657
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:18,760
in 20 years

658
00:37:18,760 --> 00:37:19,420
or 50 years?

659
00:37:19,440 --> 00:37:19,620
Well I think

660
00:37:19,620 --> 00:37:20,160
some of this gets down

661
00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:20,780
to the values

662
00:37:20,780 --> 00:37:21,780
around how it's developed

663
00:37:21,780 --> 00:37:22,060
though.

664
00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:22,860
What is

665
00:37:22,860 --> 00:37:24,720
you know

666
00:37:24,720 --> 00:37:25,480
I think that

667
00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:26,340
there are certain advantages

668
00:37:26,340 --> 00:37:26,960
that countries

669
00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:28,040
with larger populations

670
00:37:28,040 --> 00:37:28,480
have

671
00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:28,900
because you can get

672
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:29,620
to critical mass

673
00:37:29,620 --> 00:37:30,660
in terms of universities

674
00:37:30,660 --> 00:37:31,500
and industry

675
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:33,220
and investment

676
00:37:33,220 --> 00:37:34,180
and things like that

677
00:37:34,180 --> 00:37:35,880
but one of the values

678
00:37:35,880 --> 00:37:39,540
that we hear

679
00:37:39,540 --> 00:37:40,540
both at Facebook

680
00:37:40,540 --> 00:37:41,100
and I think

681
00:37:41,100 --> 00:37:41,860
generally

682
00:37:41,860 --> 00:37:43,220
in the academic system

683
00:37:43,220 --> 00:37:44,320
of trying to do research

684
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:45,080
hold

685
00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:46,020
is that you do

686
00:37:46,020 --> 00:37:46,760
open research

687
00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:47,100
right?

688
00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:48,360
So a lot of the work

689
00:37:48,360 --> 00:37:49,760
that's getting invested

690
00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:52,980
into these advances

691
00:37:52,980 --> 00:37:55,440
in theory

692
00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:56,400
if this works well

693
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:57,520
should be more open

694
00:37:57,520 --> 00:37:58,660
so then you can have

695
00:37:58,660 --> 00:37:59,280
an entrepreneur

696
00:37:59,280 --> 00:38:02,800
in one of these countries

697
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:03,720
that you're talking about

698
00:38:03,720 --> 00:38:05,500
which maybe isn't

699
00:38:05,500 --> 00:38:07,500
a whole industry-wide thing

700
00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:09,360
and certainly

701
00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:10,140
I think you'd bet

702
00:38:10,140 --> 00:38:11,000
against

703
00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:12,040
sitting here today

704
00:38:12,040 --> 00:38:12,960
that in the future

705
00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:14,200
all of the AI companies

706
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:14,660
are going to be

707
00:38:14,660 --> 00:38:16,500
in a given small country

708
00:38:16,500 --> 00:38:18,380
but I don't think

709
00:38:18,380 --> 00:38:19,080
it's far-fetched

710
00:38:19,080 --> 00:38:19,500
to believe

711
00:38:19,500 --> 00:38:20,000
that there will be

712
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:20,520
an entrepreneur

713
00:38:20,520 --> 00:38:21,660
in some place

714
00:38:21,660 --> 00:38:22,380
who can use

715
00:38:22,380 --> 00:38:23,820
Amazon Web Services

716
00:38:23,820 --> 00:38:25,000
to spin up instances

717
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:25,880
for compute

718
00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:28,860
who can hire people

719
00:38:28,860 --> 00:38:29,640
across the world

720
00:38:29,640 --> 00:38:30,720
in a globalized economy

721
00:38:30,720 --> 00:38:32,620
and can leverage research

722
00:38:32,620 --> 00:38:33,440
that has been done

723
00:38:33,440 --> 00:38:34,280
in the US

724
00:38:34,280 --> 00:38:35,060
or across Europe

725
00:38:35,060 --> 00:38:35,580
or in different

726
00:38:35,580 --> 00:38:36,880
open academic institutions

727
00:38:36,880 --> 00:38:37,500
or companies

728
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:38,220
that increasingly

729
00:38:38,220 --> 00:38:39,240
are publishing their work

730
00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:40,880
that are pushing

731
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:41,560
the state-of-the-art

732
00:38:41,560 --> 00:38:42,260
forward on that

733
00:38:42,260 --> 00:38:43,020
so I think

734
00:38:43,020 --> 00:38:43,360
that there's

735
00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:44,120
this big question

736
00:38:44,120 --> 00:38:45,360
about what we want

737
00:38:45,360 --> 00:38:46,300
the future to look like

738
00:38:46,300 --> 00:38:47,420
and part of the way

739
00:38:47,420 --> 00:38:47,800
that I think

740
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:48,460
we want the future

741
00:38:48,460 --> 00:38:48,840
to look

742
00:38:48,840 --> 00:38:50,240
is we want it to be

743
00:38:50,240 --> 00:38:51,800
we want it to be open

744
00:38:51,800 --> 00:38:52,520
we want the research

745
00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:53,000
to be open

746
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:53,860
I think we want

747
00:38:53,860 --> 00:38:54,280
the internet

748
00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:55,920
to be a platform

749
00:38:55,920 --> 00:38:56,580
and this gets back

750
00:38:56,580 --> 00:38:57,800
to your unification point

751
00:38:57,800 --> 00:38:58,800
versus fragmentation

752
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:00,480
one of the big risks

753
00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:01,360
I think for the future

754
00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:04,820
is that the internet policy

755
00:39:04,820 --> 00:39:05,560
in each country

756
00:39:05,560 --> 00:39:07,020
ends up looking different

757
00:39:07,020 --> 00:39:08,180
and ends up being fragmented

758
00:39:08,180 --> 00:39:09,420
and if that's the case

759
00:39:09,420 --> 00:39:10,220
then I think

760
00:39:10,220 --> 00:39:11,400
the entrepreneur

761
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:12,100
in the countries

762
00:39:12,100 --> 00:39:12,720
that you're talking about

763
00:39:12,720 --> 00:39:13,180
in Honduras

764
00:39:13,180 --> 00:39:14,260
probably doesn't have

765
00:39:14,260 --> 00:39:15,100
as big of a chance

766
00:39:15,100 --> 00:39:16,740
if they can't leverage

767
00:39:16,740 --> 00:39:20,540
all the advances

768
00:39:20,540 --> 00:39:21,280
that are happening everywhere

769
00:39:21,280 --> 00:39:22,100
but if the internet

770
00:39:22,100 --> 00:39:23,040
stays one thing

771
00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:23,580
and the research

772
00:39:23,580 --> 00:39:24,200
stays open

773
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:25,540
then I think

774
00:39:25,540 --> 00:39:25,860
that they have

775
00:39:25,860 --> 00:39:26,720
a much better shot

776
00:39:26,720 --> 00:39:28,140
so when I look

777
00:39:28,140 --> 00:39:29,080
towards the future

778
00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:30,700
one of the things

779
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:31,700
that I just get

780
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:32,580
very worried about

781
00:39:32,580 --> 00:39:35,380
is the values

782
00:39:35,380 --> 00:39:36,260
that I just laid out

783
00:39:36,260 --> 00:39:37,240
are not values

784
00:39:37,240 --> 00:39:38,400
that all countries share

785
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:40,320
and when you get

786
00:39:40,320 --> 00:39:41,040
into some of the

787
00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:42,540
more authoritarian countries

788
00:39:42,540 --> 00:39:44,800
and their data policies

789
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:46,080
they're very different

790
00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:46,700
from the kind of

791
00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:47,740
regulatory frameworks

792
00:39:47,740 --> 00:39:50,040
that across Europe

793
00:39:50,040 --> 00:39:51,320
and across a lot

794
00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:51,760
of other people

795
00:39:51,760 --> 00:39:52,800
people are talking about

796
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:53,820
or have put into place

797
00:39:53,820 --> 00:39:56,220
and just to put

798
00:39:56,220 --> 00:39:57,080
a finer point on it

799
00:39:57,080 --> 00:39:58,280
recently I've come out

800
00:39:58,280 --> 00:40:00,440
and I've been

801
00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:02,080
very vocal

802
00:40:02,080 --> 00:40:03,320
that I think

803
00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:04,060
that more countries

804
00:40:04,060 --> 00:40:04,740
should adopt

805
00:40:04,740 --> 00:40:06,680
a privacy framework

806
00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:08,120
like GDPR in Europe

807
00:40:08,120 --> 00:40:09,120
and a lot of people

808
00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:09,520
I think have been

809
00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:10,320
confused about this

810
00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:11,360
why are you arguing

811
00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:13,360
for more privacy regulation

812
00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:15,620
why now

813
00:40:15,620 --> 00:40:16,680
given that in the past

814
00:40:16,680 --> 00:40:19,380
you weren't as positive

815
00:40:19,380 --> 00:40:19,740
on it

816
00:40:19,740 --> 00:40:20,540
and I think

817
00:40:20,540 --> 00:40:21,540
part of the reason

818
00:40:21,540 --> 00:40:23,080
why I am so focused

819
00:40:23,080 --> 00:40:23,740
on this now

820
00:40:23,740 --> 00:40:24,980
is I think at this point

821
00:40:24,980 --> 00:40:25,820
people around the world

822
00:40:25,820 --> 00:40:26,420
recognize

823
00:40:26,420 --> 00:40:28,000
that these questions

824
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:28,640
around data

825
00:40:28,640 --> 00:40:29,380
and AI

826
00:40:29,380 --> 00:40:30,060
and technology

827
00:40:30,060 --> 00:40:30,760
are important

828
00:40:30,760 --> 00:40:31,720
so there's going to be

829
00:40:31,720 --> 00:40:32,160
a framework

830
00:40:32,160 --> 00:40:32,880
in every country

831
00:40:32,880 --> 00:40:33,840
I mean it's not like

832
00:40:33,840 --> 00:40:34,700
there's not going to be

833
00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:36,020
regulation or policy

834
00:40:36,020 --> 00:40:37,780
so I actually think

835
00:40:37,780 --> 00:40:38,480
the bigger question

836
00:40:38,480 --> 00:40:39,660
is what is it going to be

837
00:40:39,660 --> 00:40:41,240
and the most likely alternative

838
00:40:41,240 --> 00:40:43,760
to each country

839
00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:44,780
adopting something

840
00:40:44,780 --> 00:40:45,940
that encodes

841
00:40:45,940 --> 00:40:46,480
the freedoms

842
00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:47,140
and rights

843
00:40:47,140 --> 00:40:48,320
of something like GDPR

844
00:40:48,320 --> 00:40:50,280
in my mind

845
00:40:50,280 --> 00:40:51,380
the most likely alternative

846
00:40:51,380 --> 00:40:53,440
is the authoritarian model

847
00:40:53,440 --> 00:40:55,500
which is currently

848
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:56,980
being spread

849
00:40:56,980 --> 00:40:58,420
which says

850
00:40:58,420 --> 00:40:59,520
you know

851
00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:00,420
every company

852
00:41:00,420 --> 00:41:01,300
needs to store

853
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:03,040
everyone's data

854
00:41:03,040 --> 00:41:04,320
locally

855
00:41:04,320 --> 00:41:05,160
in data centers

856
00:41:05,160 --> 00:41:06,440
and if I'm a government

857
00:41:06,440 --> 00:41:07,880
I should be able to

858
00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:09,320
go send my military there

859
00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:10,060
and be able to access

860
00:41:10,060 --> 00:41:11,380
whatever data I want

861
00:41:11,380 --> 00:41:12,920
and be able to take that

862
00:41:12,920 --> 00:41:13,760
for surveillance

863
00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:14,920
or military

864
00:41:14,920 --> 00:41:16,240
or helping

865
00:41:16,240 --> 00:41:17,240
you know

866
00:41:17,240 --> 00:41:17,680
local

867
00:41:17,680 --> 00:41:19,800
military industrial companies

868
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:20,540
and

869
00:41:20,540 --> 00:41:21,720
I mean I just think

870
00:41:21,720 --> 00:41:23,060
that that's a really bad future

871
00:41:23,060 --> 00:41:23,440
right

872
00:41:23,440 --> 00:41:23,980
that's not

873
00:41:23,980 --> 00:41:25,000
that's not the direction

874
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:25,380
that

875
00:41:25,380 --> 00:41:26,800
that I

876
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:27,440
as

877
00:41:27,440 --> 00:41:28,300
you know

878
00:41:28,300 --> 00:41:28,860
someone who's building

879
00:41:28,860 --> 00:41:29,820
one of these internet services

880
00:41:29,820 --> 00:41:31,220
or just as a citizen of the world

881
00:41:31,220 --> 00:41:32,180
want to see the world going

882
00:41:32,180 --> 00:41:33,840
to be the devil's advocate

883
00:41:33,840 --> 00:41:34,780
for a moment

884
00:41:34,780 --> 00:41:36,060
I mean if I look at it

885
00:41:36,060 --> 00:41:36,540
from the viewpoint

886
00:41:36,540 --> 00:41:37,320
let's say of India

887
00:41:37,320 --> 00:41:39,300
so I listen to the

888
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:40,040
American president

889
00:41:40,040 --> 00:41:41,760
saying America first

890
00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:42,680
and

891
00:41:42,680 --> 00:41:43,900
I'm a nationalist

892
00:41:43,900 --> 00:41:45,060
I'm not a globalist

893
00:41:45,060 --> 00:41:46,000
I care about the interests

894
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:46,560
of America

895
00:41:46,560 --> 00:41:47,840
and I wonder

896
00:41:47,840 --> 00:41:48,860
is it safe

897
00:41:48,860 --> 00:41:50,440
to store the data

898
00:41:50,440 --> 00:41:51,980
about Indian citizens

899
00:41:51,980 --> 00:41:52,980
in the US

900
00:41:52,980 --> 00:41:53,900
and not in India

901
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:55,260
when they're openly saying

902
00:41:55,260 --> 00:41:56,400
they care only about themselves

903
00:41:56,400 --> 00:41:59,000
so why should it be in America

904
00:41:59,000 --> 00:41:59,820
and not in India

905
00:41:59,820 --> 00:42:02,160
well I think that there's

906
00:42:02,160 --> 00:42:03,480
the motives matter

907
00:42:03,480 --> 00:42:04,240
and

908
00:42:04,240 --> 00:42:05,180
certainly

909
00:42:05,180 --> 00:42:06,320
I don't think that

910
00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:07,220
that either of us

911
00:42:07,220 --> 00:42:08,180
would consider India

912
00:42:08,180 --> 00:42:09,720
to be an authoritarian country

913
00:42:09,720 --> 00:42:10,360
that has

914
00:42:10,360 --> 00:42:10,900
so

915
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:12,600
I would say that

916
00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:14,340
it can still say

917
00:42:14,340 --> 00:42:15,320
we want

918
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:16,280
data

919
00:42:16,280 --> 00:42:16,900
and metadata

920
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:18,060
on Indian

921
00:42:18,060 --> 00:42:19,160
users

922
00:42:19,160 --> 00:42:20,200
to be stored

923
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:21,140
on Indian soil

924
00:42:21,140 --> 00:42:22,020
we don't want it

925
00:42:22,020 --> 00:42:22,660
to be stored

926
00:42:22,660 --> 00:42:24,440
on American soil

927
00:42:24,440 --> 00:42:25,340
or somewhere else

928
00:42:25,340 --> 00:42:26,140
yeah

929
00:42:26,140 --> 00:42:27,380
and I can understand

930
00:42:27,380 --> 00:42:29,460
the arguments for that

931
00:42:29,460 --> 00:42:30,640
and I think that there's

932
00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:32,200
the intent matters

933
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:32,520
right

934
00:42:32,520 --> 00:42:32,920
and I think

935
00:42:32,920 --> 00:42:34,760
countries can come at this

936
00:42:34,760 --> 00:42:37,020
with open values

937
00:42:37,020 --> 00:42:38,120
and

938
00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:40,020
and still conclude

939
00:42:40,020 --> 00:42:40,940
that something like that

940
00:42:40,940 --> 00:42:41,660
could be helpful

941
00:42:41,660 --> 00:42:43,460
but I think one of the things

942
00:42:43,460 --> 00:42:43,820
that

943
00:42:43,820 --> 00:42:45,380
you need to be very careful

944
00:42:45,380 --> 00:42:45,820
about is that

945
00:42:45,820 --> 00:42:46,800
if you set that precedent

946
00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:48,920
you're making it very easy

947
00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:50,400
for other countries

948
00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:52,660
that don't have open values

949
00:42:52,660 --> 00:42:53,620
and that are much more

950
00:42:53,620 --> 00:42:54,060
authoritarian

951
00:42:54,060 --> 00:42:54,660
and

952
00:42:54,660 --> 00:42:55,680
and want the data

953
00:42:55,680 --> 00:42:56,600
not to

954
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:58,940
not to protect their citizens

955
00:42:58,940 --> 00:43:00,660
but to be able to

956
00:43:00,660 --> 00:43:01,820
surveil them

957
00:43:01,820 --> 00:43:02,400
and

958
00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:03,300
and find dissidents

959
00:43:03,300 --> 00:43:03,780
and

960
00:43:03,780 --> 00:43:04,720
and lock them up

961
00:43:04,720 --> 00:43:06,640
that

962
00:43:06,640 --> 00:43:08,480
so I think

963
00:43:08,480 --> 00:43:10,060
I agree

964
00:43:10,060 --> 00:43:10,320
I mean

965
00:43:10,320 --> 00:43:11,160
I think that

966
00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:11,500
it

967
00:43:11,500 --> 00:43:12,680
it really boils down

968
00:43:12,680 --> 00:43:13,440
to the questions

969
00:43:13,440 --> 00:43:14,480
that do we trust America

970
00:43:14,480 --> 00:43:16,300
and given the past

971
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:17,320
two three years

972
00:43:17,320 --> 00:43:18,860
people in more and more places

973
00:43:18,860 --> 00:43:19,380
around the world

974
00:43:19,380 --> 00:43:19,540
I mean

975
00:43:19,540 --> 00:43:20,240
previously

976
00:43:20,240 --> 00:43:21,820
say if we were sitting here

977
00:43:21,820 --> 00:43:22,760
10 years ago

978
00:43:22,760 --> 00:43:23,560
or 20 years ago

979
00:43:23,560 --> 00:43:24,680
or 40 years ago

980
00:43:24,680 --> 00:43:26,760
then America declared itself

981
00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:27,260
to be

982
00:43:27,260 --> 00:43:28,640
the leader of the free world

983
00:43:28,640 --> 00:43:30,400
we can argue a lot

984
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:31,400
whether this was the case

985
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:31,760
or not

986
00:43:31,760 --> 00:43:32,280
or at least

987
00:43:32,280 --> 00:43:33,080
on the

988
00:43:33,080 --> 00:43:33,400
on the

989
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:35,240
on the declaratory level

990
00:43:35,240 --> 00:43:37,020
this was how America

991
00:43:37,020 --> 00:43:37,960
presented itself

992
00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:38,600
to the world

993
00:43:38,600 --> 00:43:39,740
we are the leaders

994
00:43:39,740 --> 00:43:40,580
of the free world

995
00:43:40,580 --> 00:43:41,460
so trust us

996
00:43:41,460 --> 00:43:42,440
we care about freedom

997
00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:44,160
but now we see

998
00:43:44,160 --> 00:43:45,000
a different America

999
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:46,800
America which doesn't

1000
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:48,160
want even to be

1001
00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:48,840
again

1002
00:43:48,840 --> 00:43:49,360
it's not a question

1003
00:43:49,360 --> 00:43:50,620
of even what they do

1004
00:43:50,620 --> 00:43:52,020
but how America

1005
00:43:52,020 --> 00:43:52,900
presents itself

1006
00:43:52,900 --> 00:43:53,620
no longer

1007
00:43:53,620 --> 00:43:54,600
as the leader

1008
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:55,740
of the free world

1009
00:43:55,740 --> 00:43:56,660
but

1010
00:43:56,660 --> 00:43:58,200
as a country

1011
00:43:58,200 --> 00:43:59,260
which is interested

1012
00:43:59,260 --> 00:44:00,140
above all

1013
00:44:00,140 --> 00:44:00,880
in itself

1014
00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:03,040
and in its own interests

1015
00:44:03,040 --> 00:44:04,840
and just this morning

1016
00:44:04,840 --> 00:44:05,220
for instance

1017
00:44:05,220 --> 00:44:06,260
I read that the US

1018
00:44:06,260 --> 00:44:06,980
is considering

1019
00:44:06,980 --> 00:44:08,520
having a veto

1020
00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:10,380
on the UN resolution

1021
00:44:10,380 --> 00:44:12,040
against using

1022
00:44:12,040 --> 00:44:13,300
sexual violence

1023
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:14,260
as a weapon of war

1024
00:44:14,260 --> 00:44:15,100
and the US

1025
00:44:15,100 --> 00:44:16,440
is the one

1026
00:44:16,440 --> 00:44:16,940
that thinks

1027
00:44:16,940 --> 00:44:18,300
of vetoing this

1028
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:19,320
and as somebody

1029
00:44:19,320 --> 00:44:20,120
who is not a citizen

1030
00:44:20,120 --> 00:44:20,960
of the US

1031
00:44:20,960 --> 00:44:23,300
I ask myself

1032
00:44:23,300 --> 00:44:24,420
can I still

1033
00:44:24,420 --> 00:44:25,380
trust America

1034
00:44:25,380 --> 00:44:26,660
to be the leader

1035
00:44:26,660 --> 00:44:28,420
of the free world

1036
00:44:28,420 --> 00:44:29,040
if

1037
00:44:29,040 --> 00:44:31,440
America itself

1038
00:44:31,440 --> 00:44:31,860
says

1039
00:44:31,860 --> 00:44:32,480
I don't want

1040
00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:33,220
this role anymore

1041
00:44:33,220 --> 00:44:34,640
well

1042
00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:35,740
I think that

1043
00:44:35,740 --> 00:44:36,320
that's a somewhat

1044
00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:37,300
separate question

1045
00:44:37,300 --> 00:44:38,720
from the direction

1046
00:44:38,720 --> 00:44:39,740
that the internet

1047
00:44:39,740 --> 00:44:40,380
goes in

1048
00:44:40,380 --> 00:44:40,760
because

1049
00:44:40,760 --> 00:44:41,760
I mean GDPR

1050
00:44:41,760 --> 00:44:42,420
the framework

1051
00:44:42,420 --> 00:44:42,800
that

1052
00:44:42,800 --> 00:44:45,220
I'm advocating

1053
00:44:45,220 --> 00:44:46,140
that it would be better

1054
00:44:46,140 --> 00:44:47,080
if more countries

1055
00:44:47,080 --> 00:44:49,160
adopted something like this

1056
00:44:49,160 --> 00:44:49,620
because I think

1057
00:44:49,620 --> 00:44:50,220
that that's just

1058
00:44:50,220 --> 00:44:51,120
significantly better

1059
00:44:51,120 --> 00:44:51,920
than the alternatives

1060
00:44:51,920 --> 00:44:52,780
a lot of which

1061
00:44:52,780 --> 00:44:53,500
are these more

1062
00:44:53,500 --> 00:44:54,760
authoritarian models

1063
00:44:54,760 --> 00:44:57,180
I mean GDPR

1064
00:44:57,180 --> 00:44:58,380
originated in Europe

1065
00:44:58,380 --> 00:44:58,780
right

1066
00:44:58,780 --> 00:44:59,700
so it's not

1067
00:44:59,700 --> 00:45:00,160
an American

1068
00:45:00,160 --> 00:45:01,620
invention

1069
00:45:01,620 --> 00:45:04,000
and I think

1070
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:04,480
in general

1071
00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:05,680
these values

1072
00:45:05,680 --> 00:45:06,520
of

1073
00:45:06,520 --> 00:45:08,260
openness

1074
00:45:08,260 --> 00:45:09,760
and research

1075
00:45:09,760 --> 00:45:10,460
of

1076
00:45:10,460 --> 00:45:12,520
cross-border

1077
00:45:12,520 --> 00:45:13,120
flow

1078
00:45:13,120 --> 00:45:13,680
of

1079
00:45:13,680 --> 00:45:14,460
ideas

1080
00:45:14,460 --> 00:45:15,200
and

1081
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:16,640
trade

1082
00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:19,680
that's not

1083
00:45:19,680 --> 00:45:20,280
an American

1084
00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:20,820
idea

1085
00:45:20,820 --> 00:45:21,160
right

1086
00:45:21,160 --> 00:45:21,280
I mean

1087
00:45:21,280 --> 00:45:21,540
that's

1088
00:45:21,540 --> 00:45:22,620
that's a global

1089
00:45:22,620 --> 00:45:24,100
philosophy

1090
00:45:24,100 --> 00:45:24,820
for how

1091
00:45:24,820 --> 00:45:25,400
the world

1092
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:25,880
should work

1093
00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:26,260
and I think

1094
00:45:26,260 --> 00:45:26,820
that the alternatives

1095
00:45:26,820 --> 00:45:27,280
to that

1096
00:45:27,280 --> 00:45:27,840
are

1097
00:45:27,840 --> 00:45:28,860
at best

1098
00:45:28,860 --> 00:45:30,460
fragmentation

1099
00:45:30,460 --> 00:45:30,860
right

1100
00:45:30,860 --> 00:45:31,560
which breaks down

1101
00:45:31,560 --> 00:45:32,060
the global

1102
00:45:32,060 --> 00:45:33,060
model on this

1103
00:45:33,060 --> 00:45:34,260
at worst

1104
00:45:34,260 --> 00:45:35,200
a growth

1105
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:35,640
in

1106
00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:37,260
authoritarianism

1107
00:45:37,260 --> 00:45:38,420
for the models

1108
00:45:38,420 --> 00:45:38,860
of how this

1109
00:45:38,860 --> 00:45:39,720
gets adopted

1110
00:45:39,720 --> 00:45:40,520
and

1111
00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:41,920
that's where

1112
00:45:41,920 --> 00:45:42,180
I think

1113
00:45:42,180 --> 00:45:43,020
the precedents

1114
00:45:43,020 --> 00:45:43,540
on some of this

1115
00:45:43,540 --> 00:45:44,500
stuff get really tricky

1116
00:45:44,500 --> 00:45:45,240
I mean you can

1117
00:45:45,240 --> 00:45:46,500
you're I think

1118
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:47,100
doing a good job

1119
00:45:47,100 --> 00:45:47,700
of playing devil's

1120
00:45:47,700 --> 00:45:48,260
advocate in the

1121
00:45:48,260 --> 00:45:48,760
conversation

1122
00:45:48,760 --> 00:45:49,880
because you're

1123
00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:51,600
bringing all of

1124
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:52,700
the counter arguments

1125
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:53,260
that I think

1126
00:45:53,260 --> 00:45:54,320
someone with good

1127
00:45:54,320 --> 00:45:54,760
intent

1128
00:45:54,760 --> 00:45:55,940
might bring

1129
00:45:55,940 --> 00:45:56,440
to argue

1130
00:45:56,440 --> 00:45:56,820
hey

1131
00:45:56,820 --> 00:45:57,520
maybe

1132
00:45:57,520 --> 00:45:58,640
maybe a

1133
00:45:58,640 --> 00:45:59,100
different set

1134
00:45:59,100 --> 00:45:59,420
of data

1135
00:45:59,420 --> 00:45:59,920
policies

1136
00:45:59,920 --> 00:46:00,260
is something

1137
00:46:00,260 --> 00:46:00,460
that we

1138
00:46:00,460 --> 00:46:01,000
should consider

1139
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:01,320
the thing

1140
00:46:01,320 --> 00:46:01,740
that I just

1141
00:46:01,740 --> 00:46:02,260
worry about

1142
00:46:02,260 --> 00:46:02,980
is that

1143
00:46:02,980 --> 00:46:03,600
what we've

1144
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:03,820
seen

1145
00:46:03,820 --> 00:46:04,080
is that

1146
00:46:04,080 --> 00:46:04,520
once a

1147
00:46:04,520 --> 00:46:04,900
country

1148
00:46:04,900 --> 00:46:06,000
puts that

1149
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:06,340
in place

1150
00:46:06,340 --> 00:46:06,740
that's a

1151
00:46:06,740 --> 00:46:07,140
precedent

1152
00:46:07,140 --> 00:46:08,000
that then

1153
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:08,660
a lot

1154
00:46:08,660 --> 00:46:08,900
of other

1155
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:09,240
countries

1156
00:46:09,240 --> 00:46:09,620
that might

1157
00:46:09,620 --> 00:46:09,940
be more

1158
00:46:09,940 --> 00:46:10,360
authoritarian

1159
00:46:10,360 --> 00:46:11,060
use

1160
00:46:11,060 --> 00:46:12,180
to

1161
00:46:12,180 --> 00:46:13,100
basically

1162
00:46:13,100 --> 00:46:13,800
be a precedent

1163
00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:14,200
to argue

1164
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:14,540
that they

1165
00:46:14,540 --> 00:46:14,820
should do

1166
00:46:14,820 --> 00:46:15,160
the same

1167
00:46:15,160 --> 00:46:15,600
things

1168
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:16,480
and then

1169
00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:17,160
that spreads

1170
00:46:17,160 --> 00:46:17,980
and

1171
00:46:17,980 --> 00:46:18,980
I think

1172
00:46:18,980 --> 00:46:19,320
that that's

1173
00:46:19,320 --> 00:46:19,700
bad

1174
00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:20,540
and that's

1175
00:46:20,540 --> 00:46:21,040
one of the

1176
00:46:21,040 --> 00:46:21,320
things

1177
00:46:21,320 --> 00:46:21,660
that

1178
00:46:21,660 --> 00:46:24,600
is the

1179
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:25,480
person

1180
00:46:25,480 --> 00:46:25,820
running

1181
00:46:25,820 --> 00:46:26,780
this company

1182
00:46:26,780 --> 00:46:28,760
I'm quite

1183
00:46:28,760 --> 00:46:29,160
committed

1184
00:46:29,160 --> 00:46:29,560
to making

1185
00:46:29,560 --> 00:46:30,120
sure that

1186
00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:30,580
we play

1187
00:46:30,580 --> 00:46:31,120
our part

1188
00:46:31,120 --> 00:46:32,020
in pushing

1189
00:46:32,020 --> 00:46:32,580
back on that

1190
00:46:32,580 --> 00:46:32,940
and keeping

1191
00:46:32,940 --> 00:46:33,360
the internet

1192
00:46:33,360 --> 00:46:34,220
as one

1193
00:46:34,220 --> 00:46:34,720
platform

1194
00:46:34,720 --> 00:46:35,120
so I mean

1195
00:46:35,120 --> 00:46:35,440
one of the

1196
00:46:35,440 --> 00:46:35,940
most important

1197
00:46:35,940 --> 00:46:36,340
decisions

1198
00:46:36,340 --> 00:46:37,280
that I think

1199
00:46:37,280 --> 00:46:37,820
I get to

1200
00:46:37,820 --> 00:46:38,120
make

1201
00:46:38,120 --> 00:46:38,680
is the

1202
00:46:38,680 --> 00:46:38,880
person

1203
00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:39,120
running

1204
00:46:39,120 --> 00:46:39,640
this company

1205
00:46:39,640 --> 00:46:41,360
is where

1206
00:46:41,360 --> 00:46:41,880
are we

1207
00:46:41,880 --> 00:46:42,260
going to

1208
00:46:42,260 --> 00:46:42,680
build our

1209
00:46:42,680 --> 00:46:43,340
data centers

1210
00:46:43,340 --> 00:46:43,980
and store

1211
00:46:43,980 --> 00:46:45,000
data

1212
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:46,180
and we've

1213
00:46:46,180 --> 00:46:46,420
made the

1214
00:46:46,420 --> 00:46:46,720
decision

1215
00:46:46,720 --> 00:46:47,060
that we're

1216
00:46:47,060 --> 00:46:47,540
not going

1217
00:46:47,540 --> 00:46:48,360
to put

1218
00:46:48,360 --> 00:46:48,960
data centers

1219
00:46:48,960 --> 00:46:49,500
in countries

1220
00:46:49,500 --> 00:46:49,860
that we

1221
00:46:49,860 --> 00:46:50,300
think have

1222
00:46:50,300 --> 00:46:51,100
weak rule

1223
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:51,600
of law

1224
00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:53,920
where people's

1225
00:46:53,920 --> 00:46:54,520
data may be

1226
00:46:54,520 --> 00:46:55,240
improperly

1227
00:46:55,240 --> 00:46:55,780
accessed

1228
00:46:55,780 --> 00:46:56,940
and that

1229
00:46:56,940 --> 00:46:57,300
could put

1230
00:46:57,300 --> 00:46:57,720
people in

1231
00:46:57,720 --> 00:46:58,340
harm's way

1232
00:46:58,340 --> 00:46:59,800
and a lot

1233
00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:00,340
has been

1234
00:47:00,340 --> 00:47:01,420
there have

1235
00:47:01,420 --> 00:47:01,660
been a lot

1236
00:47:01,660 --> 00:47:02,140
of questions

1237
00:47:02,140 --> 00:47:02,960
around the

1238
00:47:02,960 --> 00:47:03,360
world around

1239
00:47:03,360 --> 00:47:04,100
questions of

1240
00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:04,780
censorship

1241
00:47:04,780 --> 00:47:05,560
and I think

1242
00:47:05,560 --> 00:47:05,820
that those

1243
00:47:05,820 --> 00:47:06,220
are really

1244
00:47:06,220 --> 00:47:07,000
serious and

1245
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:07,400
important

1246
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:09,100
a lot of

1247
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:09,300
the reason

1248
00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:09,780
why I

1249
00:47:09,780 --> 00:47:10,500
build what

1250
00:47:10,500 --> 00:47:10,860
we build

1251
00:47:10,860 --> 00:47:11,200
is because

1252
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:11,460
I care

1253
00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:11,780
about giving

1254
00:47:11,780 --> 00:47:12,120
everyone a

1255
00:47:12,120 --> 00:47:12,320
voice

1256
00:47:12,320 --> 00:47:12,900
giving people

1257
00:47:12,900 --> 00:47:13,200
as much

1258
00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:13,620
voice as

1259
00:47:13,620 --> 00:47:13,940
possible

1260
00:47:13,940 --> 00:47:14,360
I don't

1261
00:47:14,360 --> 00:47:14,720
want people

1262
00:47:14,720 --> 00:47:15,020
to be

1263
00:47:15,020 --> 00:47:16,020
censored

1264
00:47:16,020 --> 00:47:17,960
at some

1265
00:47:17,960 --> 00:47:18,260
level

1266
00:47:18,260 --> 00:47:19,100
these questions

1267
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:20,320
around data

1268
00:47:20,320 --> 00:47:20,900
and how it's

1269
00:47:20,900 --> 00:47:21,360
used

1270
00:47:21,360 --> 00:47:22,360
and whether

1271
00:47:22,360 --> 00:47:24,280
authoritarian governments

1272
00:47:24,280 --> 00:47:25,140
get access to it

1273
00:47:25,140 --> 00:47:26,060
I think are even

1274
00:47:26,060 --> 00:47:26,860
more sensitive

1275
00:47:26,860 --> 00:47:29,020
because if you

1276
00:47:29,020 --> 00:47:29,720
can't say something

1277
00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:30,280
that you want

1278
00:47:30,280 --> 00:47:32,420
that is highly

1279
00:47:32,420 --> 00:47:32,960
problematic

1280
00:47:32,960 --> 00:47:34,100
that violates

1281
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:35,480
your human rights

1282
00:47:35,480 --> 00:47:36,360
I think in a lot

1283
00:47:36,360 --> 00:47:36,900
of cases

1284
00:47:36,900 --> 00:47:38,660
it stops

1285
00:47:38,660 --> 00:47:39,260
progress

1286
00:47:39,260 --> 00:47:43,020
but if a

1287
00:47:43,020 --> 00:47:43,440
government can

1288
00:47:43,440 --> 00:47:44,020
get access to

1289
00:47:44,020 --> 00:47:44,460
your data

1290
00:47:44,460 --> 00:47:45,640
then it can

1291
00:47:45,640 --> 00:47:46,380
identify who you

1292
00:47:46,380 --> 00:47:46,780
are and go

1293
00:47:46,780 --> 00:47:47,480
lock you up

1294
00:47:47,480 --> 00:47:48,760
and hurt you

1295
00:47:48,760 --> 00:47:49,200
and hurt your

1296
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:49,660
family

1297
00:47:49,660 --> 00:47:51,000
and cause real

1298
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:51,880
physical harm

1299
00:47:51,880 --> 00:47:52,800
in ways that are

1300
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:53,580
just really deep

1301
00:47:53,580 --> 00:47:55,140
so I do think

1302
00:47:55,140 --> 00:47:56,480
that people

1303
00:47:56,480 --> 00:47:57,360
running these

1304
00:47:57,360 --> 00:47:57,840
companies

1305
00:47:57,840 --> 00:47:58,920
have an

1306
00:47:58,920 --> 00:47:59,440
obligation

1307
00:47:59,440 --> 00:48:01,240
to try to

1308
00:48:01,240 --> 00:48:01,820
push back

1309
00:48:01,820 --> 00:48:02,340
on that

1310
00:48:02,340 --> 00:48:04,060
and fight

1311
00:48:04,060 --> 00:48:05,480
establishing

1312
00:48:05,480 --> 00:48:06,140
precedents

1313
00:48:06,140 --> 00:48:06,740
which will be

1314
00:48:06,740 --> 00:48:07,180
harmful

1315
00:48:07,180 --> 00:48:08,860
even if a lot

1316
00:48:08,860 --> 00:48:09,300
of the initial

1317
00:48:09,300 --> 00:48:10,140
countries that are

1318
00:48:10,140 --> 00:48:10,900
talking about

1319
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:11,420
some of this

1320
00:48:11,420 --> 00:48:13,720
have good intent

1321
00:48:13,720 --> 00:48:14,580
I think this can

1322
00:48:14,580 --> 00:48:15,360
easily go off

1323
00:48:15,360 --> 00:48:15,880
the rails

1324
00:48:15,880 --> 00:48:16,640
and when you

1325
00:48:16,640 --> 00:48:17,360
talk about

1326
00:48:17,360 --> 00:48:18,040
in the future

1327
00:48:18,040 --> 00:48:19,220
AI

1328
00:48:19,220 --> 00:48:20,640
and data

1329
00:48:20,640 --> 00:48:21,240
which are two

1330
00:48:21,240 --> 00:48:21,860
concepts that are

1331
00:48:21,860 --> 00:48:22,600
just really tied

1332
00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:22,980
together

1333
00:48:22,980 --> 00:48:24,440
I just think

1334
00:48:24,440 --> 00:48:24,960
the values

1335
00:48:24,960 --> 00:48:25,640
that that comes

1336
00:48:25,640 --> 00:48:25,900
from

1337
00:48:25,900 --> 00:48:26,440
and whether it's

1338
00:48:26,440 --> 00:48:27,180
part of a more

1339
00:48:27,180 --> 00:48:27,980
global system

1340
00:48:27,980 --> 00:48:28,980
a more democratic

1341
00:48:28,980 --> 00:48:29,400
process

1342
00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:29,900
a more open

1343
00:48:29,900 --> 00:48:30,280
process

1344
00:48:30,280 --> 00:48:31,000
that's one of

1345
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:32,020
our best hopes

1346
00:48:32,020 --> 00:48:32,900
for having this

1347
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:33,500
work out well

1348
00:48:33,500 --> 00:48:34,520
if it comes

1349
00:48:34,520 --> 00:48:36,560
from repressive

1350
00:48:36,560 --> 00:48:37,200
or authoritarian

1351
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:37,880
countries

1352
00:48:37,880 --> 00:48:39,760
then I just

1353
00:48:39,760 --> 00:48:40,100
think that's

1354
00:48:40,100 --> 00:48:40,320
going to be

1355
00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:40,940
highly problematic

1356
00:48:40,940 --> 00:48:41,680
in a lot

1357
00:48:41,680 --> 00:48:42,040
of ways

1358
00:48:42,040 --> 00:48:44,060
that raises

1359
00:48:44,060 --> 00:48:44,560
the question

1360
00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:45,200
of how do

1361
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:47,520
we build

1362
00:48:47,520 --> 00:48:48,840
AI in such

1363
00:48:48,840 --> 00:48:49,280
a way

1364
00:48:49,280 --> 00:48:49,860
that it's

1365
00:48:49,860 --> 00:48:50,640
not inherently

1366
00:48:50,640 --> 00:48:51,980
a tool

1367
00:48:51,980 --> 00:48:53,200
of surveillance

1368
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:54,280
and manipulation

1369
00:48:54,280 --> 00:48:55,460
and control

1370
00:48:55,460 --> 00:48:56,220
I mean this

1371
00:48:56,220 --> 00:48:56,860
goes back

1372
00:48:56,860 --> 00:48:58,040
to the idea

1373
00:48:58,040 --> 00:48:59,140
of creating

1374
00:48:59,140 --> 00:48:59,940
something that

1375
00:48:59,940 --> 00:49:00,440
knows you

1376
00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:00,880
better

1377
00:49:00,880 --> 00:49:01,420
than you

1378
00:49:01,420 --> 00:49:02,120
know yourself

1379
00:49:02,120 --> 00:49:03,220
which is

1380
00:49:03,220 --> 00:49:03,520
kind of

1381
00:49:03,520 --> 00:49:04,380
the ultimate

1382
00:49:04,380 --> 00:49:05,380
surveillance

1383
00:49:05,380 --> 00:49:06,220
and control

1384
00:49:06,220 --> 00:49:06,780
tool

1385
00:49:06,780 --> 00:49:08,240
and we are

1386
00:49:08,240 --> 00:49:08,800
building it

1387
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:09,120
now

1388
00:49:09,120 --> 00:49:10,240
in different

1389
00:49:10,240 --> 00:49:10,860
places around

1390
00:49:10,860 --> 00:49:11,220
the world

1391
00:49:11,220 --> 00:49:12,000
it's being

1392
00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:12,440
built

1393
00:49:12,440 --> 00:49:13,380
and

1394
00:49:13,380 --> 00:49:15,760
what are

1395
00:49:15,760 --> 00:49:16,420
your thoughts

1396
00:49:16,420 --> 00:49:17,320
about how

1397
00:49:17,320 --> 00:49:18,580
to build

1398
00:49:18,580 --> 00:49:19,100
an AI

1399
00:49:19,100 --> 00:49:20,800
which serves

1400
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:22,120
individual people

1401
00:49:22,120 --> 00:49:22,920
and protects

1402
00:49:22,920 --> 00:49:23,820
individual people

1403
00:49:23,820 --> 00:49:24,840
and not

1404
00:49:24,840 --> 00:49:25,420
an AI

1405
00:49:25,420 --> 00:49:26,140
which can

1406
00:49:26,140 --> 00:49:27,060
easily

1407
00:49:27,060 --> 00:49:27,580
with a flip

1408
00:49:27,580 --> 00:49:28,200
of a switch

1409
00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:29,300
becomes

1410
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:30,020
kind of

1411
00:49:30,020 --> 00:49:30,520
the ultimate

1412
00:49:30,520 --> 00:49:31,040
surveillance

1413
00:49:31,040 --> 00:49:31,380
tool

1414
00:49:31,380 --> 00:49:33,500
well

1415
00:49:33,500 --> 00:49:34,220
I think

1416
00:49:34,220 --> 00:49:34,720
that that

1417
00:49:34,720 --> 00:49:35,680
is more

1418
00:49:35,680 --> 00:49:36,260
about

1419
00:49:36,260 --> 00:49:37,620
the values

1420
00:49:37,620 --> 00:49:38,020
and the

1421
00:49:38,020 --> 00:49:38,420
policy

1422
00:49:38,420 --> 00:49:38,960
framework

1423
00:49:38,960 --> 00:49:39,980
than

1424
00:49:39,980 --> 00:49:42,080
the technological

1425
00:49:42,080 --> 00:49:42,800
development

1426
00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:43,500
and it's

1427
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:43,820
a lot

1428
00:49:43,820 --> 00:49:44,060
of the

1429
00:49:44,060 --> 00:49:44,360
research

1430
00:49:44,360 --> 00:49:44,640
that's

1431
00:49:44,640 --> 00:49:44,980
happening

1432
00:49:44,980 --> 00:49:45,460
in AI

1433
00:49:45,460 --> 00:49:46,260
are just

1434
00:49:46,260 --> 00:49:46,640
very

1435
00:49:46,640 --> 00:49:47,400
fundamental

1436
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:48,960
mathematical

1437
00:49:48,960 --> 00:49:49,660
methods

1438
00:49:49,660 --> 00:49:51,060
where a

1439
00:49:51,060 --> 00:49:51,460
researcher

1440
00:49:51,460 --> 00:49:52,620
will create

1441
00:49:52,620 --> 00:49:53,160
an advance

1442
00:49:53,160 --> 00:49:54,060
and now

1443
00:49:54,060 --> 00:49:55,680
all of the

1444
00:49:55,680 --> 00:49:56,220
neural networks

1445
00:49:56,220 --> 00:49:57,160
will be 3%

1446
00:49:57,160 --> 00:49:57,820
more efficient

1447
00:49:57,820 --> 00:49:58,480
and I'm just

1448
00:49:58,480 --> 00:49:58,780
kind of

1449
00:49:58,780 --> 00:49:59,140
throwing this

1450
00:49:59,140 --> 00:49:59,380
out

1451
00:49:59,380 --> 00:50:00,200
and that

1452
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:00,820
means that

1453
00:50:00,820 --> 00:50:02,900
news feed

1454
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:03,300
will be a

1455
00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:03,580
little bit

1456
00:50:03,580 --> 00:50:03,800
better

1457
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:04,420
for people

1458
00:50:04,420 --> 00:50:05,580
our systems

1459
00:50:05,580 --> 00:50:06,200
for detecting

1460
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:06,700
things like

1461
00:50:06,700 --> 00:50:07,160
hate speech

1462
00:50:07,160 --> 00:50:07,560
will be a

1463
00:50:07,560 --> 00:50:07,800
little bit

1464
00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:08,080
better

1465
00:50:08,080 --> 00:50:09,420
but our

1466
00:50:09,420 --> 00:50:09,980
ability

1467
00:50:09,980 --> 00:50:12,280
to find

1468
00:50:12,280 --> 00:50:13,900
photos of

1469
00:50:13,900 --> 00:50:14,140
you that

1470
00:50:14,140 --> 00:50:14,360
you might

1471
00:50:14,360 --> 00:50:14,560
want to

1472
00:50:14,560 --> 00:50:14,800
review

1473
00:50:14,800 --> 00:50:15,100
will be

1474
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:15,320
better

1475
00:50:15,320 --> 00:50:15,840
but all

1476
00:50:15,840 --> 00:50:16,040
these

1477
00:50:16,040 --> 00:50:16,360
systems

1478
00:50:16,360 --> 00:50:16,800
get a

1479
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:17,040
little bit

1480
00:50:17,040 --> 00:50:17,200
better

1481
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:17,480
so now

1482
00:50:17,480 --> 00:50:18,000
I think

1483
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:18,440
the bigger

1484
00:50:18,440 --> 00:50:18,900
question

1485
00:50:18,900 --> 00:50:19,980
is you

1486
00:50:19,980 --> 00:50:20,660
have

1487
00:50:20,660 --> 00:50:22,600
places

1488
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:22,920
in the

1489
00:50:22,920 --> 00:50:23,220
world

1490
00:50:23,220 --> 00:50:23,860
where

1491
00:50:23,860 --> 00:50:24,400
governments

1492
00:50:24,400 --> 00:50:24,880
are choosing

1493
00:50:24,880 --> 00:50:25,520
to use

1494
00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:26,300
that technology

1495
00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:26,740
and those

1496
00:50:26,740 --> 00:50:27,160
advances

1497
00:50:27,160 --> 00:50:28,440
for things

1498
00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:28,800
like

1499
00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:29,860
widespread

1500
00:50:29,860 --> 00:50:31,740
face

1501
00:50:31,740 --> 00:50:32,200
recognition

1502
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:32,960
and surveillance

1503
00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:33,460
and

1504
00:50:33,460 --> 00:50:34,800
those

1505
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:35,580
countries

1506
00:50:35,580 --> 00:50:35,820
I mean

1507
00:50:35,820 --> 00:50:36,180
China's

1508
00:50:36,180 --> 00:50:36,700
doing this

1509
00:50:36,700 --> 00:50:38,000
they create

1510
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:38,460
a real

1511
00:50:38,460 --> 00:50:39,380
feedback loop

1512
00:50:39,380 --> 00:50:40,500
which advances

1513
00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:41,040
the state

1514
00:50:41,040 --> 00:50:41,340
of that

1515
00:50:41,340 --> 00:50:41,880
technology

1516
00:50:41,880 --> 00:50:42,220
where

1517
00:50:42,220 --> 00:50:42,860
they say

1518
00:50:42,860 --> 00:50:43,020
okay

1519
00:50:43,020 --> 00:50:43,320
well we

1520
00:50:43,320 --> 00:50:43,540
want to

1521
00:50:43,540 --> 00:50:43,860
do this

1522
00:50:43,860 --> 00:50:44,140
so now

1523
00:50:44,140 --> 00:50:44,400
there's

1524
00:50:44,400 --> 00:50:44,900
a set

1525
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:45,340
of companies

1526
00:50:45,340 --> 00:50:45,620
that are

1527
00:50:45,620 --> 00:50:46,180
sanctioned

1528
00:50:46,180 --> 00:50:46,840
to go

1529
00:50:46,840 --> 00:50:47,300
do that

1530
00:50:47,300 --> 00:50:47,760
and are

1531
00:50:47,760 --> 00:50:48,420
getting

1532
00:50:48,420 --> 00:50:49,000
access to

1533
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:49,200
a lot

1534
00:50:49,200 --> 00:50:49,520
of data

1535
00:50:49,520 --> 00:50:49,880
to do

1536
00:50:49,880 --> 00:50:50,020
it

1537
00:50:50,020 --> 00:50:50,340
because

1538
00:50:50,340 --> 00:50:51,300
it's

1539
00:50:51,300 --> 00:50:51,600
allowed

1540
00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:51,780
and

1541
00:50:51,780 --> 00:50:52,300
encouraged

1542
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:52,640
so

1543
00:50:52,640 --> 00:50:53,440
that

1544
00:50:53,440 --> 00:50:53,860
is

1545
00:50:53,860 --> 00:50:54,300
advancing

1546
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:54,660
and getting

1547
00:50:54,660 --> 00:50:54,920
better

1548
00:50:54,920 --> 00:50:55,240
and better

1549
00:50:55,240 --> 00:50:55,600
that's not

1550
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:56,560
a mathematical

1551
00:50:56,560 --> 00:50:57,080
process

1552
00:50:57,160 --> 00:50:58,240
that's kind

1553
00:50:58,240 --> 00:50:58,980
of a policy

1554
00:50:58,980 --> 00:50:59,480
process

1555
00:50:59,480 --> 00:51:00,000
that they

1556
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:00,660
want to go

1557
00:51:00,660 --> 00:51:01,220
in that direction

1558
00:51:01,220 --> 00:51:02,340
those are the values

1559
00:51:02,340 --> 00:51:03,620
and it's an economic

1560
00:51:03,620 --> 00:51:04,680
process of the feedback

1561
00:51:04,680 --> 00:51:05,420
loop and development

1562
00:51:05,420 --> 00:51:06,160
of those things

1563
00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:06,820
compared to

1564
00:51:06,820 --> 00:51:08,320
in countries

1565
00:51:08,320 --> 00:51:09,120
that might say

1566
00:51:09,120 --> 00:51:10,040
hey that kind of

1567
00:51:10,040 --> 00:51:10,840
surveillance isn't

1568
00:51:10,840 --> 00:51:11,480
what we want

1569
00:51:11,480 --> 00:51:12,700
those companies

1570
00:51:12,700 --> 00:51:13,940
just don't exist

1571
00:51:13,940 --> 00:51:14,400
as much

1572
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:14,580
right

1573
00:51:14,580 --> 00:51:15,420
or don't get

1574
00:51:15,420 --> 00:51:16,080
as much support

1575
00:51:16,080 --> 00:51:16,340
I don't know

1576
00:51:16,340 --> 00:51:17,120
in my home

1577
00:51:17,120 --> 00:51:17,980
country of Israel

1578
00:51:17,980 --> 00:51:18,700
is

1579
00:51:18,700 --> 00:51:20,240
at least

1580
00:51:20,240 --> 00:51:21,180
for Jews

1581
00:51:21,180 --> 00:51:21,940
it's a democracy

1582
00:51:21,940 --> 00:51:23,240
and it's one of the

1583
00:51:23,240 --> 00:51:24,160
leaders of the world

1584
00:51:24,160 --> 00:51:25,120
in surveillance

1585
00:51:25,120 --> 00:51:25,700
technology

1586
00:51:25,700 --> 00:51:26,400
and we

1587
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:27,320
basically have

1588
00:51:27,320 --> 00:51:28,400
one of the biggest

1589
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:29,100
laboratories

1590
00:51:29,100 --> 00:51:30,000
of surveillance

1591
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:31,020
technology in the world

1592
00:51:31,020 --> 00:51:31,340
which is

1593
00:51:31,340 --> 00:51:32,280
the occupied territories

1594
00:51:32,280 --> 00:51:33,300
and

1595
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:34,640
exactly these kinds

1596
00:51:34,640 --> 00:51:35,300
of systems

1597
00:51:35,300 --> 00:51:36,380
are being developed

1598
00:51:36,380 --> 00:51:36,760
there

1599
00:51:36,760 --> 00:51:37,440
and exported

1600
00:51:37,440 --> 00:51:38,420
all over the world

1601
00:51:38,420 --> 00:51:39,220
so

1602
00:51:39,220 --> 00:51:41,440
given my personal

1603
00:51:41,440 --> 00:51:42,000
experience

1604
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:42,680
back home

1605
00:51:42,680 --> 00:51:43,720
again

1606
00:51:43,720 --> 00:51:45,080
I don't

1607
00:51:45,080 --> 00:51:46,020
necessarily

1608
00:51:46,020 --> 00:51:46,800
trust

1609
00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:47,740
that just

1610
00:51:47,740 --> 00:51:48,220
because

1611
00:51:48,220 --> 00:51:49,000
a society

1612
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:50,140
in its own

1613
00:51:50,140 --> 00:51:51,180
inner workings

1614
00:51:51,180 --> 00:51:52,140
is say

1615
00:51:52,140 --> 00:51:52,740
democratic

1616
00:51:52,740 --> 00:51:54,660
that it will

1617
00:51:54,660 --> 00:51:55,560
not develop

1618
00:51:55,560 --> 00:51:56,300
and spread

1619
00:51:56,300 --> 00:51:57,340
these kinds

1620
00:51:57,340 --> 00:51:58,400
of technologies

1621
00:51:58,400 --> 00:51:58,740
yeah

1622
00:51:58,740 --> 00:51:59,420
I agree

1623
00:51:59,420 --> 00:52:00,540
it's not clear

1624
00:52:00,540 --> 00:52:00,980
that

1625
00:52:00,980 --> 00:52:02,500
a democratic

1626
00:52:02,500 --> 00:52:03,040
process

1627
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:03,620
alone

1628
00:52:03,620 --> 00:52:04,900
solves it

1629
00:52:04,900 --> 00:52:05,500
but I do think

1630
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:05,860
that it is

1631
00:52:05,860 --> 00:52:06,740
mostly a policy

1632
00:52:06,740 --> 00:52:07,260
question

1633
00:52:07,260 --> 00:52:07,780
right

1634
00:52:07,780 --> 00:52:08,240
it's

1635
00:52:08,240 --> 00:52:09,040
you know

1636
00:52:09,040 --> 00:52:09,480
a government

1637
00:52:09,480 --> 00:52:10,600
can quite easily

1638
00:52:10,600 --> 00:52:12,640
make the decision

1639
00:52:12,640 --> 00:52:13,400
that they don't

1640
00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:13,980
want to support

1641
00:52:13,980 --> 00:52:14,380
that kind

1642
00:52:14,380 --> 00:52:14,880
of surveillance

1643
00:52:14,880 --> 00:52:15,560
and then

1644
00:52:15,560 --> 00:52:16,420
the companies

1645
00:52:16,420 --> 00:52:16,920
that they would

1646
00:52:16,920 --> 00:52:17,580
be working with

1647
00:52:17,580 --> 00:52:18,220
to support

1648
00:52:18,220 --> 00:52:18,580
that kind

1649
00:52:18,580 --> 00:52:19,180
of surveillance

1650
00:52:19,180 --> 00:52:19,940
would be out

1651
00:52:19,940 --> 00:52:20,380
of business

1652
00:52:20,380 --> 00:52:21,620
and then

1653
00:52:21,620 --> 00:52:22,860
or at the very least

1654
00:52:22,860 --> 00:52:23,640
have much less

1655
00:52:23,640 --> 00:52:24,460
economic incentive

1656
00:52:24,460 --> 00:52:25,060
to continue

1657
00:52:25,060 --> 00:52:25,880
that technological

1658
00:52:25,880 --> 00:52:26,360
progress

1659
00:52:26,360 --> 00:52:27,700
so that dimension

1660
00:52:27,700 --> 00:52:29,240
of the growth

1661
00:52:29,240 --> 00:52:30,040
of the technology

1662
00:52:30,040 --> 00:52:31,520
gets stunted

1663
00:52:31,520 --> 00:52:32,320
compared to others

1664
00:52:32,320 --> 00:52:33,480
and that's

1665
00:52:33,480 --> 00:52:34,420
generally the process

1666
00:52:34,420 --> 00:52:35,120
that I think

1667
00:52:35,120 --> 00:52:37,380
you want to follow

1668
00:52:37,380 --> 00:52:37,960
broadly

1669
00:52:37,960 --> 00:52:38,220
right

1670
00:52:38,220 --> 00:52:39,600
technological advance

1671
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:41,000
isn't by itself

1672
00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:41,820
good or bad

1673
00:52:41,820 --> 00:52:43,020
I think it's the job

1674
00:52:43,020 --> 00:52:43,560
of the people

1675
00:52:43,560 --> 00:52:44,680
who are shepherding it

1676
00:52:44,680 --> 00:52:45,720
building it

1677
00:52:45,720 --> 00:52:46,800
and making policies

1678
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:47,320
around it

1679
00:52:47,320 --> 00:52:49,160
to have policies

1680
00:52:49,160 --> 00:52:49,880
and make sure

1681
00:52:49,880 --> 00:52:50,420
that their effort

1682
00:52:50,420 --> 00:52:50,960
goes towards

1683
00:52:50,960 --> 00:52:51,980
amplifying the good

1684
00:52:51,980 --> 00:52:53,040
and mitigating

1685
00:52:53,040 --> 00:52:54,120
the negative use cases

1686
00:52:54,120 --> 00:52:55,500
and that's how

1687
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:56,500
I think you end up

1688
00:52:56,500 --> 00:52:56,840
bending

1689
00:52:56,840 --> 00:52:58,360
these industries

1690
00:52:58,360 --> 00:52:59,180
and these technologies

1691
00:52:59,180 --> 00:52:59,900
to be things

1692
00:52:59,900 --> 00:53:01,240
that are positive

1693
00:53:01,240 --> 00:53:02,320
for humanity overall

1694
00:53:02,320 --> 00:53:02,680
and I think

1695
00:53:02,680 --> 00:53:03,700
that's a normal

1696
00:53:03,700 --> 00:53:04,780
process that happens

1697
00:53:04,780 --> 00:53:06,480
with most technologies

1698
00:53:06,480 --> 00:53:08,240
that get built

1699
00:53:08,240 --> 00:53:08,880
but I think

1700
00:53:08,880 --> 00:53:09,360
what we're seeing

1701
00:53:09,360 --> 00:53:10,220
in some of these places

1702
00:53:10,220 --> 00:53:12,160
is not the natural

1703
00:53:12,160 --> 00:53:12,680
mitigation

1704
00:53:12,680 --> 00:53:14,160
of negative uses

1705
00:53:14,160 --> 00:53:15,760
in some cases

1706
00:53:15,760 --> 00:53:17,020
the economic feedback loop

1707
00:53:17,020 --> 00:53:17,920
is pushing those

1708
00:53:17,920 --> 00:53:18,560
things forward

1709
00:53:18,560 --> 00:53:19,380
but I don't think

1710
00:53:19,380 --> 00:53:20,200
it has to be that way

1711
00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:20,640
but I think that

1712
00:53:20,640 --> 00:53:21,640
that's not as much

1713
00:53:21,640 --> 00:53:22,840
a technological decision

1714
00:53:22,840 --> 00:53:24,700
as it is a policy decision

1715
00:53:24,700 --> 00:53:26,920
I fully agree

1716
00:53:26,920 --> 00:53:27,520
but I mean

1717
00:53:27,520 --> 00:53:28,700
every technology

1718
00:53:28,700 --> 00:53:29,640
can be used

1719
00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:30,920
in different ways

1720
00:53:30,920 --> 00:53:31,960
for good

1721
00:53:31,960 --> 00:53:32,700
or for bad

1722
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:34,000
you can use

1723
00:53:34,000 --> 00:53:34,580
the radio

1724
00:53:34,580 --> 00:53:36,580
to broadcast

1725
00:53:36,580 --> 00:53:37,800
music to people

1726
00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:38,620
and you can use

1727
00:53:38,620 --> 00:53:39,060
the radio

1728
00:53:39,060 --> 00:53:39,920
to broadcast

1729
00:53:39,920 --> 00:53:41,900
Hitler giving a speech

1730
00:53:41,900 --> 00:53:43,340
to millions of Germans

1731
00:53:43,340 --> 00:53:44,500
the radio doesn't care

1732
00:53:44,500 --> 00:53:45,740
the radio just carries

1733
00:53:45,740 --> 00:53:47,760
whatever you put in it

1734
00:53:47,760 --> 00:53:48,400
so yeah

1735
00:53:48,400 --> 00:53:50,540
it is a policy decision

1736
00:53:50,540 --> 00:53:52,220
but then

1737
00:53:52,220 --> 00:53:53,620
it just raises the question

1738
00:53:53,620 --> 00:53:54,960
how do we

1739
00:53:54,960 --> 00:53:55,920
make sure

1740
00:53:55,920 --> 00:53:57,380
that the policies

1741
00:53:57,380 --> 00:53:58,720
are the right policies

1742
00:53:58,720 --> 00:54:00,260
in a world

1743
00:54:00,260 --> 00:54:02,440
when it is becoming

1744
00:54:02,440 --> 00:54:04,180
more and more easy

1745
00:54:04,180 --> 00:54:05,680
to manipulate

1746
00:54:05,680 --> 00:54:07,420
and control people

1747
00:54:07,420 --> 00:54:08,900
on a massive scale

1748
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:10,460
like never before

1749
00:54:10,460 --> 00:54:10,880
I mean

1750
00:54:10,880 --> 00:54:11,800
the new technology

1751
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:12,960
it's not just that

1752
00:54:12,960 --> 00:54:14,660
we invented technology

1753
00:54:14,660 --> 00:54:15,740
and then we have

1754
00:54:15,740 --> 00:54:17,720
good democratic countries

1755
00:54:17,720 --> 00:54:19,720
and bad authoritarian countries

1756
00:54:19,720 --> 00:54:20,740
and the question is

1757
00:54:20,740 --> 00:54:21,280
what would they do

1758
00:54:21,280 --> 00:54:21,940
with the technology

1759
00:54:21,940 --> 00:54:23,740
the technology itself

1760
00:54:23,740 --> 00:54:24,960
could change

1761
00:54:24,960 --> 00:54:26,080
the balance of power

1762
00:54:26,080 --> 00:54:27,500
between democratic

1763
00:54:27,500 --> 00:54:28,980
and totalitarian systems

1764
00:54:28,980 --> 00:54:29,200
yeah

1765
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:30,600
and I fear

1766
00:54:30,600 --> 00:54:31,720
that the new technologies

1767
00:54:31,720 --> 00:54:33,360
are giving

1768
00:54:33,360 --> 00:54:34,660
an inherent advantage

1769
00:54:34,660 --> 00:54:36,020
not necessarily overwhelming

1770
00:54:36,020 --> 00:54:38,000
but they do tend

1771
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:39,800
to give an inherent advantage

1772
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:41,620
to totalitarian regimes

1773
00:54:41,620 --> 00:54:44,160
because the biggest problem

1774
00:54:44,160 --> 00:54:45,340
of totalitarian regimes

1775
00:54:45,340 --> 00:54:46,480
in the 20th century

1776
00:54:46,480 --> 00:54:47,980
which eventually led

1777
00:54:47,980 --> 00:54:48,940
to their downfall

1778
00:54:48,940 --> 00:54:50,380
is that they couldn't

1779
00:54:50,380 --> 00:54:51,720
process the information

1780
00:54:51,720 --> 00:54:52,680
efficiently enough

1781
00:54:52,680 --> 00:54:54,160
if you think about

1782
00:54:54,160 --> 00:54:55,040
the Soviet Union

1783
00:54:55,040 --> 00:54:56,420
so you have this

1784
00:54:56,420 --> 00:54:57,180
model

1785
00:54:57,180 --> 00:54:59,480
an information processing model

1786
00:54:59,480 --> 00:55:01,040
which basically says

1787
00:55:01,040 --> 00:55:02,600
we take all the information

1788
00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:03,780
from the entire country

1789
00:55:03,780 --> 00:55:06,160
move it to one place

1790
00:55:06,160 --> 00:55:06,800
to Moscow

1791
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:08,400
there it gets processed

1792
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:09,960
decisions are made

1793
00:55:09,960 --> 00:55:10,760
in one place

1794
00:55:10,760 --> 00:55:13,760
and transmitted back

1795
00:55:13,760 --> 00:55:14,420
as commands

1796
00:55:14,420 --> 00:55:16,400
this was the Soviet model

1797
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:18,600
of information processing

1798
00:55:18,600 --> 00:55:21,520
and versus the American version

1799
00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:22,520
which was

1800
00:55:22,520 --> 00:55:23,180
no we don't have

1801
00:55:23,180 --> 00:55:23,880
a single center

1802
00:55:23,880 --> 00:55:24,920
we have a lot

1803
00:55:24,920 --> 00:55:26,020
of organizations

1804
00:55:26,020 --> 00:55:27,700
and a lot of individuals

1805
00:55:27,700 --> 00:55:28,380
and businesses

1806
00:55:28,380 --> 00:55:29,460
and they can make

1807
00:55:29,460 --> 00:55:30,260
their own decisions

1808
00:55:30,260 --> 00:55:32,300
in the Soviet Union

1809
00:55:32,300 --> 00:55:34,460
there is somebody

1810
00:55:34,460 --> 00:55:35,120
in Moscow

1811
00:55:35,120 --> 00:55:36,480
if I live

1812
00:55:36,480 --> 00:55:38,120
in some small farm

1813
00:55:38,120 --> 00:55:39,960
or kolkhoz

1814
00:55:39,960 --> 00:55:41,140
in Ukraine

1815
00:55:41,140 --> 00:55:42,100
there is somebody

1816
00:55:42,100 --> 00:55:42,700
in Moscow

1817
00:55:42,700 --> 00:55:43,880
who tells me

1818
00:55:43,880 --> 00:55:45,260
how many radishes

1819
00:55:45,260 --> 00:55:46,720
to grow this year

1820
00:55:46,720 --> 00:55:47,520
because they know

1821
00:55:47,520 --> 00:55:48,960
and in America

1822
00:55:48,960 --> 00:55:50,560
I decide for myself

1823
00:55:50,560 --> 00:55:51,420
with you know

1824
00:55:51,420 --> 00:55:52,380
I get signals

1825
00:55:52,380 --> 00:55:53,080
from the market

1826
00:55:53,080 --> 00:55:53,820
and I decide

1827
00:55:53,820 --> 00:55:56,100
and the Soviet model

1828
00:55:56,100 --> 00:55:57,320
just didn't work well

1829
00:55:57,320 --> 00:55:59,140
because of the difficulty

1830
00:55:59,140 --> 00:56:00,120
of processing

1831
00:56:00,120 --> 00:56:01,540
so much information

1832
00:56:01,540 --> 00:56:02,300
quickly

1833
00:56:02,300 --> 00:56:05,360
with 1950s technology

1834
00:56:05,360 --> 00:56:06,480
and this is one

1835
00:56:06,480 --> 00:56:07,540
of the main reasons

1836
00:56:07,540 --> 00:56:08,920
why the Soviet Union

1837
00:56:08,920 --> 00:56:10,240
lost the Cold War

1838
00:56:10,240 --> 00:56:11,280
to the United States

1839
00:56:11,280 --> 00:56:13,400
but with the new technology

1840
00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:14,780
it suddenly

1841
00:56:14,780 --> 00:56:16,240
it might become

1842
00:56:16,240 --> 00:56:17,160
I mean it's not certain

1843
00:56:17,160 --> 00:56:19,240
but one of my fears

1844
00:56:19,240 --> 00:56:20,540
is that the new technology

1845
00:56:20,540 --> 00:56:22,040
suddenly makes

1846
00:56:22,040 --> 00:56:24,460
central information processing

1847
00:56:24,460 --> 00:56:26,240
far more efficient

1848
00:56:26,240 --> 00:56:27,780
than ever before

1849
00:56:27,780 --> 00:56:29,300
and far more efficient

1850
00:56:29,300 --> 00:56:30,660
than distributed

1851
00:56:30,660 --> 00:56:31,960
data processing

1852
00:56:31,960 --> 00:56:33,440
because the more data

1853
00:56:33,440 --> 00:56:34,620
you have in one place

1854
00:56:34,620 --> 00:56:35,700
the better your algorithms

1855
00:56:35,700 --> 00:56:37,540
and so on and so forth

1856
00:56:37,540 --> 00:56:38,780
and this kind of

1857
00:56:38,780 --> 00:56:39,860
tilts the balance

1858
00:56:39,860 --> 00:56:41,680
between totalitarianism

1859
00:56:41,680 --> 00:56:42,340
and democracy

1860
00:56:42,340 --> 00:56:44,200
in favor of totalitarianism

1861
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:46,340
and I wonder

1862
00:56:46,340 --> 00:56:47,300
what are your thoughts

1863
00:56:47,300 --> 00:56:48,800
on this issue

1864
00:56:48,800 --> 00:56:50,580
well

1865
00:56:50,580 --> 00:56:52,920
I'm more optimistic

1866
00:56:52,920 --> 00:56:53,480
about

1867
00:56:53,480 --> 00:56:54,120
about

1868
00:56:54,120 --> 00:56:54,860
about

1869
00:56:54,860 --> 00:56:58,140
about democracy

1870
00:56:58,140 --> 00:56:58,620
in this

1871
00:56:58,620 --> 00:57:01,860
I mean

1872
00:57:01,860 --> 00:57:02,540
I think the way

1873
00:57:02,540 --> 00:57:03,600
that the democratic process

1874
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:04,400
needs to work

1875
00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:05,240
is

1876
00:57:05,240 --> 00:57:07,080
people start talking

1877
00:57:07,080 --> 00:57:08,080
about these problems

1878
00:57:08,080 --> 00:57:09,080
and

1879
00:57:09,080 --> 00:57:09,680
then

1880
00:57:09,680 --> 00:57:11,240
even if it seems

1881
00:57:11,240 --> 00:57:12,400
like it starts slowly

1882
00:57:12,400 --> 00:57:13,220
in terms of people

1883
00:57:13,220 --> 00:57:14,580
caring about data issues

1884
00:57:14,580 --> 00:57:16,080
and technology policy

1885
00:57:16,080 --> 00:57:18,340
because it's a lot harder

1886
00:57:18,340 --> 00:57:18,880
to get everyone

1887
00:57:18,880 --> 00:57:19,600
to care about it

1888
00:57:19,600 --> 00:57:20,040
than it is

1889
00:57:20,040 --> 00:57:20,960
just a small number

1890
00:57:20,960 --> 00:57:21,720
of decision makers

1891
00:57:21,720 --> 00:57:23,000
so I think

1892
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:23,660
that the history

1893
00:57:23,660 --> 00:57:24,320
of democracy

1894
00:57:24,320 --> 00:57:24,900
versus

1895
00:57:24,900 --> 00:57:27,160
more totalitarian systems

1896
00:57:27,160 --> 00:57:27,380
is

1897
00:57:27,380 --> 00:57:28,300
it always seems

1898
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:29,740
like the totalitarian systems

1899
00:57:29,740 --> 00:57:30,220
are going to be

1900
00:57:30,220 --> 00:57:30,880
more efficient

1901
00:57:30,880 --> 00:57:32,300
and the democracies

1902
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:32,840
are just going to get

1903
00:57:32,840 --> 00:57:33,480
left behind

1904
00:57:33,480 --> 00:57:34,220
but

1905
00:57:34,220 --> 00:57:34,900
you know

1906
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:35,560
smart people

1907
00:57:35,560 --> 00:57:36,440
you know

1908
00:57:36,440 --> 00:57:37,620
people start discussing

1909
00:57:37,620 --> 00:57:38,080
these issues

1910
00:57:38,080 --> 00:57:38,860
and caring about them

1911
00:57:38,860 --> 00:57:39,440
and I do think

1912
00:57:39,440 --> 00:57:39,980
we see

1913
00:57:39,980 --> 00:57:41,060
that people

1914
00:57:41,060 --> 00:57:41,880
do now

1915
00:57:41,880 --> 00:57:42,380
care

1916
00:57:42,380 --> 00:57:43,120
much more

1917
00:57:43,120 --> 00:57:44,060
about their own privacy

1918
00:57:44,060 --> 00:57:45,720
about data issues

1919
00:57:45,720 --> 00:57:47,120
about the technology industry

1920
00:57:47,120 --> 00:57:48,960
people are becoming

1921
00:57:48,960 --> 00:57:49,660
more sophisticated

1922
00:57:49,660 --> 00:57:50,240
about this

1923
00:57:50,240 --> 00:57:50,860
they realize

1924
00:57:50,860 --> 00:57:51,220
that

1925
00:57:51,220 --> 00:57:52,940
that having

1926
00:57:52,940 --> 00:57:54,720
a lot of your data

1927
00:57:54,720 --> 00:57:55,280
stored

1928
00:57:55,280 --> 00:57:57,100
can both be an asset

1929
00:57:57,100 --> 00:57:57,940
because it can help

1930
00:57:57,940 --> 00:57:58,440
provide

1931
00:57:58,440 --> 00:58:00,280
a lot of benefits

1932
00:58:00,280 --> 00:58:01,200
and services to you

1933
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:02,120
but increasingly

1934
00:58:02,120 --> 00:58:02,900
maybe it's also

1935
00:58:02,900 --> 00:58:03,460
a liability

1936
00:58:03,460 --> 00:58:04,000
because

1937
00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:04,820
there are hackers

1938
00:58:04,820 --> 00:58:05,720
and nation states

1939
00:58:05,720 --> 00:58:06,140
who might be able

1940
00:58:06,140 --> 00:58:06,720
to break in

1941
00:58:06,720 --> 00:58:07,520
and use that data

1942
00:58:07,520 --> 00:58:08,780
against you

1943
00:58:08,780 --> 00:58:09,820
or exploit it

1944
00:58:09,820 --> 00:58:10,500
or reveal it

1945
00:58:10,500 --> 00:58:11,580
so maybe people

1946
00:58:11,580 --> 00:58:12,380
don't want their

1947
00:58:12,380 --> 00:58:13,480
data to be

1948
00:58:13,480 --> 00:58:14,760
stored forever

1949
00:58:14,760 --> 00:58:15,280
maybe they want

1950
00:58:15,280 --> 00:58:16,020
it to be

1951
00:58:16,020 --> 00:58:17,340
reduced in permanence

1952
00:58:17,340 --> 00:58:18,060
maybe they want

1953
00:58:18,060 --> 00:58:19,100
it all to be

1954
00:58:19,100 --> 00:58:20,220
intending cryptid

1955
00:58:20,220 --> 00:58:20,980
as much as possible

1956
00:58:20,980 --> 00:58:21,480
in their private

1957
00:58:21,480 --> 00:58:22,020
communications

1958
00:58:22,020 --> 00:58:22,940
people really care

1959
00:58:22,940 --> 00:58:23,540
about this stuff

1960
00:58:23,540 --> 00:58:23,940
in a way that

1961
00:58:23,940 --> 00:58:25,140
they didn't before

1962
00:58:25,140 --> 00:58:25,880
and that's

1963
00:58:25,880 --> 00:58:26,600
certainly over the

1964
00:58:26,600 --> 00:58:27,480
last several years

1965
00:58:27,480 --> 00:58:28,980
that's grown a lot

1966
00:58:28,980 --> 00:58:29,420
so I think that

1967
00:58:29,420 --> 00:58:30,180
that conversation

1968
00:58:30,180 --> 00:58:31,680
is the normal

1969
00:58:31,680 --> 00:58:33,400
democratic process

1970
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:34,660
and I think

1971
00:58:34,660 --> 00:58:35,080
what's going to

1972
00:58:35,080 --> 00:58:35,640
end up happening

1973
00:58:35,640 --> 00:58:37,100
is that by the time

1974
00:58:37,100 --> 00:58:37,580
you get

1975
00:58:37,580 --> 00:58:39,140
people broadly

1976
00:58:39,140 --> 00:58:40,140
aware of the issues

1977
00:58:40,140 --> 00:58:41,000
and on board

1978
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:42,060
that is just

1979
00:58:42,060 --> 00:58:42,960
a much more

1980
00:58:42,960 --> 00:58:44,080
powerful

1981
00:58:44,080 --> 00:58:45,120
approach

1982
00:58:45,120 --> 00:58:45,900
where then

1983
00:58:45,900 --> 00:58:46,720
you do have

1984
00:58:46,720 --> 00:58:47,720
people

1985
00:58:47,720 --> 00:58:49,100
in a decentralized

1986
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:49,580
system

1987
00:58:49,580 --> 00:58:50,080
who are capable

1988
00:58:50,080 --> 00:58:51,080
of making decisions

1989
00:58:51,080 --> 00:58:53,140
who are smart

1990
00:58:53,140 --> 00:58:54,860
who I think

1991
00:58:54,860 --> 00:58:55,460
will generally

1992
00:58:55,460 --> 00:58:56,160
always do it

1993
00:58:56,160 --> 00:58:56,400
better

1994
00:58:56,400 --> 00:58:58,340
than too

1995
00:58:58,340 --> 00:58:58,760
centralized

1996
00:58:58,760 --> 00:58:59,340
of an approach

1997
00:58:59,340 --> 00:58:59,900
and here is

1998
00:58:59,900 --> 00:59:00,700
again a place

1999
00:59:00,700 --> 00:59:01,280
where I worry

2000
00:59:01,280 --> 00:59:02,980
that personifying

2001
00:59:02,980 --> 00:59:03,320
AI

2002
00:59:03,320 --> 00:59:05,000
and saying

2003
00:59:05,000 --> 00:59:06,440
AI is a thing

2004
00:59:06,440 --> 00:59:08,120
that an institution

2005
00:59:08,120 --> 00:59:08,940
will develop

2006
00:59:08,940 --> 00:59:09,420
and it's almost

2007
00:59:09,420 --> 00:59:10,120
like a sentient

2008
00:59:10,120 --> 00:59:10,580
being

2009
00:59:10,580 --> 00:59:11,700
I think

2010
00:59:11,700 --> 00:59:12,520
mischaracterizes

2011
00:59:12,520 --> 00:59:13,320
what it actually

2012
00:59:13,320 --> 00:59:13,680
is

2013
00:59:13,680 --> 00:59:15,080
it's a set

2014
00:59:15,080 --> 00:59:15,680
of methods

2015
00:59:15,680 --> 00:59:16,520
that make

2016
00:59:16,520 --> 00:59:17,780
everything better

2017
00:59:17,780 --> 00:59:19,420
sorry

2018
00:59:19,420 --> 00:59:21,200
let me retract

2019
00:59:21,200 --> 00:59:21,500
that

2020
00:59:21,500 --> 00:59:22,520
that's way too

2021
00:59:22,520 --> 00:59:22,740
broad

2022
00:59:22,740 --> 00:59:23,660
it's a lot

2023
00:59:23,660 --> 00:59:24,280
of technological

2024
00:59:24,280 --> 00:59:24,860
processes

2025
00:59:24,860 --> 00:59:25,560
more efficient

2026
00:59:25,560 --> 00:59:26,560
and I think

2027
00:59:26,560 --> 00:59:27,360
that's

2028
00:59:27,360 --> 00:59:28,740
but that's

2029
00:59:28,740 --> 00:59:29,120
the worry

2030
00:59:29,120 --> 00:59:29,820
it makes

2031
00:59:29,820 --> 00:59:30,180
also

2032
00:59:30,180 --> 00:59:30,860
that's not

2033
00:59:30,860 --> 00:59:31,180
just for

2034
00:59:31,180 --> 00:59:31,580
centralized

2035
00:59:31,580 --> 00:59:32,240
folks

2036
00:59:32,240 --> 00:59:33,340
I mean

2037
00:59:33,340 --> 00:59:35,080
in our context

2038
00:59:35,080 --> 00:59:36,120
so we build

2039
00:59:36,120 --> 00:59:37,220
our business

2040
00:59:37,220 --> 00:59:37,740
is this ad

2041
00:59:37,740 --> 00:59:38,200
platform

2042
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:39,680
and a lot

2043
00:59:39,680 --> 00:59:39,980
of the way

2044
00:59:39,980 --> 00:59:40,560
that can be

2045
00:59:40,560 --> 00:59:41,080
used now

2046
00:59:41,080 --> 00:59:41,780
is we have

2047
00:59:41,780 --> 00:59:42,520
90 million

2048
00:59:42,520 --> 00:59:43,420
small businesses

2049
00:59:43,420 --> 00:59:43,920
that use

2050
00:59:43,920 --> 00:59:44,460
our tools

2051
00:59:44,460 --> 00:59:45,760
and now

2052
00:59:45,760 --> 00:59:46,660
because of

2053
00:59:46,660 --> 00:59:47,220
this access

2054
00:59:47,220 --> 00:59:47,920
to technology

2055
00:59:47,920 --> 00:59:49,220
they have access

2056
00:59:49,220 --> 00:59:49,860
to the same

2057
00:59:49,860 --> 00:59:50,420
tools

2058
00:59:50,420 --> 00:59:51,900
to do advertising

2059
00:59:51,900 --> 00:59:52,400
and marketing

2060
00:59:52,400 --> 00:59:52,920
and reach new

2061
00:59:52,920 --> 00:59:53,340
customers

2062
00:59:53,340 --> 00:59:54,360
and grow jobs

2063
00:59:54,360 --> 00:59:55,320
that previously

2064
00:59:55,320 --> 00:59:55,860
only the big

2065
00:59:55,860 --> 00:59:56,400
companies would

2066
00:59:56,400 --> 00:59:56,740
have had

2067
00:59:56,740 --> 00:59:58,680
and that's

2068
00:59:58,680 --> 01:00:00,280
a big advance

2069
01:00:00,280 --> 01:00:01,060
and that's

2070
01:00:01,060 --> 01:00:01,720
a massive

2071
01:00:01,720 --> 01:00:02,660
decentralization

2072
01:00:02,660 --> 01:00:03,680
when people

2073
01:00:03,680 --> 01:00:04,080
talk about

2074
01:00:04,080 --> 01:00:04,600
our company

2075
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:05,720
and the internet

2076
01:00:05,720 --> 01:00:06,460
platforms overall

2077
01:00:06,460 --> 01:00:07,020
they talk about

2078
01:00:07,020 --> 01:00:07,740
how there's a

2079
01:00:07,740 --> 01:00:08,200
small number

2080
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:08,700
of companies

2081
01:00:08,700 --> 01:00:09,360
that are big

2082
01:00:09,360 --> 01:00:10,000
and that's

2083
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:10,360
true

2084
01:00:10,360 --> 01:00:11,060
but the flip

2085
01:00:11,060 --> 01:00:11,480
side of it

2086
01:00:11,480 --> 01:00:12,040
is that now

2087
01:00:12,040 --> 01:00:12,380
there are

2088
01:00:12,380 --> 01:00:12,940
billions of

2089
01:00:12,940 --> 01:00:13,400
people around

2090
01:00:13,400 --> 01:00:13,680
the world

2091
01:00:13,680 --> 01:00:14,120
who have a

2092
01:00:14,120 --> 01:00:14,440
voice

2093
01:00:14,440 --> 01:00:16,040
that they can

2094
01:00:16,040 --> 01:00:16,720
share information

2095
01:00:16,720 --> 01:00:17,340
more broadly

2096
01:00:17,340 --> 01:00:18,200
and that's

2097
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:18,740
actually a massive

2098
01:00:18,740 --> 01:00:19,720
decentralization

2099
01:00:19,720 --> 01:00:20,320
in power

2100
01:00:20,320 --> 01:00:21,840
and kind of

2101
01:00:21,840 --> 01:00:22,580
returning power

2102
01:00:22,580 --> 01:00:23,140
to people

2103
01:00:23,140 --> 01:00:24,280
similarly people

2104
01:00:24,280 --> 01:00:24,680
have access

2105
01:00:24,680 --> 01:00:25,040
to more

2106
01:00:25,040 --> 01:00:25,560
information

2107
01:00:25,560 --> 01:00:26,220
have access

2108
01:00:26,220 --> 01:00:26,940
to more

2109
01:00:26,940 --> 01:00:27,340
commerce

2110
01:00:27,340 --> 01:00:28,080
that's all

2111
01:00:28,080 --> 01:00:28,580
positive

2112
01:00:28,580 --> 01:00:29,620
so I don't

2113
01:00:29,620 --> 01:00:29,800
know

2114
01:00:29,800 --> 01:00:31,260
I'm an

2115
01:00:31,260 --> 01:00:31,840
optimist on

2116
01:00:31,840 --> 01:00:31,980
this

2117
01:00:31,980 --> 01:00:32,360
I think we

2118
01:00:32,360 --> 01:00:32,800
have real

2119
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:33,480
work cut out

2120
01:00:33,480 --> 01:00:33,780
for us

2121
01:00:33,780 --> 01:00:34,060
and I think

2122
01:00:34,060 --> 01:00:34,280
that the

2123
01:00:34,280 --> 01:00:34,600
challenges

2124
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:35,180
that you

2125
01:00:35,180 --> 01:00:36,060
raise

2126
01:00:36,060 --> 01:00:36,620
are the

2127
01:00:36,620 --> 01:00:37,080
right ones

2128
01:00:37,080 --> 01:00:37,360
to be

2129
01:00:37,360 --> 01:00:37,820
thinking about

2130
01:00:37,820 --> 01:00:38,180
because if

2131
01:00:38,180 --> 01:00:38,540
we get it

2132
01:00:38,540 --> 01:00:38,880
wrong

2133
01:00:38,880 --> 01:00:40,080
that's the

2134
01:00:40,080 --> 01:00:40,680
way in which

2135
01:00:40,680 --> 01:00:40,960
I think

2136
01:00:40,960 --> 01:00:41,380
it will go

2137
01:00:41,380 --> 01:00:41,820
wrong

2138
01:00:41,820 --> 01:00:43,580
but I don't

2139
01:00:43,580 --> 01:00:43,780
know

2140
01:00:43,780 --> 01:00:44,140
I think

2141
01:00:44,140 --> 01:00:44,420
that the

2142
01:00:44,420 --> 01:00:44,880
historical

2143
01:00:44,880 --> 01:00:45,400
precedent

2144
01:00:45,400 --> 01:00:45,940
would say

2145
01:00:45,940 --> 01:00:46,680
that at

2146
01:00:46,680 --> 01:00:47,320
all points

2147
01:00:47,320 --> 01:00:48,200
you know

2148
01:00:48,200 --> 01:00:48,500
whether it

2149
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:50,040
was the

2150
01:00:50,040 --> 01:00:50,520
competition

2151
01:00:50,520 --> 01:00:51,580
between the

2152
01:00:51,580 --> 01:00:52,000
US and

2153
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:52,560
Japan in

2154
01:00:52,560 --> 01:00:53,120
the 80s

2155
01:00:53,120 --> 01:00:53,940
and the 70s

2156
01:00:53,940 --> 01:00:54,320
or the

2157
01:00:54,320 --> 01:00:55,060
Cold War

2158
01:00:55,060 --> 01:00:55,600
before that

2159
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:56,020
or different

2160
01:00:56,020 --> 01:00:56,720
other times

2161
01:00:56,720 --> 01:00:57,360
people always

2162
01:00:57,360 --> 01:00:57,720
thought that

2163
01:00:57,720 --> 01:00:58,240
the democratic

2164
01:00:58,240 --> 01:00:59,180
model which

2165
01:00:59,180 --> 01:00:59,600
is slow

2166
01:00:59,600 --> 01:01:00,160
to mobilize

2167
01:01:00,160 --> 01:01:01,920
but very

2168
01:01:01,920 --> 01:01:02,640
strong once

2169
01:01:02,640 --> 01:01:03,080
it does

2170
01:01:03,080 --> 01:01:03,460
and once

2171
01:01:03,460 --> 01:01:04,060
people get

2172
01:01:04,060 --> 01:01:05,080
bought into

2173
01:01:05,080 --> 01:01:05,560
a direction

2174
01:01:05,560 --> 01:01:06,040
and understand

2175
01:01:06,040 --> 01:01:06,520
the issue

2176
01:01:06,520 --> 01:01:08,080
I do think

2177
01:01:08,080 --> 01:01:08,340
that that

2178
01:01:08,340 --> 01:01:08,860
will continue

2179
01:01:08,860 --> 01:01:09,360
to be

2180
01:01:09,360 --> 01:01:10,300
the best

2181
01:01:10,300 --> 01:01:10,680
way to

2182
01:01:10,680 --> 01:01:10,980
spread

2183
01:01:10,980 --> 01:01:11,580
prosperity

2184
01:01:11,580 --> 01:01:12,380
around the

2185
01:01:12,380 --> 01:01:12,560
world

2186
01:01:12,560 --> 01:01:13,060
and make

2187
01:01:13,060 --> 01:01:13,500
progress

2188
01:01:13,500 --> 01:01:13,940
in a way

2189
01:01:13,940 --> 01:01:15,940
that meets

2190
01:01:15,940 --> 01:01:16,400
people's

2191
01:01:16,400 --> 01:01:16,640
needs

2192
01:01:16,640 --> 01:01:17,020
and that's

2193
01:01:17,020 --> 01:01:17,260
why

2194
01:01:17,260 --> 01:01:17,840
when we're

2195
01:01:17,840 --> 01:01:18,200
talking about

2196
01:01:18,200 --> 01:01:19,020
internet policy

2197
01:01:19,020 --> 01:01:19,680
when you're

2198
01:01:19,680 --> 01:01:20,000
talking about

2199
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:20,820
economic policy

2200
01:01:20,820 --> 01:01:21,120
I think

2201
01:01:21,120 --> 01:01:21,920
spreading

2202
01:01:21,920 --> 01:01:22,940
regulatory

2203
01:01:22,940 --> 01:01:23,640
frameworks

2204
01:01:23,640 --> 01:01:24,780
that encode

2205
01:01:24,780 --> 01:01:25,600
those values

2206
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:26,860
I think is

2207
01:01:26,860 --> 01:01:27,100
one of the

2208
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:27,600
most important

2209
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:27,980
things that

2210
01:01:27,980 --> 01:01:28,260
we can do

2211
01:01:28,260 --> 01:01:28,700
but it starts

2212
01:01:28,700 --> 01:01:29,080
with raising

2213
01:01:29,080 --> 01:01:29,520
the issues

2214
01:01:29,520 --> 01:01:30,100
that you are

2215
01:01:30,100 --> 01:01:30,440
and having

2216
01:01:30,440 --> 01:01:30,840
people be

2217
01:01:30,840 --> 01:01:31,200
aware of

2218
01:01:31,200 --> 01:01:31,620
the potential

2219
01:01:31,620 --> 01:01:32,140
problems

2220
01:01:32,140 --> 01:01:34,060
I agree

2221
01:01:34,060 --> 01:01:34,340
that in

2222
01:01:34,340 --> 01:01:34,680
the last

2223
01:01:34,680 --> 01:01:35,440
few decades

2224
01:01:35,440 --> 01:01:36,920
it was

2225
01:01:36,920 --> 01:01:37,480
the case

2226
01:01:37,480 --> 01:01:38,460
that open

2227
01:01:38,460 --> 01:01:38,940
democratic

2228
01:01:38,940 --> 01:01:39,460
systems

2229
01:01:39,460 --> 01:01:40,680
were better

2230
01:01:40,680 --> 01:01:42,760
and more

2231
01:01:42,760 --> 01:01:43,320
efficient

2232
01:01:43,320 --> 01:01:44,100
and this

2233
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:44,980
again

2234
01:01:44,980 --> 01:01:45,960
one of my

2235
01:01:45,960 --> 01:01:46,300
fears

2236
01:01:46,300 --> 01:01:46,760
is that

2237
01:01:46,760 --> 01:01:47,260
it might

2238
01:01:47,260 --> 01:01:47,700
have made

2239
01:01:47,700 --> 01:01:48,240
us a bit

2240
01:01:48,240 --> 01:01:48,980
complacent

2241
01:01:48,980 --> 01:01:49,840
because we

2242
01:01:49,840 --> 01:01:50,240
assume

2243
01:01:50,240 --> 01:01:50,580
that this

2244
01:01:50,580 --> 01:01:50,900
is kind

2245
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:51,140
of a

2246
01:01:51,140 --> 01:01:51,400
law of

2247
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:51,760
nature

2248
01:01:51,760 --> 01:01:52,620
that

2249
01:01:52,620 --> 01:01:53,440
distributed

2250
01:01:53,440 --> 01:01:54,120
systems

2251
01:01:54,120 --> 01:01:55,000
are always

2252
01:01:55,000 --> 01:01:55,600
better

2253
01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:55,920
and more

2254
01:01:55,920 --> 01:01:56,380
efficient

2255
01:01:56,380 --> 01:01:56,980
than

2256
01:01:56,980 --> 01:01:57,440
centralized

2257
01:01:57,440 --> 01:01:59,620
systems

2258
01:01:59,620 --> 01:02:00,740
and we

2259
01:02:00,740 --> 01:02:01,140
lived

2260
01:02:01,140 --> 01:02:01,680
we grew

2261
01:02:01,680 --> 01:02:02,000
up

2262
01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:02,320
in a

2263
01:02:02,320 --> 01:02:02,640
world

2264
01:02:02,640 --> 01:02:03,420
in which

2265
01:02:03,420 --> 01:02:03,760
there was

2266
01:02:03,760 --> 01:02:04,180
kind of

2267
01:02:04,180 --> 01:02:04,520
this

2268
01:02:04,520 --> 01:02:05,640
to do

2269
01:02:05,640 --> 01:02:06,480
the good

2270
01:02:06,480 --> 01:02:06,840
thing

2271
01:02:06,840 --> 01:02:07,320
morally

2272
01:02:07,320 --> 01:02:08,660
was also

2273
01:02:08,660 --> 01:02:09,260
to do

2274
01:02:09,260 --> 01:02:10,000
the efficient

2275
01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:10,460
thing

2276
01:02:10,460 --> 01:02:11,000
economically

2277
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:11,660
and politically

2278
01:02:11,660 --> 01:02:12,980
and a lot

2279
01:02:12,980 --> 01:02:13,820
of countries

2280
01:02:13,820 --> 01:02:14,820
liberalized

2281
01:02:14,820 --> 01:02:15,720
their economy

2282
01:02:15,720 --> 01:02:16,620
their society

2283
01:02:16,620 --> 01:02:17,440
their politics

2284
01:02:17,440 --> 01:02:18,000
over the last

2285
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:18,720
50 years

2286
01:02:18,720 --> 01:02:20,200
more because

2287
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:20,580
they were

2288
01:02:20,580 --> 01:02:21,120
convinced

2289
01:02:21,120 --> 01:02:21,520
of the

2290
01:02:21,520 --> 01:02:22,080
efficiency

2291
01:02:22,080 --> 01:02:22,660
argument

2292
01:02:22,660 --> 01:02:23,860
than of

2293
01:02:23,860 --> 01:02:24,380
the deep

2294
01:02:24,380 --> 01:02:24,840
moral

2295
01:02:24,840 --> 01:02:25,320
argument

2296
01:02:25,320 --> 01:02:27,020
and what

2297
01:02:27,020 --> 01:02:27,580
happens

2298
01:02:27,580 --> 01:02:28,620
if efficiency

2299
01:02:28,620 --> 01:02:29,240
and morality

2300
01:02:29,240 --> 01:02:29,860
suddenly

2301
01:02:29,860 --> 01:02:30,560
split

2302
01:02:30,560 --> 01:02:31,660
which have

2303
01:02:31,660 --> 01:02:31,940
happened

2304
01:02:31,940 --> 01:02:32,360
before in

2305
01:02:32,360 --> 01:02:32,720
history

2306
01:02:32,720 --> 01:02:33,200
I mean

2307
01:02:33,200 --> 01:02:33,540
the last

2308
01:02:33,540 --> 01:02:34,140
50 years

2309
01:02:34,140 --> 01:02:34,560
are not

2310
01:02:34,560 --> 01:02:35,100
representative

2311
01:02:35,100 --> 01:02:35,620
of the

2312
01:02:35,620 --> 01:02:35,900
whole of

2313
01:02:35,900 --> 01:02:36,240
history

2314
01:02:36,240 --> 01:02:36,780
we had

2315
01:02:36,780 --> 01:02:37,420
many cases

2316
01:02:37,420 --> 01:02:37,820
before

2317
01:02:37,820 --> 01:02:38,240
in human

2318
01:02:38,240 --> 01:02:38,680
history

2319
01:02:38,680 --> 01:02:39,420
in which

2320
01:02:39,420 --> 01:02:40,100
repressive

2321
01:02:40,100 --> 01:02:41,280
centralized

2322
01:02:41,280 --> 01:02:42,060
systems

2323
01:02:42,060 --> 01:02:42,740
were more

2324
01:02:42,740 --> 01:02:43,140
efficient

2325
01:02:43,140 --> 01:02:44,020
and therefore

2326
01:02:44,020 --> 01:02:44,460
you got

2327
01:02:44,460 --> 01:02:44,780
these

2328
01:02:44,780 --> 01:02:45,260
repressive

2329
01:02:45,260 --> 01:02:45,840
empires

2330
01:02:45,840 --> 01:02:46,820
and there

2331
01:02:46,820 --> 01:02:47,320
is no

2332
01:02:47,320 --> 01:02:47,760
law of

2333
01:02:47,760 --> 01:02:48,160
nature

2334
01:02:48,160 --> 01:02:49,140
which says

2335
01:02:49,140 --> 01:02:49,760
that this

2336
01:02:49,760 --> 01:02:50,520
cannot happen

2337
01:02:50,520 --> 01:02:51,000
again

2338
01:02:51,000 --> 01:02:52,560
and again

2339
01:02:52,560 --> 01:02:54,040
my theory

2340
01:02:54,040 --> 01:02:54,260
is that

2341
01:02:54,260 --> 01:02:54,500
the new

2342
01:02:54,500 --> 01:02:54,960
technology

2343
01:02:54,960 --> 01:02:56,060
might tilt

2344
01:02:56,060 --> 01:02:56,920
that balance

2345
01:02:56,920 --> 01:02:58,160
and just

2346
01:02:58,160 --> 01:02:58,960
by making

2347
01:02:58,960 --> 01:02:59,600
central

2348
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:01,460
data processing

2349
01:03:01,460 --> 01:03:01,980
far more

2350
01:03:01,980 --> 01:03:02,360
efficient

2351
01:03:02,360 --> 01:03:03,660
it could

2352
01:03:03,660 --> 01:03:05,260
give a

2353
01:03:05,260 --> 01:03:05,620
boost

2354
01:03:05,620 --> 01:03:06,200
to

2355
01:03:06,200 --> 01:03:07,200
totalitarian

2356
01:03:07,200 --> 01:03:07,700
regimes

2357
01:03:07,700 --> 01:03:08,860
also

2358
01:03:08,860 --> 01:03:09,580
in the

2359
01:03:09,580 --> 01:03:09,880
balance

2360
01:03:09,880 --> 01:03:10,520
of power

2361
01:03:10,520 --> 01:03:11,220
between

2362
01:03:11,220 --> 01:03:11,780
say again

2363
01:03:11,780 --> 01:03:12,500
the center

2364
01:03:12,500 --> 01:03:12,900
and the

2365
01:03:12,900 --> 01:03:13,440
individual

2366
01:03:13,440 --> 01:03:14,680
that

2367
01:03:14,680 --> 01:03:15,940
for most

2368
01:03:15,940 --> 01:03:16,640
of history

2369
01:03:16,640 --> 01:03:19,040
the central

2370
01:03:19,040 --> 01:03:19,560
authority

2371
01:03:19,560 --> 01:03:20,260
could not

2372
01:03:20,260 --> 01:03:20,820
really know

2373
01:03:20,820 --> 01:03:21,520
you personally

2374
01:03:21,520 --> 01:03:22,820
simply because

2375
01:03:22,820 --> 01:03:23,700
of the

2376
01:03:23,700 --> 01:03:24,140
inability

2377
01:03:24,140 --> 01:03:25,200
to gather

2378
01:03:25,200 --> 01:03:25,920
and process

2379
01:03:25,920 --> 01:03:26,640
the information

2380
01:03:26,640 --> 01:03:27,740
so there

2381
01:03:27,740 --> 01:03:28,300
were some

2382
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:28,700
people

2383
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:29,660
who knew

2384
01:03:29,660 --> 01:03:30,300
you very

2385
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:30,740
well

2386
01:03:30,740 --> 01:03:31,900
but usually

2387
01:03:31,900 --> 01:03:33,160
their interests

2388
01:03:33,160 --> 01:03:34,220
were aligned

2389
01:03:34,220 --> 01:03:34,960
with yours

2390
01:03:34,960 --> 01:03:36,080
like my mother

2391
01:03:36,080 --> 01:03:37,080
knows me

2392
01:03:37,080 --> 01:03:37,800
very well

2393
01:03:37,800 --> 01:03:38,980
but most of

2394
01:03:38,980 --> 01:03:39,300
the time

2395
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:39,860
I can trust

2396
01:03:39,860 --> 01:03:40,340
my mother

2397
01:03:40,340 --> 01:03:42,800
but now

2398
01:03:42,800 --> 01:03:43,800
we are reaching

2399
01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:44,420
a point

2400
01:03:44,420 --> 01:03:46,180
when some

2401
01:03:46,180 --> 01:03:47,220
system far

2402
01:03:47,220 --> 01:03:47,720
away

2403
01:03:47,720 --> 01:03:49,040
can know

2404
01:03:49,040 --> 01:03:49,900
me better

2405
01:03:49,900 --> 01:03:50,360
than my

2406
01:03:50,360 --> 01:03:50,680
mother

2407
01:03:50,680 --> 01:03:51,580
and the

2408
01:03:51,580 --> 01:03:52,060
interests

2409
01:03:52,060 --> 01:03:52,400
are not

2410
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:52,820
necessarily

2411
01:03:52,820 --> 01:03:53,500
aligned

2412
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:54,100
now

2413
01:03:54,100 --> 01:03:55,060
yes

2414
01:03:55,060 --> 01:03:55,840
we can

2415
01:03:55,840 --> 01:03:56,360
use that

2416
01:03:56,360 --> 01:03:56,720
also

2417
01:03:56,720 --> 01:03:57,480
for good

2418
01:03:57,480 --> 01:03:58,420
but what

2419
01:03:58,420 --> 01:03:58,920
I'm

2420
01:03:58,920 --> 01:03:59,780
pointing out

2421
01:03:59,780 --> 01:04:00,480
that this

2422
01:04:00,480 --> 01:04:00,920
is a kind

2423
01:04:00,920 --> 01:04:01,540
of power

2424
01:04:01,540 --> 01:04:02,900
that never

2425
01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:03,340
existed

2426
01:04:03,340 --> 01:04:03,840
before

2427
01:04:03,840 --> 01:04:04,780
and it

2428
01:04:04,780 --> 01:04:05,180
could

2429
01:04:05,180 --> 01:04:05,880
empower

2430
01:04:05,880 --> 01:04:07,560
totalitarian

2431
01:04:07,560 --> 01:04:08,180
and authoritarian

2432
01:04:08,180 --> 01:04:09,020
regimes

2433
01:04:09,020 --> 01:04:10,420
to do things

2434
01:04:10,420 --> 01:04:10,960
that were

2435
01:04:10,960 --> 01:04:11,280
simply

2436
01:04:11,280 --> 01:04:11,920
technically

2437
01:04:11,920 --> 01:04:12,740
impossible

2438
01:04:12,740 --> 01:04:14,880
until today

2439
01:04:14,880 --> 01:04:16,980
and you

2440
01:04:16,980 --> 01:04:17,120
know

2441
01:04:17,120 --> 01:04:18,240
if you

2442
01:04:18,240 --> 01:04:18,700
live

2443
01:04:18,700 --> 01:04:19,660
in an

2444
01:04:19,660 --> 01:04:20,280
open

2445
01:04:20,280 --> 01:04:20,940
democracy

2446
01:04:20,940 --> 01:04:21,840
so okay

2447
01:04:21,840 --> 01:04:22,220
you can

2448
01:04:22,220 --> 01:04:22,680
rely

2449
01:04:22,680 --> 01:04:23,180
on all

2450
01:04:23,180 --> 01:04:23,380
kinds

2451
01:04:23,380 --> 01:04:23,500
of

2452
01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:23,920
mechanisms

2453
01:04:23,920 --> 01:04:24,480
to protect

2454
01:04:24,480 --> 01:04:24,940
yourself

2455
01:04:24,940 --> 01:04:26,480
but thinking

2456
01:04:26,480 --> 01:04:27,280
more globally

2457
01:04:27,280 --> 01:04:27,880
about this

2458
01:04:27,880 --> 01:04:28,260
issue

2459
01:04:28,260 --> 01:04:28,880
I think

2460
01:04:28,880 --> 01:04:30,000
a key

2461
01:04:30,000 --> 01:04:30,540
question

2462
01:04:30,540 --> 01:04:31,060
is

2463
01:04:31,060 --> 01:04:32,320
how do

2464
01:04:32,320 --> 01:04:33,180
you protect

2465
01:04:33,180 --> 01:04:33,820
human

2466
01:04:33,820 --> 01:04:34,340
attention

2467
01:04:34,340 --> 01:04:35,860
from being

2468
01:04:35,860 --> 01:04:36,600
hijacked

2469
01:04:36,600 --> 01:04:37,720
by

2470
01:04:37,720 --> 01:04:38,580
malevolent

2471
01:04:38,580 --> 01:04:39,020
players

2472
01:04:39,020 --> 01:04:40,120
who know

2473
01:04:40,120 --> 01:04:40,520
you

2474
01:04:40,520 --> 01:04:41,220
better

2475
01:04:41,220 --> 01:04:41,580
than you

2476
01:04:41,580 --> 01:04:41,720
know

2477
01:04:41,720 --> 01:04:42,140
yourself

2478
01:04:42,140 --> 01:04:42,620
who know

2479
01:04:42,620 --> 01:04:43,180
you better

2480
01:04:43,180 --> 01:04:43,600
than your

2481
01:04:43,600 --> 01:04:44,060
mother

2482
01:04:44,060 --> 01:04:44,660
knows you

2483
01:04:44,660 --> 01:04:45,640
and this

2484
01:04:45,640 --> 01:04:46,220
is a question

2485
01:04:46,220 --> 01:04:46,640
that we

2486
01:04:46,640 --> 01:04:47,140
never had

2487
01:04:47,140 --> 01:04:47,500
to face

2488
01:04:47,500 --> 01:04:47,880
before

2489
01:04:47,880 --> 01:04:48,640
because we

2490
01:04:48,640 --> 01:04:49,220
never had

2491
01:04:49,220 --> 01:04:49,840
usually

2492
01:04:49,840 --> 01:04:50,500
the malevolent

2493
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:51,000
players

2494
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:51,900
just didn't

2495
01:04:51,900 --> 01:04:52,240
know me

2496
01:04:52,240 --> 01:04:52,800
very well

2497
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:55,420
yeah okay

2498
01:04:55,420 --> 01:04:55,980
so there's

2499
01:04:55,980 --> 01:04:56,320
a lot

2500
01:04:56,320 --> 01:04:56,980
in what you

2501
01:04:56,980 --> 01:04:57,260
were just

2502
01:04:57,260 --> 01:04:57,720
talking about

2503
01:04:57,720 --> 01:04:58,180
I mean I

2504
01:04:58,180 --> 01:04:58,420
think

2505
01:04:58,420 --> 01:05:01,320
in general

2506
01:05:01,320 --> 01:05:01,920
one of the

2507
01:05:01,920 --> 01:05:02,500
things that

2508
01:05:02,500 --> 01:05:03,580
I do think

2509
01:05:03,580 --> 01:05:03,840
that there

2510
01:05:03,840 --> 01:05:04,560
is a scale

2511
01:05:04,560 --> 01:05:05,000
effect

2512
01:05:05,000 --> 01:05:05,920
where

2513
01:05:05,920 --> 01:05:08,260
one of the

2514
01:05:08,260 --> 01:05:08,780
best things

2515
01:05:08,780 --> 01:05:09,000
that we

2516
01:05:09,000 --> 01:05:09,460
could do

2517
01:05:09,460 --> 01:05:09,760
to

2518
01:05:09,760 --> 01:05:11,260
if we

2519
01:05:11,260 --> 01:05:11,880
care about

2520
01:05:11,880 --> 01:05:12,960
these open

2521
01:05:12,960 --> 01:05:13,500
values

2522
01:05:13,500 --> 01:05:14,000
and having

2523
01:05:14,000 --> 01:05:14,660
a globally

2524
01:05:14,660 --> 01:05:15,140
connected

2525
01:05:15,140 --> 01:05:16,820
world

2526
01:05:16,820 --> 01:05:17,580
I think

2527
01:05:17,580 --> 01:05:18,160
making sure

2528
01:05:18,160 --> 01:05:18,440
that the

2529
01:05:18,440 --> 01:05:19,220
critical mass

2530
01:05:19,220 --> 01:05:20,200
of the

2531
01:05:20,200 --> 01:05:20,660
investment

2532
01:05:20,660 --> 01:05:21,140
in new

2533
01:05:21,140 --> 01:05:21,720
technologies

2534
01:05:21,720 --> 01:05:22,280
encodes

2535
01:05:22,280 --> 01:05:23,140
those values

2536
01:05:23,140 --> 01:05:24,460
is really

2537
01:05:24,460 --> 01:05:24,840
important

2538
01:05:24,840 --> 01:05:25,200
so that's

2539
01:05:25,200 --> 01:05:25,500
one of the

2540
01:05:25,500 --> 01:05:25,940
reasons why

2541
01:05:25,940 --> 01:05:26,500
I care

2542
01:05:26,500 --> 01:05:27,220
a lot

2543
01:05:27,220 --> 01:05:27,620
about

2544
01:05:27,620 --> 01:05:28,400
not

2545
01:05:28,400 --> 01:05:30,420
supporting

2546
01:05:30,420 --> 01:05:31,060
the spread

2547
01:05:31,060 --> 01:05:31,540
of

2548
01:05:31,540 --> 01:05:32,220
authoritarian

2549
01:05:32,220 --> 01:05:34,980
policies

2550
01:05:34,980 --> 01:05:36,080
to more

2551
01:05:36,080 --> 01:05:36,480
countries

2552
01:05:36,480 --> 01:05:37,260
and either

2553
01:05:37,260 --> 01:05:37,780
inadvertently

2554
01:05:37,780 --> 01:05:38,380
doing that

2555
01:05:38,380 --> 01:05:39,240
or setting

2556
01:05:39,240 --> 01:05:39,840
precedents

2557
01:05:39,840 --> 01:05:40,480
that enable

2558
01:05:40,480 --> 01:05:40,860
that to

2559
01:05:40,860 --> 01:05:41,120
happen

2560
01:05:41,120 --> 01:05:41,660
because

2561
01:05:41,660 --> 01:05:41,840
I think

2562
01:05:41,840 --> 01:05:42,240
the more

2563
01:05:42,240 --> 01:05:42,580
development

2564
01:05:42,580 --> 01:05:43,160
that happens

2565
01:05:43,160 --> 01:05:44,340
in the

2566
01:05:44,340 --> 01:05:44,680
way that

2567
01:05:44,680 --> 01:05:44,980
is more

2568
01:05:44,980 --> 01:05:45,280
open

2569
01:05:45,280 --> 01:05:45,600
where the

2570
01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:45,920
research

2571
01:05:45,920 --> 01:05:46,320
is more

2572
01:05:46,320 --> 01:05:46,640
open

2573
01:05:46,640 --> 01:05:47,960
where people

2574
01:05:47,960 --> 01:05:48,900
have the

2575
01:05:48,900 --> 01:05:51,680
policy making

2576
01:05:51,680 --> 01:05:52,200
around it

2577
01:05:52,200 --> 01:05:52,800
is more

2578
01:05:52,800 --> 01:05:53,380
democratic

2579
01:05:53,380 --> 01:05:53,920
I think

2580
01:05:53,920 --> 01:05:54,340
that's going

2581
01:05:54,340 --> 01:05:54,480
to be

2582
01:05:54,480 --> 01:05:54,840
positive

2583
01:05:54,840 --> 01:05:55,440
so I think

2584
01:05:55,440 --> 01:05:55,960
maintaining

2585
01:05:55,960 --> 01:05:56,780
that balance

2586
01:05:56,780 --> 01:05:57,700
ends up

2587
01:05:57,700 --> 01:05:58,160
being really

2588
01:05:58,160 --> 01:05:58,660
important

2589
01:05:58,660 --> 01:06:00,540
and one

2590
01:06:00,540 --> 01:06:00,700
of the

2591
01:06:00,700 --> 01:06:01,120
reasons why

2592
01:06:01,120 --> 01:06:01,460
I think

2593
01:06:01,460 --> 01:06:02,000
democratic

2594
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:02,900
countries

2595
01:06:02,900 --> 01:06:04,380
over time

2596
01:06:04,380 --> 01:06:04,960
tend to do

2597
01:06:04,960 --> 01:06:05,420
better

2598
01:06:05,420 --> 01:06:07,160
on serving

2599
01:06:07,160 --> 01:06:07,600
what people

2600
01:06:07,600 --> 01:06:08,040
want

2601
01:06:08,040 --> 01:06:09,000
is because

2602
01:06:09,000 --> 01:06:10,200
there's no

2603
01:06:10,200 --> 01:06:10,680
metric

2604
01:06:10,680 --> 01:06:11,320
to optimize

2605
01:06:11,320 --> 01:06:12,040
the society

2606
01:06:12,040 --> 01:06:13,960
when you

2607
01:06:13,960 --> 01:06:14,280
talk about

2608
01:06:14,280 --> 01:06:14,760
efficiency

2609
01:06:14,760 --> 01:06:15,500
a lot

2610
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:15,700
of what

2611
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:15,840
people

2612
01:06:15,840 --> 01:06:16,120
are talking

2613
01:06:16,120 --> 01:06:16,220
about

2614
01:06:16,220 --> 01:06:16,720
is economic

2615
01:06:16,720 --> 01:06:17,260
efficiency

2616
01:06:17,260 --> 01:06:18,300
are we

2617
01:06:18,300 --> 01:06:18,740
increasing

2618
01:06:18,740 --> 01:06:19,180
GDP

2619
01:06:19,180 --> 01:06:19,720
are we

2620
01:06:19,720 --> 01:06:20,300
increasing

2621
01:06:20,300 --> 01:06:21,560
jobs

2622
01:06:21,560 --> 01:06:21,860
are we

2623
01:06:21,860 --> 01:06:22,260
decreasing

2624
01:06:22,260 --> 01:06:22,740
poverty

2625
01:06:22,740 --> 01:06:23,040
and those

2626
01:06:23,040 --> 01:06:23,340
things are

2627
01:06:23,340 --> 01:06:23,820
all good

2628
01:06:23,820 --> 01:06:25,240
but I think

2629
01:06:25,240 --> 01:06:25,720
part of what

2630
01:06:25,720 --> 01:06:26,160
the democratic

2631
01:06:26,160 --> 01:06:27,020
process does

2632
01:06:27,020 --> 01:06:27,780
is people

2633
01:06:27,780 --> 01:06:28,400
get to decide

2634
01:06:28,400 --> 01:06:28,680
on their

2635
01:06:28,680 --> 01:06:29,000
own

2636
01:06:29,000 --> 01:06:30,300
which of

2637
01:06:30,300 --> 01:06:30,780
the dimensions

2638
01:06:30,780 --> 01:06:31,560
in society

2639
01:06:31,560 --> 01:06:32,080
matter the

2640
01:06:32,080 --> 01:06:32,440
most to

2641
01:06:32,440 --> 01:06:32,560
them

2642
01:06:32,560 --> 01:06:33,440
if you

2643
01:06:33,440 --> 01:06:33,580
can

2644
01:06:33,580 --> 01:06:34,860
hijack

2645
01:06:34,860 --> 01:06:35,260
people's

2646
01:06:35,260 --> 01:06:35,640
attention

2647
01:06:35,640 --> 01:06:36,500
and manipulate

2648
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:36,960
them

2649
01:06:36,960 --> 01:06:38,080
then people

2650
01:06:38,080 --> 01:06:38,880
deciding on

2651
01:06:38,880 --> 01:06:39,300
their own

2652
01:06:39,300 --> 01:06:40,120
just doesn't

2653
01:06:40,120 --> 01:06:40,500
help

2654
01:06:40,500 --> 01:06:42,140
because I

2655
01:06:42,140 --> 01:06:42,900
don't realize

2656
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:43,540
that somebody

2657
01:06:43,540 --> 01:06:44,680
manipulated me

2658
01:06:44,680 --> 01:06:45,800
to think that

2659
01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:46,480
this is what

2660
01:06:46,480 --> 01:06:47,000
I want

2661
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:49,040
and we are

2662
01:06:49,040 --> 01:06:49,580
reaching the

2663
01:06:49,580 --> 01:06:50,700
point when

2664
01:06:50,700 --> 01:06:51,280
for the first

2665
01:06:51,280 --> 01:06:51,900
time in history

2666
01:06:51,900 --> 01:06:52,700
you can do

2667
01:06:52,700 --> 01:06:53,760
that on a

2668
01:06:53,760 --> 01:06:54,680
massive scale

2669
01:06:54,680 --> 01:06:55,580
so again

2670
01:06:55,580 --> 01:06:56,640
I speak a lot

2671
01:06:56,640 --> 01:06:57,140
about the issue

2672
01:06:57,140 --> 01:06:57,920
of free will

2673
01:06:57,920 --> 01:06:58,820
in this regard

2674
01:06:58,820 --> 01:06:59,920
and the people

2675
01:06:59,920 --> 01:07:00,780
that are easiest

2676
01:07:00,780 --> 01:07:01,460
to manipulate

2677
01:07:01,460 --> 01:07:02,480
are the people

2678
01:07:02,480 --> 01:07:02,940
who believe

2679
01:07:02,940 --> 01:07:03,640
in free will

2680
01:07:03,640 --> 01:07:04,520
and who simply

2681
01:07:04,520 --> 01:07:05,780
identify with

2682
01:07:05,780 --> 01:07:06,780
whatever thought

2683
01:07:06,780 --> 01:07:07,500
or desire

2684
01:07:07,500 --> 01:07:08,060
pops up

2685
01:07:08,060 --> 01:07:08,700
in their mind

2686
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:09,500
because they

2687
01:07:09,500 --> 01:07:10,120
cannot even

2688
01:07:10,120 --> 01:07:10,640
imagine

2689
01:07:10,640 --> 01:07:11,940
that this

2690
01:07:11,940 --> 01:07:12,480
desire

2691
01:07:12,480 --> 01:07:13,480
is not the

2692
01:07:13,480 --> 01:07:13,880
result of

2693
01:07:13,880 --> 01:07:14,640
my free will

2694
01:07:14,640 --> 01:07:15,560
this desire

2695
01:07:15,560 --> 01:07:16,800
is the result

2696
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:17,240
of some

2697
01:07:17,240 --> 01:07:18,200
external manipulation

2698
01:07:18,200 --> 01:07:19,200
now it may

2699
01:07:19,200 --> 01:07:20,080
sound paranoid

2700
01:07:20,080 --> 01:07:21,360
and for most

2701
01:07:21,360 --> 01:07:21,800
of history

2702
01:07:21,800 --> 01:07:22,540
it was probably

2703
01:07:22,540 --> 01:07:22,920
paranoid

2704
01:07:22,920 --> 01:07:23,700
because nobody

2705
01:07:23,700 --> 01:07:24,360
had this kind

2706
01:07:24,360 --> 01:07:24,860
of ability

2707
01:07:24,860 --> 01:07:25,280
to do it

2708
01:07:25,280 --> 01:07:25,880
on a massive

2709
01:07:25,880 --> 01:07:26,420
scale

2710
01:07:26,420 --> 01:07:28,320
but here

2711
01:07:28,320 --> 01:07:28,840
like in

2712
01:07:28,840 --> 01:07:29,600
Silicon Valley

2713
01:07:29,600 --> 01:07:30,440
the tools

2714
01:07:30,440 --> 01:07:31,360
to do that

2715
01:07:31,360 --> 01:07:31,980
on a massive

2716
01:07:31,980 --> 01:07:32,500
scale

2717
01:07:32,500 --> 01:07:33,100
have been

2718
01:07:33,100 --> 01:07:33,700
developed

2719
01:07:33,700 --> 01:07:34,700
over the

2720
01:07:34,700 --> 01:07:35,720
last few

2721
01:07:35,720 --> 01:07:36,200
decades

2722
01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:37,260
and they

2723
01:07:37,260 --> 01:07:37,620
may have

2724
01:07:37,620 --> 01:07:38,180
been developed

2725
01:07:38,180 --> 01:07:38,560
with the

2726
01:07:38,560 --> 01:07:39,340
best intentions

2727
01:07:39,340 --> 01:07:40,500
some of them

2728
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:40,940
may have been

2729
01:07:40,940 --> 01:07:41,500
developed with

2730
01:07:41,500 --> 01:07:41,960
the intention

2731
01:07:41,960 --> 01:07:42,420
of just

2732
01:07:42,420 --> 01:07:43,160
selling stuff

2733
01:07:43,160 --> 01:07:43,660
to people

2734
01:07:43,660 --> 01:07:44,800
and selling

2735
01:07:44,800 --> 01:07:45,480
products to

2736
01:07:45,480 --> 01:07:45,840
people

2737
01:07:45,840 --> 01:07:46,660
but now

2738
01:07:46,660 --> 01:07:47,200
the same

2739
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:47,720
tools

2740
01:07:47,720 --> 01:07:48,520
that can

2741
01:07:48,520 --> 01:07:49,100
be used

2742
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:49,700
to sell

2743
01:07:49,700 --> 01:07:50,400
me something

2744
01:07:50,400 --> 01:07:50,980
I don't

2745
01:07:50,980 --> 01:07:51,700
really need

2746
01:07:51,700 --> 01:07:52,780
can now

2747
01:07:52,780 --> 01:07:53,380
be used

2748
01:07:53,380 --> 01:07:53,920
to sell

2749
01:07:53,920 --> 01:07:54,280
me a

2750
01:07:54,280 --> 01:07:54,760
politician

2751
01:07:54,760 --> 01:07:55,840
I really

2752
01:07:55,840 --> 01:07:56,520
don't need

2753
01:07:56,520 --> 01:07:57,240
or an

2754
01:07:57,240 --> 01:07:57,820
ideology

2755
01:07:57,820 --> 01:07:58,380
that I

2756
01:07:58,380 --> 01:07:59,020
really don't

2757
01:07:59,020 --> 01:07:59,240
need

2758
01:07:59,240 --> 01:07:59,620
it's the

2759
01:07:59,620 --> 01:08:00,060
same tool

2760
01:08:00,060 --> 01:08:00,480
it's the

2761
01:08:00,480 --> 01:08:00,680
same

2762
01:08:00,680 --> 01:08:01,040
hacking

2763
01:08:01,040 --> 01:08:01,280
the

2764
01:08:01,280 --> 01:08:01,480
human

2765
01:08:01,480 --> 01:08:01,900
animal

2766
01:08:01,900 --> 01:08:02,380
and

2767
01:08:02,380 --> 01:08:03,000
manipulating

2768
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:03,720
what's

2769
01:08:03,720 --> 01:08:03,980
happening

2770
01:08:03,980 --> 01:08:04,500
inside

2771
01:08:04,500 --> 01:08:06,340
yeah

2772
01:08:06,340 --> 01:08:06,680
okay

2773
01:08:06,680 --> 01:08:06,920
so

2774
01:08:06,920 --> 01:08:07,220
there's

2775
01:08:07,220 --> 01:08:07,900
there's a lot

2776
01:08:07,900 --> 01:08:08,920
there's a lot

2777
01:08:08,920 --> 01:08:09,500
going on here

2778
01:08:09,500 --> 01:08:09,900
I think that

2779
01:08:09,900 --> 01:08:10,160
there's

2780
01:08:10,160 --> 01:08:11,380
when designing

2781
01:08:11,380 --> 01:08:12,340
these systems

2782
01:08:12,340 --> 01:08:12,960
I think that

2783
01:08:12,960 --> 01:08:13,360
there's

2784
01:08:13,360 --> 01:08:14,380
the intrinsic

2785
01:08:14,380 --> 01:08:14,960
design

2786
01:08:14,960 --> 01:08:15,520
which you want

2787
01:08:15,520 --> 01:08:15,880
to make sure

2788
01:08:15,880 --> 01:08:16,260
that you get

2789
01:08:16,260 --> 01:08:16,560
right

2790
01:08:16,560 --> 01:08:17,440
and then there's

2791
01:08:17,440 --> 01:08:18,280
preventing abuse

2792
01:08:18,280 --> 01:08:18,940
which I think

2793
01:08:18,940 --> 01:08:19,700
is something

2794
01:08:19,700 --> 01:08:20,060
that there's

2795
01:08:20,060 --> 01:08:20,480
there's two

2796
01:08:20,480 --> 01:08:20,980
types of

2797
01:08:20,980 --> 01:08:21,320
questions

2798
01:08:21,320 --> 01:08:21,760
that people

2799
01:08:21,760 --> 01:08:22,100
raise

2800
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:22,300
I mean

2801
01:08:22,300 --> 01:08:22,740
one is

2802
01:08:22,740 --> 01:08:23,220
you know

2803
01:08:23,220 --> 01:08:23,580
we saw

2804
01:08:23,580 --> 01:08:24,260
what the

2805
01:08:24,260 --> 01:08:25,100
Russian

2806
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:25,640
government

2807
01:08:25,640 --> 01:08:26,160
tried to do

2808
01:08:26,160 --> 01:08:26,340
in the

2809
01:08:26,340 --> 01:08:26,780
2016

2810
01:08:26,780 --> 01:08:27,260
election

2811
01:08:27,260 --> 01:08:28,720
that is

2812
01:08:28,720 --> 01:08:29,800
that's

2813
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:30,380
clear abuse

2814
01:08:30,380 --> 01:08:30,700
we need

2815
01:08:30,700 --> 01:08:31,120
to build

2816
01:08:31,120 --> 01:08:31,820
up

2817
01:08:31,820 --> 01:08:32,760
really

2818
01:08:32,760 --> 01:08:33,140
advanced

2819
01:08:33,140 --> 01:08:33,600
systems

2820
01:08:33,600 --> 01:08:34,900
for detecting

2821
01:08:34,900 --> 01:08:35,460
that kind

2822
01:08:35,460 --> 01:08:36,200
of interference

2823
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:37,620
in the

2824
01:08:37,620 --> 01:08:37,940
democratic

2825
01:08:37,940 --> 01:08:38,400
process

2826
01:08:38,400 --> 01:08:39,100
and more

2827
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:39,520
broadly

2828
01:08:39,520 --> 01:08:40,600
being able

2829
01:08:40,600 --> 01:08:41,100
to identify

2830
01:08:41,100 --> 01:08:41,460
that

2831
01:08:41,460 --> 01:08:41,960
identify

2832
01:08:41,960 --> 01:08:42,320
when

2833
01:08:42,320 --> 01:08:43,020
people are

2834
01:08:43,020 --> 01:08:43,480
standing up

2835
01:08:43,480 --> 01:08:43,940
networks

2836
01:08:43,940 --> 01:08:44,820
of fake

2837
01:08:44,820 --> 01:08:45,320
accounts

2838
01:08:45,320 --> 01:08:46,400
that are

2839
01:08:46,400 --> 01:08:47,080
not behaving

2840
01:08:47,080 --> 01:08:47,620
in a way

2841
01:08:47,620 --> 01:08:48,140
that normal

2842
01:08:48,140 --> 01:08:48,900
people would

2843
01:08:48,900 --> 01:08:49,760
to be able

2844
01:08:49,760 --> 01:08:50,080
to weed

2845
01:08:50,080 --> 01:08:50,660
those out

2846
01:08:50,660 --> 01:08:51,260
and work

2847
01:08:51,260 --> 01:08:51,720
with law

2848
01:08:51,720 --> 01:08:52,180
enforcement

2849
01:08:52,180 --> 01:08:52,860
and election

2850
01:08:52,860 --> 01:08:53,300
commissions

2851
01:08:53,300 --> 01:08:53,860
and folks

2852
01:08:53,860 --> 01:08:54,180
all around

2853
01:08:54,180 --> 01:08:54,440
the world

2854
01:08:54,440 --> 01:08:54,960
and intelligence

2855
01:08:54,960 --> 01:08:55,400
community

2856
01:08:55,400 --> 01:08:55,700
to be able

2857
01:08:55,700 --> 01:08:56,480
to coordinate

2858
01:08:56,480 --> 01:08:56,880
and be able

2859
01:08:56,880 --> 01:08:57,240
to deal

2860
01:08:57,240 --> 01:08:57,500
with that

2861
01:08:57,500 --> 01:08:57,960
effectively

2862
01:08:57,960 --> 01:08:58,640
so

2863
01:08:58,640 --> 01:08:59,640
stopping abuse

2864
01:08:59,640 --> 01:09:00,080
is certainly

2865
01:09:00,080 --> 01:09:00,640
important

2866
01:09:00,640 --> 01:09:01,780
but I would

2867
01:09:01,780 --> 01:09:02,140
argue that

2868
01:09:02,140 --> 01:09:03,820
the deeper

2869
01:09:03,820 --> 01:09:04,280
question

2870
01:09:04,280 --> 01:09:04,900
is about

2871
01:09:04,900 --> 01:09:05,400
the intrinsic

2872
01:09:05,400 --> 01:09:05,980
design of

2873
01:09:05,980 --> 01:09:06,520
the systems

2874
01:09:06,520 --> 01:09:07,520
so not

2875
01:09:07,520 --> 01:09:08,440
just fighting

2876
01:09:08,440 --> 01:09:08,940
the abuse

2877
01:09:08,940 --> 01:09:09,440
and there

2878
01:09:09,440 --> 01:09:11,340
I think

2879
01:09:11,340 --> 01:09:13,380
that the

2880
01:09:13,380 --> 01:09:13,880
incentives

2881
01:09:13,880 --> 01:09:15,660
are more

2882
01:09:15,660 --> 01:09:16,200
aligned

2883
01:09:16,200 --> 01:09:16,900
towards a

2884
01:09:16,900 --> 01:09:17,500
good outcome

2885
01:09:17,500 --> 01:09:18,640
than a lot

2886
01:09:18,640 --> 01:09:20,920
of critics

2887
01:09:20,920 --> 01:09:21,900
might say

2888
01:09:21,900 --> 01:09:23,060
and here's

2889
01:09:23,060 --> 01:09:23,240
why

2890
01:09:23,240 --> 01:09:23,540
I think

2891
01:09:23,540 --> 01:09:23,820
that there's

2892
01:09:23,820 --> 01:09:24,280
a difference

2893
01:09:24,280 --> 01:09:24,760
between

2894
01:09:24,760 --> 01:09:26,000
what people

2895
01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:26,400
want

2896
01:09:26,400 --> 01:09:27,100
first order

2897
01:09:27,100 --> 01:09:27,440
and what

2898
01:09:27,440 --> 01:09:27,960
they want

2899
01:09:27,960 --> 01:09:29,700
second order

2900
01:09:29,700 --> 01:09:30,300
over time

2901
01:09:30,300 --> 01:09:31,700
so right now

2902
01:09:31,700 --> 01:09:32,200
you might

2903
01:09:32,200 --> 01:09:33,620
just consume

2904
01:09:33,620 --> 01:09:34,080
a video

2905
01:09:34,080 --> 01:09:34,480
because you

2906
01:09:34,480 --> 01:09:34,860
think it's

2907
01:09:34,860 --> 01:09:35,180
silly

2908
01:09:35,180 --> 01:09:36,180
or fun

2909
01:09:36,180 --> 01:09:37,060
and you

2910
01:09:37,060 --> 01:09:38,600
wake up

2911
01:09:38,600 --> 01:09:40,540
or you

2912
01:09:40,540 --> 01:09:41,120
kind of look

2913
01:09:41,120 --> 01:09:41,820
up an hour

2914
01:09:41,820 --> 01:09:42,160
later

2915
01:09:42,160 --> 01:09:42,780
and you've

2916
01:09:42,780 --> 01:09:43,340
watched a bunch

2917
01:09:43,340 --> 01:09:43,920
of videos

2918
01:09:43,920 --> 01:09:44,140
and you're

2919
01:09:44,140 --> 01:09:44,360
like well

2920
01:09:44,360 --> 01:09:44,820
what happened

2921
01:09:44,820 --> 01:09:45,740
to my time

2922
01:09:45,740 --> 01:09:47,460
so maybe

2923
01:09:47,460 --> 01:09:48,560
in the narrow

2924
01:09:48,560 --> 01:09:49,740
short term

2925
01:09:49,740 --> 01:09:50,760
period

2926
01:09:50,760 --> 01:09:53,220
you consumed

2927
01:09:53,220 --> 01:09:53,560
some more

2928
01:09:53,560 --> 01:09:54,040
content

2929
01:09:54,040 --> 01:09:55,440
and maybe

2930
01:09:55,440 --> 01:09:55,720
you saw

2931
01:09:55,720 --> 01:09:56,000
some more

2932
01:09:56,000 --> 01:09:56,280
ads

2933
01:09:56,280 --> 01:09:56,740
so it seems

2934
01:09:56,740 --> 01:09:57,000
like it's

2935
01:09:57,000 --> 01:09:57,440
good for the

2936
01:09:57,440 --> 01:09:57,700
business

2937
01:09:57,700 --> 01:09:58,280
but it actually

2938
01:09:58,280 --> 01:09:58,940
really isn't

2939
01:09:58,940 --> 01:09:59,500
over time

2940
01:09:59,500 --> 01:10:00,480
because people

2941
01:10:00,480 --> 01:10:01,320
make decisions

2942
01:10:01,320 --> 01:10:03,000
based on what

2943
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:04,260
they find

2944
01:10:04,260 --> 01:10:04,700
valuable

2945
01:10:04,700 --> 01:10:07,220
and what we

2946
01:10:07,220 --> 01:10:07,840
find at least

2947
01:10:07,840 --> 01:10:08,600
in our work

2948
01:10:08,600 --> 01:10:09,780
is that what

2949
01:10:09,780 --> 01:10:10,300
people really

2950
01:10:10,300 --> 01:10:10,600
want to do

2951
01:10:10,600 --> 01:10:10,960
is connect

2952
01:10:10,960 --> 01:10:11,260
with other

2953
01:10:11,260 --> 01:10:11,620
people

2954
01:10:11,620 --> 01:10:12,140
right

2955
01:10:12,140 --> 01:10:12,700
it's not

2956
01:10:12,700 --> 01:10:13,360
just passively

2957
01:10:13,360 --> 01:10:13,760
consume

2958
01:10:13,760 --> 01:10:14,320
content

2959
01:10:14,320 --> 01:10:15,880
it's

2960
01:10:15,880 --> 01:10:16,880
so

2961
01:10:16,880 --> 01:10:18,400
we've had

2962
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:18,800
to find

2963
01:10:18,800 --> 01:10:19,420
and constantly

2964
01:10:19,420 --> 01:10:20,020
adjust our

2965
01:10:20,020 --> 01:10:20,620
systems over

2966
01:10:20,620 --> 01:10:21,060
time

2967
01:10:21,060 --> 01:10:22,180
to make

2968
01:10:22,180 --> 01:10:22,740
sure that

2969
01:10:22,740 --> 01:10:23,240
we're

2970
01:10:23,240 --> 01:10:23,880
rebalancing

2971
01:10:23,880 --> 01:10:24,300
it so that

2972
01:10:24,300 --> 01:10:24,560
way you're

2973
01:10:24,560 --> 01:10:25,040
interacting

2974
01:10:25,040 --> 01:10:26,360
with people

2975
01:10:26,360 --> 01:10:26,820
so that way

2976
01:10:26,820 --> 01:10:27,680
we make

2977
01:10:27,680 --> 01:10:28,060
sure that we

2978
01:10:28,060 --> 01:10:28,420
don't just

2979
01:10:28,420 --> 01:10:28,700
measure

2980
01:10:28,700 --> 01:10:30,800
signals in

2981
01:10:30,800 --> 01:10:31,200
the system

2982
01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:31,500
like what

2983
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:31,700
are you

2984
01:10:31,700 --> 01:10:32,260
clicking on

2985
01:10:32,260 --> 01:10:32,780
because that

2986
01:10:32,780 --> 01:10:34,160
could get

2987
01:10:34,160 --> 01:10:34,380
you into

2988
01:10:34,380 --> 01:10:34,940
a bad

2989
01:10:34,940 --> 01:10:35,300
local

2990
01:10:35,300 --> 01:10:35,800
optimum

2991
01:10:35,800 --> 01:10:37,120
but instead

2992
01:10:37,120 --> 01:10:37,560
we bring

2993
01:10:37,560 --> 01:10:38,240
in real

2994
01:10:38,240 --> 01:10:38,780
people to

2995
01:10:38,780 --> 01:10:39,140
tell us

2996
01:10:39,140 --> 01:10:39,400
what their

2997
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:40,160
real experience

2998
01:10:40,160 --> 01:10:40,980
is in

2999
01:10:40,980 --> 01:10:41,480
words

3000
01:10:41,480 --> 01:10:42,720
not just

3001
01:10:42,720 --> 01:10:43,780
filling out

3002
01:10:43,780 --> 01:10:44,680
scores

3003
01:10:44,680 --> 01:10:45,440
but also

3004
01:10:45,440 --> 01:10:45,920
telling us

3005
01:10:45,920 --> 01:10:47,540
what were

3006
01:10:47,540 --> 01:10:47,820
the most

3007
01:10:47,820 --> 01:10:48,220
meaningful

3008
01:10:48,220 --> 01:10:48,780
experiences

3009
01:10:48,780 --> 01:10:49,200
you had

3010
01:10:49,200 --> 01:10:49,560
today

3011
01:10:49,560 --> 01:10:50,640
what

3012
01:10:50,640 --> 01:10:51,860
content

3013
01:10:51,860 --> 01:10:52,140
was the

3014
01:10:52,140 --> 01:10:52,300
most

3015
01:10:52,300 --> 01:10:52,620
important

3016
01:10:52,620 --> 01:10:52,820
what

3017
01:10:52,820 --> 01:10:53,340
interaction

3018
01:10:53,340 --> 01:10:53,700
did you

3019
01:10:53,700 --> 01:10:53,880
have

3020
01:10:53,880 --> 01:10:54,120
with a

3021
01:10:54,120 --> 01:10:54,380
friend

3022
01:10:54,380 --> 01:10:54,720
that

3023
01:10:54,720 --> 01:10:55,300
mattered

3024
01:10:55,300 --> 01:10:55,560
to you

3025
01:10:55,560 --> 01:10:55,940
the most

3026
01:10:55,940 --> 01:10:56,220
and was

3027
01:10:56,220 --> 01:10:56,360
that

3028
01:10:56,360 --> 01:10:56,700
connected

3029
01:10:56,700 --> 01:10:57,060
to something

3030
01:10:57,060 --> 01:10:57,360
that we

3031
01:10:57,360 --> 01:10:57,580
did

3032
01:10:57,580 --> 01:10:58,640
and if

3033
01:10:58,640 --> 01:10:58,940
not

3034
01:10:58,940 --> 01:10:59,640
then we

3035
01:10:59,640 --> 01:11:00,040
go and try

3036
01:11:00,040 --> 01:11:00,220
to do

3037
01:11:00,220 --> 01:11:00,480
the work

3038
01:11:00,480 --> 01:11:00,780
to figure

3039
01:11:00,780 --> 01:11:01,020
out how

3040
01:11:01,020 --> 01:11:01,300
we can

3041
01:11:01,300 --> 01:11:01,800
facilitate

3042
01:11:01,800 --> 01:11:02,200
that

3043
01:11:02,200 --> 01:11:03,680
and what

3044
01:11:03,680 --> 01:11:04,180
we find

3045
01:11:04,180 --> 01:11:05,180
is that

3046
01:11:05,180 --> 01:11:06,080
yeah

3047
01:11:06,080 --> 01:11:06,600
in the near

3048
01:11:06,600 --> 01:11:06,900
term

3049
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:07,620
maybe showing

3050
01:11:07,620 --> 01:11:08,200
some people

3051
01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:09,140
some more

3052
01:11:09,140 --> 01:11:10,080
viral videos

3053
01:11:10,080 --> 01:11:10,980
might increase

3054
01:11:10,980 --> 01:11:11,480
time

3055
01:11:11,480 --> 01:11:11,840
right

3056
01:11:11,840 --> 01:11:12,660
but over

3057
01:11:12,660 --> 01:11:13,000
the long

3058
01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:13,200
term

3059
01:11:13,200 --> 01:11:13,940
it doesn't

3060
01:11:13,940 --> 01:11:14,540
it's not

3061
01:11:14,540 --> 01:11:15,280
actually aligned

3062
01:11:15,280 --> 01:11:16,580
with our

3063
01:11:16,580 --> 01:11:17,280
business interest

3064
01:11:17,280 --> 01:11:17,900
or the

3065
01:11:17,900 --> 01:11:18,460
long term

3066
01:11:18,460 --> 01:11:19,120
social interest

3067
01:11:19,120 --> 01:11:20,080
so in

3068
01:11:20,080 --> 01:11:22,060
strategy terms

3069
01:11:22,060 --> 01:11:22,380
that would be

3070
01:11:22,380 --> 01:11:22,780
a stupid

3071
01:11:22,780 --> 01:11:23,440
thing to do

3072
01:11:23,440 --> 01:11:25,360
and I think

3073
01:11:25,360 --> 01:11:25,660
a lot of

3074
01:11:25,660 --> 01:11:26,100
people think

3075
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:26,600
that businesses

3076
01:11:26,600 --> 01:11:27,160
are just very

3077
01:11:27,160 --> 01:11:27,600
short term

3078
01:11:27,600 --> 01:11:28,000
oriented

3079
01:11:28,000 --> 01:11:28,520
and that we

3080
01:11:28,520 --> 01:11:28,980
only care

3081
01:11:28,980 --> 01:11:29,300
about

3082
01:11:29,300 --> 01:11:30,260
people think

3083
01:11:30,260 --> 01:11:30,700
that businesses

3084
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:31,220
only care

3085
01:11:31,220 --> 01:11:31,560
about the

3086
01:11:31,560 --> 01:11:32,580
next quarter

3087
01:11:32,580 --> 01:11:33,080
profit

3088
01:11:33,080 --> 01:11:34,820
but I think

3089
01:11:34,820 --> 01:11:35,180
that most

3090
01:11:35,180 --> 01:11:35,700
businesses

3091
01:11:35,700 --> 01:11:37,000
that get run

3092
01:11:37,000 --> 01:11:37,500
well that's

3093
01:11:37,500 --> 01:11:38,000
just not the

3094
01:11:38,000 --> 01:11:38,300
case

3095
01:11:38,300 --> 01:11:39,920
and I think

3096
01:11:39,920 --> 01:11:40,520
last year

3097
01:11:40,520 --> 01:11:41,700
on one of

3098
01:11:41,700 --> 01:11:42,060
our earnings

3099
01:11:42,060 --> 01:11:42,500
calls

3100
01:11:42,500 --> 01:11:44,300
I told

3101
01:11:44,300 --> 01:11:44,700
investors

3102
01:11:44,700 --> 01:11:45,440
that we'd

3103
01:11:45,440 --> 01:11:45,660
actually

3104
01:11:45,660 --> 01:11:46,260
reduce the

3105
01:11:46,260 --> 01:11:46,580
amount of

3106
01:11:46,580 --> 01:11:47,220
video watching

3107
01:11:47,220 --> 01:11:48,160
that quarter

3108
01:11:48,160 --> 01:11:49,460
by 50 million

3109
01:11:49,460 --> 01:11:50,360
hours a day

3110
01:11:50,360 --> 01:11:51,420
because we

3111
01:11:51,420 --> 01:11:51,720
wanted to

3112
01:11:51,720 --> 01:11:52,180
take down

3113
01:11:52,180 --> 01:11:52,620
the amount

3114
01:11:52,620 --> 01:11:53,360
of viral

3115
01:11:53,360 --> 01:11:53,920
videos that

3116
01:11:53,920 --> 01:11:54,240
people were

3117
01:11:54,240 --> 01:11:54,560
seeing

3118
01:11:54,560 --> 01:11:55,260
because we

3119
01:11:55,260 --> 01:11:55,540
thought that

3120
01:11:55,540 --> 01:11:55,780
that was

3121
01:11:55,780 --> 01:11:56,500
displacing

3122
01:11:56,500 --> 01:11:57,520
more meaningful

3123
01:11:57,520 --> 01:11:58,060
interactions

3124
01:11:58,060 --> 01:11:58,560
that people

3125
01:11:58,560 --> 01:11:58,900
were having

3126
01:11:58,900 --> 01:11:59,240
with other

3127
01:11:59,240 --> 01:11:59,620
people

3128
01:11:59,620 --> 01:12:00,360
which in

3129
01:12:00,360 --> 01:12:00,620
the near

3130
01:12:00,620 --> 01:12:00,880
term

3131
01:12:00,880 --> 01:12:01,280
might have

3132
01:12:01,280 --> 01:12:01,640
a short

3133
01:12:01,640 --> 01:12:01,880
term

3134
01:12:01,880 --> 01:12:02,540
impact

3135
01:12:02,540 --> 01:12:02,740
on the

3136
01:12:02,740 --> 01:12:03,020
business

3137
01:12:03,020 --> 01:12:03,420
for that

3138
01:12:03,420 --> 01:12:03,740
quarter

3139
01:12:03,740 --> 01:12:05,480
but over

3140
01:12:05,480 --> 01:12:05,860
the long

3141
01:12:05,860 --> 01:12:06,180
term

3142
01:12:06,180 --> 01:12:07,420
would be

3143
01:12:07,420 --> 01:12:07,960
more positive

3144
01:12:07,960 --> 01:12:08,580
both for

3145
01:12:08,580 --> 01:12:09,440
how people

3146
01:12:09,440 --> 01:12:09,880
feel about

3147
01:12:09,880 --> 01:12:10,380
the products

3148
01:12:10,380 --> 01:12:10,740
and for

3149
01:12:10,740 --> 01:12:11,100
the business

3150
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:12,200
and one

3151
01:12:12,200 --> 01:12:12,380
of the

3152
01:12:12,380 --> 01:12:12,680
patterns

3153
01:12:12,680 --> 01:12:12,960
that I

3154
01:12:12,960 --> 01:12:13,240
think has

3155
01:12:13,240 --> 01:12:13,500
actually

3156
01:12:13,500 --> 01:12:14,260
been quite

3157
01:12:14,260 --> 01:12:15,600
inspiring

3158
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:16,180
or a

3159
01:12:16,180 --> 01:12:16,500
cause of

3160
01:12:16,500 --> 01:12:16,840
optimism

3161
01:12:16,840 --> 01:12:17,260
in running

3162
01:12:17,260 --> 01:12:17,640
a business

3163
01:12:17,640 --> 01:12:18,100
is that

3164
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:18,920
often times

3165
01:12:18,920 --> 01:12:19,260
you make

3166
01:12:19,260 --> 01:12:19,660
decisions

3167
01:12:19,660 --> 01:12:19,980
that you

3168
01:12:19,980 --> 01:12:20,320
think are

3169
01:12:20,320 --> 01:12:20,500
going to

3170
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:20,940
pay off

3171
01:12:20,940 --> 01:12:21,600
long down

3172
01:12:21,600 --> 01:12:22,000
the road

3173
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:22,540
so you

3174
01:12:22,540 --> 01:12:22,820
think

3175
01:12:22,820 --> 01:12:23,200
I'm doing

3176
01:12:23,200 --> 01:12:23,440
the right

3177
01:12:23,440 --> 01:12:23,580
thing

3178
01:12:23,580 --> 01:12:23,920
long term

3179
01:12:23,920 --> 01:12:24,140
but it's

3180
01:12:24,140 --> 01:12:24,280
going to

3181
01:12:24,280 --> 01:12:24,440
hurt

3182
01:12:24,440 --> 01:12:24,700
for a

3183
01:12:24,700 --> 01:12:24,960
while

3184
01:12:24,960 --> 01:12:26,100
and I

3185
01:12:26,100 --> 01:12:27,120
almost always

3186
01:12:27,120 --> 01:12:27,580
find the

3187
01:12:27,580 --> 01:12:28,100
long term

3188
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:28,740
comes sooner

3189
01:12:28,740 --> 01:12:29,060
than you

3190
01:12:29,060 --> 01:12:29,340
think

3191
01:12:29,340 --> 01:12:31,400
and that

3192
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:31,700
when you

3193
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:32,080
make these

3194
01:12:32,080 --> 01:12:32,480
decisions

3195
01:12:32,480 --> 01:12:33,220
that they're

3196
01:12:33,220 --> 01:12:33,760
maybe taking

3197
01:12:33,760 --> 01:12:34,340
some pain

3198
01:12:34,340 --> 01:12:34,560
in the

3199
01:12:34,560 --> 01:12:35,100
near term

3200
01:12:35,100 --> 01:12:36,100
in order

3201
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:36,400
to get

3202
01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:36,700
to what

3203
01:12:36,700 --> 01:12:36,920
will be

3204
01:12:36,920 --> 01:12:37,220
a better

3205
01:12:37,220 --> 01:12:37,800
case

3206
01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:38,180
down the

3207
01:12:38,180 --> 01:12:38,500
line

3208
01:12:38,500 --> 01:12:39,860
that better

3209
01:12:39,860 --> 01:12:40,160
case

3210
01:12:40,160 --> 01:12:40,500
maybe you

3211
01:12:40,500 --> 01:12:40,740
think it'll

3212
01:12:40,740 --> 01:12:41,160
take five

3213
01:12:41,160 --> 01:12:41,420
years

3214
01:12:41,420 --> 01:12:42,220
but actually

3215
01:12:42,220 --> 01:12:42,480
it ends

3216
01:12:42,480 --> 01:12:42,840
up coming

3217
01:12:42,840 --> 01:12:43,860
in a year

3218
01:12:43,860 --> 01:12:44,340
right

3219
01:12:44,340 --> 01:12:46,120
and I

3220
01:12:46,120 --> 01:12:46,580
think people

3221
01:12:46,580 --> 01:12:46,900
at some

3222
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:47,500
deep level

3223
01:12:47,500 --> 01:12:48,440
know when

3224
01:12:48,440 --> 01:12:48,980
something is

3225
01:12:48,980 --> 01:12:49,360
good

3226
01:12:49,360 --> 01:12:52,520
and I guess

3227
01:12:52,520 --> 01:12:52,860
this gets

3228
01:12:52,860 --> 01:12:53,360
back to the

3229
01:12:53,360 --> 01:12:54,360
democratic values

3230
01:12:54,360 --> 01:12:55,800
because at

3231
01:12:55,800 --> 01:12:56,200
some level

3232
01:12:56,200 --> 01:12:57,100
I trust

3233
01:12:57,100 --> 01:12:57,600
that people

3234
01:12:57,600 --> 01:12:58,260
have a sense

3235
01:12:58,260 --> 01:12:59,100
of what they

3236
01:12:59,100 --> 01:12:59,680
actually care

3237
01:12:59,680 --> 01:12:59,900
about

3238
01:12:59,900 --> 01:13:00,300
and it may

3239
01:13:00,300 --> 01:13:00,740
be that

3240
01:13:00,740 --> 01:13:01,380
if we were

3241
01:13:01,380 --> 01:13:02,500
showing more

3242
01:13:02,500 --> 01:13:03,200
viral videos

3243
01:13:03,200 --> 01:13:04,040
maybe that

3244
01:13:04,040 --> 01:13:04,280
would be

3245
01:13:04,280 --> 01:13:04,980
better than

3246
01:13:04,980 --> 01:13:05,680
the alternatives

3247
01:13:05,680 --> 01:13:06,020
that they

3248
01:13:06,020 --> 01:13:06,380
have to do

3249
01:13:06,380 --> 01:13:06,940
right now

3250
01:13:06,940 --> 01:13:07,180
right

3251
01:13:07,180 --> 01:13:07,360
I mean

3252
01:13:07,360 --> 01:13:07,720
maybe that's

3253
01:13:07,720 --> 01:13:08,000
better than

3254
01:13:08,000 --> 01:13:08,280
what's on

3255
01:13:08,280 --> 01:13:08,540
TV

3256
01:13:08,540 --> 01:13:08,900
because at

3257
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:09,160
least they're

3258
01:13:09,160 --> 01:13:09,500
personalized

3259
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:10,240
videos

3260
01:13:10,240 --> 01:13:11,460
maybe it's

3261
01:13:11,460 --> 01:13:12,020
better than

3262
01:13:12,020 --> 01:13:12,860
YouTube

3263
01:13:12,860 --> 01:13:13,760
if we have

3264
01:13:13,760 --> 01:13:14,320
better content

3265
01:13:14,320 --> 01:13:15,120
or whatever

3266
01:13:15,120 --> 01:13:15,520
the reason

3267
01:13:15,520 --> 01:13:15,860
is

3268
01:13:15,860 --> 01:13:18,640
but I think

3269
01:13:18,640 --> 01:13:19,620
you can still

3270
01:13:19,620 --> 01:13:19,880
make the

3271
01:13:19,880 --> 01:13:20,420
service better

3272
01:13:20,420 --> 01:13:21,100
over time

3273
01:13:21,100 --> 01:13:22,300
for actually

3274
01:13:22,300 --> 01:13:22,880
matching what

3275
01:13:22,880 --> 01:13:23,600
people want

3276
01:13:23,600 --> 01:13:24,200
and if you

3277
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:24,500
do that

3278
01:13:24,500 --> 01:13:24,940
that is going

3279
01:13:24,940 --> 01:13:25,240
to be better

3280
01:13:25,240 --> 01:13:25,760
for everyone

3281
01:13:25,760 --> 01:13:26,440
so I do

3282
01:13:26,440 --> 01:13:26,740
think the

3283
01:13:26,740 --> 01:13:27,500
intrinsic design

3284
01:13:27,500 --> 01:13:27,760
of these

3285
01:13:27,760 --> 01:13:28,160
systems

3286
01:13:28,160 --> 01:13:29,160
is quite

3287
01:13:29,160 --> 01:13:29,580
aligned

3288
01:13:29,580 --> 01:13:30,640
with serving

3289
01:13:30,640 --> 01:13:31,220
people in a

3290
01:13:31,220 --> 01:13:31,540
way that

3291
01:13:31,540 --> 01:13:32,900
is pro-social

3292
01:13:32,900 --> 01:13:33,900
and that's

3293
01:13:33,900 --> 01:13:34,400
certainly what

3294
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:34,840
I care about

3295
01:13:34,840 --> 01:13:35,100
and running

3296
01:13:35,100 --> 01:13:35,540
this company

3297
01:13:35,540 --> 01:13:36,200
is to get

3298
01:13:36,200 --> 01:13:36,460
there

3299
01:13:36,460 --> 01:13:37,000
yeah I think

3300
01:13:37,000 --> 01:13:37,620
this is like

3301
01:13:37,620 --> 01:13:38,320
the rock

3302
01:13:38,320 --> 01:13:38,760
bottom

3303
01:13:38,760 --> 01:13:39,940
that this is

3304
01:13:39,940 --> 01:13:40,560
the most

3305
01:13:40,560 --> 01:13:41,360
important issue

3306
01:13:41,360 --> 01:13:42,740
that ultimately

3307
01:13:42,740 --> 01:13:44,820
what I'm hearing

3308
01:13:44,820 --> 01:13:45,520
from you

3309
01:13:45,520 --> 01:13:46,160
and from many

3310
01:13:46,160 --> 01:13:46,700
other people

3311
01:13:46,700 --> 01:13:47,240
when I have

3312
01:13:47,240 --> 01:13:47,820
these discussions

3313
01:13:47,820 --> 01:13:48,700
is ultimately

3314
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:50,000
the customer

3315
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:51,020
is always right

3316
01:13:51,020 --> 01:13:52,140
the voter

3317
01:13:52,140 --> 01:13:53,020
knows best

3318
01:13:53,020 --> 01:13:54,160
people know

3319
01:13:54,160 --> 01:13:54,960
deep down

3320
01:13:54,960 --> 01:13:55,940
people know

3321
01:13:55,940 --> 01:13:56,560
what is good

3322
01:13:56,560 --> 01:13:57,020
for them

3323
01:13:57,020 --> 01:13:58,440
people make

3324
01:13:58,440 --> 01:13:59,040
a choice

3325
01:13:59,040 --> 01:14:00,400
if they choose

3326
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:01,040
to do it

3327
01:14:01,040 --> 01:14:02,060
then it's good

3328
01:14:02,060 --> 01:14:04,200
and that has

3329
01:14:04,200 --> 01:14:05,160
been the bedrock

3330
01:14:05,160 --> 01:14:06,620
of at least

3331
01:14:06,620 --> 01:14:07,220
you know

3332
01:14:07,220 --> 01:14:08,260
western democracies

3333
01:14:08,260 --> 01:14:09,760
for centuries

3334
01:14:09,760 --> 01:14:10,480
for generations

3335
01:14:10,480 --> 01:14:13,000
and this is

3336
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:14,160
now where

3337
01:14:14,160 --> 01:14:15,440
the big

3338
01:14:15,440 --> 01:14:16,160
question mark

3339
01:14:16,160 --> 01:14:16,540
is

3340
01:14:16,540 --> 01:14:18,860
is it still

3341
01:14:18,860 --> 01:14:19,280
true

3342
01:14:19,280 --> 01:14:20,860
in a world

3343
01:14:20,860 --> 01:14:22,180
where we have

3344
01:14:22,180 --> 01:14:22,840
the technology

3345
01:14:22,840 --> 01:14:24,500
to hack human

3346
01:14:24,500 --> 01:14:24,980
beings

3347
01:14:24,980 --> 01:14:25,720
and manipulate

3348
01:14:25,720 --> 01:14:26,160
them like

3349
01:14:26,160 --> 01:14:26,880
never before

3350
01:14:26,880 --> 01:14:27,860
that the customer

3351
01:14:27,860 --> 01:14:28,800
is always right

3352
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:29,620
that the voter

3353
01:14:29,620 --> 01:14:30,480
knows best

3354
01:14:30,480 --> 01:14:31,640
or

3355
01:14:31,640 --> 01:14:34,020
have we gone

3356
01:14:34,020 --> 01:14:35,100
past this point

3357
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:36,300
and we can

3358
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:36,520
know

3359
01:14:36,520 --> 01:14:36,840
I mean

3360
01:14:36,840 --> 01:14:37,640
and the

3361
01:14:37,640 --> 01:14:38,920
simple ultimate

3362
01:14:38,920 --> 01:14:39,800
answer

3363
01:14:39,800 --> 01:14:40,600
that well

3364
01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:41,180
this is what

3365
01:14:41,180 --> 01:14:41,900
people want

3366
01:14:41,900 --> 01:14:43,560
and they know

3367
01:14:43,560 --> 01:14:43,900
what's good

3368
01:14:43,900 --> 01:14:44,340
for them

3369
01:14:44,340 --> 01:14:45,800
maybe it's

3370
01:14:45,800 --> 01:14:46,120
no longer

3371
01:14:46,120 --> 01:14:46,740
the case

3372
01:14:46,740 --> 01:14:49,600
well

3373
01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:52,580
yeah

3374
01:14:52,580 --> 01:14:52,960
I think

3375
01:14:52,960 --> 01:14:53,720
that it's

3376
01:14:53,720 --> 01:14:55,120
it's not

3377
01:14:55,120 --> 01:14:55,660
clear to me

3378
01:14:55,660 --> 01:14:56,160
that that

3379
01:14:56,160 --> 01:14:56,980
has changed

3380
01:14:56,980 --> 01:14:57,280
but I think

3381
01:14:57,280 --> 01:14:58,120
that's a

3382
01:14:58,120 --> 01:15:00,360
very deep

3383
01:15:00,360 --> 01:15:00,820
question

3384
01:15:00,820 --> 01:15:01,440
about democracy

3385
01:15:01,440 --> 01:15:02,380
I don't think

3386
01:15:02,380 --> 01:15:03,000
that that's a new

3387
01:15:03,000 --> 01:15:03,460
question

3388
01:15:03,460 --> 01:15:04,020
I mean I think

3389
01:15:04,020 --> 01:15:04,900
people have always

3390
01:15:04,900 --> 01:15:05,720
wondered this

3391
01:15:05,720 --> 01:15:06,860
the technology

3392
01:15:06,860 --> 01:15:07,340
is new

3393
01:15:07,340 --> 01:15:08,160
I mean if you

3394
01:15:08,160 --> 01:15:09,080
lived in 19th

3395
01:15:09,080 --> 01:15:09,800
century America

3396
01:15:09,800 --> 01:15:11,320
and you didn't

3397
01:15:11,320 --> 01:15:12,040
have these

3398
01:15:12,040 --> 01:15:13,420
extremely powerful

3399
01:15:13,420 --> 01:15:14,020
tools

3400
01:15:14,020 --> 01:15:15,560
to decipher

3401
01:15:15,560 --> 01:15:16,160
and influence

3402
01:15:16,160 --> 01:15:16,680
people

3403
01:15:16,680 --> 01:15:17,660
it was a

3404
01:15:17,660 --> 01:15:17,980
different

3405
01:15:17,980 --> 01:15:18,340
well let me

3406
01:15:18,340 --> 01:15:18,800
actually frame

3407
01:15:18,800 --> 01:15:19,300
this a different

3408
01:15:19,300 --> 01:15:19,460
way

3409
01:15:19,460 --> 01:15:20,200
which is

3410
01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:21,300
I actually think

3411
01:15:21,300 --> 01:15:22,020
you know for

3412
01:15:22,020 --> 01:15:22,800
all the talk

3413
01:15:22,800 --> 01:15:23,880
around is

3414
01:15:23,880 --> 01:15:24,800
democracy being

3415
01:15:24,800 --> 01:15:25,660
hurt by

3416
01:15:25,660 --> 01:15:27,500
by the

3417
01:15:27,500 --> 01:15:28,460
current set

3418
01:15:28,460 --> 01:15:28,920
of tools

3419
01:15:28,920 --> 01:15:29,580
and the

3420
01:15:29,580 --> 01:15:29,840
media

3421
01:15:29,840 --> 01:15:30,880
and all

3422
01:15:30,880 --> 01:15:31,200
this

3423
01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:32,800
I actually

3424
01:15:32,800 --> 01:15:33,040
think that

3425
01:15:33,040 --> 01:15:33,300
there's an

3426
01:15:33,300 --> 01:15:33,720
argument the

3427
01:15:33,720 --> 01:15:34,140
world is

3428
01:15:34,140 --> 01:15:34,640
significantly

3429
01:15:34,640 --> 01:15:35,440
more democratic

3430
01:15:35,440 --> 01:15:36,160
now than it

3431
01:15:36,160 --> 01:15:36,580
was in the

3432
01:15:36,580 --> 01:15:36,940
past

3433
01:15:36,940 --> 01:15:37,340
I mean the

3434
01:15:37,340 --> 01:15:38,280
country was

3435
01:15:38,280 --> 01:15:39,140
set up as

3436
01:15:39,140 --> 01:15:40,860
the US

3437
01:15:40,860 --> 01:15:41,280
was set up

3438
01:15:41,280 --> 01:15:41,740
as a

3439
01:15:41,740 --> 01:15:42,160
republic

3440
01:15:42,160 --> 01:15:42,580
right

3441
01:15:42,580 --> 01:15:43,800
so a lot

3442
01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:44,160
of the

3443
01:15:44,160 --> 01:15:44,780
foundational

3444
01:15:44,780 --> 01:15:45,380
rules

3445
01:15:45,380 --> 01:15:46,820
limited the

3446
01:15:46,820 --> 01:15:47,900
power of a

3447
01:15:47,900 --> 01:15:48,160
lot of

3448
01:15:48,160 --> 01:15:48,680
individuals

3449
01:15:48,680 --> 01:15:49,640
being able

3450
01:15:49,640 --> 01:15:50,020
to vote

3451
01:15:50,020 --> 01:15:50,320
and have

3452
01:15:50,320 --> 01:15:50,800
a voice

3453
01:15:50,800 --> 01:15:51,460
and checked

3454
01:15:51,460 --> 01:15:52,760
the popular

3455
01:15:52,760 --> 01:15:53,900
will

3456
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:54,380
in a lot

3457
01:15:54,380 --> 01:15:54,740
of different

3458
01:15:54,740 --> 01:15:55,100
stages

3459
01:15:55,100 --> 01:15:55,940
everything from

3460
01:15:55,940 --> 01:15:56,780
the way that

3461
01:15:56,780 --> 01:15:57,280
laws get

3462
01:15:57,280 --> 01:15:57,900
written by

3463
01:15:57,900 --> 01:15:58,540
congress

3464
01:15:58,540 --> 01:15:59,080
right and not

3465
01:15:59,080 --> 01:15:59,940
by people

3466
01:15:59,940 --> 01:16:01,760
you know so

3467
01:16:01,760 --> 01:16:03,360
everything to

3468
01:16:03,360 --> 01:16:03,840
the electoral

3469
01:16:03,840 --> 01:16:04,420
college

3470
01:16:04,420 --> 01:16:05,380
which a lot

3471
01:16:05,380 --> 01:16:05,700
of people

3472
01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:07,200
think today

3473
01:16:07,200 --> 01:16:08,520
is undemocratic

3474
01:16:08,520 --> 01:16:09,020
but I mean

3475
01:16:09,020 --> 01:16:09,620
it was put in

3476
01:16:09,620 --> 01:16:10,420
place because

3477
01:16:10,420 --> 01:16:12,780
of a set

3478
01:16:12,780 --> 01:16:13,220
of values

3479
01:16:13,220 --> 01:16:13,780
that a

3480
01:16:13,780 --> 01:16:14,140
democratic

3481
01:16:14,140 --> 01:16:14,560
republic

3482
01:16:14,560 --> 01:16:14,900
would be

3483
01:16:14,900 --> 01:16:15,160
better

3484
01:16:15,160 --> 01:16:16,120
I actually

3485
01:16:16,120 --> 01:16:16,420
think what

3486
01:16:16,420 --> 01:16:16,840
has happened

3487
01:16:16,840 --> 01:16:17,280
today

3488
01:16:17,280 --> 01:16:18,460
is that

3489
01:16:18,460 --> 01:16:19,020
increasingly

3490
01:16:19,020 --> 01:16:20,120
more people

3491
01:16:20,120 --> 01:16:21,500
are enfranchised

3492
01:16:21,500 --> 01:16:22,240
and more

3493
01:16:22,240 --> 01:16:22,740
people have

3494
01:16:22,740 --> 01:16:23,180
a voice

3495
01:16:23,180 --> 01:16:24,280
more people

3496
01:16:24,280 --> 01:16:25,200
are getting

3497
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:25,660
the vote

3498
01:16:25,660 --> 01:16:27,740
but increasingly

3499
01:16:27,740 --> 01:16:28,280
people have a

3500
01:16:28,280 --> 01:16:28,720
voice more

3501
01:16:28,720 --> 01:16:29,140
people have

3502
01:16:29,140 --> 01:16:29,800
access to

3503
01:16:29,800 --> 01:16:30,400
information

3504
01:16:30,400 --> 01:16:33,180
and I

3505
01:16:33,180 --> 01:16:33,640
think a lot

3506
01:16:33,640 --> 01:16:33,900
of what

3507
01:16:33,900 --> 01:16:34,420
people are

3508
01:16:34,420 --> 01:16:35,920
asking is

3509
01:16:35,920 --> 01:16:36,760
is that

3510
01:16:36,760 --> 01:16:37,100
good

3511
01:16:37,100 --> 01:16:37,960
it's not

3512
01:16:37,960 --> 01:16:38,520
necessarily

3513
01:16:38,520 --> 01:16:39,140
the question

3514
01:16:39,140 --> 01:16:39,860
of okay

3515
01:16:39,860 --> 01:16:40,420
the democratic

3516
01:16:40,420 --> 01:16:41,160
process has

3517
01:16:41,160 --> 01:16:41,500
been the

3518
01:16:41,500 --> 01:16:42,600
same but

3519
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:42,960
now the

3520
01:16:42,960 --> 01:16:43,620
technology is

3521
01:16:43,620 --> 01:16:43,940
different

3522
01:16:43,940 --> 01:16:44,680
I think the

3523
01:16:44,680 --> 01:16:45,240
technology has

3524
01:16:45,240 --> 01:16:45,800
made it so

3525
01:16:45,800 --> 01:16:46,540
individuals are

3526
01:16:46,540 --> 01:16:47,160
more empowered

3527
01:16:47,160 --> 01:16:48,080
and part of

3528
01:16:48,080 --> 01:16:48,460
the question

3529
01:16:48,460 --> 01:16:49,300
is that

3530
01:16:49,300 --> 01:16:49,660
the world

3531
01:16:49,660 --> 01:16:49,900
that we

3532
01:16:49,900 --> 01:16:50,240
want

3533
01:16:50,240 --> 01:16:51,220
and I

3534
01:16:51,220 --> 01:16:51,860
again

3535
01:16:51,860 --> 01:16:52,920
this is an

3536
01:16:52,920 --> 01:16:53,340
area where

3537
01:16:53,340 --> 01:16:53,860
it's not

3538
01:16:53,860 --> 01:16:54,600
all these

3539
01:16:54,600 --> 01:16:54,960
things are

3540
01:16:54,960 --> 01:16:55,560
with challenges

3541
01:16:55,560 --> 01:16:56,040
right

3542
01:16:56,040 --> 01:16:58,360
and often

3543
01:16:58,360 --> 01:16:59,040
progress

3544
01:16:59,040 --> 01:17:00,340
causes a lot

3545
01:17:00,340 --> 01:17:00,740
of issues

3546
01:17:00,740 --> 01:17:01,600
and it's a

3547
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:01,980
really hard

3548
01:17:01,980 --> 01:17:02,360
thing to

3549
01:17:02,360 --> 01:17:03,020
reason through

3550
01:17:03,020 --> 01:17:04,340
wow we're

3551
01:17:04,340 --> 01:17:04,680
trying to

3552
01:17:04,680 --> 01:17:05,540
make progress

3553
01:17:05,540 --> 01:17:06,360
and help

3554
01:17:06,360 --> 01:17:06,640
all these

3555
01:17:06,640 --> 01:17:07,180
people join

3556
01:17:07,180 --> 01:17:08,340
the global

3557
01:17:08,340 --> 01:17:08,780
economy

3558
01:17:08,780 --> 01:17:10,780
or help

3559
01:17:10,780 --> 01:17:11,240
people join

3560
01:17:11,240 --> 01:17:11,780
the communities

3561
01:17:11,780 --> 01:17:12,180
and have

3562
01:17:12,180 --> 01:17:13,240
the social

3563
01:17:13,240 --> 01:17:14,100
lives that

3564
01:17:14,100 --> 01:17:14,340
they would

3565
01:17:14,340 --> 01:17:14,640
want

3566
01:17:14,640 --> 01:17:14,940
and be

3567
01:17:14,940 --> 01:17:15,340
accepted

3568
01:17:15,340 --> 01:17:15,760
in different

3569
01:17:15,760 --> 01:17:16,140
ways

3570
01:17:16,140 --> 01:17:16,920
but it

3571
01:17:16,920 --> 01:17:17,260
comes with

3572
01:17:17,260 --> 01:17:17,400
this

3573
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:18,060
dislocation

3574
01:17:18,060 --> 01:17:18,280
in the

3575
01:17:18,280 --> 01:17:18,640
near term

3576
01:17:18,640 --> 01:17:18,900
and that's

3577
01:17:18,900 --> 01:17:19,280
a massive

3578
01:17:19,280 --> 01:17:19,980
dislocation

3579
01:17:19,980 --> 01:17:20,260
so that

3580
01:17:20,260 --> 01:17:20,780
seems really

3581
01:17:20,780 --> 01:17:21,220
painful

3582
01:17:21,220 --> 01:17:23,940
but I

3583
01:17:23,940 --> 01:17:24,700
actually think

3584
01:17:24,700 --> 01:17:25,180
that you

3585
01:17:25,180 --> 01:17:25,640
can make

3586
01:17:25,640 --> 01:17:26,340
a case

3587
01:17:26,340 --> 01:17:27,100
that we

3588
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:27,600
are at

3589
01:17:27,600 --> 01:17:29,300
and continue

3590
01:17:29,300 --> 01:17:30,520
to be at

3591
01:17:30,520 --> 01:17:31,680
the most

3592
01:17:31,680 --> 01:17:32,200
democratic

3593
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:33,160
time

3594
01:17:33,160 --> 01:17:34,620
and I

3595
01:17:34,620 --> 01:17:35,220
think that

3596
01:17:35,220 --> 01:17:36,360
overall

3597
01:17:36,360 --> 01:17:37,340
in the

3598
01:17:37,340 --> 01:17:37,780
history of

3599
01:17:37,780 --> 01:17:38,200
our country

3600
01:17:38,200 --> 01:17:38,620
at least

3601
01:17:38,620 --> 01:17:39,500
when we've

3602
01:17:39,500 --> 01:17:40,140
gotten more

3603
01:17:40,140 --> 01:17:40,640
people to

3604
01:17:40,640 --> 01:17:40,920
have the

3605
01:17:40,920 --> 01:17:41,220
vote

3606
01:17:41,220 --> 01:17:41,820
and we've

3607
01:17:41,820 --> 01:17:42,300
gotten more

3608
01:17:42,300 --> 01:17:42,800
representation

3609
01:17:42,800 --> 01:17:45,360
and we've

3610
01:17:45,360 --> 01:17:45,720
made it so

3611
01:17:45,720 --> 01:17:46,020
people have

3612
01:17:46,020 --> 01:17:46,500
access to

3613
01:17:46,500 --> 01:17:47,160
more information

3614
01:17:47,160 --> 01:17:47,880
and more

3615
01:17:47,880 --> 01:17:48,280
people can

3616
01:17:48,280 --> 01:17:48,620
share their

3617
01:17:48,620 --> 01:17:49,180
experiences

3618
01:17:49,180 --> 01:17:50,760
I do think

3619
01:17:50,760 --> 01:17:51,080
that that's

3620
01:17:51,080 --> 01:17:51,520
made the

3621
01:17:51,520 --> 01:17:52,420
country stronger

3622
01:17:52,420 --> 01:17:53,820
and has

3623
01:17:53,820 --> 01:17:56,160
helped progress

3624
01:17:56,160 --> 01:17:56,880
and it's not

3625
01:17:56,880 --> 01:17:57,340
that this stuff

3626
01:17:57,340 --> 01:17:57,680
is without

3627
01:17:57,680 --> 01:17:58,780
issues

3628
01:17:58,780 --> 01:17:59,400
it has

3629
01:17:59,400 --> 01:18:00,180
massive issues

3630
01:18:00,180 --> 01:18:01,260
but that's

3631
01:18:01,260 --> 01:18:01,600
at least the

3632
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:02,160
pattern that I

3633
01:18:02,160 --> 01:18:02,800
see and why

3634
01:18:02,800 --> 01:18:03,500
I'm optimistic

3635
01:18:03,500 --> 01:18:05,180
about a lot

3636
01:18:05,180 --> 01:18:05,620
of the work

3637
01:18:05,620 --> 01:18:06,300
I agree

3638
01:18:06,300 --> 01:18:06,860
that more

3639
01:18:06,860 --> 01:18:07,380
people have

3640
01:18:07,380 --> 01:18:08,040
more voice

3641
01:18:08,040 --> 01:18:08,700
than ever

3642
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:09,120
before

3643
01:18:09,120 --> 01:18:09,760
both in the

3644
01:18:09,760 --> 01:18:10,360
US and

3645
01:18:10,360 --> 01:18:10,780
globally

3646
01:18:10,780 --> 01:18:11,860
that's I

3647
01:18:11,860 --> 01:18:12,560
think you're

3648
01:18:12,560 --> 01:18:12,860
absolutely

3649
01:18:12,860 --> 01:18:13,320
right

3650
01:18:13,320 --> 01:18:14,680
my concern

3651
01:18:14,680 --> 01:18:15,860
is to

3652
01:18:15,860 --> 01:18:16,400
what extent

3653
01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:16,780
we can

3654
01:18:16,780 --> 01:18:17,760
trust the

3655
01:18:17,760 --> 01:18:19,240
voice of

3656
01:18:19,240 --> 01:18:19,860
people

3657
01:18:19,860 --> 01:18:20,740
to what extent

3658
01:18:20,740 --> 01:18:21,300
I can trust

3659
01:18:21,300 --> 01:18:22,060
my voice

3660
01:18:22,060 --> 01:18:23,060
like I'm

3661
01:18:23,060 --> 01:18:23,940
we have this

3662
01:18:23,940 --> 01:18:24,520
picture of the

3663
01:18:24,520 --> 01:18:25,440
world that I

3664
01:18:25,440 --> 01:18:26,280
have this voice

3665
01:18:26,280 --> 01:18:27,020
inside me

3666
01:18:27,020 --> 01:18:27,860
which tells me

3667
01:18:27,860 --> 01:18:28,440
what is right

3668
01:18:28,440 --> 01:18:29,020
and what is

3669
01:18:29,020 --> 01:18:29,340
wrong

3670
01:18:29,340 --> 01:18:31,280
and the more

3671
01:18:31,280 --> 01:18:32,080
I'm able to

3672
01:18:32,080 --> 01:18:33,200
express this

3673
01:18:33,200 --> 01:18:33,800
voice in the

3674
01:18:33,800 --> 01:18:34,480
outside world

3675
01:18:34,480 --> 01:18:35,020
and influence

3676
01:18:35,020 --> 01:18:35,540
what's happening

3677
01:18:35,540 --> 01:18:35,900
and the more

3678
01:18:35,900 --> 01:18:36,480
people can

3679
01:18:36,480 --> 01:18:37,100
express their

3680
01:18:37,100 --> 01:18:37,880
voices it's

3681
01:18:37,880 --> 01:18:38,300
better it's

3682
01:18:38,300 --> 01:18:38,920
more democratic

3683
01:18:38,920 --> 01:18:40,180
but what

3684
01:18:40,180 --> 01:18:41,140
happens if

3685
01:18:41,140 --> 01:18:41,640
at the same

3686
01:18:41,640 --> 01:18:42,260
time that

3687
01:18:42,260 --> 01:18:42,700
more people

3688
01:18:42,700 --> 01:18:43,220
can express

3689
01:18:43,220 --> 01:18:43,840
their voices

3690
01:18:43,840 --> 01:18:44,840
it's also

3691
01:18:44,840 --> 01:18:46,060
easier to

3692
01:18:46,060 --> 01:18:47,020
manipulate your

3693
01:18:47,020 --> 01:18:47,760
inner voice

3694
01:18:47,760 --> 01:18:48,760
to what extent

3695
01:18:48,760 --> 01:18:49,440
you can really

3696
01:18:49,440 --> 01:18:50,560
trust that the

3697
01:18:50,560 --> 01:18:51,480
thought that

3698
01:18:51,480 --> 01:18:52,300
just popped up

3699
01:18:52,300 --> 01:18:53,000
popped up in

3700
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:53,660
your mind

3701
01:18:53,660 --> 01:18:54,780
is the result

3702
01:18:54,780 --> 01:18:55,660
of some free

3703
01:18:55,660 --> 01:18:57,060
will and not

3704
01:18:57,060 --> 01:18:58,140
the result of

3705
01:18:58,140 --> 01:18:58,880
an extremely

3706
01:18:58,880 --> 01:19:02,600
powerful algorithm

3707
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:04,560
that understands

3708
01:19:04,560 --> 01:19:05,480
what's happening

3709
01:19:05,480 --> 01:19:06,260
inside you

3710
01:19:06,260 --> 01:19:07,520
and knows how

3711
01:19:07,520 --> 01:19:08,280
to push the

3712
01:19:08,280 --> 01:19:08,880
buttons and

3713
01:19:08,880 --> 01:19:09,660
press the levers

3714
01:19:09,660 --> 01:19:10,740
and is serving

3715
01:19:10,740 --> 01:19:11,660
some external

3716
01:19:11,660 --> 01:19:12,860
entity and

3717
01:19:12,860 --> 01:19:13,940
it has planted

3718
01:19:13,940 --> 01:19:15,640
this thought

3719
01:19:15,640 --> 01:19:17,000
or this desire

3720
01:19:17,000 --> 01:19:17,680
that you now

3721
01:19:17,680 --> 01:19:18,240
express

3722
01:19:18,240 --> 01:19:20,100
so it's two

3723
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:20,920
different issues

3724
01:19:20,920 --> 01:19:21,840
of giving people

3725
01:19:21,840 --> 01:19:22,640
voice and

3726
01:19:22,640 --> 01:19:23,220
trusting and

3727
01:19:23,220 --> 01:19:23,720
again I'm not

3728
01:19:23,720 --> 01:19:24,680
saying I know

3729
01:19:24,680 --> 01:19:25,280
everything but

3730
01:19:25,280 --> 01:19:26,300
all these people

3731
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:27,320
that now join

3732
01:19:27,320 --> 01:19:28,000
the conversation

3733
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:28,780
we cannot trust

3734
01:19:28,780 --> 01:19:29,340
their voices

3735
01:19:29,340 --> 01:19:30,600
I'm asking this

3736
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:31,560
about myself

3737
01:19:31,560 --> 01:19:32,640
to what extent

3738
01:19:32,640 --> 01:19:33,820
I can trust

3739
01:19:33,820 --> 01:19:34,860
my own inner

3740
01:19:34,860 --> 01:19:36,380
voice and

3741
01:19:36,380 --> 01:19:36,920
you know I

3742
01:19:36,920 --> 01:19:38,140
spend two hours

3743
01:19:38,140 --> 01:19:39,080
meditating every

3744
01:19:39,080 --> 01:19:40,700
day and I

3745
01:19:40,700 --> 01:19:41,120
go on these

3746
01:19:41,120 --> 01:19:41,720
long meditation

3747
01:19:41,720 --> 01:19:43,080
retreats and

3748
01:19:43,080 --> 01:19:44,740
my main takeaway

3749
01:19:44,740 --> 01:19:46,160
from that is

3750
01:19:46,160 --> 01:19:47,200
it's craziness

3751
01:19:47,200 --> 01:19:47,960
inside there

3752
01:19:47,960 --> 01:19:49,820
and it's so

3753
01:19:49,820 --> 01:19:51,700
complicated and

3754
01:19:51,700 --> 01:19:53,320
the simple

3755
01:19:53,320 --> 01:19:54,260
naive belief

3756
01:19:54,260 --> 01:19:55,060
that the thought

3757
01:19:55,060 --> 01:19:55,600
that pops up

3758
01:19:55,600 --> 01:19:56,280
in my mind

3759
01:19:56,280 --> 01:19:57,100
this is my

3760
01:19:57,100 --> 01:19:57,720
free will

3761
01:19:57,720 --> 01:19:59,420
this was never

3762
01:19:59,420 --> 01:20:00,060
the case

3763
01:20:00,060 --> 01:20:01,880
but if say

3764
01:20:01,880 --> 01:20:02,660
a thousand years

3765
01:20:02,660 --> 01:20:04,340
ago the battles

3766
01:20:04,340 --> 01:20:05,700
inside were

3767
01:20:05,700 --> 01:20:06,600
mostly between

3768
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:07,460
you know neurons

3769
01:20:07,460 --> 01:20:08,540
and biochemicals

3770
01:20:08,540 --> 01:20:09,000
and childhood

3771
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:09,860
memories and

3772
01:20:09,860 --> 01:20:10,640
all that

3773
01:20:10,640 --> 01:20:11,680
increasingly

3774
01:20:11,680 --> 01:20:13,480
you have

3775
01:20:13,480 --> 01:20:14,520
external actors

3776
01:20:14,520 --> 01:20:15,620
going under

3777
01:20:15,620 --> 01:20:16,200
your skin

3778
01:20:16,200 --> 01:20:16,920
and into

3779
01:20:16,920 --> 01:20:17,760
your brain

3780
01:20:17,760 --> 01:20:18,140
and into

3781
01:20:18,140 --> 01:20:18,660
your mind

3782
01:20:18,660 --> 01:20:19,460
and how do

3783
01:20:19,460 --> 01:20:20,120
I trust

3784
01:20:20,120 --> 01:20:21,480
that my

3785
01:20:21,480 --> 01:20:22,020
amygdala

3786
01:20:22,020 --> 01:20:22,820
is not a

3787
01:20:22,820 --> 01:20:23,420
Russian agent

3788
01:20:23,420 --> 01:20:23,760
now

3789
01:20:23,760 --> 01:20:25,060
how do I

3790
01:20:25,060 --> 01:20:25,340
know

3791
01:20:25,340 --> 01:20:26,280
the more we

3792
01:20:26,280 --> 01:20:27,080
understand about

3793
01:20:27,080 --> 01:20:28,060
the extremely

3794
01:20:28,060 --> 01:20:29,000
complex world

3795
01:20:29,000 --> 01:20:29,860
inside us

3796
01:20:29,860 --> 01:20:31,600
the less

3797
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:32,600
easy it is

3798
01:20:32,600 --> 01:20:33,560
to simply

3799
01:20:33,560 --> 01:20:34,520
trust what

3800
01:20:34,520 --> 01:20:35,120
this inner

3801
01:20:35,120 --> 01:20:35,980
voice is

3802
01:20:35,980 --> 01:20:36,520
telling is

3803
01:20:36,520 --> 01:20:36,880
saying

3804
01:20:36,880 --> 01:20:39,220
yeah I

3805
01:20:39,220 --> 01:20:40,160
understand the

3806
01:20:40,160 --> 01:20:41,300
point that

3807
01:20:41,300 --> 01:20:42,160
you're making

3808
01:20:42,160 --> 01:20:44,260
as one of

3809
01:20:44,260 --> 01:20:44,540
the people

3810
01:20:44,540 --> 01:20:45,120
who's running

3811
01:20:45,120 --> 01:20:46,300
a company

3812
01:20:46,300 --> 01:20:48,140
that develops

3813
01:20:48,140 --> 01:20:49,680
ranking systems

3814
01:20:49,680 --> 01:20:50,200
to try to

3815
01:20:50,200 --> 01:20:51,140
help show

3816
01:20:51,140 --> 01:20:51,800
people content

3817
01:20:51,800 --> 01:20:52,200
that's going

3818
01:20:52,200 --> 01:20:52,360
to be

3819
01:20:52,360 --> 01:20:52,700
interested

3820
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:53,380
to them

3821
01:20:53,380 --> 01:20:56,000
there's a

3822
01:20:56,000 --> 01:20:56,460
dissonance

3823
01:20:56,460 --> 01:20:56,880
between

3824
01:20:56,880 --> 01:20:59,880
the way

3825
01:20:59,880 --> 01:21:00,860
that you're

3826
01:21:00,860 --> 01:21:02,120
explaining

3827
01:21:02,120 --> 01:21:02,440
what you

3828
01:21:02,440 --> 01:21:02,900
think is

3829
01:21:02,900 --> 01:21:03,400
possible

3830
01:21:03,400 --> 01:21:04,820
and what

3831
01:21:04,820 --> 01:21:05,240
I see

3832
01:21:05,240 --> 01:21:06,160
as a

3833
01:21:06,160 --> 01:21:08,080
practitioner

3834
01:21:08,080 --> 01:21:08,560
building

3835
01:21:08,560 --> 01:21:08,800
this

3836
01:21:08,800 --> 01:21:09,100
I think

3837
01:21:09,100 --> 01:21:09,720
you can

3838
01:21:09,720 --> 01:21:09,920
build

3839
01:21:09,920 --> 01:21:10,380
systems

3840
01:21:10,380 --> 01:21:10,720
that

3841
01:21:10,720 --> 01:21:12,220
can get

3842
01:21:12,220 --> 01:21:13,800
good at

3843
01:21:13,800 --> 01:21:14,640
a very

3844
01:21:14,640 --> 01:21:15,200
specific

3845
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:15,720
thing

3846
01:21:15,720 --> 01:21:16,020
right

3847
01:21:16,020 --> 01:21:16,560
at helping

3848
01:21:16,560 --> 01:21:17,220
to

3849
01:21:17,220 --> 01:21:18,760
understand

3850
01:21:18,760 --> 01:21:19,120
which of

3851
01:21:19,120 --> 01:21:19,560
your friends

3852
01:21:19,560 --> 01:21:19,920
you care

3853
01:21:19,920 --> 01:21:20,260
the most

3854
01:21:20,260 --> 01:21:20,500
about

3855
01:21:20,500 --> 01:21:20,740
so you

3856
01:21:20,740 --> 01:21:21,140
can rank

3857
01:21:21,140 --> 01:21:21,700
their content

3858
01:21:21,700 --> 01:21:22,180
higher in

3859
01:21:22,180 --> 01:21:22,640
news feed

3860
01:21:22,640 --> 01:21:23,340
but

3861
01:21:23,340 --> 01:21:24,520
the idea

3862
01:21:24,520 --> 01:21:25,000
that there's

3863
01:21:25,000 --> 01:21:25,320
some kind

3864
01:21:25,320 --> 01:21:26,000
of generalized

3865
01:21:26,000 --> 01:21:28,060
AI

3866
01:21:28,060 --> 01:21:28,760
that's a

3867
01:21:28,760 --> 01:21:29,120
monolithic

3868
01:21:29,120 --> 01:21:29,500
thing

3869
01:21:29,500 --> 01:21:30,300
that understands

3870
01:21:30,300 --> 01:21:31,520
all dimensions

3871
01:21:31,520 --> 01:21:33,120
of who

3872
01:21:33,120 --> 01:21:33,740
you are

3873
01:21:33,740 --> 01:21:35,520
in a way

3874
01:21:35,520 --> 01:21:36,400
that's deeper

3875
01:21:36,400 --> 01:21:36,840
than you

3876
01:21:36,840 --> 01:21:37,180
do

3877
01:21:37,180 --> 01:21:38,900
I think

3878
01:21:38,900 --> 01:21:40,060
doesn't exist

3879
01:21:40,060 --> 01:21:40,660
and is probably

3880
01:21:40,660 --> 01:21:41,440
quite far

3881
01:21:41,440 --> 01:21:42,100
off from

3882
01:21:42,100 --> 01:21:42,640
existing

3883
01:21:42,640 --> 01:21:44,280
so

3884
01:21:44,280 --> 01:21:45,560
there's certainly

3885
01:21:45,560 --> 01:21:46,320
abuse of the

3886
01:21:46,320 --> 01:21:46,700
systems

3887
01:21:46,700 --> 01:21:47,200
that I think

3888
01:21:47,200 --> 01:21:48,100
needs to be

3889
01:21:48,100 --> 01:21:50,720
that I think

3890
01:21:50,720 --> 01:21:51,280
is more of a

3891
01:21:51,280 --> 01:21:51,920
policy and

3892
01:21:51,920 --> 01:21:52,840
values question

3893
01:21:52,840 --> 01:21:53,300
which is

3894
01:21:53,300 --> 01:21:54,480
on Facebook

3895
01:21:54,480 --> 01:21:55,400
you're supposed

3896
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:55,920
to be your

3897
01:21:55,920 --> 01:21:56,820
real identity

3898
01:21:56,820 --> 01:21:57,980
so if you

3899
01:21:57,980 --> 01:21:58,460
have

3900
01:21:58,460 --> 01:22:00,060
to use

3901
01:22:00,060 --> 01:22:00,720
your example

3902
01:22:00,720 --> 01:22:02,860
Russian agents

3903
01:22:02,860 --> 01:22:03,240
or folks

3904
01:22:03,240 --> 01:22:03,700
from the

3905
01:22:03,700 --> 01:22:04,300
government

3906
01:22:04,300 --> 01:22:05,840
or the

3907
01:22:05,840 --> 01:22:06,140
IRA

3908
01:22:06,140 --> 01:22:06,980
who are

3909
01:22:06,980 --> 01:22:07,740
posing as

3910
01:22:07,740 --> 01:22:08,300
someone else

3911
01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:09,260
and saying

3912
01:22:09,260 --> 01:22:09,780
something

3913
01:22:09,780 --> 01:22:10,800
and you see

3914
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:11,300
that content

3915
01:22:11,300 --> 01:22:11,740
but you think

3916
01:22:11,740 --> 01:22:12,080
it's coming

3917
01:22:12,080 --> 01:22:12,560
from someone

3918
01:22:12,560 --> 01:22:12,880
else

3919
01:22:12,880 --> 01:22:14,180
then that's

3920
01:22:14,180 --> 01:22:14,460
not an

3921
01:22:14,460 --> 01:22:14,840
algorithm

3922
01:22:14,840 --> 01:22:15,740
issue

3923
01:22:15,740 --> 01:22:16,260
I mean

3924
01:22:16,260 --> 01:22:16,640
that's

3925
01:22:16,640 --> 01:22:17,800
someone

3926
01:22:17,800 --> 01:22:18,240
abusing

3927
01:22:18,240 --> 01:22:18,800
the system

3928
01:22:18,800 --> 01:22:19,520
and taking

3929
01:22:19,520 --> 01:22:19,880
advantage

3930
01:22:19,880 --> 01:22:20,340
of the fact

3931
01:22:20,340 --> 01:22:20,560
that you

3932
01:22:20,560 --> 01:22:21,180
trust that

3933
01:22:21,180 --> 01:22:22,360
on this

3934
01:22:22,360 --> 01:22:22,880
platform

3935
01:22:22,880 --> 01:22:24,100
someone is

3936
01:22:24,100 --> 01:22:24,460
generally

3937
01:22:24,460 --> 01:22:24,800
going to be

3938
01:22:24,800 --> 01:22:25,120
who they

3939
01:22:25,120 --> 01:22:25,480
say they

3940
01:22:25,480 --> 01:22:25,740
are

3941
01:22:25,740 --> 01:22:26,260
so you

3942
01:22:26,260 --> 01:22:26,700
can trust

3943
01:22:26,700 --> 01:22:27,000
that the

3944
01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:27,340
information

3945
01:22:27,340 --> 01:22:27,700
is coming

3946
01:22:27,700 --> 01:22:28,400
from someplace

3947
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:29,380
and kind

3948
01:22:29,380 --> 01:22:30,060
of slipping

3949
01:22:30,060 --> 01:22:30,540
in the back

3950
01:22:30,540 --> 01:22:30,960
door that

3951
01:22:30,960 --> 01:22:31,220
way

3952
01:22:31,220 --> 01:22:31,840
and that's

3953
01:22:31,840 --> 01:22:32,080
the thing

3954
01:22:32,080 --> 01:22:32,400
that we

3955
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:32,720
certainly

3956
01:22:32,720 --> 01:22:33,080
need to

3957
01:22:33,080 --> 01:22:33,680
go fight

3958
01:22:33,680 --> 01:22:37,020
but I

3959
01:22:37,020 --> 01:22:37,260
don't know

3960
01:22:37,260 --> 01:22:38,260
as a broad

3961
01:22:38,260 --> 01:22:40,140
matter I do

3962
01:22:40,140 --> 01:22:40,500
think that there's

3963
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:41,080
this question

3964
01:22:41,080 --> 01:22:42,880
of to what

3965
01:22:42,880 --> 01:22:44,000
degree are

3966
01:22:44,000 --> 01:22:44,620
the systems

3967
01:22:44,620 --> 01:22:45,220
and this kind

3968
01:22:45,220 --> 01:22:45,620
of brings it

3969
01:22:45,620 --> 01:22:46,120
full circle

3970
01:22:46,120 --> 01:22:46,580
to where we

3971
01:22:46,580 --> 01:22:47,240
started on

3972
01:22:47,240 --> 01:22:48,200
is it

3973
01:22:48,200 --> 01:22:48,840
fragmentation

3974
01:22:48,840 --> 01:22:49,420
or is it

3975
01:22:49,420 --> 01:22:50,260
personalization

3976
01:22:50,260 --> 01:22:53,760
is the

3977
01:22:53,760 --> 01:22:54,100
content

3978
01:22:54,100 --> 01:22:54,340
that you

3979
01:22:54,340 --> 01:22:54,860
see

3980
01:22:54,860 --> 01:22:58,120
if it

3981
01:22:58,120 --> 01:22:58,720
resonates

3982
01:22:58,720 --> 01:22:59,800
is that

3983
01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:00,560
because it

3984
01:23:00,560 --> 01:23:01,040
actually just

3985
01:23:01,040 --> 01:23:01,720
more matches

3986
01:23:01,720 --> 01:23:02,400
your interests

3987
01:23:02,400 --> 01:23:03,640
or is it

3988
01:23:03,640 --> 01:23:05,060
because you're

3989
01:23:05,060 --> 01:23:05,560
being

3990
01:23:05,560 --> 01:23:06,520
incepted

3991
01:23:06,520 --> 01:23:07,500
and convinced

3992
01:23:07,500 --> 01:23:07,980
of something

3993
01:23:07,980 --> 01:23:08,320
that you

3994
01:23:08,320 --> 01:23:08,860
don't actually

3995
01:23:08,860 --> 01:23:09,260
believe

3996
01:23:09,260 --> 01:23:10,360
and is

3997
01:23:10,360 --> 01:23:10,880
dissonant

3998
01:23:10,880 --> 01:23:11,320
with your

3999
01:23:11,320 --> 01:23:12,120
interests

4000
01:23:12,120 --> 01:23:12,480
and your

4001
01:23:12,480 --> 01:23:12,780
beliefs

4002
01:23:12,780 --> 01:23:13,700
and certainly

4003
01:23:13,700 --> 01:23:14,220
all the

4004
01:23:14,220 --> 01:23:14,980
psychological

4005
01:23:14,980 --> 01:23:15,520
research

4006
01:23:15,520 --> 01:23:16,980
that I've

4007
01:23:16,980 --> 01:23:17,320
seen

4008
01:23:17,320 --> 01:23:18,140
and the

4009
01:23:18,140 --> 01:23:18,620
experience

4010
01:23:18,620 --> 01:23:19,340
that we've

4011
01:23:19,340 --> 01:23:19,580
had

4012
01:23:19,580 --> 01:23:20,160
is that

4013
01:23:20,160 --> 01:23:20,540
when people

4014
01:23:20,540 --> 01:23:21,000
see things

4015
01:23:21,000 --> 01:23:21,480
that don't

4016
01:23:21,480 --> 01:23:21,960
match

4017
01:23:21,960 --> 01:23:23,400
what they

4018
01:23:23,400 --> 01:23:24,080
believe

4019
01:23:24,080 --> 01:23:24,700
they just

4020
01:23:24,700 --> 01:23:25,300
ignore it

4021
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:25,840
right

4022
01:23:25,840 --> 01:23:26,140
so

4023
01:23:26,140 --> 01:23:28,160
so certainly

4024
01:23:28,160 --> 01:23:28,720
there's

4025
01:23:28,720 --> 01:23:29,340
there's a

4026
01:23:29,340 --> 01:23:31,460
there can be

4027
01:23:31,460 --> 01:23:31,900
an evolution

4028
01:23:31,900 --> 01:23:32,520
that happens

4029
01:23:32,520 --> 01:23:33,380
where you know

4030
01:23:33,380 --> 01:23:33,780
a system

4031
01:23:33,780 --> 01:23:34,340
shows

4032
01:23:34,340 --> 01:23:35,600
information

4033
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:35,900
that you're

4034
01:23:35,900 --> 01:23:36,160
going to be

4035
01:23:36,160 --> 01:23:36,900
interested in

4036
01:23:36,900 --> 01:23:38,640
and if

4037
01:23:38,640 --> 01:23:39,100
that's not

4038
01:23:39,100 --> 01:23:39,840
managed well

4039
01:23:39,840 --> 01:23:40,900
that can

4040
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:42,220
that has the

4041
01:23:42,220 --> 01:23:42,800
risk of pushing

4042
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:43,480
you down a path

4043
01:23:43,480 --> 01:23:44,020
towards

4044
01:23:44,020 --> 01:23:45,360
adopting a more

4045
01:23:45,360 --> 01:23:46,160
extreme position

4046
01:23:46,160 --> 01:23:46,760
or evolving

4047
01:23:46,760 --> 01:23:47,460
the way you

4048
01:23:47,460 --> 01:23:47,920
think about it

4049
01:23:47,920 --> 01:23:48,480
over time

4050
01:23:48,480 --> 01:23:50,460
but I think

4051
01:23:50,460 --> 01:23:51,240
most of the

4052
01:23:51,240 --> 01:23:51,680
content

4053
01:23:51,680 --> 01:23:52,280
it resonates

4054
01:23:52,280 --> 01:23:52,820
with people

4055
01:23:52,820 --> 01:23:53,340
because it

4056
01:23:53,340 --> 01:23:53,920
resonates with

4057
01:23:53,920 --> 01:23:54,340
their lived

4058
01:23:54,340 --> 01:23:54,880
experience

4059
01:23:54,880 --> 01:23:55,920
and to the

4060
01:23:55,920 --> 01:23:56,260
extent that

4061
01:23:56,260 --> 01:23:56,660
people are

4062
01:23:56,660 --> 01:23:57,500
abusing that

4063
01:23:57,500 --> 01:23:58,760
and either

4064
01:23:58,760 --> 01:23:59,100
trying to

4065
01:23:59,100 --> 01:23:59,660
represent that

4066
01:23:59,660 --> 01:24:00,060
there's someone

4067
01:24:00,060 --> 01:24:00,360
who they're

4068
01:24:00,360 --> 01:24:00,680
not

4069
01:24:00,680 --> 01:24:02,140
or trying to

4070
01:24:02,140 --> 01:24:03,220
take advantage

4071
01:24:03,220 --> 01:24:03,900
of a bug

4072
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:04,660
in human

4073
01:24:04,660 --> 01:24:05,240
psychology

4074
01:24:05,240 --> 01:24:05,960
where we might

4075
01:24:05,960 --> 01:24:06,700
be more prone

4076
01:24:06,700 --> 01:24:08,260
to an

4077
01:24:08,260 --> 01:24:09,380
extremist idea

4078
01:24:09,380 --> 01:24:10,440
that's our

4079
01:24:10,440 --> 01:24:10,820
job

4080
01:24:10,820 --> 01:24:11,440
in either

4081
01:24:11,440 --> 01:24:12,180
policing the

4082
01:24:12,180 --> 01:24:12,600
platform

4083
01:24:12,600 --> 01:24:13,160
working with

4084
01:24:13,160 --> 01:24:13,620
governments

4085
01:24:13,620 --> 01:24:15,540
and different

4086
01:24:15,540 --> 01:24:16,140
agencies

4087
01:24:16,140 --> 01:24:17,500
and making

4088
01:24:17,500 --> 01:24:17,900
sure that we

4089
01:24:17,900 --> 01:24:18,380
design our

4090
01:24:18,380 --> 01:24:18,880
systems and

4091
01:24:18,880 --> 01:24:19,320
our recommendation

4092
01:24:19,320 --> 01:24:20,120
systems to

4093
01:24:20,120 --> 01:24:22,260
not be

4094
01:24:22,260 --> 01:24:23,200
promoting things

4095
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:23,880
that people

4096
01:24:23,880 --> 01:24:24,520
might engage

4097
01:24:24,520 --> 01:24:24,860
with in the

4098
01:24:24,860 --> 01:24:25,240
near term

4099
01:24:25,240 --> 01:24:25,620
but over the

4100
01:24:25,620 --> 01:24:26,040
long term

4101
01:24:26,040 --> 01:24:26,660
will regret

4102
01:24:26,660 --> 01:24:27,340
and resent

4103
01:24:27,340 --> 01:24:27,820
us for

4104
01:24:27,820 --> 01:24:28,440
having done

4105
01:24:28,440 --> 01:24:28,720
that

4106
01:24:28,720 --> 01:24:29,620
and I think

4107
01:24:29,620 --> 01:24:30,280
it's in our

4108
01:24:30,280 --> 01:24:31,180
interest to

4109
01:24:31,180 --> 01:24:31,880
get that right

4110
01:24:31,880 --> 01:24:34,800
and for a

4111
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:35,380
while I think

4112
01:24:35,380 --> 01:24:35,640
we didn't

4113
01:24:35,640 --> 01:24:36,320
understand the

4114
01:24:36,320 --> 01:24:37,080
depth of some

4115
01:24:37,080 --> 01:24:37,620
of the problems

4116
01:24:37,620 --> 01:24:38,180
and challenges

4117
01:24:38,180 --> 01:24:38,780
that we face

4118
01:24:38,780 --> 01:24:39,940
there and

4119
01:24:39,940 --> 01:24:40,260
there's certainly

4120
01:24:40,260 --> 01:24:40,720
still a lot

4121
01:24:40,720 --> 01:24:41,240
more to do

4122
01:24:41,240 --> 01:24:41,580
and when you're

4123
01:24:41,580 --> 01:24:41,940
up against

4124
01:24:41,940 --> 01:24:42,560
nation states

4125
01:24:42,560 --> 01:24:43,100
they're very

4126
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:43,580
sophisticated

4127
01:24:43,580 --> 01:24:43,980
they're going

4128
01:24:43,980 --> 01:24:44,140
to keep

4129
01:24:44,140 --> 01:24:44,520
on evolving

4130
01:24:44,520 --> 01:24:45,240
their tactics

4131
01:24:45,240 --> 01:24:47,740
but the

4132
01:24:47,740 --> 01:24:48,260
thing that I

4133
01:24:48,260 --> 01:24:49,440
would that I

4134
01:24:49,440 --> 01:24:49,960
think is really

4135
01:24:49,960 --> 01:24:51,020
important is that

4136
01:24:51,020 --> 01:24:52,240
the fundamental

4137
01:24:52,240 --> 01:24:52,980
design of the

4138
01:24:52,980 --> 01:24:53,680
systems I do

4139
01:24:53,680 --> 01:24:55,440
think in our

4140
01:24:55,440 --> 01:24:56,200
incentives are

4141
01:24:56,200 --> 01:24:57,680
aligned with

4142
01:24:57,680 --> 01:24:59,540
helping people

4143
01:24:59,540 --> 01:25:00,680
connect with the

4144
01:25:00,680 --> 01:25:01,240
people they want

4145
01:25:01,240 --> 01:25:01,900
have meaningful

4146
01:25:01,900 --> 01:25:03,320
interactions not

4147
01:25:03,320 --> 01:25:04,000
just getting people

4148
01:25:04,000 --> 01:25:04,980
to watch a bunch

4149
01:25:04,980 --> 01:25:05,620
of content that

4150
01:25:05,620 --> 01:25:05,940
they're going to

4151
01:25:05,940 --> 01:25:06,780
resent later that

4152
01:25:06,780 --> 01:25:07,360
they did that

4153
01:25:07,360 --> 01:25:09,040
and certainly not

4154
01:25:09,040 --> 01:25:10,240
making people have

4155
01:25:10,240 --> 01:25:11,300
more extreme or

4156
01:25:11,300 --> 01:25:12,060
negative viewpoints

4157
01:25:12,060 --> 01:25:14,160
than what they

4158
01:25:14,160 --> 01:25:14,940
actually believe

4159
01:25:14,940 --> 01:25:15,900
so

4160
01:25:15,900 --> 01:25:17,260
maybe I can

4161
01:25:17,260 --> 01:25:17,780
try and

4162
01:25:17,780 --> 01:25:19,220
summarize my

4163
01:25:19,220 --> 01:25:20,100
view in that

4164
01:25:20,100 --> 01:25:21,420
we have two

4165
01:25:21,420 --> 01:25:22,800
distinct dangers

4166
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:23,720
coming out of

4167
01:25:23,720 --> 01:25:24,300
the same

4168
01:25:24,300 --> 01:25:25,400
technological tools

4169
01:25:25,400 --> 01:25:27,060
we have the

4170
01:25:27,060 --> 01:25:29,340
easier danger

4171
01:25:29,340 --> 01:25:29,980
to grasp

4172
01:25:29,980 --> 01:25:31,140
which is of

4173
01:25:31,140 --> 01:25:31,680
extreme

4174
01:25:31,680 --> 01:25:32,240
totalitarian

4175
01:25:32,240 --> 01:25:33,100
regimes of

4176
01:25:33,100 --> 01:25:33,540
the kind we

4177
01:25:33,540 --> 01:25:33,980
haven't seen

4178
01:25:33,980 --> 01:25:34,920
before and

4179
01:25:34,920 --> 01:25:35,260
this could

4180
01:25:35,260 --> 01:25:36,400
happen in

4181
01:25:36,400 --> 01:25:36,880
different

4182
01:25:36,880 --> 01:25:37,660
maybe not in

4183
01:25:37,660 --> 01:25:38,000
the US

4184
01:25:38,000 --> 01:25:38,720
but in other

4185
01:25:38,720 --> 01:25:39,160
countries

4186
01:25:39,160 --> 01:25:40,020
that these

4187
01:25:40,020 --> 01:25:40,540
tools

4188
01:25:40,540 --> 01:25:42,100
you say

4189
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:42,320
that

4190
01:25:42,320 --> 01:25:44,720
these are

4191
01:25:44,720 --> 01:25:45,180
abuses

4192
01:25:45,180 --> 01:25:46,320
but in

4193
01:25:46,320 --> 01:25:46,580
some

4194
01:25:46,580 --> 01:25:47,060
countries

4195
01:25:47,060 --> 01:25:47,660
this could

4196
01:25:47,660 --> 01:25:48,160
become the

4197
01:25:48,160 --> 01:25:48,500
norm

4198
01:25:48,500 --> 01:25:49,960
that you

4199
01:25:49,960 --> 01:25:50,480
are living

4200
01:25:50,480 --> 01:25:51,060
from the

4201
01:25:51,060 --> 01:25:51,500
moment you

4202
01:25:51,500 --> 01:25:52,020
are born

4203
01:25:52,020 --> 01:25:52,760
in this

4204
01:25:52,760 --> 01:25:53,200
system

4205
01:25:53,200 --> 01:25:54,040
that constantly

4206
01:25:54,040 --> 01:25:54,800
monitors and

4207
01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:55,500
surveils you

4208
01:25:55,500 --> 01:25:56,600
and constantly

4209
01:25:56,600 --> 01:25:57,320
kind of

4210
01:25:57,320 --> 01:25:58,120
manipulates you

4211
01:25:58,120 --> 01:25:58,820
from a very

4212
01:25:58,820 --> 01:25:59,640
early age

4213
01:25:59,640 --> 01:26:00,620
to adopt

4214
01:26:00,620 --> 01:26:01,380
particular

4215
01:26:01,380 --> 01:26:02,100
ideas

4216
01:26:02,100 --> 01:26:02,660
views

4217
01:26:02,660 --> 01:26:03,220
habits

4218
01:26:03,220 --> 01:26:03,780
so forth

4219
01:26:03,780 --> 01:26:04,400
in a way

4220
01:26:04,400 --> 01:26:04,740
which was

4221
01:26:04,740 --> 01:26:05,380
never possible

4222
01:26:05,380 --> 01:26:05,800
before

4223
01:26:05,800 --> 01:26:06,580
and this

4224
01:26:06,580 --> 01:26:06,820
is like

4225
01:26:06,820 --> 01:26:07,280
the full

4226
01:26:07,280 --> 01:26:07,800
fledged

4227
01:26:07,800 --> 01:26:08,680
totalitarian

4228
01:26:08,680 --> 01:26:09,700
dystopia

4229
01:26:09,700 --> 01:26:11,200
which could

4230
01:26:11,200 --> 01:26:11,620
be so

4231
01:26:11,620 --> 01:26:12,040
effective

4232
01:26:12,040 --> 01:26:12,860
that people

4233
01:26:12,860 --> 01:26:13,400
would not

4234
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:14,120
even resent

4235
01:26:14,120 --> 01:26:14,420
it

4236
01:26:14,420 --> 01:26:15,080
because

4237
01:26:15,080 --> 01:26:15,840
they will

4238
01:26:15,840 --> 01:26:16,460
be completely

4239
01:26:16,460 --> 01:26:17,160
aligned

4240
01:26:17,160 --> 01:26:18,060
with

4241
01:26:18,060 --> 01:26:20,620
the values

4242
01:26:20,620 --> 01:26:21,500
or the

4243
01:26:21,500 --> 01:26:21,960
ideals

4244
01:26:21,960 --> 01:26:22,580
of the

4245
01:26:22,580 --> 01:26:22,740
system

4246
01:26:22,740 --> 01:26:23,080
it's not

4247
01:26:23,080 --> 01:26:23,580
1984

4248
01:26:23,580 --> 01:26:24,640
where you

4249
01:26:24,640 --> 01:26:25,040
need to

4250
01:26:25,040 --> 01:26:25,380
torture

4251
01:26:25,380 --> 01:26:25,760
people

4252
01:26:25,760 --> 01:26:26,080
all the

4253
01:26:26,080 --> 01:26:26,400
time

4254
01:26:26,400 --> 01:26:26,880
no

4255
01:26:26,880 --> 01:26:27,360
if you

4256
01:26:27,360 --> 01:26:27,520
have

4257
01:26:27,520 --> 01:26:28,020
agents

4258
01:26:28,020 --> 01:26:28,460
inside

4259
01:26:28,460 --> 01:26:28,680
their

4260
01:26:28,680 --> 01:26:29,040
brain

4261
01:26:29,040 --> 01:26:29,500
you don't

4262
01:26:29,500 --> 01:26:29,900
need

4263
01:26:29,900 --> 01:26:30,140
the

4264
01:26:30,140 --> 01:26:30,600
external

4265
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:31,080
secret

4266
01:26:31,080 --> 01:26:31,560
police

4267
01:26:31,560 --> 01:26:32,540
so that's

4268
01:26:32,540 --> 01:26:33,520
one danger

4269
01:26:33,520 --> 01:26:34,280
it's like

4270
01:26:34,280 --> 01:26:35,740
the full

4271
01:26:35,740 --> 01:26:36,020
fledged

4272
01:26:36,020 --> 01:26:36,540
totalitarian

4273
01:26:36,540 --> 01:26:38,260
then in

4274
01:26:38,260 --> 01:26:38,820
places like

4275
01:26:38,820 --> 01:26:39,380
the US

4276
01:26:39,380 --> 01:26:40,400
the more

4277
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:40,860
immediate

4278
01:26:40,860 --> 01:26:41,460
danger

4279
01:26:41,460 --> 01:26:42,100
or

4280
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:42,980
problem

4281
01:26:42,980 --> 01:26:43,380
to think

4282
01:26:43,380 --> 01:26:43,720
about

4283
01:26:43,720 --> 01:26:44,420
is what

4284
01:26:44,420 --> 01:26:45,060
is increasingly

4285
01:26:45,060 --> 01:26:45,800
people refer

4286
01:26:45,800 --> 01:26:46,300
to as

4287
01:26:46,300 --> 01:26:46,880
surveillance

4288
01:26:46,880 --> 01:26:47,540
capitalism

4289
01:26:47,540 --> 01:26:49,160
that you

4290
01:26:49,160 --> 01:26:49,560
have these

4291
01:26:49,560 --> 01:26:50,220
systems that

4292
01:26:50,220 --> 01:26:51,380
constantly interact

4293
01:26:51,380 --> 01:26:51,880
with you

4294
01:26:51,880 --> 01:26:52,540
and come

4295
01:26:52,540 --> 01:26:53,260
to know

4296
01:26:53,260 --> 01:26:53,620
you

4297
01:26:53,620 --> 01:26:54,300
and it's

4298
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:55,040
all supposedly

4299
01:26:55,040 --> 01:26:55,820
in your best

4300
01:26:55,820 --> 01:26:56,360
interests

4301
01:26:56,360 --> 01:26:57,300
to give you

4302
01:26:57,300 --> 01:26:57,600
better

4303
01:26:57,600 --> 01:26:58,280
recommendations

4304
01:26:58,280 --> 01:26:59,160
and better

4305
01:26:59,160 --> 01:26:59,720
advice

4306
01:26:59,720 --> 01:27:00,360
so it

4307
01:27:00,360 --> 01:27:01,020
starts with

4308
01:27:01,020 --> 01:27:01,680
recommendation

4309
01:27:01,680 --> 01:27:02,180
for which

4310
01:27:02,180 --> 01:27:02,620
movie to

4311
01:27:02,620 --> 01:27:03,180
watch

4312
01:27:03,180 --> 01:27:03,860
and

4313
01:27:03,860 --> 01:27:05,660
where to

4314
01:27:05,660 --> 01:27:05,900
go on

4315
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:06,360
vacation

4316
01:27:06,360 --> 01:27:07,240
but as

4317
01:27:07,240 --> 01:27:07,660
the system

4318
01:27:07,660 --> 01:27:08,020
becomes

4319
01:27:08,020 --> 01:27:08,440
better

4320
01:27:08,440 --> 01:27:09,040
it gives

4321
01:27:09,040 --> 01:27:09,560
a recommendation

4322
01:27:09,560 --> 01:27:10,160
on what

4323
01:27:10,160 --> 01:27:10,600
to study

4324
01:27:10,600 --> 01:27:11,220
at college

4325
01:27:11,220 --> 01:27:12,240
where to

4326
01:27:12,240 --> 01:27:12,660
work

4327
01:27:12,660 --> 01:27:13,340
ultimately

4328
01:27:13,340 --> 01:27:13,840
whom to

4329
01:27:13,840 --> 01:27:14,200
marry

4330
01:27:14,200 --> 01:27:14,740
who to

4331
01:27:14,740 --> 01:27:15,360
vote for

4332
01:27:15,360 --> 01:27:16,140
which religion

4333
01:27:16,140 --> 01:27:16,680
to join

4334
01:27:16,680 --> 01:27:17,300
like join

4335
01:27:17,300 --> 01:27:17,900
a community

4336
01:27:17,900 --> 01:27:18,760
you have all

4337
01:27:18,760 --> 01:27:19,280
these religious

4338
01:27:19,280 --> 01:27:19,820
communities

4339
01:27:19,820 --> 01:27:20,960
this is the

4340
01:27:20,960 --> 01:27:21,520
best religion

4341
01:27:21,520 --> 01:27:22,060
for you

4342
01:27:22,060 --> 01:27:22,860
for your

4343
01:27:22,860 --> 01:27:23,260
type of

4344
01:27:23,260 --> 01:27:23,920
personality

4345
01:27:23,920 --> 01:27:25,060
Judaism

4346
01:27:25,060 --> 01:27:25,540
nah

4347
01:27:25,540 --> 01:27:26,080
it won't

4348
01:27:26,080 --> 01:27:26,500
work for

4349
01:27:26,500 --> 01:27:26,720
you

4350
01:27:26,720 --> 01:27:27,260
go with

4351
01:27:27,260 --> 01:27:27,440
Zen

4352
01:27:27,440 --> 01:27:27,720
Buddhism

4353
01:27:27,720 --> 01:27:28,620
it's

4354
01:27:28,620 --> 01:27:29,340
a much

4355
01:27:29,340 --> 01:27:29,980
better fit

4356
01:27:29,980 --> 01:27:30,780
for your

4357
01:27:30,780 --> 01:27:31,400
personality

4358
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:32,040
you would

4359
01:27:32,040 --> 01:27:32,480
thank us

4360
01:27:32,480 --> 01:27:32,900
in five

4361
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:33,260
years

4362
01:27:33,260 --> 01:27:33,640
you would

4363
01:27:33,640 --> 01:27:34,140
look back

4364
01:27:34,140 --> 01:27:34,380
and you

4365
01:27:34,380 --> 01:27:34,740
say this

4366
01:27:34,740 --> 01:27:35,020
was an

4367
01:27:35,020 --> 01:27:35,420
amazing

4368
01:27:35,420 --> 01:27:35,900
recommendation

4369
01:27:35,900 --> 01:27:36,760
thank you

4370
01:27:36,760 --> 01:27:37,340
I so

4371
01:27:37,340 --> 01:27:37,820
so much

4372
01:27:37,820 --> 01:27:38,120
enjoy

4373
01:27:38,120 --> 01:27:38,320
Zen

4374
01:27:38,320 --> 01:27:38,660
Buddhism

4375
01:27:38,660 --> 01:27:39,880
and

4376
01:27:39,880 --> 01:27:40,700
again

4377
01:27:40,700 --> 01:27:42,260
people will

4378
01:27:42,260 --> 01:27:43,500
it will

4379
01:27:43,500 --> 01:27:43,940
feel

4380
01:27:43,940 --> 01:27:44,600
that this

4381
01:27:44,600 --> 01:27:45,260
is aligned

4382
01:27:45,260 --> 01:27:45,920
with their

4383
01:27:45,920 --> 01:27:46,820
own best

4384
01:27:46,820 --> 01:27:47,560
interests

4385
01:27:47,560 --> 01:27:48,260
and the

4386
01:27:48,260 --> 01:27:48,540
system

4387
01:27:48,540 --> 01:27:49,160
improves

4388
01:27:49,160 --> 01:27:49,840
over time

4389
01:27:49,840 --> 01:27:50,120
yeah there

4390
01:27:50,120 --> 01:27:50,400
will be

4391
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:50,880
glitches

4392
01:27:50,880 --> 01:27:51,440
not everybody

4393
01:27:51,440 --> 01:27:51,740
will be

4394
01:27:51,740 --> 01:27:52,140
happy all

4395
01:27:52,140 --> 01:27:52,560
the time

4396
01:27:52,560 --> 01:27:54,520
but what

4397
01:27:54,520 --> 01:27:54,800
does it

4398
01:27:54,800 --> 01:27:55,180
mean

4399
01:27:55,180 --> 01:27:56,720
that all

4400
01:27:56,720 --> 01:27:57,180
the most

4401
01:27:57,180 --> 01:27:57,680
important

4402
01:27:57,680 --> 01:27:58,160
decisions

4403
01:27:58,160 --> 01:27:58,860
in my

4404
01:27:58,860 --> 01:27:59,360
life

4405
01:27:59,360 --> 01:28:00,460
are being

4406
01:28:00,460 --> 01:28:00,940
taken

4407
01:28:00,940 --> 01:28:01,780
by an

4408
01:28:01,780 --> 01:28:02,280
external

4409
01:28:02,280 --> 01:28:03,020
algorithm

4410
01:28:03,020 --> 01:28:04,260
what does

4411
01:28:04,260 --> 01:28:04,560
it mean

4412
01:28:04,560 --> 01:28:04,920
in terms

4413
01:28:04,920 --> 01:28:05,340
of human

4414
01:28:05,340 --> 01:28:05,860
agency

4415
01:28:05,860 --> 01:28:06,380
in terms

4416
01:28:06,380 --> 01:28:06,680
of you

4417
01:28:06,680 --> 01:28:06,780
know

4418
01:28:06,780 --> 01:28:07,360
the meaning

4419
01:28:07,360 --> 01:28:08,060
of life

4420
01:28:08,060 --> 01:28:08,740
you know

4421
01:28:08,740 --> 01:28:09,780
for thousands

4422
01:28:09,780 --> 01:28:10,460
of years

4423
01:28:10,460 --> 01:28:11,600
humans tended

4424
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:12,040
to view

4425
01:28:12,040 --> 01:28:13,000
life as a

4426
01:28:13,000 --> 01:28:13,580
drama of

4427
01:28:13,580 --> 01:28:14,340
decision making

4428
01:28:14,340 --> 01:28:15,680
like life

4429
01:28:15,680 --> 01:28:15,980
is your

4430
01:28:15,980 --> 01:28:16,720
journey

4431
01:28:16,720 --> 01:28:17,460
you reach

4432
01:28:17,460 --> 01:28:18,160
an intersection

4433
01:28:18,160 --> 01:28:19,160
after intersection

4434
01:28:19,160 --> 01:28:19,800
and you need

4435
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:20,340
to choose

4436
01:28:20,340 --> 01:28:21,820
some decisions

4437
01:28:21,820 --> 01:28:22,580
are small

4438
01:28:22,580 --> 01:28:23,300
like what to

4439
01:28:23,300 --> 01:28:23,620
eat for

4440
01:28:23,620 --> 01:28:24,020
breakfast

4441
01:28:24,020 --> 01:28:24,900
and some

4442
01:28:24,900 --> 01:28:25,320
decisions

4443
01:28:25,320 --> 01:28:25,900
are really

4444
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:26,460
big

4445
01:28:26,460 --> 01:28:27,700
like whom

4446
01:28:27,700 --> 01:28:28,220
to marry

4447
01:28:28,220 --> 01:28:29,140
and

4448
01:28:29,140 --> 01:28:30,740
almost all

4449
01:28:30,740 --> 01:28:31,340
of art

4450
01:28:31,340 --> 01:28:32,200
and all

4451
01:28:32,200 --> 01:28:32,760
of religion

4452
01:28:32,760 --> 01:28:33,500
is about

4453
01:28:33,500 --> 01:28:33,960
that

4454
01:28:33,960 --> 01:28:34,900
like almost

4455
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:35,680
whether it's

4456
01:28:35,680 --> 01:28:36,220
a Shakespeare

4457
01:28:36,220 --> 01:28:36,780
tragedy

4458
01:28:36,780 --> 01:28:37,520
or a Hollywood

4459
01:28:37,520 --> 01:28:37,980
comedy

4460
01:28:37,980 --> 01:28:38,780
it's about

4461
01:28:38,780 --> 01:28:39,340
the hero

4462
01:28:39,340 --> 01:28:40,140
or heroine

4463
01:28:40,140 --> 01:28:40,840
needing to

4464
01:28:40,840 --> 01:28:41,560
make a big

4465
01:28:41,560 --> 01:28:42,040
decision

4466
01:28:42,040 --> 01:28:42,660
to be

4467
01:28:42,660 --> 01:28:42,960
or not

4468
01:28:42,960 --> 01:28:43,260
to be

4469
01:28:43,260 --> 01:28:44,020
to marry

4470
01:28:44,020 --> 01:28:44,400
X

4471
01:28:44,400 --> 01:28:45,000
or to marry

4472
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:45,400
Y

4473
01:28:45,400 --> 01:28:47,360
and what

4474
01:28:47,360 --> 01:28:47,640
does it

4475
01:28:47,640 --> 01:28:48,000
mean

4476
01:28:48,000 --> 01:28:48,860
to live

4477
01:28:48,860 --> 01:28:49,140
in a

4478
01:28:49,140 --> 01:28:49,460
world

4479
01:28:49,460 --> 01:28:49,920
in which

4480
01:28:49,920 --> 01:28:50,660
increasingly

4481
01:28:50,660 --> 01:28:52,020
we rely

4482
01:28:52,020 --> 01:28:52,340
on the

4483
01:28:52,340 --> 01:28:52,960
recommendations

4484
01:28:52,960 --> 01:28:53,960
of algorithms

4485
01:28:53,960 --> 01:28:54,480
to make

4486
01:28:54,480 --> 01:28:54,640
these

4487
01:28:54,640 --> 01:28:55,080
decisions

4488
01:28:55,080 --> 01:28:55,720
until we

4489
01:28:55,720 --> 01:28:56,040
reach a

4490
01:28:56,040 --> 01:28:56,380
point

4491
01:28:56,380 --> 01:28:57,040
when we

4492
01:28:57,040 --> 01:28:57,540
simply

4493
01:28:57,540 --> 01:28:58,580
follow

4494
01:28:58,580 --> 01:28:59,420
them all

4495
01:28:59,420 --> 01:28:59,840
the time

4496
01:28:59,840 --> 01:29:00,280
or most

4497
01:29:00,280 --> 01:29:00,540
of the

4498
01:29:00,540 --> 01:29:00,900
time

4499
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:01,880
and they

4500
01:29:01,880 --> 01:29:02,500
make good

4501
01:29:02,500 --> 01:29:03,200
recommendations

4502
01:29:03,200 --> 01:29:03,760
I'm not

4503
01:29:03,760 --> 01:29:04,220
saying that

4504
01:29:04,220 --> 01:29:04,700
this is some

4505
01:29:04,700 --> 01:29:05,300
abuse

4506
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:05,820
some

4507
01:29:05,820 --> 01:29:06,580
something

4508
01:29:06,580 --> 01:29:07,220
no

4509
01:29:07,220 --> 01:29:07,720
they're

4510
01:29:07,720 --> 01:29:07,960
good

4511
01:29:07,960 --> 01:29:08,600
recommendations

4512
01:29:08,600 --> 01:29:09,700
but I'm

4513
01:29:09,700 --> 01:29:09,940
just

4514
01:29:09,940 --> 01:29:10,820
we don't

4515
01:29:10,820 --> 01:29:11,200
have a

4516
01:29:11,200 --> 01:29:11,600
model

4517
01:29:11,600 --> 01:29:12,340
for

4518
01:29:12,340 --> 01:29:13,100
understanding

4519
01:29:13,100 --> 01:29:14,360
what is

4520
01:29:14,360 --> 01:29:14,660
the meaning

4521
01:29:14,660 --> 01:29:15,120
of human

4522
01:29:15,120 --> 01:29:15,600
life

4523
01:29:15,600 --> 01:29:16,140
in such

4524
01:29:16,140 --> 01:29:16,820
a situation

4525
01:29:16,820 --> 01:29:17,860
well

4526
01:29:17,860 --> 01:29:19,520
I think

4527
01:29:19,520 --> 01:29:21,060
the biggest

4528
01:29:21,060 --> 01:29:22,260
objection

4529
01:29:22,260 --> 01:29:22,740
that I'd

4530
01:29:22,740 --> 01:29:23,240
have to

4531
01:29:23,240 --> 01:29:24,500
to both

4532
01:29:24,500 --> 01:29:24,760
of the

4533
01:29:24,760 --> 01:29:25,340
ideas

4534
01:29:25,340 --> 01:29:25,620
that you

4535
01:29:25,620 --> 01:29:25,820
just

4536
01:29:25,820 --> 01:29:26,260
raised

4537
01:29:26,260 --> 01:29:27,280
is

4538
01:29:27,280 --> 01:29:28,620
that we

4539
01:29:28,620 --> 01:29:29,120
have access

4540
01:29:29,120 --> 01:29:29,820
to a lot

4541
01:29:29,820 --> 01:29:30,240
of different

4542
01:29:30,240 --> 01:29:30,760
sources

4543
01:29:30,760 --> 01:29:32,260
of information

4544
01:29:32,260 --> 01:29:32,640
a lot

4545
01:29:32,640 --> 01:29:33,080
of people

4546
01:29:33,080 --> 01:29:33,540
to talk

4547
01:29:33,540 --> 01:29:33,940
to about

4548
01:29:33,940 --> 01:29:34,240
different

4549
01:29:34,240 --> 01:29:34,600
things

4550
01:29:34,600 --> 01:29:35,040
and it's

4551
01:29:35,040 --> 01:29:35,400
not just

4552
01:29:35,400 --> 01:29:35,600
like

4553
01:29:35,600 --> 01:29:36,200
there's

4554
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:36,760
one set

4555
01:29:36,760 --> 01:29:36,880
of

4556
01:29:36,880 --> 01:29:37,440
recommendations

4557
01:29:37,440 --> 01:29:38,260
or a

4558
01:29:38,260 --> 01:29:38,520
single

4559
01:29:38,520 --> 01:29:39,080
recommendation

4560
01:29:39,080 --> 01:29:39,460
that gets

4561
01:29:39,460 --> 01:29:40,020
to dominate

4562
01:29:40,020 --> 01:29:42,140
what we

4563
01:29:42,140 --> 01:29:42,400
do

4564
01:29:42,400 --> 01:29:42,780
and that

4565
01:29:42,780 --> 01:29:43,160
gets to

4566
01:29:43,160 --> 01:29:43,280
be

4567
01:29:43,280 --> 01:29:43,760
overwhelming

4568
01:29:43,760 --> 01:29:44,460
either

4569
01:29:44,460 --> 01:29:44,720
in the

4570
01:29:44,720 --> 01:29:45,400
totalitarian

4571
01:29:45,400 --> 01:29:46,360
or the

4572
01:29:46,360 --> 01:29:47,340
capitalist

4573
01:29:47,340 --> 01:29:47,840
model

4574
01:29:47,840 --> 01:29:48,180
of what

4575
01:29:48,180 --> 01:29:48,520
you were

4576
01:29:48,520 --> 01:29:49,360
saying

4577
01:29:49,360 --> 01:29:50,720
to the

4578
01:29:50,720 --> 01:29:51,160
contrary

4579
01:29:51,160 --> 01:29:52,540
I think

4580
01:29:52,540 --> 01:29:52,880
people

4581
01:29:52,880 --> 01:29:53,260
really

4582
01:29:53,260 --> 01:29:53,600
don't

4583
01:29:53,600 --> 01:29:53,920
like

4584
01:29:53,920 --> 01:29:54,680
and are

4585
01:29:54,680 --> 01:29:54,880
very

4586
01:29:54,880 --> 01:29:55,520
distrustful

4587
01:29:55,520 --> 01:29:55,820
when they

4588
01:29:55,820 --> 01:29:56,160
feel like

4589
01:29:56,160 --> 01:29:56,540
they're being

4590
01:29:56,540 --> 01:29:57,540
told what

4591
01:29:57,540 --> 01:29:57,920
to do

4592
01:29:57,920 --> 01:29:58,360
or just

4593
01:29:58,360 --> 01:29:58,620
have a

4594
01:29:58,620 --> 01:29:58,840
single

4595
01:29:58,840 --> 01:29:59,220
option

4596
01:29:59,220 --> 01:30:00,000
one of the

4597
01:30:00,000 --> 01:30:00,460
big questions

4598
01:30:00,460 --> 01:30:00,860
that we've

4599
01:30:00,860 --> 01:30:01,200
studied

4600
01:30:01,200 --> 01:30:03,400
is how

4601
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:03,980
to address

4602
01:30:03,980 --> 01:30:05,200
when there's

4603
01:30:05,200 --> 01:30:05,680
a hoax

4604
01:30:05,680 --> 01:30:06,600
or clear

4605
01:30:06,600 --> 01:30:07,180
misinformation

4606
01:30:07,180 --> 01:30:09,620
and the

4607
01:30:09,620 --> 01:30:10,220
most obvious

4608
01:30:10,220 --> 01:30:10,680
thing

4609
01:30:10,680 --> 01:30:12,740
that it

4610
01:30:12,740 --> 01:30:13,140
would seem

4611
01:30:13,140 --> 01:30:13,560
like you

4612
01:30:13,560 --> 01:30:14,140
do

4613
01:30:14,140 --> 01:30:14,660
intuitively

4614
01:30:14,660 --> 01:30:15,900
is tell

4615
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:16,300
people

4616
01:30:16,300 --> 01:30:16,940
hey

4617
01:30:16,940 --> 01:30:17,640
this seems

4618
01:30:17,640 --> 01:30:17,960
like it's

4619
01:30:17,960 --> 01:30:18,280
wrong

4620
01:30:18,280 --> 01:30:19,900
here is

4621
01:30:19,900 --> 01:30:20,300
the other

4622
01:30:20,300 --> 01:30:20,780
point of

4623
01:30:20,780 --> 01:30:21,060
view

4624
01:30:21,060 --> 01:30:22,180
that

4625
01:30:22,180 --> 01:30:24,080
is right

4626
01:30:24,080 --> 01:30:26,020
or at

4627
01:30:26,020 --> 01:30:26,240
least

4628
01:30:26,240 --> 01:30:26,980
if it's a

4629
01:30:26,980 --> 01:30:27,240
polarized

4630
01:30:27,240 --> 01:30:27,720
thing

4631
01:30:27,720 --> 01:30:28,000
even if

4632
01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:28,260
it's not

4633
01:30:28,260 --> 01:30:28,420
clear

4634
01:30:28,420 --> 01:30:28,680
what's

4635
01:30:28,680 --> 01:30:29,280
wrong

4636
01:30:29,280 --> 01:30:29,600
and what's

4637
01:30:29,600 --> 01:30:29,840
right

4638
01:30:29,840 --> 01:30:30,740
here's

4639
01:30:30,740 --> 01:30:31,080
the other

4640
01:30:31,080 --> 01:30:31,460
point of

4641
01:30:31,460 --> 01:30:31,760
view

4642
01:30:31,760 --> 01:30:35,200
on any

4643
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:35,420
given

4644
01:30:35,420 --> 01:30:35,740
issue

4645
01:30:35,740 --> 01:30:39,120
and that

4646
01:30:39,120 --> 01:30:39,360
really

4647
01:30:39,360 --> 01:30:39,620
doesn't

4648
01:30:39,620 --> 01:30:39,920
work

4649
01:30:39,920 --> 01:30:40,980
so what

4650
01:30:40,980 --> 01:30:41,220
ends up

4651
01:30:41,220 --> 01:30:41,480
happening

4652
01:30:41,480 --> 01:30:41,720
is if

4653
01:30:41,720 --> 01:30:41,960
you tell

4654
01:30:41,960 --> 01:30:42,240
people

4655
01:30:42,240 --> 01:30:42,400
that

4656
01:30:42,400 --> 01:30:42,660
something

4657
01:30:42,660 --> 01:30:43,200
is false

4658
01:30:43,200 --> 01:30:43,640
but they

4659
01:30:43,640 --> 01:30:44,180
believe it

4660
01:30:44,180 --> 01:30:44,760
then they

4661
01:30:44,760 --> 01:30:45,160
just end up

4662
01:30:45,160 --> 01:30:45,640
not trusting

4663
01:30:45,640 --> 01:30:45,980
you

4664
01:30:45,980 --> 01:30:47,220
so that

4665
01:30:47,220 --> 01:30:47,660
ends up

4666
01:30:47,660 --> 01:30:48,080
not working

4667
01:30:48,080 --> 01:30:48,640
and if

4668
01:30:48,640 --> 01:30:49,040
you frame

4669
01:30:49,040 --> 01:30:49,560
two things

4670
01:30:49,560 --> 01:30:50,320
as opposites

4671
01:30:50,320 --> 01:30:51,100
so if you

4672
01:30:51,100 --> 01:30:51,440
say okay

4673
01:30:51,440 --> 01:30:51,880
well you're

4674
01:30:51,880 --> 01:30:52,280
a person

4675
01:30:52,280 --> 01:30:52,840
who doesn't

4676
01:30:52,840 --> 01:30:53,440
believe in

4677
01:30:53,440 --> 01:30:54,260
you're seeing

4678
01:30:54,260 --> 01:30:55,100
content about

4679
01:30:55,100 --> 01:30:55,940
not believing

4680
01:30:55,940 --> 01:30:56,580
in climate

4681
01:30:56,580 --> 01:30:57,060
change

4682
01:30:57,060 --> 01:30:57,620
so I'm

4683
01:30:57,620 --> 01:30:58,140
going to show

4684
01:30:58,140 --> 01:30:58,360
you the

4685
01:30:58,360 --> 01:30:58,580
other

4686
01:30:58,580 --> 01:30:59,160
perspective

4687
01:30:59,160 --> 01:30:59,800
here's

4688
01:30:59,800 --> 01:31:00,360
something that

4689
01:31:00,360 --> 01:31:00,820
argues that

4690
01:31:00,820 --> 01:31:01,380
climate change

4691
01:31:01,380 --> 01:31:01,920
is a thing

4692
01:31:01,920 --> 01:31:04,780
that actually

4693
01:31:04,780 --> 01:31:05,480
just entrenches

4694
01:31:05,480 --> 01:31:06,040
you further

4695
01:31:06,040 --> 01:31:07,540
because it's

4696
01:31:07,540 --> 01:31:08,100
okay someone's

4697
01:31:08,100 --> 01:31:08,480
trying to

4698
01:31:08,480 --> 01:31:08,760
kind of

4699
01:31:08,760 --> 01:31:09,140
control

4700
01:31:09,140 --> 01:31:10,820
so what

4701
01:31:10,820 --> 01:31:11,160
ends up

4702
01:31:11,160 --> 01:31:11,600
working

4703
01:31:11,600 --> 01:31:12,620
sociologically

4704
01:31:12,620 --> 01:31:13,520
and psychologically

4705
01:31:13,520 --> 01:31:14,020
the thing

4706
01:31:14,020 --> 01:31:14,960
that ends up

4707
01:31:14,960 --> 01:31:15,500
actually being

4708
01:31:15,500 --> 01:31:15,860
effective

4709
01:31:15,860 --> 01:31:17,040
is giving

4710
01:31:17,040 --> 01:31:17,500
people

4711
01:31:17,500 --> 01:31:18,740
a range

4712
01:31:18,740 --> 01:31:19,200
of choices

4713
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:19,700
so if you

4714
01:31:19,700 --> 01:31:20,620
show not

4715
01:31:20,620 --> 01:31:21,300
here's the

4716
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:21,920
other opinion

4717
01:31:21,920 --> 01:31:23,320
with a

4718
01:31:23,320 --> 01:31:23,920
judgment on

4719
01:31:23,920 --> 01:31:24,680
the piece

4720
01:31:24,680 --> 01:31:25,040
of content

4721
01:31:25,040 --> 01:31:25,480
that a person

4722
01:31:25,480 --> 01:31:26,080
engaged with

4723
01:31:26,080 --> 01:31:26,820
but instead

4724
01:31:26,820 --> 01:31:27,360
you show

4725
01:31:27,360 --> 01:31:28,480
a series

4726
01:31:28,480 --> 01:31:29,120
of related

4727
01:31:29,120 --> 01:31:29,680
articles

4728
01:31:29,680 --> 01:31:30,580
or content

4729
01:31:30,580 --> 01:31:32,600
then people

4730
01:31:32,600 --> 01:31:33,060
can kind of

4731
01:31:33,060 --> 01:31:33,460
work out

4732
01:31:33,460 --> 01:31:34,060
for themselves

4733
01:31:34,060 --> 01:31:34,960
hey here's

4734
01:31:34,960 --> 01:31:35,420
the range

4735
01:31:35,420 --> 01:31:35,800
of different

4736
01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:36,240
opinions

4737
01:31:36,240 --> 01:31:37,260
or things

4738
01:31:37,260 --> 01:31:38,600
that exist

4739
01:31:38,600 --> 01:31:39,120
on this

4740
01:31:39,120 --> 01:31:39,460
topic

4741
01:31:39,460 --> 01:31:41,460
and maybe

4742
01:31:41,460 --> 01:31:42,020
I lean in

4743
01:31:42,020 --> 01:31:42,480
one direction

4744
01:31:42,480 --> 01:31:42,920
or the other

4745
01:31:42,920 --> 01:31:43,240
but I'm

4746
01:31:43,240 --> 01:31:43,500
kind of

4747
01:31:43,500 --> 01:31:43,680
going to

4748
01:31:43,680 --> 01:31:44,020
work out

4749
01:31:44,020 --> 01:31:44,620
for myself

4750
01:31:44,620 --> 01:31:45,040
where I

4751
01:31:45,040 --> 01:31:45,240
want to

4752
01:31:45,240 --> 01:31:45,500
be

4753
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:46,440
most people

4754
01:31:46,440 --> 01:31:46,900
don't choose

4755
01:31:46,900 --> 01:31:47,200
the most

4756
01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:47,580
extreme

4757
01:31:47,580 --> 01:31:48,020
thing

4758
01:31:48,020 --> 01:31:50,980
and people

4759
01:31:50,980 --> 01:31:51,340
end up

4760
01:31:51,340 --> 01:31:51,900
feeling like

4761
01:31:51,900 --> 01:31:52,680
they're informed

4762
01:31:52,680 --> 01:31:53,280
and can

4763
01:31:53,280 --> 01:31:53,960
make a good

4764
01:31:53,960 --> 01:31:54,360
decision

4765
01:31:54,360 --> 01:31:55,560
so at the

4766
01:31:55,560 --> 01:31:55,820
end of the

4767
01:31:55,820 --> 01:31:56,940
day I think

4768
01:31:56,940 --> 01:31:57,400
that that's

4769
01:31:57,400 --> 01:31:58,420
the architecture

4770
01:31:58,420 --> 01:31:58,720
and the

4771
01:31:58,720 --> 01:31:59,160
responsibility

4772
01:31:59,160 --> 01:31:59,720
that we

4773
01:31:59,720 --> 01:32:00,120
have

4774
01:32:00,120 --> 01:32:00,760
is to

4775
01:32:00,760 --> 01:32:01,100
make sure

4776
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:01,380
that the

4777
01:32:01,380 --> 01:32:01,720
work that

4778
01:32:01,720 --> 01:32:02,260
we're doing

4779
01:32:02,260 --> 01:32:03,440
gives people

4780
01:32:03,440 --> 01:32:04,080
more choices

4781
01:32:04,080 --> 01:32:04,820
that it's not

4782
01:32:04,820 --> 01:32:05,520
a given

4783
01:32:05,520 --> 01:32:06,640
single opinion

4784
01:32:06,640 --> 01:32:07,900
that can

4785
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:08,140
kind of

4786
01:32:08,140 --> 01:32:08,500
dominate

4787
01:32:08,500 --> 01:32:09,040
anyone's

4788
01:32:09,040 --> 01:32:09,400
thinking

4789
01:32:09,400 --> 01:32:10,600
but where

4790
01:32:10,600 --> 01:32:11,160
you can

4791
01:32:11,160 --> 01:32:12,380
connect to

4792
01:32:12,380 --> 01:32:13,660
hundreds of

4793
01:32:13,660 --> 01:32:14,260
different friends

4794
01:32:14,260 --> 01:32:14,680
and even if

4795
01:32:14,680 --> 01:32:15,080
most of your

4796
01:32:15,080 --> 01:32:15,660
friends share

4797
01:32:15,660 --> 01:32:16,440
your religion

4798
01:32:16,440 --> 01:32:16,840
or your

4799
01:32:16,840 --> 01:32:17,160
political

4800
01:32:17,160 --> 01:32:17,740
ideology

4801
01:32:17,740 --> 01:32:18,860
you're probably

4802
01:32:18,860 --> 01:32:19,200
going to have

4803
01:32:19,200 --> 01:32:19,780
five or ten

4804
01:32:19,780 --> 01:32:20,280
percent of

4805
01:32:20,280 --> 01:32:20,840
friends who

4806
01:32:20,840 --> 01:32:21,520
come from a

4807
01:32:21,520 --> 01:32:22,100
different background

4808
01:32:22,100 --> 01:32:22,380
who have

4809
01:32:22,380 --> 01:32:23,000
different ideas

4810
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:23,840
and at least

4811
01:32:23,840 --> 01:32:24,360
that's getting

4812
01:32:24,360 --> 01:32:25,020
in as well

4813
01:32:25,020 --> 01:32:25,460
so you're

4814
01:32:25,460 --> 01:32:27,140
getting a

4815
01:32:27,140 --> 01:32:28,120
broader range

4816
01:32:28,120 --> 01:32:29,560
of views

4817
01:32:29,560 --> 01:32:30,900
so I think

4818
01:32:30,900 --> 01:32:31,260
that these are

4819
01:32:31,260 --> 01:32:31,840
really important

4820
01:32:31,840 --> 01:32:32,480
questions and

4821
01:32:32,480 --> 01:32:32,880
it's not like

4822
01:32:32,880 --> 01:32:33,500
there's an

4823
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:35,180
answer that

4824
01:32:35,180 --> 01:32:36,640
is going to

4825
01:32:36,640 --> 01:32:38,160
fully solve it

4826
01:32:38,160 --> 01:32:38,940
one way or

4827
01:32:38,940 --> 01:32:39,140
another

4828
01:32:39,140 --> 01:32:40,000
but I think

4829
01:32:40,000 --> 01:32:40,440
these are the

4830
01:32:40,440 --> 01:32:40,900
right things

4831
01:32:40,900 --> 01:32:41,740
to talk through

4832
01:32:41,740 --> 01:32:43,340
you know we've

4833
01:32:43,340 --> 01:32:43,720
been going for

4834
01:32:43,720 --> 01:32:44,360
90 minutes

4835
01:32:44,360 --> 01:32:45,200
so we probably

4836
01:32:45,200 --> 01:32:46,760
should wrap up

4837
01:32:46,760 --> 01:32:48,840
but I think

4838
01:32:48,840 --> 01:32:49,360
we have a lot

4839
01:32:49,360 --> 01:32:50,040
of material to

4840
01:32:50,040 --> 01:32:50,980
cover in the

4841
01:32:50,980 --> 01:32:51,420
next one of

4842
01:32:51,420 --> 01:32:51,800
these that

4843
01:32:51,800 --> 01:32:52,260
hopefully we'll

4844
01:32:52,260 --> 01:32:52,720
get to do

4845
01:32:52,720 --> 01:32:53,640
at some point

4846
01:32:53,640 --> 01:32:54,080
in the future

4847
01:32:54,080 --> 01:32:55,680
and thank

4848
01:32:55,680 --> 01:32:56,120
you so much

4849
01:32:56,120 --> 01:32:56,720
for coming

4850
01:32:56,720 --> 01:32:57,040
and joining

4851
01:32:57,040 --> 01:32:57,300
and doing

4852
01:32:57,300 --> 01:32:57,720
this this

4853
01:32:57,720 --> 01:32:57,960
has been

4854
01:32:57,960 --> 01:32:58,540
a really

4855
01:32:58,540 --> 01:32:59,060
interesting

4856
01:32:59,060 --> 01:33:00,480
series of

4857
01:33:00,480 --> 01:33:01,140
important topics

4858
01:33:01,140 --> 01:33:02,500
to discuss

4859
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:03,160
yeah so thank

4860
01:33:03,160 --> 01:33:04,580
you for hosting

4861
01:33:04,580 --> 01:33:06,360
me and for

4862
01:33:06,360 --> 01:33:07,940
being open

4863
01:33:07,940 --> 01:33:08,540
about these

4864
01:33:08,540 --> 01:33:09,220
very difficult

4865
01:33:09,220 --> 01:33:10,580
questions which

4866
01:33:10,580 --> 01:33:11,540
I know that

4867
01:33:11,540 --> 01:33:12,420
you know you

4868
01:33:12,420 --> 01:33:13,640
being the head

4869
01:33:13,640 --> 01:33:14,420
of a global

4870
01:33:14,420 --> 01:33:15,060
corporation I

4871
01:33:15,060 --> 01:33:15,820
can just sit

4872
01:33:15,820 --> 01:33:16,500
here and speak

4873
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:17,260
whatever I want

4874
01:33:17,260 --> 01:33:19,020
but you have

4875
01:33:19,020 --> 01:33:19,520
many more

4876
01:33:19,520 --> 01:33:20,380
responsibilities on

4877
01:33:20,380 --> 01:33:21,300
your head so I

4878
01:33:21,300 --> 01:33:22,120
appreciate that

4879
01:33:22,120 --> 01:33:22,840
kind of you

4880
01:33:22,840 --> 01:33:23,640
putting yourself

4881
01:33:23,640 --> 01:33:24,560
on the firing

4882
01:33:24,560 --> 01:33:25,620
line and

4883
01:33:25,620 --> 01:33:26,240
dealing with

4884
01:33:26,240 --> 01:33:27,100
these questions

4885
01:33:27,100 --> 01:33:27,960
thanks

4886
01:33:27,960 --> 01:33:28,900
all right

4887
01:33:28,900 --> 01:33:29,260
thank you

4888
01:33:29,260 --> 01:33:29,820
yeah