1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:13,600
I know you all, you're all fired up on the break.

2
00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:19,040
So if you love the Army Matt Scientist team because you're on it, I hope you do love it.

3
00:00:19,040 --> 00:00:21,160
You want to connect to past content.

4
00:00:21,160 --> 00:00:24,440
And why does this, why is this related to our next presenter?

5
00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:29,840
Because the way this works is, is we're connected every day to bright people who are

6
00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:33,760
thinking about things, maybe the Army's not hearing all the time.

7
00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:37,360
And that's how we came across Dr. Jared Dina.

8
00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:38,360
I can't say his name.

9
00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:40,280
Dr. G, he's allowed me to do that.

10
00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:47,600
So Dr. G, Jamie Canton, Dr. Jamie Canton, who's a future from California, you gave a great

11
00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,560
presentation or a Georgia Tech conference.

12
00:00:50,560 --> 00:00:53,920
You can go on to our YouTube channel, chat out to YouTube channel.

13
00:00:53,920 --> 00:01:00,400
I really encourage you to listen to that hour presentation about Dr. Canton and listen to

14
00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:02,000
what he's saying about the future.

15
00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:07,480
But Dr. Canton and Mr. Honda of Gertz who is here yesterday, who has a team called soft

16
00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:09,200
works.

17
00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:16,320
And Major Jennifer Snow is an Air Force officer said, you have to have Dr. G come talk to your

18
00:01:16,320 --> 00:01:17,840
community of action.

19
00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:20,200
So that's how we were connected to him.

20
00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:24,640
So if you're interested in Jennifer Snow, Major Jennifer Snow and Dr. Canton, besides just

21
00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:29,280
watching the video on the YouTube channel, you can go to the Modern War Institute at a

22
00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:33,520
West Point, Captain John Ambulb back here in the back, who's one of our teammates as a

23
00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:39,200
reserveist, but runs all the social media out of that team at a West Point published

24
00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:45,200
a podcast several months ago, where we took Dr. Canton and Jennifer Snow and basically

25
00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:49,760
did about a 45 minute podcast on AI autonomy and the future warfare.

26
00:01:49,760 --> 00:01:50,760
It's phenomenal.

27
00:01:50,760 --> 00:01:52,880
You can listen to it on your commute tomorrow.

28
00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:57,280
Just go to the Modern War Institute page, go to their podcast, scroll down past the last

29
00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:02,800
few, and you can take a listen to that, and I think it'll give you some great ideas.

30
00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:08,160
So they connected us to Dr. G and today, we get to hear his presentation.

31
00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:12,560
He is the Chief of Neuro Ethics Program here at Georgetown University, and we're looking

32
00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:14,120
forward to your presentation, sir.

33
00:02:14,120 --> 00:02:19,200
Now, safety applause for the end, this way that performance pressure is into great.

34
00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,560
And if you don't applaud at the end, I'll realize that I didn't earn my keep.

35
00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:23,680
Thank you very much for having me here.

36
00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:27,080
I've been working with this community for about the past 10 to 15 years.

37
00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:29,840
As for my wonderful introduction, I am a Georgetown faculty member.

38
00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:33,880
I'm Chief of Neuro Ethics Studies Program and Hold of Fesorship and both the Department

39
00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:36,640
of Neurology as well as Department of Biocamistry.

40
00:02:36,640 --> 00:02:40,240
My particular set of interests have been the development of advancing areas of neuroscience

41
00:02:40,280 --> 00:02:44,320
and neurotechnology, which is particularly deep dive with regard to neurotech.

42
00:02:44,320 --> 00:02:47,400
Neurotech has been one of those things that has been sort of outside of the radar of the

43
00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:51,680
biological toxins and weapons conventions and also the chemical weapons conventions until quite

44
00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:52,680
recently.

45
00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:56,880
When at the last revcon, the Australia group sort of pitched up and said, you know, you probably

46
00:02:56,880 --> 00:03:01,240
need to consider this biological thing a little more broadly and conceive it in terms that

47
00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:04,560
are a bit more relevant, working with someone who I'm sure of familiar to this group,

48
00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:09,040
my colleague, Dr. Diane Diulas, now at the National Defense University, and together with

49
00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:14,960
Anne Goursestein, who's out of hand, but we recognize, there's a, a, a, a can see there is a gap.

50
00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:18,000
Some of the work that I'm going to talk to you about here today has grown out of our past

51
00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:22,280
10 to 15 years effort looking at neuroscience and technology more broadly and specifically

52
00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:26,600
over the past 10 years effort specifically looking at its applications and neuro, neuroscience

53
00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:30,560
and neurotech and national security intelligence and defense here in the States in terms of what

54
00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:31,880
we can do.

55
00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:35,680
But also the, the bait that I'm going to throw out is if we can do it, what makes us think

56
00:03:35,680 --> 00:03:40,640
that anybody else can't and increasingly the point I want to drive home is they can and

57
00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:44,440
in some cases they can do it a lot better than we can for a variety of reasons.

58
00:03:44,440 --> 00:03:49,640
Some of them technical, very often them being ethical legal social issues that then open up

59
00:03:49,640 --> 00:03:54,160
a whole range of possibilities and create a much broader palette of opportunity than we

60
00:03:54,160 --> 00:03:56,120
may have here in the States.

61
00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:57,120
How will we approach that?

62
00:03:57,120 --> 00:03:58,120
What we do about that?

63
00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:03,400
What we have a panel subsequent to this that deals with ethical legal issues with regard to biotechnologies

64
00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:07,080
and specifically how they're used in the military and operational sphere.

65
00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:10,600
But what I'll try to do is at least raise the specter of your suspicion and perhaps of

66
00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:17,240
your awareness of what not only is capable right now but also what may be possible and

67
00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:21,960
very probable within the next 5 to 10 years as a horizon of possibility and where the

68
00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:25,600
ethical legal and social issues that need to be addressed and certainly that sets the stage

69
00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:26,840
for the panel.

70
00:04:26,840 --> 00:04:30,280
Out of disclosure some of the work that I'm doing here today is funded by the Lawrence of

71
00:04:30,280 --> 00:04:34,400
the more national laboratories and also funded by the European Union, human brain project

72
00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:39,360
specifically the sub project 12 where I'm a task leader for dual use brain science.

73
00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:42,840
And I've also done some ongoing work with this teaching multi-level assessment crew over

74
00:04:42,840 --> 00:04:46,400
the past 10 years at the Pentagon that Dr. Khabaiyan's group and with DARPA.

75
00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:50,480
Nothing I'm saying here today is wholly representative of any one of those organizations and

76
00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:54,720
is not necessarily reflect their opinions or views but in some cases, it's strongly aligned

77
00:04:54,720 --> 00:04:58,320
with same as I've been contributory to some of those perspectives.

78
00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:04,000
That said, neuroscience and neurotechnology has made ardent leaps over the past 50 years.

79
00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,720
I already run the cameraman that I can't say one place for too long.

80
00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:07,720
It's not the coffee.

81
00:05:07,720 --> 00:05:08,720
It's just my makeup.

82
00:05:08,720 --> 00:05:10,240
But as you can see I don't interfere with the screen.

83
00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:11,480
This is called below the radar.

84
00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:12,480
It's a hype thing.

85
00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:15,080
Also I'd like to apologize for two things in advance.

86
00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:17,040
I do neuroscience and technology for a living.

87
00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:18,160
I may slip into jargon.

88
00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:19,480
I'll try not to.

89
00:05:19,480 --> 00:05:22,760
But for those of you who are born in this country and trying to figure out what country I come from,

90
00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:24,360
this is a New York City accent.

91
00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:26,920
I've been out of the city for a long time but this is about as good as it gets.

92
00:05:26,920 --> 00:05:28,560
I spent half of my time in Bevaria.

93
00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:30,240
I was talking to my German colleague.

94
00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:33,240
He understood me a lot better than one of my colleagues from the American South.

95
00:05:33,240 --> 00:05:36,040
So that should predispose you to what's going on here.

96
00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:38,440
I apologize for both of those things in advance.

97
00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:42,560
What I don't apologize for is the fact that we may be falling behind in our awareness of

98
00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:46,760
neuroscience and technology and its capability in the operation of military and warfare

99
00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:47,760
sphere.

100
00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:49,880
I think we're coming up to speed somewhat on that.

101
00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:54,200
But we are at least one click behind a number of other countries who have made substantive

102
00:05:54,200 --> 00:06:01,160
investment in direct use, neuroscience and technology for military and national security agenda.

103
00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:06,320
We, the United States and our Western allies, very often see this in a dual-use framework.

104
00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:09,000
That's not to say that we don't have direct use in involvement.

105
00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:14,120
However, there are other nations that more seamlessly integrate academic, governmental

106
00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:18,920
and commercial interests and may be able to as a consequence infiltrate each one of these

107
00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:20,920
silos more seamlessly.

108
00:06:20,920 --> 00:06:23,440
The ethics I go along with that, I'll address briefly.

109
00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:26,360
But once again, I'll defer to the panel we have this afternoon that I think will do a wonderful

110
00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:30,560
job dealing with some of the ethical issues and at least questions that they rise.

111
00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:34,120
But let me just illustrate this view with a slide in terms of the ardent leaps at neuroscience

112
00:06:34,120 --> 00:06:36,320
and technology have made.

113
00:06:36,320 --> 00:06:41,600
The field of neuroscience per se, titrally has been around for 14 to 40 years.

114
00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:46,520
Over the past 14 to 20 years, it has made ardent leaps harnessing other areas of science

115
00:06:46,600 --> 00:06:52,440
and technology and concentrated agenda called advanced scientific integrative technologies

116
00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:54,000
or convergences.

117
00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:59,440
The idea of integrative scientific convergence brings together a whole host of capability

118
00:06:59,440 --> 00:07:02,280
under a broad rubric of brain science.

119
00:07:02,280 --> 00:07:08,160
So if we're talking about bioscience and technology, form ecology, engineering, genetics,

120
00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,080
this all falls within the rubric of an integrated neuroscience.

121
00:07:11,080 --> 00:07:14,880
Again, being realized over the past 14 to 20 years.

122
00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:18,480
The field of neuroscience, 40 years old, I got into the field when it was still

123
00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:21,120
in that sense some 38 years ago.

124
00:07:21,120 --> 00:07:24,880
At that time, there are four programs in neuroscience, titrally named.

125
00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:28,080
Today, well over 200, just in the United States.

126
00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:31,120
The reason I tell you that is to illustrate to you the momentum of the field with regard

127
00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:32,400
to its growth.

128
00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:37,000
If we go from four titular programs to over 200, not mentioning independent think tanks

129
00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:41,640
and freestanding institutes, but that essentially represents a juggernaut of investment,

130
00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:43,840
both financial and intellectual.

131
00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:46,720
That's like counting tacit talent.

132
00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:50,520
However, we also need to understand is that this also being supported by a variety of funds,

133
00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:55,360
some governmental NSF and I H, some DOD, some philanthropic.

134
00:07:55,360 --> 00:08:00,160
However, one of the problems has been that until quite recently, the viability for neuroscience

135
00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:05,920
and technology to be utilized in these types of military agenda has been somewhat obtuse.

136
00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,520
Now, again, there has been something of a history over the past 50 years.

137
00:08:09,520 --> 00:08:13,800
I think a wonderful history of that appears in my colleague John Marano's book called Mind Wars.

138
00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:15,000
And I refer you to that book.

139
00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:19,400
And if John Marano is not familiar to you, let me recommend him to you wholeheartedly.

140
00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:22,760
Wonderful philosopher and ethicist, I've worked with him for years, and he knows this field

141
00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:23,960
quite well.

142
00:08:23,960 --> 00:08:28,240
But I think the prowess that Dr. Marano brings to the field is being able to illustrate

143
00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:29,760
the history of this.

144
00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:34,440
As I'd like to illustrate in this slide, using increasingly more sophisticated tools

145
00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:39,240
and technologies, brain science has been able to elucidate more and more about the brain.

146
00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:41,480
And there were three letters I'd like to remember.

147
00:08:41,560 --> 00:08:42,720
Easy to remember.

148
00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:48,160
A, A, and A. That's what the brain sciences do.

149
00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:53,920
Allow access to the brain, allow us to assess the brain, and allow us to affect the brain.

150
00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:57,880
And if we think about this in somewhat military terms, the availability of reconnaissance

151
00:08:57,880 --> 00:09:01,640
methods, then allows an increased viability for targeting methods.

152
00:09:01,640 --> 00:09:04,440
That's what the brain science has allowed us to do.

153
00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:09,360
This slide nicely demonstrates the past 100-year history of the brain sciences, inclusive

154
00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:11,440
before it was even called neuroscience.

155
00:09:11,440 --> 00:09:16,120
We've gone from early anatomical and surgical investigations about what the brain can do.

156
00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:19,720
To then being able to dissect the brain and understand the structure and functional a bit more

157
00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:24,920
intimately to then being able to not only image-living brain, but to access and affect the

158
00:09:24,920 --> 00:09:30,480
living brain by utilizing the conjoined use of imaging and a variety of invasive techniques

159
00:09:30,480 --> 00:09:34,160
to then be able to both, invasively and not, and facetly affect that brain.

160
00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:39,320
So we see that neuroscience had made huge leaps utilizing a whole host of ever more sophisticated

161
00:09:39,360 --> 00:09:43,400
technologies, some of them from within the neurosciences and others from beyond.

162
00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:48,560
Increasingly, the boundary between neuroscience and engineering has become seamless.

163
00:09:48,560 --> 00:09:53,720
That said, what this has now done is put the brain literally at our fingertips.

164
00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:58,760
At our fingertips of investigation, partying the proverbial curtains of the vagaries

165
00:09:58,760 --> 00:10:02,680
of what the structures and functions of the brain may do, but also partying those

166
00:10:02,680 --> 00:10:07,560
curtains of capability to allow us to literally go in up to the elbows to be able to assess

167
00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,320
effect manipulating control of the brain.

168
00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:15,640
But that essentially yields is a vast range of capabilities, inclusive of the capability

169
00:10:15,640 --> 00:10:21,360
to utilize what we know about brains to intuit an understanding of the biosciacoscial activities

170
00:10:21,360 --> 00:10:25,960
of others, inclusive those who may threaten us with regard to escalation of their volatility

171
00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:31,440
towards violence, aggression, warfare, and perhaps to then engage those targets through a whole

172
00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:36,680
host of techniques, some more benign than others, to be able to either mitigate that escalation

173
00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:41,480
or in some cases prevented outright to a variety of different approaches.

174
00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:45,880
Either way, we can take a look at the capabilities of the brain science as gaining momentum

175
00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:50,200
to do what we have right here to affect human relations on a variety of scales, try to

176
00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:54,920
optimize those relations in some cases, and in others try to streamline those relations in

177
00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:59,720
ways that are commensurate with national security intelligence and defense interests.

178
00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:05,560
And in so doing, we may also recognize the capability and real probability to increasingly

179
00:11:05,640 --> 00:11:11,320
harness the value of neuroscientific tools and technologies to then be able to influence various

180
00:11:11,320 --> 00:11:16,520
posture's stances that are affected by individuals' brains through their functions of

181
00:11:16,520 --> 00:11:20,520
cognitions, emotions, and behaviors, with regard to those things that are well within the

182
00:11:20,520 --> 00:11:24,520
operational sphere of both politics and the military.

183
00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:29,320
That said, that sets the stage for us to then regard neuroscience and technology, which

184
00:11:29,320 --> 00:11:36,600
we call neuro-SNT as a viable weapon. Please let me accurately define what a weapon is.

185
00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:41,640
In the more conventional sense, a weapon is that type of a thing that might mitigate or alter

186
00:11:41,640 --> 00:11:47,880
an individual's capability to fight or wage some type of aggression. True, but cracking open

187
00:11:47,880 --> 00:11:52,920
Oxford's English dictionary, we find a much more literal definition, and that definition is

188
00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:58,440
ways of contending against another. Now, such contending against another need not be in the

189
00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:04,280
conventional sense. In other words, once we target what those others vulnerable are and how

190
00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:08,840
those others' viabilities in some way interface with our own, what we view as our survival,

191
00:12:08,840 --> 00:12:14,200
our flourishing, our well-being, our enhancement, our enablement, or the execution of what we view

192
00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:19,320
as our particular personal agenda or needs to see Dorada, we can use said weapons to be able to

193
00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:25,400
leverage our position with them. That's a fancy way of saying anything that I use to affect you in

194
00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:32,920
any way is a weapon. We see a lot of the old 1940s, you know, film noir, that see the

195
00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:37,240
sultry woman in the bar and she's showing some leg and the guy sort of at the end of the bar says

196
00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:42,440
that name has some gams, that's a weapon. We've also heard the idea of somebody using their sense of

197
00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:46,440
humor to disarm someone and they say that guy has a sense of humor or that woman has a sense of humor,

198
00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:51,720
that's a weapon. We're using it in destructive sense, no, not necessarily. We're using that

199
00:12:51,720 --> 00:12:56,520
in a milliuretive sense so as to be able to alter their behavior in a means of contending against

200
00:12:56,520 --> 00:13:01,880
another. So what I want you to do is I want you to hold both of these definitions to mine

201
00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:07,160
when considering the viable weaponization of the brain sciences and what that means. So if we take a

202
00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:15,400
look at what is capable here, we see that neuroscience can or, and increasingly will be used as weapons

203
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:22,120
in these contexts and these contexts then assume to discrete operational windows of opportunity.

204
00:13:22,840 --> 00:13:28,200
First, our soft weapons. Now what we're doing is we're advancing neuroscience and technology

205
00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:34,600
and they're conventional silos of operational use within medicine, within the public domain,

206
00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:40,360
within the commercial domain. So as to gain economic leverage on global market stages,

207
00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:46,600
as well as perhaps engaging them in dual or direct use within intelligence and psychological operations.

208
00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:51,720
In the former sense with regard to economic leverage here, we see as building up neuroscience

209
00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:56,840
and technological market presence through the use of various medical techniques that can then

210
00:13:56,840 --> 00:14:03,320
be used to influence, again, global stages in the medical market, looking at 175 billion US dollars

211
00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:07,880
per year with regard to neuroscience and neurotechnology. That's a lot of influence.

212
00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:12,520
We're looking at things like medical tourism and we're also taking a look at how we can then infiltrate

213
00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:18,120
a variety of international markets with neuroscientific tools and products. Who is going to be the

214
00:14:18,120 --> 00:14:23,960
big player in this, increasingly as we move towards 2025? China. We'll talk a little bit more about that

215
00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:29,960
in a moment. As well, the ability to utilize neuroscientific tools and information

216
00:14:29,960 --> 00:14:35,640
in ways that allow us to understand more about the capability of not just potential opponents,

217
00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:40,680
but virtually anyone has indeed been an area that has been dealt with as neuromarketing,

218
00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:44,120
understanding how brains work to do the things that minds do,

219
00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:48,840
then allows us to better understand how to affect psychological interactions with various groups

220
00:14:48,840 --> 00:14:53,960
of people, so as to be able to engage certain brain reactions that affect their bodily behaviors.

221
00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:57,080
That's a nice way of saying I can affect minds to affect hearts.

222
00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:01,800
Yes, a neuromarketing community is done a wonderful job in that, but that has not gone beyond

223
00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:06,600
the pale of understanding how neuroscience and technology and the information we know about brains

224
00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:12,360
and what they do may also be of key value to the intelligence area, as well as psychological

225
00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:16,600
operations. Some of the ongoing work we've been doing with the strategic multi-level assessment group

226
00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:21,160
of pentagon has focused upon this exclusively over the past eight years and a series of white

227
00:15:21,160 --> 00:15:24,760
papers that I'll provide those references to you at the end of this lecture and certainly they're

228
00:15:24,760 --> 00:15:28,600
available to you in the note pack. They're available directly from the pentagon. You can get

229
00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:32,200
the from joint staff if you don't have the access to that website I'll provide it at the end.

230
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:35,320
As well, I'll be happy to provide you with each and all of those. Our point of contact

231
00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:40,040
there is a gentleman named Sam Remm, and I'll give you his email as well. And what we've shown

232
00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:44,840
over the past eight or nine years over our convening the strategic multi-level group, particularly

233
00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:49,000
the neurocog group, is that indeed the viability of these techniques has grown.

234
00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:55,720
If we look at where neuroscience was in 2008 versus was in 2014, we see that that capability

235
00:15:55,720 --> 00:16:00,360
Delta has rendered the neuroscience is very viable for their use in intelligence operations.

236
00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:04,360
The more we know about the way people think and tick, the more we may be able to develop those

237
00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:09,880
techniques and technologies to alter the way they think and tick. Still, existing in the soft

238
00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:15,400
weaponology side because essentially we're not necessarily using the brain sciences directly

239
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:20,280
to affect another individual. We're using the solely with regard to their ripple impact in terms

240
00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:25,000
of what they're able to do in economic market or what neuroscience information is able to allow

241
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:31,160
us to understand about the way we interact with others. A key example of this latter function

242
00:16:31,160 --> 00:16:36,840
exists within a DARPA program called neural networks or narrative networks. The program manager

243
00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:41,800
there was Bill Kaspier currently at La Kede that specifically used methods of the brain

244
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:46,200
sciences and interaction with the variety of neuroscientific laboratories to develop a deeper and

245
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:51,400
cleaner understanding of the way brains work to be able to develop insights to the way people think

246
00:16:51,480 --> 00:16:55,560
and how they can be influenced through information management and psychological operations

247
00:16:55,560 --> 00:17:00,520
to therefore mitigate volatility to violence and aggression. But now let's turn the page.

248
00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:06,600
That's the soft stuff. Neuroscience can also be used as more conventional hard weapons.

249
00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:12,280
And here, they fall primarily into the key domains that are best known to us in those areas

250
00:17:12,280 --> 00:17:17,480
of working bio weapons in general. This is primarily chemicals, biologicals, and devices.

251
00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:26,520
Or as we like to say, drugs, bugs, toxins, and tools. However, increasing overseas is that our

252
00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:31,320
understanding of what the tools are has been obtuse. Earlier in the morning, you heard about

253
00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:35,800
electromagnetic pulsing in the use of a variety of electronic, electrophysiological devices

254
00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:40,040
that can be used against individuals as well as groups. This is not something that's brand new

255
00:17:40,040 --> 00:17:45,160
however, the level of sophistication accuracy and the granularity which these things can be used and

256
00:17:45,160 --> 00:17:50,360
increasingly will be used is expanding even more rapidly. I hope to show you that in a moment.

257
00:17:50,360 --> 00:17:54,280
But as we can see also from the graph, as you see with the technological push,

258
00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:58,120
with the philosopher Hans Lank, we refer to as the technological imperative. That is, if you can

259
00:17:58,120 --> 00:18:01,640
build it, build it, build it, build it, build it, use it. What you see is not only an increase

260
00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:06,600
viability for dual use of these tools with regard to weaponization, but direct use in a variety of

261
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:10,840
military silos, both here within the United States and increasingly in other countries,

262
00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:14,840
some that are not aligned with the United States interests. And as you can see in the graph,

263
00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:19,480
there's a relative verticality as we move forward in time because of the convergence effect

264
00:18:19,480 --> 00:18:23,800
that I spoke to you about earlier. So what you're really seeing is the more things you put into the

265
00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:28,840
stew, for example, the faster the stew boils and the more stuff you can soup out of it,

266
00:18:28,840 --> 00:18:35,160
that is indeed edible, usable as a national security intelligence and defense potential tool

267
00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:40,840
technique of capability. If we begin to look a little bit more closely as to what this actually entails,

268
00:18:40,920 --> 00:18:47,160
we now can parse off neuroscience and neurotekneologies into two discrete domains of viable functions.

269
00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:52,680
In other words, I have two basic sets of tools in my tooltits. I have those things that I can use

270
00:18:52,680 --> 00:18:57,320
to assess the brain and they include things like neuroimaging, physiological recording,

271
00:18:57,320 --> 00:19:02,840
genomics and genetics, proteomics, and neuropsychoinformatics. You use a big data. We've heard

272
00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:06,520
that word bantered around here over the past couple of days and there's a lot of stuff that deals with AI

273
00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:11,240
and cyber, but certainly we need to understand here as this is information. And we can link the

274
00:19:11,240 --> 00:19:15,880
information about how people relate on a variety of different media fronts to what it is their

275
00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:21,400
brain is doing to prompt set relations and respond to same. And then we can target those in ways

276
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:27,000
that range from these sublime all the way to the direct to be able to then utilize assessments

277
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:31,800
through the neuropsycho fusion to understand how people are relating who they're relating to

278
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,240
and then infiltrate these nodes and networks with regard to narratives that then affect the

279
00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:40,120
brain and the bodies in which those brains are housed. And we have interventional techniques that

280
00:19:40,120 --> 00:19:45,400
also link cyberlink neuropocodventimitipulation, as I've just said, but then move every more deeply

281
00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:51,400
into the biological range. And here's what we really get into newer drugs, newer microbiological

282
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:56,760
goals, and some revision of the extent microbiological viruses, bacteria, and the like,

283
00:19:56,760 --> 00:20:01,320
organic toxins, some that we have in our current toolkit, some that can be modified through

284
00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:05,560
genetic editing, which we'll talk about in a bit later. And the idea of these neurotectinological

285
00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:12,200
is that represents something of a new battlescape frontier. That said, how can we use these

286
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:18,920
indirectly operational ways to be able to enhance change or modify the battlescape, essentially,

287
00:20:18,920 --> 00:20:24,680
what does it mean to engage battlescape brain? Well, this is what we have. If we first look at

288
00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:29,320
the capability of utilizing these in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, what I offer

289
00:20:29,320 --> 00:20:32,680
you is something that our group has been bantering around for the past few years, which is something

290
00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:39,800
called Nureint. Nureint basically builds upon existing capabilities in human intelligence,

291
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:44,920
signal intelligence, communications intelligence, people to harness each and all of these in a

292
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:50,120
synergistic way, and couple of these been understanding of the way human brains work. It takes

293
00:20:50,120 --> 00:20:54,760
the level of interaction in intelligence operations and grounds it to an understanding of brain

294
00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:59,640
function, and then re-operationalize it to affect brain function as we said earlier to use a

295
00:20:59,640 --> 00:21:04,680
neuropsycho fusion, or by augmenting the intelligence analyst. What we're now doing is we're

296
00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:09,720
engaging two essential functions. And the one that is analyst based, now we're optimizing the

297
00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:14,280
analyst function to use a brain machine interfacing, so now we're able to see how the brain is

298
00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:20,200
processing information, and in some cases use a variety of techniques to modify that, optimize that,

299
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:25,160
enable that, and enhance that, which creates a left-wood shift in the intelligence acquisition

300
00:21:25,160 --> 00:21:31,080
curve, so as to be able to increase the capability of parsing signal for noise. And on the other

301
00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:35,480
side, we're learning more about the way individuals who are the targets of intelligence operate

302
00:21:35,480 --> 00:21:40,360
as a consequence of that we can then do as manipulating intelligence in a proactive way. Once again,

303
00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:44,920
this is what we call Nureint. I only have an hour with you, and there's a lot of material. So what

304
00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:48,360
I'll be giving you here is essentially drinking out of the fire hose and soaking you with this,

305
00:21:48,360 --> 00:21:51,960
if you're interested in a deeper dive, I'll be happy to provide you the during a break,

306
00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:55,640
I'll also provide you with a variety of references that allow your reading material to go vertical.

307
00:21:56,280 --> 00:22:01,720
The other axis here is that we can use a variety of different techniques to gain insight to the way

308
00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:07,000
people think, and then engage with someone as individual to group and group to individual comparisons

309
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:12,280
and normativity. One of the issues that comes up here over and over again is what represents a prototypic

310
00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:17,560
individual from a given culture. However, we are finding is that within particular culture,

311
00:22:17,560 --> 00:22:23,240
cultural groups, and even contexts of social groups, individuals can be prototypic and as a

312
00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:28,680
consequence can be used paradigmatically to assess one brain, compare with other brains that are

313
00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:33,160
prototypic and paradigmatic for that group, and therefore make generalizations about the way

314
00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:38,280
certain brains will work of those types of individuals who may have key biological characteristics,

315
00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:42,840
social characteristics, and psychological characteristics within that group. Is there a level of

316
00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:46,840
abstraction that needs to be engaged here? Yes. We actually modeling what that level of

317
00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:51,400
abstraction is so we can develop a quasi-calculus to determine what a ratio delta is,

318
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:54,360
who what their brains are doing and what they're doing, so as we're able to have a

319
00:22:54,360 --> 00:22:58,680
golden extrapolation factor, indeed we are. That's some of the work that I'll provide for you and

320
00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:02,840
also some of the work that appears in our white papers. How we're going about doing this is utilizing

321
00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:08,200
a whole host of different aspects of recording and being able to assess how brains work,

322
00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:13,000
but on the assessment side that may provide us also with some indices of what targets

323
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:17,800
may be controllable, manipulable, and accessible to allow that individual to be somewhat more

324
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:22,840
devolgent of information. It's a very nice way of saying we can also target the brain as

325
00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:28,920
a viability for interrogation. This is a very touchy area, obviously some of the recent debate

326
00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:33,160
and certainly some of the recent proceedings with regard to psychological interrogation of prisoners

327
00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:38,280
has raised a specter of what is ethically viable, what is capable, and what that interface may be.

328
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:42,040
One of the things that our group has been very concerned about that I sure will be addressed in

329
00:23:42,040 --> 00:23:46,200
panel subsequently this afternoon is the ethics of using these techniques and technologies.

330
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:51,080
And this is one of the areas that remains provocative if not contentious. Can we engage

331
00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:56,360
these areas of the brain sciences, form ecology, stimulation, integrated assessments with an

332
00:23:56,360 --> 00:24:00,840
individual who's then sent back into their particular community with biosensors on board,

333
00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:05,320
so it's to be able to decrease the net harms that are incurred to any individual,

334
00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:09,480
and yet do someone away that allows maximum extraction of information. So what I don't have to

335
00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:14,440
harm an individual via interrogation, I don't have to use some form of threat or some actual form,

336
00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:18,920
of burden or harm, yet I can extract information more effectively and efficiently,

337
00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:23,720
is that indeed ethically justified? One might think as a simple knee-jerk reaction that

338
00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:27,800
the detective answer is yes, but here too what we're really doing is we're opening up a proverbial

339
00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:32,040
can of worms if not Pandora's box because there are ethical issues that need to be addressed with

340
00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:36,680
regard to the viability of the private space of the brain, what that means about interfacing the

341
00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:41,480
brain to engage the mind and whether or not this does represent a viable space or an

342
00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:47,720
viable space with regard to international norms. Right now, this is still a relative graze home,

343
00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:52,200
but I pose this to you because this is an area that the intelligence community is looking at

344
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:57,080
ever more deeply to be able to harness the brain sciences for not only information acquisition

345
00:24:57,080 --> 00:25:01,480
with regard to understanding about the way brains work, to interpretation of narratives and the

346
00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:05,960
underlying physiological drives that make them seldom and respond to them, but also to be able to

347
00:25:05,960 --> 00:25:10,920
actually access brains and affect them so as to be able to extract information more saliently

348
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:16,760
and perhaps more safely. Again, a lot we can do, the question is what should we do with it?

349
00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:22,840
If we then move into the more applicable warfighter space, clearly this gets into the idea of

350
00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:28,360
warfighter as well as intelligence operator enablement and optimization. There are discrete categories

351
00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:33,960
what represents functional optimization, performance enablement and true enhancement, and then

352
00:25:33,960 --> 00:25:38,840
at the far end of enhancement, we then find is radical modification. These are important

353
00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:43,640
distinctions to understand and I think to be not only literate about but fluent about,

354
00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:47,640
because more and more you hear the idea of enhancement being bantered around a variety of

355
00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:52,840
different fora. I think there's some to generalist to that and I think there's also a public response

356
00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:57,000
that goes along to that. Operationally defining these terms and defining them in terms that have

357
00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:01,720
great meaning as well as opening up a particular ethical legal and social issues is important to do.

358
00:26:02,440 --> 00:26:05,800
A very, very proud of some of the work done by our group specifically my colleague Dr. John

359
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:11,000
Schuch who went toast by an air force specialty investigation group to be able to define what

360
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:15,080
these things really mean to give very, very deep dive and look not only into the literature but look

361
00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:19,960
prospectively. So as to be able to say this is what we can do, this is what we have done and we'll

362
00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:25,640
be able to do over the next 60 to 120 calendar months. What represents a functional optimization

363
00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:29,640
or a structural engagement? What represents an enablement that's going to be test specific

364
00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:35,080
contextually specific and reliant upon training? What represents a true enhancement and then

365
00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:41,000
what represents a radical modification? And in the event, what are also the incumbent obligations

366
00:26:41,080 --> 00:26:45,880
and responsibilities that we may have to warfighters and other operators with regard to said

367
00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:51,720
modifications and what doors, potentials and problems is that open up when they are no longer in

368
00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:58,200
these operational silos and we then have what may be a post-optimization, post-enablement or post-enhancement

369
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:04,200
distress syndrome that may represent a disability that then need to be cared for. And moreover,

370
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:10,040
what do we do with individuals who have been both moderately and not moderately advanced? So as to

371
00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:14,600
then make sure that they stay at the cutting edge, in other words, what do we do with individuals

372
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,840
who have received these enhancements that may either be extractible and non-extractable?

373
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:25,000
After version 1.0 becomes obsolete. Is there some obligation to them to give them version 2.0,

374
00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:30,840
3.0? And if in fact that obligation does not exist to individuals who then have version 1.0

375
00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:37,400
become literally disable or at least disenabled? And what do we do with that? Do we pass that

376
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:43,240
off to the VA? Do we pass that off to civilian organizations? Do we also close to or silo these

377
00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:47,480
individuals to particularly jobs that they're only capable of doing once they're no longer in that

378
00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:52,200
particular military intelligence or operational sphere? These are real ethical legal and social

379
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:56,040
issues that need to be confronted because the realities of what I'm telling you here are not science

380
00:27:56,040 --> 00:28:00,760
fiction. They are science fact that are poised for operational engagement within the next 60

381
00:28:00,760 --> 00:28:06,520
calendar months. As well with regard to what we can do to warfighters, we also recognize we can

382
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:11,480
use a variety of means to optimize not only the way they think, but the way they operate, the way they

383
00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:15,640
sense the way they perceive. Some of the ongoing work for example, my colleagues at Lawrence

384
00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:20,280
Little bit more national laboratories are doing or engaging certain forms of prosthetic that

385
00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:25,640
change the sensibilities and sensitivities of a variety of our different sensoria, for example,

386
00:28:25,640 --> 00:28:30,360
I, ear and touch. We recognize it through the use of orthotics, prosthetics and indwelling and

387
00:28:30,360 --> 00:28:35,480
externally dwelling devices. We can modify these sensoria to essentially make an individual have what's

388
00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:41,960
called bat ear. Dogs knows, birds eye. So what we can do is we can take the normal individual

389
00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:46,120
that exists within what we'll call a Gaussian distribution of normal physiological range of

390
00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:51,160
performance, what I can see, what I can hear, what I can smell and what I can touch. We've

391
00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:56,600
able to modify that. So now we may have an individual who is now able to see on a broader spectrum

392
00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:01,160
of light an individual who can see into the infrared or ultraviolet range or more accurately

393
00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:06,360
at a distance. An individual who can hear hypersonically or ultra-sonically. An individual has

394
00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:10,680
higher tactile sensibilities and sensitivities. The olfactory system is a little bit more

395
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:14,440
difficult because of the way it's hardwired in the brain, but it too is not impeccable

396
00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:18,760
although it needs something a more sophisticated implant. The other forms of implants are rather simple.

397
00:29:18,760 --> 00:29:23,560
They involve putting something in the eye, running a very thin, fiber optic wire into key areas of

398
00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:27,800
the brain and suddenly have an individual who sees a much broader spectrum of light than the normal

399
00:29:28,760 --> 00:29:32,040
individual. So what we can actually do is we can not only work with a normal range of enable

400
00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:36,600
methanol optimization, we can also go beyond that into these radical modifications. And here

401
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:41,000
what we're seeing is the capability to do that and although we may have some qualms about doing

402
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:45,320
this, please understand that is not classified technology. That's being used in the medical range

403
00:29:45,320 --> 00:29:49,240
and as a consequence of that, this is intellectual property that is broadly distributable.

404
00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:53,800
Here once again, there were discrete programs that are actually dedicated to just this type of thing

405
00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:57,480
that are ongoing in China and represent the key focus of the next five-year plan.

406
00:29:58,440 --> 00:30:04,040
As well, we can develop a variety of different drugs that can be used in more fighting scenarios.

407
00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:08,440
Now, what I want to make sure you understand is that these drugs can not only enhance the

408
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:14,200
warfighter with regard to maximizing their particular capability, but can also be used to maximize

409
00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:19,320
warfighting capability by then affecting others. So clearly, I can affect others by either what I'm

410
00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:24,920
making me better, or what I do to them, making them, quote, less better, or at very, very

411
00:30:24,920 --> 00:30:33,000
least, not wanting to fight. In the main, these are the weapons of mass disruption, not destruction.

412
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:37,160
And the reason that I'm mentioning this to you is that that absence of mass destruction has in

413
00:30:37,160 --> 00:30:42,600
some cases bailed them for closer scrutiny, but the disruptive effect can be huge. So for example,

414
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:47,400
one of the things that we can do is we can use a variety of these new forms of drugs that target

415
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,880
specific functions of the nervous system, such things like affiliation, amelioration,

416
00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:56,120
attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions, and we can target key individuals.

417
00:30:56,840 --> 00:31:00,040
Early this morning, we had General Will spoke to all of us, and he gave us a very

418
00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:04,120
rousing message and talk to us how specifically we need to engage science and technology.

419
00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:10,040
If I were, for example, able to modify the coffee that he drank, the water that he drank this

420
00:31:10,040 --> 00:31:14,520
morning with an undetectable chemical that was delivered at a very, very low range. And he

421
00:31:14,520 --> 00:31:17,800
gets up before you, and he says, this is all bunk ladies in general, and you shouldn't be

422
00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:21,640
here in this room. I don't believe a word of what I'm going to hear, and my particular concern

423
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:25,400
is, with regard to the United States, all of us, we should move in other directions, and we should

424
00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:29,960
basically work on potting flowering plants. You think one of two things, you see, he's

425
00:31:29,960 --> 00:31:34,520
completely gone wack and doodle and lost his rocker, or I'm going to follow this guy to the end

426
00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:38,120
of the earth because he's not only a power driven leader, he is in fact a charismatic leader,

427
00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:43,320
who I believe in. So the ability to affect a single individual, whether it is a military leader,

428
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:47,800
a political leader, or a diplomat, through the use of modifiable brain functions,

429
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:52,200
at very, very low levels of non-detectable drugs that exist in the high nano range,

430
00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:57,320
is in fact creating a ripple effect by virtue of their followers, either an affiliate of

431
00:31:57,320 --> 00:32:03,240
effect or a disruptive effect. Moreover, we recognize we can also use a variety of microbiological

432
00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:09,960
agents to incur a whole host of morbidities, but not necessarily mortality. And what we may want to

433
00:32:09,960 --> 00:32:15,320
do is to utilize these first two in such a way that creates a very, very broad ripple effect

434
00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:19,000
to then essentially dissolve the fiduciary between the public and the public health.

435
00:32:19,560 --> 00:32:22,840
Let me give you an example, and it's an example that I use in a recent article that are

436
00:32:22,840 --> 00:32:27,880
over the defense news. I'll give it to you very, very briefly, what I do is I either use a drug

437
00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,560
in very, very low concentrations that may not necessarily be traceable. And again, this is highly

438
00:32:31,560 --> 00:32:35,640
doable. You just have to permeate the edge of a drinking vessel or an atmospheric vessel,

439
00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:39,800
get the drug on board, it kind of auto-assembles insight too because of nano-formatology.

440
00:32:39,960 --> 00:32:44,200
Very difficult to trace and it creates a biological downstream effect. Now, I think I'm telling you

441
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:48,920
here is sci-fi. It all exists within the medical range and how we're able to treat a variety of

442
00:32:48,920 --> 00:32:53,400
neurological disorders targeting the brain, being able to get in there more specifically effects

443
00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:57,800
certain neural cancers, et cetera. And what we can do with some of these drugs is we can also

444
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:01,560
use these techniques that we're learning on the pharmaceutical side to modify certain bugs.

445
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:07,320
And we spoke earlier about a technique that's become very well known, CRISPR Cas9,

446
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:12,680
that allows us to literally modify bugs in a variety of different ways. So I now may be able to take

447
00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:18,680
a relatively harmless microbiological agent, a bacterium or a virus, do some gene editing and make

448
00:33:18,680 --> 00:33:24,440
this thing far more morbidly viable, make it far more virulent. And in some cases, you even make it

449
00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:28,520
far more lethal. But I don't want let me fallity, at least not necessarily, but I want it's

450
00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:34,760
high morbidity. I want people to complain. So what do I do? I go to Des Moines. Ladies and gentlemen,

451
00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:38,760
when people on the screen I have nothing against Moine, I live there for four years. I go to Des Moines.

452
00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:44,280
I infect a couple of sentinel cases in Des Moines. I go to Seattle. I infect a couple of

453
00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:51,160
cases there. I go to North Carolina. I go to Wisconsin. What I'm doing is I'm using a dispersion

454
00:33:51,160 --> 00:33:57,240
methodology to be able to infect sentinel cases with a highly morbid condition. These individuals

455
00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:01,080
complain, again, this is a central nervous system condition. So they're complaining of whatever

456
00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:06,760
the bug may do. It'll produce some cascade of neurological and neuropsychiatric signs and

457
00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:13,800
symptoms. And then what I do, the real bug that I use is the internet. I take attribution for that.

458
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,960
Yes, I'm a terrorist group. And I have done this by infecting with a highly

459
00:34:17,960 --> 00:34:23,240
little agent and the first signs and symptoms of leafality are x, y and z. These people are really

460
00:34:23,240 --> 00:34:29,720
sick with this. But then I say others who are also infected will show sub-dromal, pre-dromal

461
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:35,800
signs of leafality and what that will be is anxiety. Sleeplessness, agitation.

462
00:34:36,760 --> 00:34:41,480
What I've now done is I've got every individual who is diagnosedically hyper-condriacle and I've

463
00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:45,960
got every individual who's the worried well flooding the public health system banging on the door.

464
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:52,920
The CDC comes back and says, nonsense, that's not real. I come back and say, that's fake news.

465
00:34:53,960 --> 00:34:57,880
And as a consequence of doing that, what I do is I create a schism between the

466
00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:05,160
Polis and the public health system. I fracture the integrity of trust and reliance upon the population

467
00:35:05,160 --> 00:35:09,800
and its government. And of course, I'll be able to then incur ripple effect. And if you want to see

468
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:14,840
it, this looks like an action. All you need is look back at those days prior to post 9-11,

469
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:20,680
when individuals were sort of sending white powder through the mail and everything was anthrax.

470
00:35:20,680 --> 00:35:27,400
Real story. We had a scare at my institution and I was used in at that time at my institution,

471
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:32,040
where they literally called in the public safety works, the fire department and EMTs,

472
00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:38,120
because someone had spilled equal, the sugar, all over a set of envelopes and left it in the mail room.

473
00:35:39,880 --> 00:35:45,400
Panic. Panic. Is this viable? Is this capable of course it is? Are there other scenarios

474
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:50,280
that individuals could spin? Yes, absolutely. Moreover, you heard earlier about the idea of

475
00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:55,240
nano-particulate matter that can be utilized in a weapon-isable way. And here too, we're looking

476
00:35:55,320 --> 00:35:59,160
very, very strongly at what nano-particulate matter can do to the nervous system.

477
00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:03,480
Some ongoing studies with our colleagues in the medical branches of NATO have in fact shown

478
00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:08,200
that the use of nano-particulate matter in a scatter arrangement can be used to incur what looks

479
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:13,640
to be broad-scale epidemiological stroke epidemics. So we're able to do here is infiltrate the

480
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:19,080
brain space with nano-particulate matter that aggregates insight to on-site in the brain. And there's

481
00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:24,120
one of two things. You see the penetrates from the vascular space. It gets into the bloodstream.

482
00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:29,000
It gets in through the nose, through the mucosa. Or infiltrates the vascular space and clogs it.

483
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:33,880
What is the result? What's called a nano-particulate stroke? Or a hemorrhagic diathesis fancy word?

484
00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:38,920
For it's a predisposition to individuals having brain bleeds. Demonstrated? Oh, absolutely. We're

485
00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:43,000
able to show animal models of same in the Italian group as then a fair amount of work demonstrating

486
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:47,880
that nano-particulate matter can be highly disruptive, not only a brain vascularity, but brain function.

487
00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:51,080
You may not necessarily incur a stroke, but you're going to begin to disrupt the network

488
00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:55,400
properties of the brain and as a result, engage something more of a long-wars affect

489
00:36:55,400 --> 00:36:58,760
through the use of these types of matters where you're now beginning to influence the population

490
00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:03,720
in increasingly concentric circles of expansion. Moreover, you heard earlier, I'm not going to

491
00:37:03,720 --> 00:37:08,760
beligate the point of the idea of neurosensory devices and a whole host of trans and intercranial

492
00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:13,560
pulse stimulators. And of course, these can be used to have a variety of things with key individuals.

493
00:37:13,560 --> 00:37:18,040
Once again, particularly when it comes to trans and intercranial devices, I'm not looking

494
00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:23,400
for this to be weapons of mass use. I'm looking to target key individuals who may then be influential

495
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:28,440
to relative aspects of their representative groups. I can affect individuals' brain functions

496
00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:33,080
in a variety of different ways, both positively and negatively, by engaging their disengaging

497
00:37:33,080 --> 00:37:37,160
nodes and networks of the brain that therefore affect their cognitions and motions and ultimately

498
00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:43,240
their behaviors. Moreover, by understanding the way the brain works as nodes and networks and not as

499
00:37:43,240 --> 00:37:48,920
key sites that are doing any particular thing, I can also utilize various forms of electromagnetic

500
00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:54,200
radiation and energy through your disrupped brain function. The brain is electromagnetic organ

501
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:59,240
and like any other electromagnetic substance, the integrity of those networks is reliant upon

502
00:37:59,240 --> 00:38:04,760
the electromagnetic pulses that flow in between them. Utilizing electromagnetic sensory and disruptive

503
00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:09,800
devices in this way, with ever greater fidelity and with ever greater granularity, can be used

504
00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:15,000
as not only in organ against individuals but in groups. In fact, this is some of the work that we've

505
00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:20,120
seen that has been conducted previously in what was the Soviet Union, now Russia. And also China

506
00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:24,680
is looking very deeply into what electromagnetic pulse generation can do to the brain,

507
00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:29,640
with regard to treating diseases and also incurring certain disease states and individuals who

508
00:38:29,640 --> 00:38:34,600
may then be susceptible will maybe be exposed to such pulses. Of course, the dual use of

509
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:39,480
viability of that becomes evident. Something like quality Jamie canton likes to play with an

510
00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:44,360
awful lot as the idea of specialized neural operations. And here, once again, we're talking

511
00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:49,480
about the use of either drugs and or devices to modify the integrity of brain function

512
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:55,560
that we realize can also modify individuals' perception of time and space. We talk earlier

513
00:38:55,560 --> 00:39:00,040
about how these may be used in interrogation scenarios and this too may be used against key

514
00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:05,320
individuals to modify their perception of time, their perception of what occurred and what

515
00:39:05,320 --> 00:39:12,200
did not, memory modification, etc. If we keep pushing the envelope a little more, we need not

516
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:18,120
limit neurological modification, engagement and weaponology to the human frontier, we may recognize

517
00:39:18,120 --> 00:39:22,920
also that anything biological can then be weaponized. Here, we're talking about primarily

518
00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:28,360
as the idea of weaponized non-human animal drones. And clearly, the one that comes to mind is

519
00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:32,840
something we approach as the DARPA beetle. This is nothing prototypic. This was a research

520
00:39:32,840 --> 00:39:37,880
development test evaluation in small scale use enterprise where DARPA was looking to understand

521
00:39:38,440 --> 00:39:42,920
and understand how to affect the nervous system of a living organism through the use of integrated

522
00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:48,120
biosensors and engaging articulated devices. And what the DARPA beetle as well as the DARPA

523
00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:53,400
fly demonstrated pretty well is that we can harness the nervous system of an insect, particularly

524
00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:57,800
a fairly large insect such as a beetle of this magnitude, as well as smaller insect size of a large

525
00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:02,840
bee, and perhaps a large fly, as we'll see subsequently. And by harnessing into their nervous

526
00:40:02,840 --> 00:40:07,240
system through the use of very, very fine-scale wiring and the use of optogenetics coupled with

527
00:40:07,240 --> 00:40:13,160
an onboard battery pack that is solar sensitive so the battery never runs out. And the use of

528
00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:18,520
onboard RFID sensors that allow us real scale both sensing and communication with that

529
00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:23,480
semilistimular Tori pack. It allows us to engage the nervous system of that organism. So that would be

530
00:40:23,480 --> 00:40:28,520
as if I'm saying I take a particular thing, I strap it on to my bug. I infiltrate that bug

531
00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:33,080
nervous system and I control the way it moves. By controlling the way it moves, I control the way

532
00:40:33,080 --> 00:40:37,800
it goes. I control a wings pattern. I control where hubbors, where it flies, where it articulates.

533
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:41,320
And what I can also do is I can then couple this to a very, very small scale set of

534
00:40:41,320 --> 00:40:46,520
either biosensors or cameras and what it basically have. There's a bio-drone. I can go one step

535
00:40:46,520 --> 00:40:51,560
further on. I can also impregnate that individual, that individual organism with a very small

536
00:40:51,640 --> 00:40:56,360
scale weaponizable delivery mode. In other words, if I'm using a very, very small scale bio-weapon,

537
00:40:56,360 --> 00:41:02,200
such as a very potent organotoxin or the delivery of a very small level of microbes that we know

538
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:07,640
can either replicate and infect or is genetically modified to have a very, very high morbidity effect.

539
00:41:07,640 --> 00:41:12,920
I can then utilize this not only as a reconnaissance drone, but also as an infiltrate of weaponizable

540
00:41:12,920 --> 00:41:18,520
drone that can then deliver some payload to a specifically small and contained group in a very specialized

541
00:41:19,160 --> 00:41:24,280
or if I use enough of them and ever expanding larger group. Now obviously the reason the DARPA was

542
00:41:24,280 --> 00:41:28,680
looking to do this was primarily to understand how nervous systems work and may be than engage with

543
00:41:28,680 --> 00:41:35,400
variety of techniques. This has now been commercialized. Do a group that is called Dragonfly.

544
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:39,960
And although Dragonfly explicitly states that their funding has not come from the department of

545
00:41:39,960 --> 00:41:45,400
defense and that their iteration of this type of device and integration of a biological organism

546
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:51,240
is not full weaponizable purposes, I think that the potential due use is evident for any

547
00:41:51,240 --> 00:41:57,400
and all to be able to observe the viability of this type of thing to create essentially a biological

548
00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:03,240
or cyborg drone. So what I hope to have shown you over the past few minutes is essentially this.

549
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:08,520
The neuroscience and neurotechnology are indeed relatively facile. You can get this stuff right off

550
00:42:08,520 --> 00:42:12,760
the shelf. They're a dedicated efforts to it not only here in the United States and among our allies,

551
00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:17,560
but internationally. And of course that there are being conducted by a variety of nations and in

552
00:42:17,560 --> 00:42:22,120
some cases, particularly based upon some do-it-yourself stuff that I'll talk about in a moment,

553
00:42:22,120 --> 00:42:27,320
this then obviously gives us a much wider opportunity space of not only nations but not state actors.

554
00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:32,760
The variety of applications that I hope to have shown you and I think the caveat here is that a lack

555
00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:38,120
of commitment on our part does not necessarily mean a lack of commitment on others. In fact, if we see that

556
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:43,400
this is going to be ethically legally socially problematic, it becomes important for us to deal with

557
00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:48,280
what those issues and problems are on the one hand and on the other to address them specifically.

558
00:42:48,280 --> 00:42:53,720
Why? Because increasingly neuroscience and neurotechnology is being conducted on the world stage.

559
00:42:53,720 --> 00:42:58,120
It's being conducted on the world stage for medical purposes, but the dual usability of brain

560
00:42:58,120 --> 00:43:02,680
science and its technologies, as I hope to have shown you, is not only evident, it is realizable

561
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:07,720
and operationalizable now and certainly is on our trajectory towards increased operationalized

562
00:43:07,720 --> 00:43:12,200
visibility over the next five to ten years. Some of the work that I've done with the ongoing

563
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:16,360
support of Lawrence Little More National Laboratories is taking a deep dive into the efforts of

564
00:43:16,360 --> 00:43:21,480
China, into neuroscience and neurotechnology. And we see this both as technically labile, that is to be

565
00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:27,640
executed now for key purposes in medicine, public life, inclusive of public life beyond what

566
00:43:27,640 --> 00:43:32,120
maybe the public sphere but also social life, inclusive of political and military, and things that

567
00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:36,440
are more strategically linked, in other words, in five to ten years, what can be done now to

568
00:43:36,440 --> 00:43:41,240
then engage latency on the world stage, both with regard to soft effect and hard effect.

569
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:45,960
Other countries include Russia, and you'll hear more about Russia, not only in the course of this

570
00:43:45,960 --> 00:43:50,520
conference, but yesterday and today, but also some of the ongoing work of this group that is

571
00:43:50,520 --> 00:43:54,680
focused on Russia and some of our ongoing work is now looking to Russia with regard primarily to the

572
00:43:54,680 --> 00:44:00,760
way they're funding a variety of non-state actors, certainly India, Iran, North Korea and South America.

573
00:44:00,760 --> 00:44:05,800
And I think one of the other thing that becomes important for us to understand is that these efforts

574
00:44:05,800 --> 00:44:11,320
are not necessarily wholly conducted in state-level laboratories, university laboratories, or institutionally.

575
00:44:11,880 --> 00:44:16,680
Increasing what we're seeing is a rising cadre of do-it-yourself brain science,

576
00:44:16,680 --> 00:44:22,600
just locally referred to as neurobiohacking. And indeed, the biohacking community is of significant

577
00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:27,320
interest that there's been an ongoing investment and engagement of the federal bureau of investigation

578
00:44:27,320 --> 00:44:31,640
with the biohacking community here in the United States, so as to ensure that what they're doing

579
00:44:31,640 --> 00:44:36,440
is not only technically right, but is also ethical legally good, and to also ensure that this

580
00:44:36,440 --> 00:44:40,840
community does not render itself vulnerable to infiltration from external sources who may have

581
00:44:40,840 --> 00:44:45,560
capricious if not nefarious interests in infiltrating a said communities towards creating

582
00:44:45,560 --> 00:44:49,640
products outcomes and tools that may be disrupted to the public health public safety and national

583
00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:55,480
security. But increasingly the availability of these tools, the availability of this knowledge,

584
00:44:55,480 --> 00:45:01,400
renders almost all neuroscience and neurotechnology at least viable for potential do-it-yourself

585
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:06,600
engagement, and increasingly what we're seeing is venture capital investment in certain areas of

586
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:11,560
do-it-yourself, and sometimes that venture capital is funded by nation states who have defined

587
00:45:11,560 --> 00:45:17,080
interest in weaponizing brain science. That said, I think we need to understand, as I mentioned before,

588
00:45:17,080 --> 00:45:22,360
is what we can do as provocative, what we should do remains at issue. We've seen this as a

589
00:45:22,440 --> 00:45:27,000
super speedway. Indeed, there are a lot of players, lots of lanes, many, many vehicles,

590
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:31,800
the pace is fast, the prizes potentially in a variety of fields, both medical, as well as economic

591
00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:36,440
and certainly within military, a big, and their risks and hazards. The question then becomes,

592
00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:42,440
are there race rules that all can participate in play along with or not in other race restrictions?

593
00:45:43,160 --> 00:45:46,760
Obviously, if we look at some of the ethical legal and social issues, they may be parsed into two

594
00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:52,120
domains, those that are full-gled to the technology, it's new. These are unknown frontiers of

595
00:45:52,120 --> 00:45:56,840
science and tech. We don't know everything about the brain. There are, as we say, persistent hard

596
00:45:56,840 --> 00:46:03,400
questions. We don't know how the great stuff of cognition, emotions, and behaviors actually arise

597
00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:10,040
from the great stuff of those soupy, sparking neurons. Indeed, given those unknowns, the intersection

598
00:46:10,040 --> 00:46:14,120
may then lead to we call runaway effects or the fact that we're messing with nature in ways

599
00:46:14,120 --> 00:46:18,600
that we've not yet anticipated, and as a consequence, things naturally happen, but we've never seen it before.

600
00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:23,800
Let us refer to as a vexal blood effect. And of course, what we need to understand as well,

601
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:27,160
is that there are a whole host of ethical legal issues. I'm not going to go down the rabbit hole.

602
00:46:27,160 --> 00:46:31,400
We have a panel that deals with that and will hold those issues forth, but they include things

603
00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:35,640
like the invile ability of mind, protection of individuals versus their privacy,

604
00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:40,520
what represents mitigation of those behaviors and cognitions that may be harmful,

605
00:46:40,520 --> 00:46:45,960
whereas what may in fact be manipulation of the brain mind space, what is valid and reliable,

606
00:46:45,960 --> 00:46:50,360
usable and missible, for example, an international courts of law, and there are indeed standards.

607
00:46:50,360 --> 00:46:54,600
This is an entire field called neural law, and the idea of what represents norms in a

608
00:46:54,600 --> 00:47:00,040
pluralized global society. What we may view as ethically disrupt their problematic or in some cases

609
00:47:00,040 --> 00:47:05,160
distasteful in other countries and other cultures may not be so. How might we approach this?

610
00:47:05,160 --> 00:47:08,040
Well, we were tasked with this a couple of years ago and we developed something called the

611
00:47:08,040 --> 00:47:13,560
operational neuroscience and technology risk assessment and mitigation paradigm. Since, in fact,

612
00:47:13,560 --> 00:47:17,080
it was a speedway, we figured, well, let's do something to get us on the on-ramp.

613
00:47:17,480 --> 00:47:22,200
And what this really involves is the need to evaluate neuroscience, if it capabilities, and their

614
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:28,680
limitations realistically. Through a lens of what is capable now, what are limitations? Do those

615
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:33,560
limitations throw down a challenge in opportunity for delegations and look within a ten-year time span.

616
00:47:34,200 --> 00:47:37,480
What are the parameters that possible use, particularly of interest in this space and

617
00:47:37,480 --> 00:47:42,120
national security intelligence defense and warfare operations? What are the benefit, risk, and harm

618
00:47:42,120 --> 00:47:46,920
parameters that need to be thrown into any calculus of ethical balance, and then frame these

619
00:47:46,920 --> 00:47:54,280
within context of application? This isn't new. Resin's key address this, some 40 years ago,

620
00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:59,480
recognizing that the brain could and probably will be the next battle space. We are now poised

621
00:47:59,480 --> 00:48:04,600
precipitously on the reality of that challenge. How do we actually navigate that space? Well,

622
00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:10,360
this is a work in progress. Obviously identifying threats in harms, creating strategies,

623
00:48:10,360 --> 00:48:15,640
modeling effectively, not just in a speculative way, but in preparedness way, that becomes critical.

624
00:48:16,280 --> 00:48:22,440
There are contingencies and exigencies that need to be modeled into this calculus. These include

625
00:48:22,440 --> 00:48:27,480
the technical rightness of any neuroscientific and technological use in national security,

626
00:48:27,480 --> 00:48:32,360
defining that we are using the technologies and techniques in the right ways. And although one

627
00:48:32,360 --> 00:48:37,240
may think that's axiomatic, it is not very often. We're using it in particular ways and extracting

628
00:48:37,240 --> 00:48:42,200
meaning from them that are not apparent. This happens all the time with neuro imaging. Moreover,

629
00:48:42,200 --> 00:48:48,200
situational variables that are germane, the national security use, evaluation, revision of existing

630
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:52,280
ethical guidelines and our group has worked with that to some extent. And then establishing real

631
00:48:52,280 --> 00:48:57,000
frameworks that are not only viable nationally, as we said, I think the agenda here is that we

632
00:48:57,000 --> 00:49:00,920
don't necessarily want to play a fair fight. And I think that's true, it virtually every military

633
00:49:00,920 --> 00:49:05,480
operation. Let's face it. Some of this stuff may need to have some type of protective

634
00:49:05,480 --> 00:49:09,800
parentalism. It may need to be somewhat classified. I don't want to show the other team my

635
00:49:09,800 --> 00:49:14,680
playbook on Saturday and expect to win the game on Sunday. But by the same token, they need to be

636
00:49:14,680 --> 00:49:20,520
some level of transparency to engage the public and what this discourse is so that yes, we can achieve

637
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:25,320
the mission but do so in such a way that is morally sound and so as to keep our honor clean.

638
00:49:26,040 --> 00:49:31,000
So the question then becomes what ethics? I don't necessarily have the answer for you.

639
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:34,360
Some of the ongoing work of our group together with my colleagues, Michael Tennyson and John

640
00:49:34,360 --> 00:49:39,960
Marino have explored what ethical possibilities might be viable for such applications.

641
00:49:39,960 --> 00:49:45,080
Savilion ethics? Well, what type? I'm a colleague, Linda McDonald, Glenn deals an awful lot with

642
00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:48,440
science and technology ethics and she'll be on the panel this afternoon and have a specific

643
00:49:49,080 --> 00:49:54,360
dealing with those. The question is, are they enough? Are civilian ethics that deal with science

644
00:49:54,360 --> 00:50:01,000
and technology adequate and sufficient? Biomedical ethics? Here understand the principle maximum is

645
00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:05,480
doing good but what does the good mean when we're looking at these national security intelligence

646
00:50:05,480 --> 00:50:11,720
and defense agenda? Military ethics? Well, what military ethics do we use? Justification?

647
00:50:11,720 --> 00:50:17,880
Four were affair? Just use and fair use in warfare? In which case we're taking a look at things

648
00:50:17,880 --> 00:50:21,880
like proportionality? We're taking a look at things like relativity? We're taking a look at extent

649
00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:26,840
of use and where would we use neuroscientific and neurotechnological capability?

650
00:50:26,840 --> 00:50:32,280
In a preventive way? In a responsive way? And if in fact we're trying to use these preventively

651
00:50:32,280 --> 00:50:38,120
might perhaps an older Augustinian maxim that is use clunted a bellum, justification for use

652
00:50:38,120 --> 00:50:45,400
to prevent war, open up a broader index of ethical possibilities. And if that's the case,

653
00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:50,120
how might these then be leveraged on the world stage? In other words, what might be good for us

654
00:50:50,680 --> 00:50:55,960
might not be good somewhere else? And what then do we do with regard to the military civilian

655
00:50:55,960 --> 00:51:00,280
balance with regard to things like transparency and the individual who may have been a military

656
00:51:00,280 --> 00:51:05,560
operator at one point in their life and then come back into civilian life on another point in their

657
00:51:05,560 --> 00:51:09,960
life? And we'll over what does this mean for global discourses for those countries that look to

658
00:51:10,040 --> 00:51:15,480
pursue neuroscience and technology for economic gain clearly as a potential soft weapon,

659
00:51:15,480 --> 00:51:20,200
but also have infrastructures that allow its relative seamless infusion into the military space.

660
00:51:21,080 --> 00:51:25,000
So what I posed to you here is the problem we're faced with. As we're unraveling this

661
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:29,880
potentially gordian nut of the brain, what we may actually be doing is opening up a provincial

662
00:51:29,880 --> 00:51:35,880
pan of worms with the way brain science and its techniques and technologies not only can be used,

663
00:51:35,960 --> 00:51:42,520
but will be used and therefore we need to confront address guiding govern those ways it should be

664
00:51:42,520 --> 00:51:48,920
used so as to be able to allow a relatively strong operational viability and understand that in fact

665
00:51:48,920 --> 00:51:53,880
it could be a weak link in any national security intelligence and defense chain of operations.

666
00:51:54,680 --> 00:51:59,320
But by saying that, what I also want to communicate to you is the importance of the subsequent panel

667
00:51:59,320 --> 00:52:04,600
and any lecture anyone who's dealing with the ethical legal and social issues. Increasingly

668
00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:10,280
we, or I was like to say in my hometown of York, use all use and me, will deal with this

669
00:52:10,280 --> 00:52:15,320
issue as Atlas is dealing with this. Oh yeah, we have to put both arms into it.

670
00:52:16,440 --> 00:52:21,560
We're balancing the world on our head. And more and more what I submit to you ladies and gentlemen

671
00:52:21,560 --> 00:52:27,160
is that neuroscience is indeed being used to provide some of that balance. How our brains work,

672
00:52:27,160 --> 00:52:32,680
how our minds work, how we think, you're moting behavior, increasingly is reliant upon neuroscience

673
00:52:32,760 --> 00:52:37,000
of information that is gained from these technologies, not just in terms of assessment, but also

674
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:42,120
in terms of its interventional and therefore effective capabilities. So we see as it was neuroscience

675
00:52:42,120 --> 00:52:47,800
in neurotechnology, neuroethics is not a bolt on. It's not an aftest on. It arises literally

676
00:52:47,800 --> 00:52:54,440
from the science, literally from the technology. It is the logos in techno logos and it is a way of

677
00:52:54,440 --> 00:52:59,400
knowing in Siencia. If we're going to engage the brain sciences which we are, we have to take

678
00:52:59,400 --> 00:53:03,320
a rational accounting for its use, potential misuse, and those of us who are using an

679
00:53:03,320 --> 00:53:08,840
variety of theaters, this being one of them. Because with that great capability comes tremendous

680
00:53:08,840 --> 00:53:14,200
power, and you know as well as I with great power comes great responsibility. I like to end lectures

681
00:53:14,200 --> 00:53:18,200
like this with a quote from my dad. My dad was an engineer, and one of the things he liked to do

682
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:24,200
is build stuff. And I still like to tinker and build stuff. I work on cars and airplanes and motorcycles.

683
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,400
And I like doing that. It was a skill that my dad and I used to do when I was a kid. It was sort of

684
00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:31,960
a father and son engagement thing. And when I was a little kid in my dad used to teach me about

685
00:53:31,960 --> 00:53:35,960
tools and the way he did it, he used to give me a new tool every couple of weeks. And after a while,

686
00:53:35,960 --> 00:53:41,400
I got cocky as kids do. I want you to think of me as brain science. Getting cocky as kids do.

687
00:53:41,400 --> 00:53:46,280
Still a relatively new science with a new tool kit. I'm getting a new tool every couple of weeks.

688
00:53:46,280 --> 00:53:51,080
And I want to grab that new tool and go run it off and use. And I remember my dad putting his hand

689
00:53:51,080 --> 00:53:55,720
on my shoulder and go gym, slow down, measure twice, cut once. Sometimes he can't go back.

690
00:53:55,720 --> 00:54:00,280
My dad would make a hell of a neuroscientist and a great neuroethicist. I think what we need to do

691
00:54:00,280 --> 00:54:07,560
is need to measure twice. But can we really do? What do we really not doing? What are others doing?

692
00:54:07,560 --> 00:54:13,000
Before we make particular cuts, cuts and things that we should do, cuts we should not do,

693
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:17,800
recognize potential harms of omission and co-mission, and recognize not only the use technical

694
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:22,120
and scientific capability and possibilities that loom large, but the ethical legal and social

695
00:54:22,120 --> 00:54:27,000
issues questions that must be addressed. Because what we really need to do is measure twice and

696
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:33,000
cut once because the future ladies and gentlemen truly rests in our hands just as this does.

697
00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:37,320
And my group is very focused upon looking at that particular organ in our hands to be able to make a

698
00:54:37,320 --> 00:54:41,880
difference. If you're interested in some of our work, this is some of our ongoing work from the strategic

699
00:54:41,880 --> 00:54:45,880
multi-level assessment group. If you're looking for more information, this is some of the work that my

700
00:54:45,880 --> 00:54:51,080
group has put out. And this is the part of the lecture that is the unabashed cell promotional plug.

701
00:54:51,160 --> 00:54:55,400
If you're interested in reading more about what we've done, I give you this. Not because I'm

702
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:59,560
going to buy a new Ferrari if you buy it, but because I'm very, very proud of the volume that's

703
00:54:59,560 --> 00:55:03,800
being uptake in a number of different programs that deal with brain science and national security.

704
00:55:03,800 --> 00:55:09,000
Because we brought together, in doing some of the best international minds in the field,

705
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:14,120
brain science and engineering, philosophy, ethics and law, we're both civilian military to look at

706
00:55:14,120 --> 00:55:18,280
this problem through their lens and contribute their voices. I'm proud of this book because it was

707
00:55:18,280 --> 00:55:23,480
I think something of an editorial feet. And it's still current. We put this book out in late 2014 or

708
00:55:23,480 --> 00:55:28,040
early 2015. And what we find is that many of the things that we were predicting that would evolve

709
00:55:28,040 --> 00:55:32,360
over the next couple of years have evolved and our view was retrospective taking look over the past

710
00:55:32,360 --> 00:55:36,040
five to ten years and as a consequence that provides pretty good leverage. And of course,

711
00:55:36,600 --> 00:55:39,560
I offer myself as a resource to each and all of you and if I like to get in touch with me,

712
00:55:39,560 --> 00:55:42,680
that's where I live. Thank you so very, very much for your attention. I hope it in Borue.

713
00:55:48,280 --> 00:55:57,800
So, I'm Bob Orper from the United States Army Special Operations Command on the G9,

714
00:55:57,800 --> 00:56:02,120
some of the work and concepts experimentation we're gaming. So, some of this is a readback

715
00:56:02,120 --> 00:56:07,080
for possible correction or amplification. And so, one of our key findings are from our silent

716
00:56:07,080 --> 00:56:13,640
quests, which mirrors the Army's unified quest line of experimentation. We're in a hyper-connected

717
00:56:13,720 --> 00:56:18,040
globally-scaled information environment. Leave that on the table for a bit.

718
00:56:18,040 --> 00:56:23,080
There were competing a near-real-time for the physical cognitive and moral security and

719
00:56:23,080 --> 00:56:27,640
adequate governance of populations, physical security areas say from harm. Cognitive security

720
00:56:27,640 --> 00:56:31,880
is the narrative makes sense and moral security is it right within your given values set.

721
00:56:32,680 --> 00:56:39,560
We're exploring this concept of cognitive maneuver in our line of experimentation

722
00:56:39,560 --> 00:56:44,600
as a synthesis between cognitive and physical maneuver. And I'll talk about that later today.

723
00:56:44,600 --> 00:56:49,400
But my real question to you, sir, that's the set up for the question here. Sounds like there's a need

724
00:56:49,400 --> 00:56:55,000
to perceive strategic indications and warnings in the cognitive space. We have a methodology for

725
00:56:55,000 --> 00:57:01,640
doing that, of course, during the deterrence era and all of that. We've done as has the Army a lot of work

726
00:57:01,640 --> 00:57:07,240
on Russian new generation warfare, their approach to the battle space of the mind, specifically,

727
00:57:07,560 --> 00:57:12,520
when you see little green men off to the left of that, there's been little gray men,

728
00:57:12,520 --> 00:57:17,160
and here's the final point, which is what you're really talking about, sir, is when do we see the

729
00:57:17,160 --> 00:57:23,960
little gray thoughts out there in the environment where the various influence activities have occurred?

730
00:57:23,960 --> 00:57:31,560
So, have you done some work with the various entities that you touch on strategic indications and

731
00:57:31,640 --> 00:57:38,600
warnings in that cognitive space? Sir. Yes, and no, I think it's very difficult to be

732
00:57:38,600 --> 00:57:42,440
fully strategic with regard to the use of these techniques and technologies that form more

733
00:57:42,440 --> 00:57:47,400
tactically operable at this point. I think one of the problems you have is how much of a strategically

734
00:57:47,400 --> 00:57:52,040
latent or how much of a strategically extrapolated viability. These techniques and technologies

735
00:57:52,040 --> 00:57:56,440
actually offer the more proximate you get with regard to certain brain functions and cognitive

736
00:57:56,440 --> 00:58:01,240
functions relating those. And then saying that X leads to Y leads to Z. I think to say if you're

737
00:58:02,120 --> 00:58:06,280
extrapolating out between particular time points of trying to relate cognitive and your behavioral

738
00:58:06,280 --> 00:58:13,720
actions to keep brain functions gets to be problematic right now. Right now, however, the caveat

739
00:58:13,720 --> 00:58:17,880
is something you've already alluded to. As more information becomes available, in other words,

740
00:58:17,880 --> 00:58:22,200
as we utilize that information and keep big data initiatives as a force multiplier,

741
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:26,520
with regard to the viability of use of brain science as both in medicine, as well as perhaps

742
00:58:26,520 --> 00:58:30,520
in dual use of genders, military being one. We'll begin to see as the availability of

743
00:58:30,520 --> 00:58:36,200
information access to that information and usability of information increases. Point one, point two,

744
00:58:36,760 --> 00:58:42,520
as more of the various points create a nexus to each other through said big data approaches,

745
00:58:42,520 --> 00:58:46,840
the variety of techniques and technologies and multi-level and multi-type of information,

746
00:58:46,840 --> 00:58:50,600
multi-modal information, then becomes available in a more cohesive way. This will

747
00:58:50,600 --> 00:58:54,840
do it back to the point that I mentioned earlier about integrative scientific convergence. So the

748
00:58:54,920 --> 00:58:59,720
question is at what point will we get true enough fusion to be able to make viable predictions

749
00:58:59,720 --> 00:59:07,240
beyond the proximate or near future window? My estimation there is probably about three to five

750
00:59:07,240 --> 00:59:11,960
years off and being able to make those levels of correlation that are strong enough correlations

751
00:59:11,960 --> 00:59:18,440
to satisfy real-word satisfactorily sufficient to be able to not only make particular predictions,

752
00:59:18,440 --> 00:59:24,680
but to utilize those predictions as actionable precepts upon which to then engage. So my feeling

753
00:59:24,680 --> 00:59:28,680
is based upon what I've sent from this community is we're looking once again here at about a 48

754
00:59:28,680 --> 00:59:33,800
calendar month realization window based upon number one the types and techniques and

755
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:38,600
understandings that we're able to gain from the current toolkit. Number two, the limitations

756
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:43,000
that those tool kits present with regard to their approaches, their methods and the data that

757
00:59:43,000 --> 00:59:47,800
come out of them. Number three, the need to be able to assimilate and synthesize those data into

758
00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:53,240
a cogent picture and at the same time maintain key issues of privacy and provenance. And number four,

759
00:59:53,320 --> 00:59:57,160
then moving that into an operationalizable way that this can be pulled down in real time.

760
00:59:57,160 --> 01:00:00:01,640
So as to make proximate to more distal predictions, they're then going to hold to be viable

761
01:00:01,640 --> 01:00:06,440
correlational and therefore actionable. So we can talk individually a little bit more about what that

762
01:00:06,440 --> 01:00:10,360
means. I mean, people are probably clamoring for lunch, but I think this is what you're seeing

763
01:00:10,360 --> 01:00:16,520
and there is indeed discrete agenda that is explicitly and axiomatically moving to use just that

764
01:00:16,520 --> 01:00:20,920
type of thing. I think where you've evidence some of that again is narrative networks program coming

765
01:00:21,000 --> 01:00:25,240
out of DARPA. I think that things that would derivative from that some of the IARPA initiatives

766
01:00:25,240 --> 01:00:29,640
that were based upon that and are trying to move on some of the initial findings and the initial

767
01:00:29,640 --> 01:00:33,400
results are instrumental to that and some of the work of course and so come. That has been very,

768
01:00:33,400 --> 01:00:37,880
very interested in whether or not we can use various types of data in a predictive way and what the

769
01:00:37,880 --> 01:00:43,080
viability and value is of that. Excellent question. My pleasure. So here's the question

770
01:00:43,080 --> 01:00:47,400
who things Dr. G's are real mad scientists.