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It appears that there are extra
aspects to relativity that

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suddenly show up in quantum
mechanics as extra dimensions of

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time. The conceptual point of
origin, where space and time

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appear to have begun is known as
the Big Bang singularity, here,

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space time is reduced to a single
point. On the other hand, when

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viewed through the lens of three
dimensional time, he becomes

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nothing more than a temporal
vanishing point. It can be argued

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that modern cosmology is a
collection of artifacts resulting

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from limiting time to a single
dimension. We are left with the

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possibility that half the visible
matter is actually anti particles.

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How can this be given that these
anti particles are supposed to be

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missing? Where are they? Well,
apparently, right here,

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everywhere, but going backwards in
time, relative to the rest of

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matter. matter then, is composed
of particles and anti particles as

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an alternating standing wave or a
superposition within a time loop.

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Besides the characteristics of
mass and energy, these loops take

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on the additional characteristics
of charge and spin. Using tempo

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mechanics, cross conjugation
unveils an innovative form of

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symmetry that appears to be
showing up in new physics

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experiments through a variety of
new fangled anomalies. We are now

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fully prepared to examine the
mechanism of cross conjugation,

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and how it corresponds with both
general relativity and quantum

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mechanics.

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We are all time travelers drifting
through time at a steady pace, one

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moment at a time. In what
direction? Are we moving through

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time? Or does it move through us?
How many dimensions of time are

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other? Let's begin with a single
dimension of time. An ordinary

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clock ticking off regular time is
extension along a single direction

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of time. Likewise, in nearby
locations, clocks tick off time in

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sync with our clock. One could
argue that all these clocks are in

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the same temporal frame of
reference undergoing the same time

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period during the same present
moment. This concept is similar to

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a spatial dimension, but in a
direction of time instead. Each

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time the clock ticks, we extend
further along some direction of

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time. However, it's an established
fact that the rate of the passage

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of time can dilate or contract
under special circumstances.

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According to Einstein's theory of
special relativity, time slows

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down relative to accelerations
near the speed of light. While

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according to his theory of general
relativity, time slows down

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relative to gravitational fields.

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What's interesting is time travel
relative to other people. To do

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that, start walking, and you'll
travel through time relative to

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someone standing still, we've
known for over a century that time

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and space are really just two
components of a single space time

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and the faster you move, the
slower time will pass for you.

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Let's apply the concept of time
dilation to our scenario.

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If you want A reference frame
which moving along it's been V, it

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turns out that your clocks move
more slowly than things that are

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stationary relative to you. So in
fact, if you were to just watch

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the speed at which the time was
ticking away on a clock in

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something that's moving at some
velocity V, it actually moves more

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slowly than the clocks that are
stationary. And the factor by

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which it moves more slowly is one
over the square root of one minus

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v squared over c squared, where v
is the speed at which the

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reference frame is moving and sees
the speed of light. This idea that

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the rate at which time progresses
depends on what reference frame

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you're in is, is pretty bizarre,
but there's very strong

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experimental evidence that he
actually really work.

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Assume that the second wave has no
time dilation associated with

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more gravity makes time slow down
to if you stand up for a minute,

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your feet will aged less than your
head. On the other hand, GPS

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satellites high in orbit
experience less of Earth's gravity

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and thus travel noticeably faster
through time than we do.

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On the other hand, the SU the
third wave undergoes to fear time

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traction, instead.

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juxtaposing all three paths
together, we can see that I would

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undergo the same time period at
different present moments based on

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relative rates of the passage of
time, whether I go to the first,

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second or a third path. Time can
evolve from one instance to

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another through varying present
moments or time periods, or

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varying time periods her present
moments in this way, relative time

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suggests at least two time
dimensions, namely, present

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moments of time, and periods of
time. There isn't any

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characteristic that distinguishes
present moments from time periods

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per se, other than being set
perpendicular relative to one

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another. Similar to the
relationship between x and y

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coordinates. Notice the passage of
time can be sped up or slowed down

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independent the ratio between time
periods to present moments or vice

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versa. Furthermore, the passage of
time can run backwards. These

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varying rates of the passage of
time, separate from time periods

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and present moments imply a third
dimension of time. passage. Given

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the mathematical stability of
three dimensional space, the same

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idea can also be applied to time.
A slightly allegorical at first,

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three dimensional time offers
physics new parameters, accounting

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for conventional and exotic
physical phenomena, while

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maintaining the conservation of
energy and symmetry groups found

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in physical law. When I was in my
late teenage years, I asked my

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great grandmother if time seemed
to go by faster for her as she got

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older, she laughed and said, it
seemed like she could just sit on

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her porch and watch the grass
grow. astounded by the

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possibility, my mind began to
wander, I remembered anticipating

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00:08:31,500 --> 00:08:36,540
my fifth birthday, it seemed like
an eternity, whereas at the time,

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week didn't seem so long. And
according to my great grandmother,

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when you're old, you're seem to
fly on by assuming this to be

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true. If two people experienced
the same event, like a

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00:08:50,430 --> 00:08:54,720
conversation at different rates of
the passage of time, what is

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00:08:54,720 --> 00:08:58,590
actually happening during the
conversation? Are they sharing the

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same moment, in some weird way? Or
are they actually in two different

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moments relative to one another.
As we sat and talked, I wonder

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this shoe is further in the future
relative to me, experiencing the

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time at a faster rate, and whether
or not I was in the past relative

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to her experiencing time at a
slower rate. This would mean we

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were not experiencing the exact
same moment at the same time

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relative to one another. Relative
to my great grandmother, she would

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experienced this conversation
before I would and relative to me,

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I've experienced this conversation
after she did. But this could only

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be possible to separate
conversations were happening

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simultaneously, but skewed
relative to one another. The

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quicker variation, the
conversation relative to my great

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grandmother, would be slightly
ahead of the slower variation of

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the conversation relative to me.
However, this implied that the

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great grandmother relative to
herself, exists distinctly

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separate from the great
Grandmother relative to me. This

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would also mean that there exists
a me relative to great grandmother

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that wasn't me, me distinctly
separate from me. As I

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contemplated, I wondered, how many
hers and me's could there possibly

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be. There would have to be a
different great grandmother and a

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different knee, relative to each
and every other variation. In

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other words, there appeared to be
infinite variations of everything

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spread out over infinitude of
dimensions. Can we ever be able to

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measure and distinguish different
rates of the passage of time, and

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work out whether or not these
bizarre implications were real?

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consumed, I began to work on
calculations to solve this riddle,

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unfamiliar with Lorentz
transformations point carry groups

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or geodesics. At the time, I had
no suspicion that the calculation

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I was working on would have any
implication on physics, it seemed

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at the time to be nothing more
than a mind puzzle, or insight

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into our perceptions of time at
best.

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Later, during a physics course at
the university, I could see

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exactly how this calculation could
be applied to physics. But instead

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of corresponding to subjective
experiences of different rates of

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the passage of time, I saw how the
calculation could be applied to

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relative frames of reference in a
way that apparently hadn't been

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tried out yet, which seemed very
odd to me.

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Imagine that at some point in the
near future, we have the

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technology to perform the twin
paradox experiment with a set of

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real life fraternal twins, and a
spaceship that can travel near the

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speed of light. Let's assume that
these twins initially experience

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the same rate of the passage of
time. As soon as the traveling

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brother Bob begins to accelerate
towards relativistic speeds, Bob's

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00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:11,760
rate of the passage of time begins
to slow relative to Alice is more

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stationary sister, whose rate of
the passage of time begins to

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increase relative to Bob. Since
Bob is in an accelerated frame of

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reference, and traveling at
relativistic speeds, their Lorentz

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00:12:30,240 --> 00:12:35,010
transformation calculations can be
used to account for the relative

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time dilation between Alice and
Bob asuw, Bob travels at 80% the

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speed of light. If we calculate
relative time between Alice and

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Bob, at the midpoint of Bob's
journey, Alice will have

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experienced 10 units of time,
while Bob will have experienced

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only six units of time.

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00:12:58,679 --> 00:13:03,089
This device is a light clock, two
mirrors that face each other with

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a particle of light or photons
bouncing between them. Such a

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clock shows directly how time has
changed by speed, the motion of it

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will affect the rate of ticking.

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You'll notice that the clock is
ticking more slowly, as I move it.

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Why is that?

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00:13:24,509 --> 00:13:29,069
Well, the photon is making a
zigzag path to reach one mirror

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and then the other.

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00:13:31,769 --> 00:13:36,569
That's a longer path that the
photon has to take. And that means

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that it takes more time to make
that path.

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When clocks fly, they run more
slowly in relativity.

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It says that the faster you travel
through space, the slower you move

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through time, this concept of time
dilation provides the basis for

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our global positioning

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system. By the time Bob completes
his trip, Alice will have

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experienced 20 units of time, and
Bob will have experienced 12 units

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00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:09,390
of time. The paradox arises from
Alice and Bob measuring different

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00:14:09,390 --> 00:14:14,280
rates of the passage of time when
comparing clocks. The clock Alice

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00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:19,800
had with her and the clock Bob
took with him, their timelines no

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00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:25,950
longer match up linearly. Thus,
between paradox. The message of

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00:14:25,950 --> 00:14:30,930
the story is things that travel
extraordinarily fast through

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00:14:30,930 --> 00:14:39,090
space, travel a tad bit slower
through time. However, there is an

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00:14:39,090 --> 00:14:44,880
unaccounted for aspect to this
paradox, given that Alice and Bob

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00:14:44,910 --> 00:14:49,080
exists in mutually exclusive
relative frames of reference,

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00:14:49,380 --> 00:14:54,210
undergoing different rates of the
passage of time. Since Alice and

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00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,290
Bob measured different rates of
the passage of time, the rate was

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slightly faster, relative to
Alice, and slightly slower

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00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:09,510
relative to Bob. Unbeknownst to
Alice and Bob, Alice exists

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00:15:09,510 --> 00:15:14,340
slightly into the future relative
to Bob, and Bob exists slightly

180
00:15:14,340 --> 00:15:21,900
into the past relative to Alice.
while in transit, Bob's rate of

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00:15:21,900 --> 00:15:27,210
the passage of time decreases
relative to Alice, though Bob

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00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:32,040
eventually decelerates returning
to his original temporal frame of

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00:15:32,040 --> 00:15:37,230
reference. Contemporary with
Alice, Alice and Bob still exists

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00:15:37,260 --> 00:15:41,850
along separate timelines running
parallel, but staggered in

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00:15:41,850 --> 00:15:47,700
relation to one another. Allison
Bob interact through supernumerary

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00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:53,730
propagations of Alice relative to
Bob, and Bob relative to Alice,

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00:15:54,060 --> 00:16:00,090
for all Bob's and all Alice's such
that each Alice and each Bob

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00:16:00,300 --> 00:16:06,390
exists separately in mutually
exclusive timelines relative to

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00:16:06,390 --> 00:16:11,880
one another. This shift in
timelines between Alice and Bob is

190
00:16:11,910 --> 00:16:16,680
unaccounted for by the Lorenz
transformation, using the Lorenz

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00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:21,540
transformation for his calculated
arrival time. When Bob returns he

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00:16:21,540 --> 00:16:23,010
apologizes saying,

193
00:16:23,490 --> 00:16:24,300
Sorry, I'm

194
00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:30,510
late. However, using the Lorenz
transformation in her calculation

195
00:16:30,510 --> 00:16:35,070
for Bob's arrival time, Alice
looks at Bob with astonishment and

196
00:16:35,070 --> 00:16:41,520
says, Oh, you've arrived early.
Yet if we applied the basic

197
00:16:41,550 --> 00:16:46,440
existence equations to the Rennes
transformations, this slight

198
00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:51,990
variation in relative time can be
accounted for. Hence, the adjusted

199
00:16:51,990 --> 00:16:57,600
twin paradox. Since Lorenz
transformations use only one time

200
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:02,280
dimension, if time is multi
dimensional, anomalies like the

201
00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:05,940
ones mentioned above should arise
experimentally.

202
00:17:06,809 --> 00:17:11,279
Moreover, a similar paradox has
been pointed out, but with the

203
00:17:11,279 --> 00:17:14,129
emphasis on space contraction
instead,

204
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,510
bell spaceship inequality, two
spaceships connected by a string,

205
00:17:18,540 --> 00:17:22,980
they both accelerate. What happens
to the string? Does that string

206
00:17:22,980 --> 00:17:26,400
break? Or does it not? So there's
three things spring will droop

207
00:17:26,460 --> 00:17:29,940
the string will break or will just
remain the same, these spaceships

208
00:17:29,940 --> 00:17:32,220
are going in a straight line, are
they going to break their strings

209
00:17:32,220 --> 00:17:36,750
or not? The answer is
controversial. And it actually

210
00:17:37,050 --> 00:17:40,470
gets sometimes, paradoxes
especially relativity don't have

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00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:44,850
simple clean solutions. This one
depends on one simultaneity in

212
00:17:44,850 --> 00:17:47,700
which spaceship actually begins
accelerating first and what the

213
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:51,420
exact magnitude of the
acceleration of each spaceship is,

214
00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:54,720
you can get them to accelerate
such that the springs always

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00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:59,490
remain taut and never droop and
never break. However, due to some

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00:17:59,490 --> 00:18:02,700
ways of making this up, and this
has been debated in literature,

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00:18:02,940 --> 00:18:06,240
they will they will break if you
accept or expand ships in some

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00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:09,150
way, and they'll even Drupal seven
or eight spaceships and other

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00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:09,660
ways.

220
00:18:11,220 --> 00:18:17,070
In 2004, I began looking for signs
of particles, quote, arriving

221
00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:22,830
early, or something mathematically
equivalent. I was not exactly sure

222
00:18:22,830 --> 00:18:26,430
where and how the existence
equations would completely apply

223
00:18:26,430 --> 00:18:30,480
to relativity and quantum
mechanics. I began playing with

224
00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:34,650
the idea that all of physics could
be reduced to just interactions

225
00:18:34,650 --> 00:18:39,450
between spatial and temporal
coordinates. A wondered if inertia

226
00:18:39,480 --> 00:18:43,470
and momentum might be composed
strictly of temporal coordinates.

227
00:18:43,890 --> 00:18:47,760
This would require extra time
dimensions, could inertia or

228
00:18:47,760 --> 00:18:52,740
momentum be used as indicators of
multi dimensional time? What about

229
00:18:52,740 --> 00:18:57,540
charge spin and other properties
of matter? answers to some of

230
00:18:57,540 --> 00:19:02,400
these questions appear to reside
in neutrino research specifically

231
00:19:02,490 --> 00:19:07,950
neutrino flavor oscillation, do
neutrinos have mass or not? The

232
00:19:07,950 --> 00:19:12,270
basic existence equations should
correspond with neutrino mass and

233
00:19:12,270 --> 00:19:13,620
or flavor oscillation.

234
00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:14,850
But how

235
00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:20,130
they knew there were three
different types of neutrinos. But

236
00:19:20,130 --> 00:19:23,160
the none of the experiments could
detect all three.

237
00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:28,350
There are three flavors of
neutrinos that neutrinos might

238
00:19:28,350 --> 00:19:31,890
change from one type of flavor
into another type of flight for

239
00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:34,050
this is called neutrino
oscillations.

240
00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:39,060
In this theory, you torinos would
be continuously changing from Type

241
00:19:39,090 --> 00:19:41,280
to type as they travel through
space.

242
00:19:41,700 --> 00:19:44,730
And in fact, it can change back
and forth and back and forth, back

243
00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:49,620
and forth, and that's why it's
called a neutrino oscillation. The

244
00:19:49,620 --> 00:19:52,380
problem with that is that in the
Standard Model neutrinos are

245
00:19:52,380 --> 00:19:55,920
massless and massless. neutrinos
can't do this. They can't change

246
00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:59,640
from one type of neutrino to the
other. It was all to do with time.

247
00:20:02,190 --> 00:20:06,900
For anything to change, time must
pass. And according to Einstein,

248
00:20:07,170 --> 00:20:10,920
if you're traveling at the speed
of light, there is no time.

249
00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:13,260
And therefore,

250
00:20:15,150 --> 00:20:16,320
no change.

251
00:20:16,620 --> 00:20:18,090
neutrino oscillation

252
00:20:18,420 --> 00:20:23,910
is a time dependent phenomenon. It
requires a neutrino clock that

253
00:20:23,910 --> 00:20:25,320
requires that the neutrino

254
00:20:25,350 --> 00:20:28,710
travels slower than light that
requires that the neutrino

255
00:20:28,739 --> 00:20:32,129
have a mass. If you don't believe
neutrinos have mass, then they can

256
00:20:32,129 --> 00:20:32,789
oscillate.

257
00:20:34,260 --> 00:20:39,420
In the fall of 2011, physicists at
CERN working on neutrino research

258
00:20:39,450 --> 00:20:42,150
made headline news that caught the
world's attention.

259
00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:45,540
Although technical issues seem to
have been the cause of the speedy

260
00:20:45,540 --> 00:20:48,840
neutrino results, both opera and
its sister experiment Icarus are

261
00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:51,270
scheduled to rerun the neutrino
experiment that they did this

262
00:20:51,270 --> 00:20:54,390
month. Though most experts expect
the particles to obey the speed

263
00:20:54,390 --> 00:20:55,020
limit. This time,

264
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:59,220
it is as if everyone was so
concerned about negating the

265
00:20:59,220 --> 00:21:04,230
superluminal opera results that
the subtle anomaly with Icarus,

266
00:21:04,410 --> 00:21:09,120
when I noticed the Icarus results
were consistent with the Manos

267
00:21:09,120 --> 00:21:14,070
results of 2007, where the
neutrino began to exhibit slightly

268
00:21:14,070 --> 00:21:19,170
superluminal speed. The real issue
here is still glaring right at us.

269
00:21:19,590 --> 00:21:25,050
Why does the neutrino appear to
travel slightly faster than light

270
00:21:25,050 --> 00:21:29,250
on average, though we know it
doesn't, you see that the place

271
00:21:29,250 --> 00:21:33,960
where they overlap is pretty much
in the margin of the statistical

272
00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:34,590
error

273
00:21:34,890 --> 00:21:37,560
number there are several different
neutrinos electron neutrinos you

274
00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:42,480
on the tree knows very small.
Within experimental error, they

275
00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:43,560
move with the speed of light.

276
00:21:44,490 --> 00:21:48,330
Even that is slightly
superluminal. So really, and

277
00:21:48,330 --> 00:21:52,740
truly, the only justification for
saying that the neutrino travels

278
00:21:52,740 --> 00:21:58,170
at the speed of light is this area
here where we barely have any

279
00:21:58,170 --> 00:22:02,700
overlap at all. And it's within
the statistical margin of error of

280
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:06,900
two different types of testing.

281
00:22:07,170 --> 00:22:09,690
What I have here are

282
00:22:09,750 --> 00:22:14,250
three dimensions of time. In this
period, the neutrino is slightly

283
00:22:14,250 --> 00:22:19,200
into the future relative to this,
and this neutrino is slightly over

284
00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:21,810
the past. relative to this,

285
00:22:23,070 --> 00:22:25,770
we have to know exactly what time
the collision happened, and

286
00:22:25,770 --> 00:22:28,650
exactly when we caught the
corresponding neutrino. And

287
00:22:28,650 --> 00:22:30,720
because the scientists in
Switzerland are hundreds of

288
00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:34,170
kilometers away, we have to use
timing signals from GPS satellites

289
00:22:34,170 --> 00:22:36,840
in order to synchronize our
clocks. If we're off by even a

290
00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:39,900
microsecond, we'll get the speed
wrong by a million kilometers per

291
00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:40,230
hour.

292
00:22:40,470 --> 00:22:43,950
So what happens is and what is not
accounted for in general and

293
00:22:43,950 --> 00:22:49,020
special relativity is a what is
meant as neutrino is going to

294
00:22:49,020 --> 00:22:54,810
descend in the dimension of the
passage of time down to a slower

295
00:22:54,810 --> 00:22:58,710
rate and the passage of time will
be the one that hits this

296
00:22:58,710 --> 00:23:04,560
detector. And so that neutrino
goes down. And then this one up

297
00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:12,930
here, comes down and arrives here.
This becomes the neutrino relative

298
00:23:12,930 --> 00:23:18,360
to CERN. So notice that the
neutrino relative to cern is

299
00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:23,040
slightly into the future. So it
coming from a faster passage of

300
00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:28,620
the rate of time arrives at CERN.
Early

301
00:23:29,850 --> 00:23:33,990
what actually happens to neutrino
was really curious. What happens

302
00:23:33,990 --> 00:23:38,310
with the neutrino, their left hand
and neutrinos and of course, they

303
00:23:38,310 --> 00:23:42,450
go along with right handed anti
neutrinos for the neutrinos left

304
00:23:42,450 --> 00:23:47,040
handed, and the anti neutrino is
right handed. And one way of

305
00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:52,440
having a mass for the neutrino is
to have a left handed neutrino

306
00:23:52,740 --> 00:23:57,870
make transitions to right handed
antineutrinos mass is always for

307
00:23:57,870 --> 00:24:02,100
fermions. It's always left hand
turns into right hand turns into

308
00:24:02,100 --> 00:24:05,130
the left hand turns at the right
hand processes which involve that,

309
00:24:06,090 --> 00:24:10,830
for neutrinos. Curiously, the
right handed particle which the

310
00:24:10,830 --> 00:24:15,900
neutrino can make a transition two
is the anti particle of the left

311
00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:20,400
hand, left hand. particle which
gets masked by mixing in this way

312
00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:23,700
with its anti particle is called a
myeloma particle.

313
00:24:24,870 --> 00:24:28,050
Other predictions stemmed from
applying the basic existence

314
00:24:28,050 --> 00:24:33,090
equations to physics, but now in
quantum mechanics, in 2003, while

315
00:24:33,090 --> 00:24:36,780
attempting to apply the basic
existence equations to relativity,

316
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:41,010
a got lost in the Lorentz
transformations space contraction,

317
00:24:41,010 --> 00:24:46,080
time dilation, time contractions,
space dilation, and so on so

318
00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:49,350
forth. I thought about how they
exist six equations might be

319
00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:53,490
applied to the twin paradox but in
reverse, while trying to remember

320
00:24:53,490 --> 00:24:56,700
which way went with the
contraction or dilation of space

321
00:24:56,700 --> 00:25:00,930
time coordinates. I imagine the
application and fall And reverse

322
00:25:00,930 --> 00:25:05,400
time simultaneously, then all at
once three distinct concepts

323
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:10,620
converged into a single principle.
symmetries between beta decay like

324
00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:15,480
and reversed anti beta decay like
phenomena could oscillate in a

325
00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:19,560
time loop as a temporal
superposition of a hydrogen atom

326
00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:23,640
like structure. These diagonal
symmetries appeared to take into

327
00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:28,050
account charge parity violation. A
forward and reverse time loop

328
00:25:28,050 --> 00:25:31,530
model resembles aspects of
Heisenberg's Uncertainty

329
00:25:31,530 --> 00:25:34,800
Principle, incorporating a new
principle into quantum

330
00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:39,330
entanglement. The inclusion
principle, the inclusion principle

331
00:25:39,330 --> 00:25:42,780
and the Pauli exclusion principle
work together to account for

332
00:25:42,780 --> 00:25:48,450
quantum entanglement, but in a new
way, through identity crises. At a

333
00:25:48,450 --> 00:25:52,830
certain phase in a time loop, the
distinction between forward moving

334
00:25:52,830 --> 00:25:56,400
particles and reverse moving anti
particles becomes

335
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:57,450
indistinguishable,

336
00:25:57,750 --> 00:25:58,260
or

337
00:25:58,830 --> 00:26:03,330
when two identical particles are
in close enough proximity, that

338
00:26:03,330 --> 00:26:07,050
the distinction between the two
particle states becomes impossible

339
00:26:07,050 --> 00:26:12,330
to distinguish. Interestingly,
physicists Daniel Klempner applied

340
00:26:12,330 --> 00:26:16,620
the term identity crisis slightly
different but in such a way that

341
00:26:16,620 --> 00:26:20,880
it exemplifies the inclusion
principle as an additional aspect

342
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:22,140
of quantum entanglement.

343
00:26:23,010 --> 00:26:29,760
In 1925, a young Indian physicist
Satyendra Bose sent Einstein a

344
00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:34,260
paper he'd been unable to publish.
Those had attempted to apply the

345
00:26:34,260 --> 00:26:39,240
mathematics of how light particles
behave to hole atoms. Einstein

346
00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:42,750
realized the importance of this
concept and did some further

347
00:26:42,750 --> 00:26:46,920
calculations. He predicted that on
reaching extremely low

348
00:26:46,920 --> 00:26:51,120
temperatures just a hair above
absolute zero, it might be

349
00:26:51,120 --> 00:26:54,630
possible to produce a new state of
matter that followed quantum

350
00:26:54,630 --> 00:27:00,900
rules, it would not be a solid or
liquid or gas, a Bose Einstein

351
00:27:01,110 --> 00:27:02,160
condensate.

352
00:27:03,930 --> 00:27:07,980
matter can exist in various
states. Atoms at high temperature

353
00:27:07,980 --> 00:27:12,150
always form gases. If you cool the
gas, it becomes a liquid. If you

354
00:27:12,150 --> 00:27:15,570
pool the liquid, it becomes a
solid. But under certain

355
00:27:15,570 --> 00:27:19,200
circumstances, if you cool atoms
far enough to extremely low

356
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:22,710
temperatures, they undergo an
identity crisis. When you go to

357
00:27:22,710 --> 00:27:26,010
low temperatures, the quantum
mechanical properties of the atoms

358
00:27:26,010 --> 00:27:30,540
become important. Each one of
these atoms starts to display wave

359
00:27:30,540 --> 00:27:34,470
like properties. So instead of
points like that, you have a

360
00:27:34,470 --> 00:27:38,130
little wave packets like that.
Now, as you go to very low

361
00:27:38,130 --> 00:27:43,290
temperatures, the size of these
packets gets longer and longer. If

362
00:27:43,290 --> 00:27:47,100
you get them cold enough, they
start overlapping. And when they

363
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:52,530
overlap, the system behaves not
like individual particles, but

364
00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:55,350
particles which have lost their
identity, this little wave packet

365
00:27:55,350 --> 00:27:59,220
over here can tell whether it's
this one, or that one, or that

366
00:27:59,220 --> 00:28:02,790
one, or that one, or that one over
there, and it's there. They're all

367
00:28:02,850 --> 00:28:06,630
in one great big quantum state.
They're all overlapping. But on

368
00:28:06,630 --> 00:28:10,800
the Bose condensate, I'm
everywhere at once I've lost my

369
00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:16,350
identity, I don't know who I am
anymore. I'm at rest, and all the

370
00:28:16,350 --> 00:28:19,020
other atoms around at rest, but
they're not other atoms around

371
00:28:19,020 --> 00:28:21,180
we're all just one great big
quantum system

372
00:28:21,570 --> 00:28:25,080
thought of as just one time
dimension, that distinct time

373
00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:30,360
dimensions of period and present
time appear noticed regularly in

374
00:28:30,360 --> 00:28:34,740
physics in the units for
acceleration, or time squared.

375
00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:39,930
Furthermore, it can be argued that
the concept of time dilation found

376
00:28:39,930 --> 00:28:44,160
in relativity implies that there
are at least two time dimensions

377
00:28:44,460 --> 00:28:48,690
using a three dimensional time
model. inertial mass and momentum

378
00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:53,760
can also be expressed in terms of
temporal components. Acceleration

379
00:28:53,760 --> 00:28:57,180
can be treated as a displacement
in the rate of the passage of

380
00:28:57,180 --> 00:29:02,160
time. There is an inversely
proportional relationship between

381
00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:06,900
the passage of time and linear
time relative to inertial mass and

382
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:12,090
relativistic momentum. This is
easier to understand when

383
00:29:12,090 --> 00:29:16,500
examining the expressions of
thermodynamics and how they relate

384
00:29:16,500 --> 00:29:21,450
to temporal mechanics. The
relativistic effect of an increase

385
00:29:21,450 --> 00:29:25,200
temperature on the internal
motions of atoms within a

386
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:29,610
substance is very subtle if not
impossible to actually measure.

387
00:29:30,030 --> 00:29:33,930
However, an increase in the
temperature is tantamount to a

388
00:29:33,930 --> 00:29:38,880
slight increase in effective mass.
Technically speaking, inertial

389
00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:42,990
mass is Lorentz invariant and does
not change while undergoing

390
00:29:42,990 --> 00:29:47,760
relativistic transformations.
Nevertheless, there is a link

391
00:29:47,790 --> 00:29:51,630
between thermodynamics and the
temporal mechanical expression for

392
00:29:51,630 --> 00:29:56,460
inertial mass and relativistic
momentum. We will see that this

393
00:29:56,460 --> 00:29:59,670
particular subtlety is extremely
significant.

394
00:30:01,829 --> 00:30:05,339
The temperature of the average
molecule in the bucket is 50

395
00:30:05,339 --> 00:30:09,689
degrees. And the temperature of
the average molecule in the cup is

396
00:30:09,689 --> 00:30:14,069
100 degrees. The bucket obviously
contains many, many more water

397
00:30:14,069 --> 00:30:17,939
molecules than the cup does. The
degree of hotness is higher in the

398
00:30:17,939 --> 00:30:22,289
cup, but the quantity of hotness
is greater in the bucket. We know

399
00:30:22,289 --> 00:30:24,839
that it's the speed of the
molecule that determines the

400
00:30:24,839 --> 00:30:28,739
degree of hotness of something.
degree of hotness only depends on

401
00:30:28,739 --> 00:30:32,729
speed. It has nothing to do with
how many molecules there are.

402
00:30:33,149 --> 00:30:36,089
Although the molecules in the
bucket aren't going as fast as in

403
00:30:36,089 --> 00:30:39,929
the cup, there are more of them so
they more than make up in mass

404
00:30:39,959 --> 00:30:44,789
what they lack in speed, and its
mass combined with speed that

405
00:30:44,789 --> 00:30:48,869
determines quantity of hotness,
the word for degree of hotness is

406
00:30:48,869 --> 00:30:53,669
temperature. The other word for
quantity of hotness is heat. The

407
00:30:53,669 --> 00:30:56,969
big difference between temperature
and heat is that temperature

408
00:30:56,969 --> 00:31:01,499
depends on speed only, whereas
heat depends on both mass and

409
00:31:01,499 --> 00:31:05,909
speed. The water in the cup has
got a high temperature, but very

410
00:31:05,909 --> 00:31:09,299
little heat, and the water in the
bucket has got a much lower

411
00:31:09,299 --> 00:31:11,429
temperature, but a great deal of
heat.

412
00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:17,190
In a closed loop thermal system
such as an idealized heat engine,

413
00:31:17,490 --> 00:31:20,910
the inversely proportional
relationship between temperature

414
00:31:21,090 --> 00:31:24,990
and the change in entropy can be
used to set the heat engine into

415
00:31:24,990 --> 00:31:30,270
motion analogously. The inversely
proportional relationship between

416
00:31:30,270 --> 00:31:33,840
the passage of time and the linear
time can be used as a mechanism

417
00:31:33,870 --> 00:31:35,430
for the evolution of time.

418
00:31:35,940 --> 00:31:38,280
If you're like most high school
science students, you were

419
00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:40,950
probably taught that absolute
temperature is the measure of how

420
00:31:40,950 --> 00:31:44,220
much atoms vibrate. As you get
colder and colder, they vibrate

421
00:31:44,220 --> 00:31:47,400
less and less until they come to a
standstill at absolute zero.

422
00:31:47,430 --> 00:31:50,730
That's not quite the whole story,
a more accurate description of

423
00:31:50,730 --> 00:31:54,150
temperature would represent a loop
anything beyond absolute zero or

424
00:31:54,150 --> 00:31:58,110
infinite temperature would be in
the negative. Assuming that a time

425
00:31:58,110 --> 00:32:02,160
loop and a temperature loop are
isomorphic absolute temperature

426
00:32:02,190 --> 00:32:05,640
needs to be reexamined in terms of
the passage of time,

427
00:32:06,900 --> 00:32:11,430
the specific heat of liquid helium
rises astonishingly, as we

428
00:32:11,430 --> 00:32:18,540
approach 2.17 degrees, the lambda
point as we approach 2.17 degrees,

429
00:32:18,780 --> 00:32:24,930
boiling becomes increasingly
violent. Suddenly, it stops. This

430
00:32:24,930 --> 00:32:29,040
was the transition. Remember that
this great change in heat

431
00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:34,410
conductivity occurs at a single a
fixed transition temperature, no

432
00:32:34,410 --> 00:32:39,510
matter the point, we do indeed,
deal with the change in phase only

433
00:32:39,510 --> 00:32:45,450
here, it is a change from one
liquid to another liquid. As we've

434
00:32:45,450 --> 00:32:49,590
told you before, the specific heat
of liquid helium is very large at

435
00:32:49,590 --> 00:32:54,390
the lambda point. This
discontinuity in specific heat is

436
00:32:54,390 --> 00:32:57,780
another reflection of the fact
that we are dealing with a change

437
00:32:57,810 --> 00:32:59,250
in the face of the substance.

438
00:33:04,080 --> 00:33:08,160
quick look at the concept of
absolute zero temperature might

439
00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:12,630
cause one to consider the idea of
a maximally high temperature.

440
00:33:16,650 --> 00:33:20,640
I mean, we know that there is an
absolute zero. But is there an

441
00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:21,510
absolute

442
00:33:21,749 --> 00:33:23,039
hot, a point

443
00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:27,810
at which something is so hot, it
can't get any hotter. any object

444
00:33:27,810 --> 00:33:32,580
over absolute zero emits some form
of electromagnetic radiation, we

445
00:33:32,580 --> 00:33:36,120
can calculate the expected
wavelength of radiation coming off

446
00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:39,390
of an object because of its
temperature. And that wavelength

447
00:33:39,420 --> 00:33:43,890
gets smaller and smaller, the
hotter and hotter the object gets.

448
00:33:44,010 --> 00:33:48,000
It goes from radio waves to
microwaves up through infrared,

449
00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:52,050
visible all the way to x rays and
gamma rays, which are created in

450
00:33:52,050 --> 00:33:55,740
the middle of our sun at
temperatures as hot as the sun

451
00:33:55,890 --> 00:34:00,930
Mater exists in a fourth state,
not solid, not liquid, not gas,

452
00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:04,890
but instead a state where the
electrons wander away from the

453
00:34:04,890 --> 00:34:12,480
nuclei. Plasma at one Tara Kelvin,
things get weird. At one Tara

454
00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:16,170
Kelvin, the electrons aren't the
only thing that wander away the

455
00:34:16,170 --> 00:34:20,700
Hadrian's themselves. The protons
and neutrons in the nucleus melt

456
00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:26,670
into corks and gluons a sort of
soup. If an object were to reach a

457
00:34:26,670 --> 00:34:33,510
temperature of 1.41 times 10 to
the 32 Kelvin, the radiation it

458
00:34:33,510 --> 00:34:38,850
would admit would have a
wavelength of 1.616 times 10 to

459
00:34:38,850 --> 00:34:46,200
the negative 26 nanometers. It
actually has a special name. It is

460
00:34:46,260 --> 00:34:50,130
the Planck distance, which
according to quantum mechanics, is

461
00:34:50,130 --> 00:34:56,880
the shortest distance possible in
our universe. Okay, well, what if

462
00:34:56,880 --> 00:35:01,680
we added even more energy Wouldn't
the wavelength gets smaller it's

463
00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:06,060
supposed to, but yet it can't.
This is where we've got a problem

464
00:35:06,390 --> 00:35:10,860
above 1.41 times 10 to the 32
Kelvin, the Planck temperature,

465
00:35:11,790 --> 00:35:17,610
our theories don't work, the
object would become hotter than

466
00:35:18,420 --> 00:35:23,070
temperature, it would be so hot
that what it is would not be

467
00:35:23,070 --> 00:35:25,470
considered a temperature.

468
00:35:26,279 --> 00:35:31,049
Assume that the thermal property
of each substance has a maximum

469
00:35:31,049 --> 00:35:34,859
and minimum temperature range that
we can place in a temperature

470
00:35:34,859 --> 00:35:40,619
loop. This idea is consistent with
blackbody radiation such that only

471
00:35:40,619 --> 00:35:44,969
so much energy can be put into a
loop before the cycle repeats

472
00:35:44,969 --> 00:35:49,919
phase. The absolute value for
temperature represents the maximum

473
00:35:49,919 --> 00:35:54,119
range of values for temperature
taking into account both positive

474
00:35:54,119 --> 00:35:58,019
and negative temperature, the left
and right side of the loop can

475
00:35:58,019 --> 00:36:01,859
account for the maximum and
minimum change in entropy

476
00:36:01,919 --> 00:36:06,479
proportional to change in heat
content and inversely proportional

477
00:36:06,659 --> 00:36:11,219
to temperature. Substituting the
passage of time for temperature,

478
00:36:11,609 --> 00:36:15,989
and substituting linear time for
changes in entropy, the

479
00:36:15,989 --> 00:36:20,669
thermodynamic expressions for a
car no heat engine can be used to

480
00:36:20,669 --> 00:36:24,239
describe a mechanism for the
evolution of time in three

481
00:36:24,239 --> 00:36:28,589
dimensions. Ignoring the Kelvin
temperature scale for a moment,

482
00:36:28,979 --> 00:36:32,669
assume negative temperatures
correspond with temperatures below

483
00:36:32,669 --> 00:36:37,559
the transition point for
supercooled substances, or above

484
00:36:37,589 --> 00:36:41,999
the transition point for
superheated substances. transition

485
00:36:41,999 --> 00:36:45,929
points become places where the
change in temperature or the

486
00:36:45,929 --> 00:36:51,359
change in entropy reverses.
Conversely, at the transition

487
00:36:51,359 --> 00:36:55,229
points in the time loop, the
direction of time flips or

488
00:36:55,229 --> 00:36:58,979
reverses, the properties of
negative temperature are

489
00:36:58,979 --> 00:37:03,749
synonymous with the properties of
motion in reverse time, just as

490
00:37:03,749 --> 00:37:07,649
the properties of positive
temperatures are synonymous with

491
00:37:07,649 --> 00:37:11,969
the properties of motion in
forward time. Consequently, we

492
00:37:11,969 --> 00:37:16,199
should observe a similar type of
behavior at high temperatures.

493
00:37:17,730 --> 00:37:23,640
So how do you take quarks in a
proton and a neutron and separate

494
00:37:23,640 --> 00:37:29,760
them? Actually, we could separate
quarks from one another. If we

495
00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:34,260
were to supply enough heat, and
enough density, actually, we'll

496
00:37:34,260 --> 00:37:37,560
check had something to do with
that. Maybe if I smash a bunch of

497
00:37:37,560 --> 00:37:43,410
protons together, and I produce
matter that has enough temperature

498
00:37:43,410 --> 00:37:49,590
and density maybe I can actually
produce quarks that are separable

499
00:37:49,620 --> 00:37:52,980
or separated and we say the
confined This is at Brookhaven

500
00:37:52,980 --> 00:37:57,060
National Lab on girl in New York,
this is a not just an accelerator,

501
00:37:57,060 --> 00:38:01,200
it's actually two accelerators in
one and the beams collide, you

502
00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:03,810
ever been one going one way of the
beam and going another way, and I

503
00:38:03,810 --> 00:38:08,010
had four spots, and they actually
cross and collide. Gold nuclei

504
00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:16,290
beams. And these beams were
traveling at 99.999% of the speed

505
00:38:16,290 --> 00:38:19,530
of light. So you have two nuclei,
traveling nearly the speed of

506
00:38:19,530 --> 00:38:23,790
light. they collide in as they
penetrate one another, they nearly

507
00:38:23,790 --> 00:38:28,650
stopped and all that energy of
motion, all that kinetic energy is

508
00:38:28,740 --> 00:38:34,680
almost instantly transformed into
making 1000s of particles. The

509
00:38:34,680 --> 00:38:38,550
model assumes that this stuff that
we made, the stuff that last for

510
00:38:38,550 --> 00:38:44,790
about 10 to the minus 22 seconds.
Is is like a liquid, a liquid of

511
00:38:44,790 --> 00:38:49,560
quarks and gluons. This is
something which is amazingly hard

512
00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:55,260
the trillion degrees and it flows
like there's nothing to slow it

513
00:38:55,260 --> 00:39:02,100
down. This liquid is really really
viscous, almost viscous. So it's a

514
00:39:02,580 --> 00:39:03,690
it's a cool liquid.

515
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:05,910
It's a cool liquid.

516
00:39:07,079 --> 00:39:11,279
When the temperature loop is
maximally hot, the entropy is

517
00:39:11,279 --> 00:39:16,349
zero. This restricts maximum
absolute temperature to finite

518
00:39:16,349 --> 00:39:20,009
temperatures and becomes a
parameter or a limit of a

519
00:39:20,009 --> 00:39:25,079
temperature loop. When temperature
is zero, the change in entropy is

520
00:39:25,079 --> 00:39:30,779
at the maximum range finite or
infinite. In this example, he

521
00:39:30,779 --> 00:39:35,909
conduction can operate in one of
two ways as a reversible closed

522
00:39:35,909 --> 00:39:41,999
loop system or as an indefinitely
open irreversible system. In

523
00:39:41,999 --> 00:39:47,279
either case, this idealized
mechanism is in continuous action.

524
00:39:49,020 --> 00:39:53,340
In car knows ideal engine, the
ratio of the heat taken in to the

525
00:39:53,340 --> 00:39:57,660
heat wasted was the same as the
ratio of the two absolute

526
00:39:57,660 --> 00:40:02,310
temperatures needed to drive the
engine In other words, and this

527
00:40:02,310 --> 00:40:06,540
was the idea that stemmed from
carnivals imagination. Something

528
00:40:06,540 --> 00:40:12,150
that goes in is the same when it
comes out. If it's not the heat,

529
00:40:12,720 --> 00:40:17,460
and if it's not the temperature,
what is it? It's the heat divided

530
00:40:17,460 --> 00:40:22,140
by the temperature at which it
flows. And according to classes,

531
00:40:22,740 --> 00:40:28,020
that's entropy. In a car no
engine, some entropy flows in at

532
00:40:28,020 --> 00:40:33,870
high temperature does its job and
the same amount of entropy flows

533
00:40:33,870 --> 00:40:39,030
out at low temperature. So when
ideal engine conserves energy

534
00:40:40,650 --> 00:40:45,660
This brings us to a question. Are
these time loops perpetual or can

535
00:40:45,660 --> 00:40:50,400
they have a beginning and an end?
in thermodynamics, a heat engine

536
00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:54,480
acts like an idealized reversible
engine, until it runs out of

537
00:40:54,480 --> 00:40:59,460
having a source of heat, or the
engine breaks down, etc. In a

538
00:40:59,460 --> 00:41:04,890
similar way, time loops continue
to cycle until they run out of or

539
00:41:04,890 --> 00:41:10,380
break down from what exactly a
better way to understand this

540
00:41:10,380 --> 00:41:14,040
temperature loop model is to see
through the action of ordinary

541
00:41:14,070 --> 00:41:18,960
everyday motion, such as with the
air conditioner, or refrigerator.

542
00:41:22,980 --> 00:41:27,060
Inside fan circulate air across
the tubular network containing

543
00:41:27,060 --> 00:41:31,050
coolant, the inside air
temperature decreases as the court

544
00:41:31,080 --> 00:41:32,880
absorbs heat through the tubing.

545
00:41:36,630 --> 00:41:39,810
Let's diagram the compression
refrigeration loop. We'll start

546
00:41:39,810 --> 00:41:45,060
with a closed loop tube. And we'll
fill it with coolant that in this

547
00:41:45,060 --> 00:41:48,120
case has a boiling point somewhere
near room temperature. Let's

548
00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:52,500
insert a pump. At the other side
of our diagram opposite the pump

549
00:41:52,710 --> 00:41:57,060
will insert a valve letting just a
bit of fluid through but keeping

550
00:41:57,060 --> 00:42:00,300
most of it back. Building up
pressure on the upstream side of

551
00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:03,750
the valve will see that we have
most of the fluid on one side of

552
00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:07,740
the loop, high pressure side
downstream of the pump an upstream

553
00:42:07,740 --> 00:42:11,640
of the valve. The other low
pressure side has less fluid

554
00:42:11,640 --> 00:42:15,150
because the pump is busy trying to
move the fluid around faster than

555
00:42:15,150 --> 00:42:17,850
the valve is letting it through.
On the high pressure side we are

556
00:42:17,850 --> 00:42:21,720
pushing squeezing the gas
molecules forcing them into a

557
00:42:21,720 --> 00:42:24,870
liquid state. And on the low
pressure side, we are ripping the

558
00:42:24,870 --> 00:42:28,380
molecules out of their liquid
state and into a gaseous state.

559
00:42:29,070 --> 00:42:31,650
We're condensing on the high
pressure side and evaporating or

560
00:42:31,650 --> 00:42:36,990
boiling on the low pressure side.
So by boiling on one side, and

561
00:42:36,990 --> 00:42:40,650
condensing on the other, we're
creating a cold side and a warm

562
00:42:40,650 --> 00:42:44,490
side of our pipe. Let's position
the cold side on the inside of our

563
00:42:44,490 --> 00:42:48,780
building and the warm side on the
outside of our building. We might

564
00:42:48,780 --> 00:42:52,530
then draw in room air at room
temperature, run it over a cold

565
00:42:52,530 --> 00:42:57,210
pipe and supplied back to the
room. On the outside hot loop. We

566
00:42:57,210 --> 00:43:01,350
will utilize a fan to draw outside
air across a hot pipe and

567
00:43:01,350 --> 00:43:03,900
deposited back to the outside air.

568
00:43:06,810 --> 00:43:11,640
In a reversible thermal process,
the initial and final changes in

569
00:43:11,640 --> 00:43:17,520
entropy equals zero. The initial
change in entropy corresponds with

570
00:43:17,520 --> 00:43:21,450
the coolant absorbing heat. The
final change in entropy

571
00:43:21,810 --> 00:43:25,800
corresponds with the outside air
absorbing heat from the heated

572
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:31,530
coolant. In this example, the
process is reversible indefinitely

573
00:43:31,680 --> 00:43:36,630
insofar as refrigerator continues
to work with the same efficiency

574
00:43:36,660 --> 00:43:41,970
over an indefinite period of time.
Consequently, a refrigerator does

575
00:43:41,970 --> 00:43:46,380
not violate the second law of
thermodynamics. Heat can transfer

576
00:43:46,380 --> 00:43:50,190
from a hot reservoir to a cold
reservoir, but not the other way

577
00:43:50,190 --> 00:43:55,110
around. If a heat engine loses
heat due to work or inefficiency,

578
00:43:55,620 --> 00:43:59,580
what is the mathematical
equivalent for a time loop. If

579
00:43:59,580 --> 00:44:05,190
heat flows in only one direction,
through a heat engine, what flows

580
00:44:05,340 --> 00:44:12,870
in only one direction through a
timely, linear time. The arrow of

581
00:44:12,870 --> 00:44:16,920
time is the direction that linear
time passes through a temporal

582
00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:21,660
loop at a true and steady rate,
turning over like a temporal

583
00:44:21,660 --> 00:44:26,460
motor, the mechanism for the
evolution of time, though a time

584
00:44:26,460 --> 00:44:30,360
loop can be sustained
indefinitely. Eventually, a time

585
00:44:30,360 --> 00:44:35,730
loop can run out of time and stop
cycling. We can define relative

586
00:44:35,730 --> 00:44:40,410
absolute temperatures using
absolute value bars. Instead of a

587
00:44:40,410 --> 00:44:43,890
temperature loop, we'll use a
temperature arch where the

588
00:44:43,890 --> 00:44:47,700
uppermost part of the arch
corresponds with absolute maximum

589
00:44:47,700 --> 00:44:51,090
temperature, accounting for both
positive and negative

590
00:44:51,090 --> 00:44:55,080
temperatures. We could also make
an arch where the outermost part

591
00:44:55,080 --> 00:44:59,040
of the arch corresponds with
absolute maximum change in entropy

592
00:44:59,280 --> 00:45:03,630
or change. in linear time,
accounting for both forward and

593
00:45:03,630 --> 00:45:09,120
reverse time simultaneously with
one direction of time, referring

594
00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:13,020
to the absolute temperature arch.
What does the single maximum

595
00:45:13,020 --> 00:45:17,640
temperature state represent? What
transitions from positive to

596
00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:21,510
negative or from negative to
positive along the change in

597
00:45:21,510 --> 00:45:26,190
entropy or linear timeline
coordinate. What this arch

598
00:45:26,190 --> 00:45:29,940
suggests is that plasma can be
heated enough to display

599
00:45:29,940 --> 00:45:35,400
properties of a perfect liquid. Or
Similarly, a super fluid may be

600
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:40,380
cooled enough to phase transition
into a gas. Referring to the

601
00:45:40,380 --> 00:45:45,000
sideways absolute entropy arch.
What does this single maximum

602
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:49,770
change in entropy or change in
linear time represent? What do

603
00:45:49,770 --> 00:45:54,060
both states on opposite sides of
the temperature or passage of time

604
00:45:54,060 --> 00:45:59,070
coordinate near zero represent the
basis for absolute change in

605
00:45:59,070 --> 00:46:03,600
entropy, our maximum positive and
maximum negative temperatures, the

606
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:07,770
positive minimum temperature state
could represent one side of a

607
00:46:07,770 --> 00:46:11,610
phase transition and the negative
minimum temperature state could

608
00:46:11,610 --> 00:46:15,840
represent the other side of a
phase transition. If the positive

609
00:46:15,840 --> 00:46:20,970
side of absolute zero is a state
of condensed matter, what is on

610
00:46:20,970 --> 00:46:25,170
the negative side of absolute
zero, on condensed matter,

611
00:46:26,699 --> 00:46:28,979
I'd like to welcome you to the
slac

612
00:46:29,159 --> 00:46:33,359
National Accelerator Laboratory.
The speaker is Aaron roodman, who

613
00:46:33,359 --> 00:46:36,959
is a faculty member, a professor
at the laboratory. He's the

614
00:46:36,959 --> 00:46:41,399
discoverer of one of the very
elusive and tricky decay channels

615
00:46:41,399 --> 00:46:44,939
of the beam as on today, he will
tell you about matter

616
00:46:44,940 --> 00:46:50,040
and anti matter, and what it is
and where did it go. This is a

617
00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:54,510
picture from a cloud chamber taken
by Carl Anderson and Caltech. In

618
00:46:54,510 --> 00:46:58,080
it he saw the track of what
appeared to be an electron,

619
00:46:58,110 --> 00:47:02,700
however, an electron would have
bent to the right. And what he

620
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:06,270
observed was a particle that bent
to the left, this mysterious

621
00:47:06,270 --> 00:47:11,400
object was the first sign of anti
matter. more remarkable, perhaps,

622
00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:15,210
is that the existence of this
particle was predicted to solve

623
00:47:15,210 --> 00:47:18,900
certain inconsistency in quantum
mechanics by Paul Dirac only three

624
00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:23,310
years earlier, relativity and
quantum mechanics come together in

625
00:47:23,310 --> 00:47:26,970
a unified form and this marvelous
equation of direct the direct

626
00:47:26,970 --> 00:47:30,540
equation, and that marriage or
relativity in quantum mechanics,

627
00:47:30,840 --> 00:47:34,830
gives us two children spin an anti
matter which you're about to see

628
00:47:34,860 --> 00:47:38,340
just now, here, the beta matrix is
one one, negative one, negative

629
00:47:38,340 --> 00:47:43,800
one and the E is multiplying the
identity matrix and the Eigen

630
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:49,230
vectors are simply going to be the
column vectors with one in one

631
00:47:49,230 --> 00:47:51,510
slot and zeros and everything
else. And when you put in, you

632
00:47:51,510 --> 00:47:55,320
know, the constants here, the
Eigen value for the energy for

633
00:47:55,320 --> 00:47:58,620
this one's actually square MC
squared minus MC squared minus MC

634
00:47:58,620 --> 00:48:01,590
squared. So you can see that the
particle solutions split into two

635
00:48:01,590 --> 00:48:05,850
kinds of particles, one particle
positive energy, one particle with

636
00:48:05,850 --> 00:48:08,340
negative energy, and that we're
just going to point out here we

637
00:48:08,340 --> 00:48:12,900
have two kinds of solutions in
terms of the energy eigenvalues

638
00:48:12,900 --> 00:48:17,430
here is one pair of solutions. And
here's the other pair. So the

639
00:48:17,430 --> 00:48:21,540
first pairs are electron with two
states spin up spin down, and the

640
00:48:21,540 --> 00:48:25,410
second pair will represent your
positron with two states spin up

641
00:48:25,410 --> 00:48:25,980
spin down,

642
00:48:26,369 --> 00:48:30,299
the particles can have spin along
either axis that gives you two

643
00:48:30,299 --> 00:48:34,829
components up spin and down spin,
and the particles can have

644
00:48:34,829 --> 00:48:39,629
positive or negative energy. Now
we've learned over and over again,

645
00:48:39,869 --> 00:48:43,349
that the negative energy particles
should be replaced by anti

646
00:48:43,349 --> 00:48:49,319
particles of positive energy. But
in the mathematics, the Dirac

647
00:48:49,319 --> 00:48:55,709
field has four components up spin
positive energy down spin positive

648
00:48:55,709 --> 00:49:00,749
energy, up spin negative energy
down spin negative energy, or you

649
00:49:00,749 --> 00:49:04,829
can think of it as up spinning
down spin of particle and

650
00:49:04,829 --> 00:49:05,879
antiparticle.

651
00:49:06,090 --> 00:49:10,500
The anti proton was discovered at
Berkeley, by Chamberlain to gray,

652
00:49:10,740 --> 00:49:14,460
all elementary particles, the
electron, the proton and the

653
00:49:14,460 --> 00:49:18,630
neutron, they all have an anti
matter version, these anti matter

654
00:49:18,630 --> 00:49:23,400
particles are exactly the same as
their matter versions, except they

655
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:27,600
have the opposite electric charge.
If we look at the world around us,

656
00:49:27,750 --> 00:49:32,430
we see only map only protons,
neutrons, and electrons, not their

657
00:49:32,430 --> 00:49:37,320
anti matter versions, except for a
tiny residual of anti matter in

658
00:49:37,590 --> 00:49:42,120
certain radioactive processes in
cosmic rays, and we can make anti

659
00:49:42,120 --> 00:49:45,930
matter in our accelerators. But as
far as we can see, we do not see

660
00:49:45,930 --> 00:49:49,320
any signs of anti matter in the
universe. And so we're left with

661
00:49:49,320 --> 00:49:52,770
the question. Where did the anti
Mater go? Why is the whole

662
00:49:52,770 --> 00:49:56,940
universe made of just matter? So
just after the Big Bang, the

663
00:49:56,940 --> 00:50:01,830
universe had to have equal parts
of matter. Anything that matter

664
00:50:01,830 --> 00:50:04,590
and anti matter annihilate each
other, and that's the blue and the

665
00:50:04,590 --> 00:50:10,170
red dots disappearing. Until
eventually, you're left with just

666
00:50:10,170 --> 00:50:15,780
a tiny amount of matter. And that
tiny amount of matter is

667
00:50:15,780 --> 00:50:20,760
everything we see in the world, a
tiny excess of matter of the size

668
00:50:20,760 --> 00:50:26,640
one part and 10 billion was
created. How was that tiny excess

669
00:50:26,640 --> 00:50:30,570
creating some interaction between
particles must have been a little

670
00:50:30,570 --> 00:50:32,400
bit different between matter and
anti matter.

671
00:50:33,480 --> 00:50:38,070
Ignoring issues with spin and
parity violation for a moment, let

672
00:50:38,070 --> 00:50:42,090
the reverse time anti particles be
indistinguishable from forward

673
00:50:42,090 --> 00:50:46,050
time particles, with the
exception, that the forward time

674
00:50:46,050 --> 00:50:50,910
particles exists slightly ahead in
linear time, relative to the

675
00:50:50,910 --> 00:50:56,280
reverse time anti particles, since
they are slightly out of phase. If

676
00:50:56,280 --> 00:51:00,810
they were to approach being in the
same quantum state simultaneously,

677
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:04,590
an inherent issue with
simultaneity would prevent

678
00:51:04,590 --> 00:51:09,090
collision. However, there is a
probability for this near

679
00:51:09,090 --> 00:51:13,650
collision to loop in on itself
forming a sequential identity

680
00:51:13,650 --> 00:51:17,880
crisis between forward time
particles and reverse time anti

681
00:51:17,880 --> 00:51:22,650
particles. When a forward time
particle is at the moment of near

682
00:51:22,650 --> 00:51:27,330
collision, the reverse time anti
particle is not quite there yet.

683
00:51:27,720 --> 00:51:32,220
After the forward time particle
has moved on the reverse time anti

684
00:51:32,220 --> 00:51:37,050
particle van is at the moment of
near collision from the reverse

685
00:51:37,080 --> 00:51:41,400
anti particle frame of reference.
If we move forward, everything is

686
00:51:41,400 --> 00:51:45,600
the same as with the forward
moving particle with the exception

687
00:51:45,630 --> 00:51:50,850
of a minus sign. Notice that each
is the cause of the other forward

688
00:51:50,880 --> 00:51:57,600
or reverse. This is a time loop.
Consequently, to complete one

689
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:03,300
cycle around a time loop, one must
go both forward and reverse. But

690
00:52:03,300 --> 00:52:10,080
how the basic exist equations
allow us to parameterize quantum

691
00:52:10,080 --> 00:52:16,650
mechanics with three dimensional
time if A equals B, then a over b

692
00:52:16,650 --> 00:52:22,290
equals one and the identity
constant is one meaning there is

693
00:52:22,290 --> 00:52:27,990
only one particle, physical state
field, etc. Depending on the

694
00:52:27,990 --> 00:52:33,570
application, if a is greater than
b, then a over b is greater than

695
00:52:33,570 --> 00:52:39,690
one. And there are at least two
particles, states fields etc. When

696
00:52:39,720 --> 00:52:45,300
a over b is one, this corresponds
with the inclusion principle, when

697
00:52:45,330 --> 00:52:49,560
a over b is greater than one, this
corresponds with the exclusion

698
00:52:49,560 --> 00:52:54,630
principle. In quantum mechanics,
it is impossible to know both the

699
00:52:54,630 --> 00:52:59,880
particles momentum and position
simultaneously within an accuracy

700
00:52:59,880 --> 00:53:04,890
greater than h bar. This is known
as Heisenberg's Uncertainty

701
00:53:04,890 --> 00:53:05,520
Principle,

702
00:53:06,719 --> 00:53:11,339
you cannot measure the position of
a particle and its momentum at the

703
00:53:11,339 --> 00:53:16,949
same time. This principle is often
expressed as the uncertainty in

704
00:53:16,949 --> 00:53:22,169
position multiplied by the
uncertainty in momentum is greater

705
00:53:22,169 --> 00:53:29,579
than or equal to h bar over two. A
postulate of quantum mechanics

706
00:53:29,789 --> 00:53:33,989
which is one we will come to
shortly says that the probability

707
00:53:33,989 --> 00:53:38,459
of finding the electron at any
given point in space is equal to

708
00:53:38,459 --> 00:53:41,399
the square of the wave function at
that point.

709
00:53:42,030 --> 00:53:45,990
Using three dimensional time, we
can apply both the inclusion

710
00:53:45,990 --> 00:53:50,400
principle and the exclusion
principle simultaneously and

711
00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:54,060
account for the uncertainty
principle allowing for the basic

712
00:53:54,060 --> 00:53:59,790
exist equations to apply generally
to quantum mechanics equivalences

713
00:53:59,820 --> 00:54:03,510
between temporal mechanics and
quantum mechanics can be used to

714
00:54:03,510 --> 00:54:07,680
incorporate a temporal loop
mechanism into the mathematics of

715
00:54:07,680 --> 00:54:12,330
atomic structures and the standard
model. Since a temperature loop is

716
00:54:12,330 --> 00:54:16,110
isomorphic, with a time loop, we
can introduce the concept of a

717
00:54:16,110 --> 00:54:21,000
plasma and a phone on into the
temperature slash time loop and

718
00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:25,200
view them as cross conjugate
pairs, or both the plasma and

719
00:54:25,200 --> 00:54:29,040
phone on separately act like self
conjugate pairs.

720
00:54:29,520 --> 00:54:34,080
Phone arms have no mass which
means that a phone on with zero

721
00:54:34,080 --> 00:54:41,490
momentum has no energy. Now,
supposing your crystal lattice was

722
00:54:41,490 --> 00:54:47,070
composed of particles, which
themselves have both plus some

723
00:54:47,070 --> 00:54:50,940
plus charges and some minus
charges. And supposing you did the

724
00:54:50,940 --> 00:54:58,530
following, you shifted all of the
electrons to the left uniformly

725
00:54:59,370 --> 00:55:03,420
and all the photons to the right
uniformly just a little bit, just

726
00:55:03,420 --> 00:55:08,430
a little separation between the
electron cloud and the nuclei the

727
00:55:08,490 --> 00:55:12,390
plus particles this way the minus
particles this way, what will

728
00:55:12,390 --> 00:55:18,900
happen next will start to vibrate.
So moving everything

729
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:23,730
simultaneously that's zero
momentum phone on moving the plus

730
00:55:23,730 --> 00:55:26,940
charges relative to the minus
charges, what does that call

731
00:55:26,940 --> 00:55:33,930
anybody know a plasma, a plasma,
plasma is have mass phonons do

732
00:55:33,930 --> 00:55:34,230
not.

733
00:55:34,980 --> 00:55:37,470
Plasma in most cases is a
collection

734
00:55:37,470 --> 00:55:40,500
of electrons oscillating within a
material,

735
00:55:41,219 --> 00:55:43,019
you can have these oscillations

736
00:55:43,320 --> 00:55:47,700
in three dimensions. For
simplicity, plasmons represent the

737
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:51,870
high temperature phase of the
cycle, and phonons represent the

738
00:55:51,870 --> 00:55:56,010
low temperature phase of the
cycle. The plasma and phone on

739
00:55:56,010 --> 00:55:59,610
states represent moments of
identity crises within the

740
00:55:59,610 --> 00:56:04,410
temperature slash time loop, the
plasma ID crisis occurs relative

741
00:56:04,410 --> 00:56:09,000
to the t prime coordinate, and the
phone on identity crisis occurs

742
00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:12,630
relative to the t squared
coordinate, we can view the

743
00:56:12,630 --> 00:56:17,100
absolute temperature arch and the
absolute change in entropy arch as

744
00:56:17,100 --> 00:56:19,830
two separate expressions of
entropy.

745
00:56:20,130 --> 00:56:24,840
What we want to do now is to count
up the different ways that we can

746
00:56:24,840 --> 00:56:28,140
arrange the particles and arrive
at these equivalent

747
00:56:28,140 --> 00:56:33,030
configurations. This number of
equivalent microstates is a

748
00:56:33,030 --> 00:56:37,650
measure of the entropy in the 5050
configuration, we have many

749
00:56:37,650 --> 00:56:41,340
equivalent microstates. So we go
from a situation with few

750
00:56:41,340 --> 00:56:46,830
microstates much lower entropy to
a situation with many, many

751
00:56:46,830 --> 00:56:51,960
microstates much higher entropy,
we're going from configurations

752
00:56:51,960 --> 00:56:56,640
which are less likely to occur to
the configurations which are most

753
00:56:56,640 --> 00:56:57,480
likely to occur,

754
00:56:58,260 --> 00:57:02,190
the absolute temperature arch
becomes a probability distribution

755
00:57:02,310 --> 00:57:07,410
for finding the plasma. at maximum
temperature positive and negative,

756
00:57:07,530 --> 00:57:11,400
the absolute change in entropy
arch becomes a probability

757
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:16,770
distribution for finding the phone
on at zero degrees temperature. If

758
00:57:16,770 --> 00:57:21,210
we removed the absolute value bars
from temperature, the left side of

759
00:57:21,210 --> 00:57:25,110
our temperature arch would consist
of double negative components.

760
00:57:25,290 --> 00:57:30,060
Thus flipping the left side of the
arch over into the third quadrant

761
00:57:30,090 --> 00:57:34,320
of our graph. Without absolute
value bars, there is this

762
00:57:34,320 --> 00:57:38,670
continuity in the arch at t
squared equals zero, between

763
00:57:38,670 --> 00:57:44,130
positive t prime and negative t
prime. We can do a similar thing

764
00:57:44,130 --> 00:57:48,570
with the sideways absolute change
in entropy arch, letting TB either

765
00:57:48,570 --> 00:57:54,000
positive or negative, the top
section of the arch flops over

766
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:58,590
into the second quadrant of the
graph. Interestingly, both of

767
00:57:58,590 --> 00:58:02,550
these broken arches correspond
with the transition points and

768
00:58:02,550 --> 00:58:06,960
slightly resemble the lambda point
graph for phase change between

769
00:58:06,960 --> 00:58:11,730
liquid helium one and liquid
helium two, it becomes evident

770
00:58:11,820 --> 00:58:15,420
that entropy plays an intimate
role in the mechanism for the

771
00:58:15,420 --> 00:58:20,010
evolution of time. However, the
broken continuity between entropy

772
00:58:20,010 --> 00:58:24,240
states and temperature states
leads to a discontinuity in the

773
00:58:24,240 --> 00:58:29,370
mechanism for the evolution of
time. So far, we have several

774
00:58:29,370 --> 00:58:33,630
physical properties we are trying
to match up particles and anti

775
00:58:33,630 --> 00:58:37,650
particles, hot and cold
temperatures forward and reverse

776
00:58:37,650 --> 00:58:43,230
time, change in entropy, and three
dimensional time. However, this

777
00:58:43,230 --> 00:58:47,400
can all be simplified through the
use of a spinner. To illustrate

778
00:58:47,400 --> 00:58:51,300
the symmetry of a spinner, we'll
use a small plate with a wineglass

779
00:58:51,300 --> 00:58:55,830
placed on top while rotating my
arm around in a circle in order to

780
00:58:55,830 --> 00:59:00,630
bring the plate and wineglass back
to their original orientation, the

781
00:59:00,630 --> 00:59:06,360
plate and wine glass must undergo
to complete rotations. The simple

782
00:59:06,360 --> 00:59:10,920
properties of the Mobius strip can
demonically give you an idea of

783
00:59:10,920 --> 00:59:19,500
how the temporal loop spinner will
be set up. It demonstrates a beta

784
00:59:19,500 --> 00:59:24,480
decay like and anti beta decay
like process caught in a temporal

785
00:59:24,480 --> 00:59:28,950
loop. This loop represents a
single hydrogen atom like

786
00:59:28,950 --> 00:59:34,050
structure trapped between forward
and reverse time, but cycling in

787
00:59:34,050 --> 00:59:39,270
the direction of the arrow of
time. And mobius strip strikingly

788
00:59:39,330 --> 00:59:43,440
has only one side with twice the
length of a circle of the same

789
00:59:43,440 --> 00:59:47,850
radius. This is easily
demonstrated by making a mobius

790
00:59:47,850 --> 00:59:54,090
strip. You simply make a loop with
a twist. The bend or twist in the

791
00:59:54,090 --> 00:59:58,530
loop represents where the absolute
values apply to our temperature

792
00:59:58,530 --> 01:00:02,640
and change in entropy are arches,
which is an example of cross

793
01:00:02,640 --> 01:00:03,240
symmetry.

794
01:00:05,219 --> 01:00:09,119
On one side of the loop, we have a
phone on like state, and on the

795
01:00:09,119 --> 01:00:12,959
other side we have a plasma on
like state, but notice they're

796
01:00:12,959 --> 01:00:17,849
actually two sides of the same
state. In this analogy, the spin

797
01:00:17,849 --> 01:00:22,229
and orbital properties of our
plasma and phone on are either

798
01:00:22,229 --> 01:00:27,389
complimentary, or supplementary,
depending on the signs of t prime

799
01:00:27,389 --> 01:00:32,669
and t. This is a good analogy for
how identity crisis plays a role

800
01:00:32,669 --> 01:00:36,449
in the mechanism of time
evolution. So how does it work?

801
01:00:37,439 --> 01:00:40,949
When linear time passes through
absolute zero, the temporal frame

802
01:00:40,949 --> 01:00:44,879
of reference appears to reverse
time directions. When the rate of

803
01:00:44,879 --> 01:00:48,869
the passage of time passes through
absolute zero, the temporal frame

804
01:00:48,869 --> 01:00:53,399
of reference appears to flip time
directions. Since we use absolute

805
01:00:53,399 --> 01:00:58,229
t prime, t prime can be either
negative or positive. Similar to

806
01:00:58,229 --> 01:01:03,749
frequency. Since we use t squared,
t can be either negative or

807
01:01:03,749 --> 01:01:08,189
positive similar to wavelength, t
prime and t squared can be

808
01:01:08,189 --> 01:01:12,749
oriented around the unit circle,
when t prime equals negative one,

809
01:01:13,079 --> 01:01:20,099
or one, t squared equals zero,
when t prime equals zero, t equals

810
01:01:20,099 --> 01:01:25,319
negative one, or one. When
absolute values are used, t prime

811
01:01:25,319 --> 01:01:30,149
and T are inversely proportional.
If there's a negative change in t

812
01:01:30,149 --> 01:01:35,039
prime or proportional if there is
a positive change in t prime.

813
01:01:35,669 --> 01:01:41,579
However, without absolute values,
where t prime and t can be either

814
01:01:41,579 --> 01:01:44,879
positive or negative, the
inversely proportional

815
01:01:44,879 --> 01:01:49,019
relationship is maintained through
opposing signs and the

816
01:01:49,019 --> 01:01:52,469
proportional relationship is
maintained through equivalent

817
01:01:52,469 --> 01:01:58,139
signs. The cases where t prime and
T are inversely proportional, and

818
01:01:58,139 --> 01:02:01,979
carry opposing signs can be
configured into a loop or

819
01:02:01,979 --> 01:02:07,079
repeating circle. The cases where
t prime and T are proportional and

820
01:02:07,079 --> 01:02:11,969
carry the same signs can be
configured into the linear time in

821
01:02:11,969 --> 01:02:17,609
and out sections of the time loop.
The plasma and phone on can be

822
01:02:17,609 --> 01:02:22,289
viewed as two distinct photon like
phases within a temperature slash

823
01:02:22,289 --> 01:02:27,149
time loop, when t prime equals
negative one, or positive one, and

824
01:02:27,149 --> 01:02:31,139
t squared equals zero, this
represents the peak the peak

825
01:02:31,169 --> 01:02:35,909
amplitude of the absolute value of
t prime, when t equals minus one

826
01:02:35,909 --> 01:02:40,529
or positive one, and t prime
equals zero, this represents the

827
01:02:40,529 --> 01:02:44,519
peak to peak amplitude of t
squared. The inversely

828
01:02:44,519 --> 01:02:49,079
proportional relationship between
the absolute value of t prime and

829
01:02:49,079 --> 01:02:53,669
t squared is the fundamental
principle behind entanglement

830
01:02:53,999 --> 01:02:57,389
action at a distance and the
uncertainty principle,

831
01:02:58,650 --> 01:03:02,430
our destination, the lab of
Enrique Galvez, physics professor

832
01:03:02,430 --> 01:03:02,490
at

833
01:03:02,490 --> 01:03:07,590
Colgate University, so what we're
seeing is the fluorescing of the

834
01:03:07,770 --> 01:03:10,050
atoms and molecules in the card.

835
01:03:10,770 --> 01:03:13,530
If you could look closely enough,
you'd see that the light comes in

836
01:03:13,530 --> 01:03:17,310
discrete units called photons.
This is the heart of the

837
01:03:17,310 --> 01:03:21,330
apparatus, every so often
something special happens, an

838
01:03:21,330 --> 01:03:25,410
incoming photon gets split into
the photons are polarized in

839
01:03:25,410 --> 01:03:27,510
either the horizontal or vertical
direction,

840
01:03:28,020 --> 01:03:31,260
the horizontal ones get created in
one of the crystals, and the

841
01:03:31,260 --> 01:03:37,440
vertical pairs get created in the
other crystal, we can not tell in

842
01:03:37,440 --> 01:03:45,390
which crystal the piers were born.
And in that puts them in this

843
01:03:45,390 --> 01:03:47,190
quantum mechanical superposition,

844
01:03:47,520 --> 01:03:50,790
their polarization is the same.
They're either both vertical or

845
01:03:50,790 --> 01:03:54,030
both horizontal. But it's
impossible to know which their

846
01:03:54,030 --> 01:03:56,790
polarization isn't determined
until they're actually measured.

847
01:03:57,330 --> 01:03:59,700
The particles properties are
linked, even though those

848
01:03:59,700 --> 01:04:01,590
properties haven't yet been
determined.

849
01:04:01,980 --> 01:04:06,480
If the photon is polarized see
vertically, and it comes to a

850
01:04:06,480 --> 01:04:11,400
vertical polarizer. That photon
will pass. If that vertical photon

851
01:04:11,400 --> 01:04:15,900
comes to a horizontal polarizer,
it will not pass. If it comes to a

852
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:22,170
polarizer that it is diagonal, and
this is my vertical polarizer. I

853
01:04:22,170 --> 01:04:26,100
make it horizontal polarizer. But
now if I put it at some diagonal

854
01:04:26,130 --> 01:04:30,900
angle, some of the light comes
through. photons are indivisible.

855
01:04:31,530 --> 01:04:36,390
So it's not that half a photon
comes through, but that half the

856
01:04:36,390 --> 01:04:41,370
time the photon goes. If we have
polarizers that are parallel to

857
01:04:41,370 --> 01:04:43,770
each other, they will be
transmitted through the polar

858
01:04:43,770 --> 01:04:48,120
races, and we'll get coincidences.
But it's the polarizers are

859
01:04:48,450 --> 01:04:51,930
orthogonal to each other. We don't
get a case where both photons get

860
01:04:51,930 --> 01:04:56,550
transmitted. Now when the photons
are not entangled, then you have

861
01:04:56,550 --> 01:05:02,160
50% chance for one and 50% chance
for the other. So then if we

862
01:05:02,160 --> 01:05:06,240
measure coincidences, we'll get
25% of the time we'll get measured

863
01:05:06,240 --> 01:05:09,360
coincidences, whether these two
are parallel or orthogonal.

864
01:05:09,660 --> 01:05:13,260
Doesn't matter where that
polarizers are orthogonal, we

865
01:05:13,260 --> 01:05:16,890
still get 50% chance that they
will go through and 25% chance

866
01:05:16,890 --> 01:05:19,740
that they will, that we will
record coincidence.

867
01:05:20,040 --> 01:05:24,150
If photons are quantum entangled,
they line up 100% of the time. If

868
01:05:24,150 --> 01:05:28,950
they're not, they line up only 50%
just by chance. It also really

869
01:05:28,950 --> 01:05:31,230
troubled Albert Einstein, he
thought entanglement might be a

870
01:05:31,230 --> 01:05:35,790
sort of smoke and mirrors trick.
It took nearly 40 years before

871
01:05:35,790 --> 01:05:39,660
Irish physicists john Bell devised
a way to test both possibilities.

872
01:05:39,840 --> 01:05:44,670
And lo and behold, he found
entanglement is real. This tells

873
01:05:44,670 --> 01:05:48,270
us reality is not defined by
proximity, something physicists

874
01:05:48,270 --> 01:05:51,660
refer to as nonlocality. Non local

875
01:05:51,659 --> 01:05:57,749
implies that the state of these
two photons is joined. That is

876
01:05:57,749 --> 01:06:01,319
that both photons share the same
state so that if we do a

877
01:06:01,319 --> 01:06:04,949
measurement on one photon,
implicitly, we're doing a

878
01:06:04,949 --> 01:06:07,739
measurement on the other photon
doing a measurement of one photon

879
01:06:07,769 --> 01:06:09,659
determines the state of both.

880
01:06:11,040 --> 01:06:15,780
Since t prime corresponds with
mass more than T squared, and

881
01:06:15,780 --> 01:06:20,850
since t squared corresponds with
space more than t prime, t prime

882
01:06:20,850 --> 01:06:24,720
corresponds with a momentum
reference frame, and t squared

883
01:06:24,720 --> 01:06:28,980
corresponds with a position
reference frame. Therefore, we can

884
01:06:28,980 --> 01:06:33,660
express Planck's constant in the
form of age in terms of temporal

885
01:06:33,660 --> 01:06:37,890
units. The doublet form of this
expression which accounts for both

886
01:06:37,890 --> 01:06:43,590
directions of time, particles and
anti particles, etc, is consistent

887
01:06:43,590 --> 01:06:48,300
with the modern expression of the
uncertainty principle. Still, what

888
01:06:48,300 --> 01:06:53,220
initiates and sustains a time loop
and which direction does a time

889
01:06:53,220 --> 01:06:58,170
loop rotate. To offset the natural
symmetry of the unit circle found

890
01:06:58,170 --> 01:07:02,370
within the temperature slash time
loop, we will apply the temporal

891
01:07:02,370 --> 01:07:05,880
mechanical expression for
acceleration to the initial

892
01:07:05,880 --> 01:07:10,470
conditions of the cycle, any
slight drift away from a slope of

893
01:07:10,470 --> 01:07:16,470
one and an offset can set a time
loop in motion. Acceleration can

894
01:07:16,470 --> 01:07:20,730
be expressed as a ratio between
varying degrees of the passage of

895
01:07:20,730 --> 01:07:25,740
time, a change in the passage of
time and a change in the gradient

896
01:07:25,770 --> 01:07:29,880
of present moments per periods of
time, are both inversely

897
01:07:29,880 --> 01:07:33,450
proportional. The new equivalence
principle found in the basic

898
01:07:33,450 --> 01:07:37,830
existence equations can be applied
to the expression for acceleration

899
01:07:37,830 --> 01:07:41,670
to get a gradient. Since the ratio
between relative frames of

900
01:07:41,670 --> 01:07:46,020
reference has a slope equal to the
ratio between initial frames of

901
01:07:46,020 --> 01:07:50,550
reference, this can give us a
mechanism for time evolution, a

902
01:07:50,550 --> 01:07:55,380
singularity, where a over b equals
one expressed in temporal

903
01:07:55,380 --> 01:07:59,760
coordinates indicates a shared
temporal frame of reference, it

904
01:07:59,760 --> 01:08:04,140
does not indicate a beginning of
time, if it turns out that there

905
01:08:04,140 --> 01:08:09,120
In fact, was a big bang. It may be
the beginning of this space around

906
01:08:09,120 --> 01:08:13,950
us as we know it, but it cannot be
the beginning of time, time has no

907
01:08:13,950 --> 01:08:17,970
beginning. And the expression a
over b corresponds with a unit

908
01:08:17,970 --> 01:08:22,530
circle, not a single point.
irreversible time loops may have a

909
01:08:22,530 --> 01:08:26,640
relative beginning, the time
itself does not. How do we know

910
01:08:26,640 --> 01:08:30,330
which direction of time loop
alternates relative to each flip

911
01:08:30,360 --> 01:08:34,860
and reversal while maintaining the
arrow of time. Given we're dealing

912
01:08:34,860 --> 01:08:38,520
with the unit circle and negative
numbers constructing a close

913
01:08:38,520 --> 01:08:43,080
timely, it is inevitable that we
would use imaginary numbers

914
01:08:43,140 --> 01:08:46,920
numbers involving the square root
of negative one. A similar

915
01:08:46,920 --> 01:08:51,000
ambiguity is found in the
definition of the imaginary unit,

916
01:08:51,930 --> 01:08:56,040
the base unit for imaginary
numbers, the following equation is

917
01:08:56,040 --> 01:09:00,570
used to define the imaginary unit.
Since this equation has two

918
01:09:00,570 --> 01:09:04,650
solutions, it appears that the
definition for the imaginary unit

919
01:09:04,680 --> 01:09:09,840
is not well defined. However, when
using the imaginary unit in matrix

920
01:09:09,840 --> 01:09:14,280
equations, such as equations for
our time loop, the ambiguity

921
01:09:14,280 --> 01:09:18,390
becomes a convention for choosing
a direction around the unit circle

922
01:09:18,480 --> 01:09:23,190
clockwise or counterclockwise.
Maintaining consistency in

923
01:09:23,190 --> 01:09:25,020
calculation. Well, how

924
01:09:25,020 --> 01:09:28,800
does systems evolve with time?
What's the basic rule for the

925
01:09:28,800 --> 01:09:32,610
evolution of a system? some
initial state of the system

926
01:09:32,850 --> 01:09:36,750
evolves over a period of time.
There's something that I'll call

927
01:09:36,780 --> 01:09:42,270
you times A, and of course, you I
intend to mean a unitary operator.

928
01:09:42,960 --> 01:09:50,010
It means that it times its
Hermitian conjugate is the unit

929
01:09:50,010 --> 01:09:54,390
operator. Let's suppose the same
thing is true that if we started

930
01:09:54,810 --> 01:09:59,970
with state B, after the same
evolution, the evolution operator

931
01:10:00,570 --> 01:10:06,030
axon a to give whatever a becomes
it axon B to give whatever BB

932
01:10:06,030 --> 01:10:10,920
comes. Now we have the complex
conjugate bra vectors are sort of

933
01:10:10,920 --> 01:10:14,790
complex conjugates of ket vectors,
and Hermitian conjugates of

934
01:10:14,790 --> 01:10:17,970
operators are complex conjugates
of the original operators. So this

935
01:10:17,970 --> 01:10:22,860
is the the operation of
conjugation. What happens now, to

936
01:10:22,860 --> 01:10:28,920
the inner product of A with B, the
relationship simply is codified by

937
01:10:28,920 --> 01:10:33,960
the inner product between them, B
with a if b is orthogonal to a,

938
01:10:33,960 --> 01:10:38,580
they're surely different. If b is
parallel to either the same state,

939
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:45,390
and if B and A overlap, then
anything which is certain in B has

940
01:10:45,390 --> 01:10:49,440
a certain probability of occurring
if you're in the state vector a

941
01:10:49,440 --> 01:10:57,570
and vice versa, after a period of
time B becomes U dagger times B,

942
01:10:57,930 --> 01:11:04,710
that's what happens to be an A
becomes u times A. If you want to

943
01:11:04,710 --> 01:11:08,130
picture this in your head, think
of these vectors as evolving in

944
01:11:08,130 --> 01:11:12,570
time, the state vectors evolve in
time, but keeping the angles

945
01:11:12,570 --> 01:11:18,360
between them fixed. In that case,
that tells you that ba must equal

946
01:11:18,360 --> 01:11:24,090
b U dagger u A for all A and B.
The implication the mathematical

947
01:11:24,090 --> 01:11:26,820
implication of that is that u is
unitary

948
01:11:27,540 --> 01:11:28,860
that U

949
01:11:28,860 --> 01:11:33,810
dagger times u is just the unit
the unit operator. Alright, so

950
01:11:33,810 --> 01:11:38,370
that's the that's the fundamental
underlying principle of time

951
01:11:38,370 --> 01:11:41,250
evolution of state vectors in
quantum mechanics.

952
01:11:41,970 --> 01:11:45,810
In physics, the mathematical
function acting on a physical

953
01:11:45,810 --> 01:11:49,920
system that corresponds with the
total energy of that system is

954
01:11:49,920 --> 01:11:51,240
called the Hamiltonian.

955
01:11:51,780 --> 01:11:58,410
After a time capital T, the system
has evolved the size of t plus

956
01:11:58,410 --> 01:12:03,060
capital T, and that according to
what we've written up, there must

957
01:12:03,060 --> 01:12:11,250
just be you have capital T times
psi have small team. time

958
01:12:11,250 --> 01:12:16,380
evolution to a certain amount of
time is governed by a unitary

959
01:12:16,380 --> 01:12:17,040
operator.

960
01:12:17,310 --> 01:12:21,360
Since the total energy of a system
cannot change while undergoing

961
01:12:21,360 --> 01:12:25,620
transformation from one state to
the next, it is presumed that the

962
01:12:25,620 --> 01:12:29,460
Hamiltonian does not change
preserving the conservation of

963
01:12:29,460 --> 01:12:34,020
energy, the operator that governs
time evolution from one state to

964
01:12:34,020 --> 01:12:38,700
the next must be unitary,
unchanged, both forward and

965
01:12:38,700 --> 01:12:40,290
reverse. One way

966
01:12:40,320 --> 01:12:44,640
of finding out how systems evolve
is to let them evolve through

967
01:12:44,640 --> 01:12:48,930
very, very short time intervals,
we can break up that capital T

968
01:12:48,930 --> 01:12:52,410
into a lot of little time
intervals, and evolve it over one

969
01:12:52,410 --> 01:12:55,740
small time interval, then another
small time interval, another small

970
01:12:55,740 --> 01:12:59,250
time interval, what can I say
about you have epsilon when

971
01:12:59,250 --> 01:13:03,810
epsilon is small, if epsilon is
small, the correction is small. So

972
01:13:03,810 --> 01:13:09,000
let's write down epsilon times
something. This is entirely a

973
01:13:09,000 --> 01:13:13,260
convention, but I'm going to write
it as I think minus i think, do I

974
01:13:13,260 --> 01:13:19,290
want a minus sign? Yes, I want a
minus sign, and I an epsilon i,

975
01:13:19,980 --> 01:13:24,360
that's the important thing is the
epsilon. There's no content to all

976
01:13:24,360 --> 01:13:28,710
of this I and h bar here, it can
all be absorbed into the

977
01:13:28,710 --> 01:13:34,140
definition of capital H, we have
to have that you have epsilon, or

978
01:13:34,140 --> 01:13:41,460
U dagger of epsilon times u of
epsilon should be equal to one. U

979
01:13:41,460 --> 01:13:48,960
dagger is equal to one plus i
epsilon over h bar times the

980
01:13:48,960 --> 01:13:52,170
Hermitian conjugate of H when you
Hermitian conjugate, you have to

981
01:13:52,170 --> 01:13:56,460
Hermitian conjugate the operators.
One times one is one that's going

982
01:13:56,460 --> 01:14:00,750
to cancel this one, anything of
order epsilon squared is too small

983
01:14:00,750 --> 01:14:04,080
to worry about. And the only thing
that we'll have will be an AI

984
01:14:04,080 --> 01:14:09,900
epsilon over h bar. And then from
here times one we'll have h bar,

985
01:14:10,230 --> 01:14:17,880
sorry, h dagger. But from one
times here, we will have minus h.

986
01:14:18,570 --> 01:14:24,210
So the result is h dagger minus h
equals zero. Same thing as saying

987
01:14:24,240 --> 01:14:28,860
h dagger equals h. In other words,
whatever H is it has to equal its

988
01:14:28,860 --> 01:14:30,420
own Hermitian conjugate.

989
01:14:30,750 --> 01:14:35,070
There is an alternative way to
solve this expression. We can

990
01:14:35,070 --> 01:14:40,140
simplify this to just being
epsilon and infinite tasmota. And

991
01:14:40,140 --> 01:14:45,840
we can simplify this to mean
epsilon and infinitesimal. What we

992
01:14:45,840 --> 01:14:51,570
end up with is one plus epsilon
squared equaling one. Now it's

993
01:14:51,570 --> 01:14:55,890
argued mathematically, that
epsilon being an infinite tasmota

994
01:14:55,980 --> 01:15:01,860
if we square it, that that's so
small, so infinitely small that we

995
01:15:01,860 --> 01:15:06,720
can think of it in terms of zero.
That may or may not be true.

996
01:15:07,050 --> 01:15:10,470
However, there's a way to do this
algebraically that seems to be

997
01:15:10,470 --> 01:15:14,100
more beneficial for defining
things in quantum mechanics.

998
01:15:14,520 --> 01:15:18,810
Instead of setting this up, so
that one plus epsilon squared

999
01:15:18,810 --> 01:15:24,570
equals one, we can have one plus
epsilon squared equaling one plus

1000
01:15:24,570 --> 01:15:29,640
epsilon squared. Because honestly,
we really don't know if that goes

1001
01:15:29,640 --> 01:15:34,920
to zero. Mathematically, we could
defer to the equivalence principle

1002
01:15:34,920 --> 01:15:40,980
found in the basic exist
equations. What it allows us to do

1003
01:15:41,250 --> 01:15:45,660
is still have the Hamiltonian
being unitary, but with a

1004
01:15:45,660 --> 01:15:51,960
gradient, that this variance can
allow for larger and larger time

1005
01:15:51,960 --> 01:15:57,540
intervals. This new approach to
time evolution suggests that the

1006
01:15:57,540 --> 01:16:01,710
traditional approach corresponds
with the conservation of energy

1007
01:16:01,770 --> 01:16:06,210
only because there's no actual
change of state over any period of

1008
01:16:06,210 --> 01:16:06,660
time,

1009
01:16:07,320 --> 01:16:13,020
capital P was zero, then sy of t
plus capital T headed just better

1010
01:16:13,020 --> 01:16:17,640
just beside of the original T. The
implication of that is you have

1011
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:24,630
zero. No evolution at all, is just
a unit. The identity operator, it

1012
01:16:24,630 --> 01:16:27,300
does nothing, it leaves the state
unchanged.

1013
01:16:27,810 --> 01:16:31,650
In this way, the evolution of
quantum states is invariant merely

1014
01:16:31,650 --> 01:16:35,460
because nothing happened. If we
compare the new equivalence

1015
01:16:35,460 --> 01:16:39,180
principle found in the basic
existence equations to our new

1016
01:16:39,180 --> 01:16:43,050
expression of the Hamiltonian,
taking the reverse side of a time

1017
01:16:43,050 --> 01:16:47,760
loop into consideration and cross
symmetry, we get an equivalence

1018
01:16:47,760 --> 01:16:51,810
that matches our time evolution
generator, we end up with an

1019
01:16:51,810 --> 01:16:55,230
alternative approach to time
evolution that actually has a

1020
01:16:55,230 --> 01:17:00,000
gradient, the Hamiltonian is still
invariant, but similar to how

1021
01:17:00,000 --> 01:17:04,470
inertial mass is Lorentz
invariant, there's a special case

1022
01:17:04,470 --> 01:17:08,280
where we can still derive the
traditional equivalence, a phase

1023
01:17:08,280 --> 01:17:12,930
is a complex number, a complex
number is an X and a Y with an x

1024
01:17:12,930 --> 01:17:18,240
equal to i Y, it also can be
represented as an R and a theta,

1025
01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:23,970
and it can be represented in the
form x plus ay y, that's the

1026
01:17:23,970 --> 01:17:29,790
complex number z, the notion of
complex conjugate the complex

1027
01:17:29,790 --> 01:17:34,650
conjugate of a complex number is
just the corresponding complex

1028
01:17:34,650 --> 01:17:39,930
number in the lower half plane,
which has exactly the same form r

1029
01:17:40,260 --> 01:17:44,550
except instead of e to the i
theta, it has e to the minus i

1030
01:17:44,550 --> 01:17:54,420
theta. So wherever z is R e to the
i theta, z star is R e to the

1031
01:17:54,420 --> 01:17:55,560
minus i theta,

1032
01:17:56,310 --> 01:17:58,980
y are the other two quadrants
ignored.

1033
01:17:59,550 --> 01:18:03,090
Now, in particular, the special
numbers which are called just pure

1034
01:18:03,090 --> 01:18:09,390
phases, special complex numbers,
for which r is equal to one, they

1035
01:18:09,390 --> 01:18:15,270
are the numbers which lie on the
unit circle. In other words, for

1036
01:18:15,270 --> 01:18:20,700
which r is equal to one, and theta
can vary around from zero to two

1037
01:18:20,700 --> 01:18:26,370
pi, those numbers are called
phases, e to the i, theta is a

1038
01:18:26,370 --> 01:18:30,960
special kind of number, which I
will call a phase, and it has the

1039
01:18:30,960 --> 01:18:36,060
property that when you multiply it
by its complex conjugate, if we

1040
01:18:36,060 --> 01:18:42,660
multiply z times z star, and if z
is a pure phase, then the result

1041
01:18:42,660 --> 01:18:47,400
is just one. Why is that? Because
it's e to the i theta times e to

1042
01:18:47,400 --> 01:18:48,630
the minus rt phaidor.

1043
01:18:49,170 --> 01:18:52,680
Can our time loop be amalgamated
with quantum mechanics by

1044
01:18:52,680 --> 01:18:56,610
interchanging these disregarded
components with components from

1045
01:18:56,610 --> 01:18:57,330
our time loop?

1046
01:18:58,110 --> 01:19:01,770
mathematically speaking, this
vector is not equal to this

1047
01:19:01,770 --> 01:19:05,970
vector. But all of the physical
properties of these two are

1048
01:19:05,970 --> 01:19:11,610
identical. For example, supposing
we took sy here, if we multiply

1049
01:19:11,610 --> 01:19:16,590
side by e to the i theta nodes, if
we multiply the cat by e to the i

1050
01:19:16,590 --> 01:19:19,470
theta, what happens to the
corresponding bra, the

1051
01:19:19,470 --> 01:19:25,770
corresponding bra is sy, e to the
minus i theta in this sandwich, in

1052
01:19:25,770 --> 01:19:31,950
this case, sandwich, we replace
the bread side by e to the i theta

1053
01:19:31,950 --> 01:19:36,420
times sy ket vector to get the
factory to the r theta. This one

1054
01:19:36,420 --> 01:19:39,960
we get the fact that e to the
minus i beta and this would just

1055
01:19:40,320 --> 01:19:45,990
cancel out of the expression, the
phase is irrelevant. We can choose

1056
01:19:46,020 --> 01:19:49,650
the overall phase of the state any
way we like doesn't make any

1057
01:19:49,650 --> 01:19:51,990
difference to what to what we
would measure.

1058
01:19:52,380 --> 01:19:57,210
If we look at these disregarded
phases, while we can see Is it

1059
01:19:57,210 --> 01:20:01,080
because of the double negative
sign queue Star would have an

1060
01:20:01,080 --> 01:20:06,150
equivalence with sy, and Q would
have an equivalence with size

1061
01:20:06,150 --> 01:20:11,220
star. Based on the peculiar
relationship with complex

1062
01:20:11,220 --> 01:20:17,250
conjugates. In a complex plane,
the identity between Q and inside

1063
01:20:17,250 --> 01:20:24,000
star and Q star and cy can flip
and reverse all the way around,

1064
01:20:24,150 --> 01:20:29,400
creating our time loop for the
evolution of time. And so based on

1065
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:34,950
this mechanism, here, we can re
account for the negative energy or

1066
01:20:34,950 --> 01:20:38,790
anti matter phase of the direct
equations with these missing

1067
01:20:38,790 --> 01:20:44,520
phases, rather than the so called
missing anti matter. The time loop

1068
01:20:44,520 --> 01:20:48,390
model for time evolution is
consistent with the contemporary

1069
01:20:48,390 --> 01:20:52,800
model of time evolution in quantum
mechanics, because these extra

1070
01:20:52,800 --> 01:20:56,970
components and phases can still be
disregarded when the timely

1071
01:20:57,030 --> 01:21:01,380
effects are minimal. The new
equivalence principle found in the

1072
01:21:01,380 --> 01:21:05,460
basic existence equations
corresponds with a more dynamical

1073
01:21:05,460 --> 01:21:10,110
approach to time evolution. by
reversing the time interval of one

1074
01:21:10,110 --> 01:21:14,220
of these questions, we get an
equivalence the works as the time

1075
01:21:14,220 --> 01:21:18,300
evolution generator. However, if
we don't reverse the time interval

1076
01:21:18,330 --> 01:21:21,270
for one of the questions, the
traditional treatment of the

1077
01:21:21,270 --> 01:21:26,610
Hamiltonian, as used by Susskind
can be derived. This suggests that

1078
01:21:26,610 --> 01:21:30,870
the interrelationship between
forward and reverse time in a time

1079
01:21:30,870 --> 01:21:35,670
loop can be quantized in two
different ways. As a special case

1080
01:21:35,670 --> 01:21:39,840
within the time loop, the interval
coinciding with the inclusion

1081
01:21:39,840 --> 01:21:44,250
principle and identity crises
corresponds with the unitary

1082
01:21:44,250 --> 01:21:48,570
operator. This connection links
the on reverse time interval to

1083
01:21:48,570 --> 01:21:52,470
entanglement and the uncertainty
principle. If we take a second

1084
01:21:52,470 --> 01:21:56,430
look at our reverse time interval,
can anything like it be found

1085
01:21:56,430 --> 01:22:00,390
anywhere in quantum mechanics?
Furthermore, are there any

1086
01:22:00,390 --> 01:22:04,230
arbitrary uses of the negative
sign that could be ascribed or

1087
01:22:04,230 --> 01:22:05,850
attributed to this reversal?

1088
01:22:06,630 --> 01:22:11,460
You take one times naught plus A
naught times one. Well, that's

1089
01:22:11,490 --> 01:22:17,040
naught. And then you take naught
times naught plus minus one times

1090
01:22:17,040 --> 01:22:25,470
one, that's minus one. And that is
not equal to that. But I can

1091
01:22:25,470 --> 01:22:29,820
quickly make it equal to that I
just put minus one in front, and

1092
01:22:29,820 --> 01:22:33,810
then I convert that to plus one.
So effectively, I've now got

1093
01:22:33,840 --> 01:22:39,360
exactly the same Eigen vectors
here, got the number in front is

1094
01:22:39,360 --> 01:22:44,130
now minus one. So, I've got a
situation that when I apply this

1095
01:22:44,400 --> 01:22:52,200
matrix, this measureable this
experiment on to the x Eigen

1096
01:22:52,230 --> 01:22:58,140
vector, which is the horizontal I
get an Eigen value of A plus one,

1097
01:22:59,100 --> 01:23:04,230
when I apply the same observable
onto the Y Eigen vector, I get the

1098
01:23:04,230 --> 01:23:10,050
same Eigen vector back, but with
an Eigen value of minus one and

1099
01:23:10,050 --> 01:23:15,870
the result of the experiment is it
horizontal or is it vertical, are

1100
01:23:15,870 --> 01:23:18,780
given by the Eigen values plus one
or minus

1101
01:23:18,780 --> 01:23:23,040
one, this practice of bringing in
a negative sign so that the Eigen

1102
01:23:23,040 --> 01:23:27,390
value has the proper sign could
just as easily be attributed to

1103
01:23:27,390 --> 01:23:30,900
the reverse time interval three
dimensional time loops have many

1104
01:23:30,900 --> 01:23:33,810
features that are harmonious with
quantum mechanics,

1105
01:23:34,080 --> 01:23:38,940
consider an electron orbiting a
nucleus, instead of thinking of

1106
01:23:38,940 --> 01:23:43,290
this as a simple orbit, we now
need to think of the electron

1107
01:23:43,290 --> 01:23:48,720
behaving like a wave, it will be a
standing wave, which means that as

1108
01:23:48,720 --> 01:23:53,310
the electron orbits the nucleus,
the value of the wave function at

1109
01:23:53,400 --> 01:23:58,620
any point does not change. In
other words, if the wave function

1110
01:23:58,620 --> 01:24:03,360
has a particular value at this
point, then after the electron has

1111
01:24:03,360 --> 01:24:07,890
completed one further orbit, the
value of the wave function will be

1112
01:24:07,890 --> 01:24:13,890
the same. Let us suppose that the
length of the orbit is L, which is

1113
01:24:13,890 --> 01:24:17,580
essentially the circumference of
the orbit. This means that the

1114
01:24:17,580 --> 01:24:24,690
wavefunction at any point x is e
to the i k x, after the electron

1115
01:24:24,690 --> 01:24:30,240
has traveled to one full orbit, it
will now be at position x plus L,

1116
01:24:30,960 --> 01:24:38,700
the wave function will be e to the
i k x plus L, but these two wave

1117
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:47,400
functions must be the same. So e
to the i k x equals e to the i k x

1118
01:24:47,400 --> 01:24:57,360
plus L, which is e to the IK x
multiplied by e to the i k l e to

1119
01:24:57,360 --> 01:25:04,680
the i k x term cancels out Leaving
the requirement that e to the IK L

1120
01:25:04,860 --> 01:25:05,880
equals one

1121
01:25:06,780 --> 01:25:09,870
similar to our treatment of the
Hamiltonian, there is an

1122
01:25:09,870 --> 01:25:14,520
alternative way here for getting
the desired result by setting

1123
01:25:14,520 --> 01:25:20,010
these equal, though this may be
true mathematically it this again

1124
01:25:20,010 --> 01:25:26,400
seems forced. Alternatively, what
we can do is go ahead and allow

1125
01:25:26,400 --> 01:25:35,190
for e to the i okay l initial
times e to the i k x initial to

1126
01:25:35,190 --> 01:25:42,450
equal e to the i k x Final times e
to the i k l file. And in the same

1127
01:25:42,450 --> 01:25:48,120
way as the Boltzmann entropy
temperature equations can be used

1128
01:25:48,120 --> 01:25:54,840
to define work we can go ahead and
arrange this in the same way as we

1129
01:25:54,840 --> 01:25:59,340
did with the Hamiltonian and
account for the time loop with a

1130
01:25:59,340 --> 01:26:08,550
forward and reverse time loop the
Sai Sai star loop and the Q q star

1131
01:26:08,550 --> 01:26:13,800
loop equaling zero in these each
representing one or the other

1132
01:26:13,980 --> 01:26:18,840
sides to the loop the forward and
reverse side of our new quantum

1133
01:26:18,840 --> 01:26:25,380
timely we will denote this inverse
function as Q, the complex

1134
01:26:25,380 --> 01:26:30,780
conjugates sigh and size star
mixed with Q and Q star can be

1135
01:26:30,780 --> 01:26:35,010
flipped and reverse giving us
cross conjugation equivalences

1136
01:26:35,100 --> 01:26:41,730
where Q star equals cy and cy star
equals Q. Together the reversed

1137
01:26:41,730 --> 01:26:45,600
and on reverse time intervals
generate time evolution in

1138
01:26:45,600 --> 01:26:50,970
association with the Hamiltonian.
The same way Q and sy correlate

1139
01:26:50,970 --> 01:26:54,930
through cross symmetry where both
wave functions are slightly out of

1140
01:26:54,930 --> 01:26:59,520
phase, there is a potential for
fractional annihilation and the

1141
01:26:59,520 --> 01:27:04,230
emission of excited energy as well
as a decreased potential for

1142
01:27:04,230 --> 01:27:09,090
annihilation and the absorption of
excited energy. This idea can be

1143
01:27:09,090 --> 01:27:13,080
applied to quantum mechanics, the
model of the hydrogen atom and a

1144
01:27:13,080 --> 01:27:17,370
new interpretation of the wave
function and directs equations

1145
01:27:17,940 --> 01:27:22,470
attributed to physicists Wolfgang
Pauli. The Pauli matrices are a

1146
01:27:22,470 --> 01:27:27,060
set of three two by two complex
matrices used to account for the

1147
01:27:27,060 --> 01:27:31,620
interactions of subatomic
particles, specifically, the spin

1148
01:27:31,620 --> 01:27:34,980
of a particle with respect to an
electromagnetic field,

1149
01:27:35,730 --> 01:27:40,440
we look at this general form for
the matrix and the group asks you

1150
01:27:40,440 --> 01:27:45,120
to a general vector in three
dimensions has an x component, a y

1151
01:27:45,120 --> 01:27:48,120
component and a z component. And
you have unit vectors here that

1152
01:27:48,120 --> 01:27:52,860
multiply to three components. And
here you see a natural emergence

1153
01:27:52,890 --> 01:27:56,880
of the poly matrices. There they
are those three. And the

1154
01:27:56,910 --> 01:28:03,450
assignments that are made are as
follows the x poly matrix, the Y

1155
01:28:03,450 --> 01:28:08,160
poly matrix, and the Z poly
matrix. So you have the three poly

1156
01:28:08,160 --> 01:28:14,130
matrices and the identity elements
that form a basis here to give you

1157
01:28:14,160 --> 01:28:18,030
the general matrix, the SU two
matrix, if we

1158
01:28:18,030 --> 01:28:22,170
plot the maximal and minimal
values for t prime and t squared

1159
01:28:22,200 --> 01:28:26,370
into three dimensional
coordinates, using T sub one T sub

1160
01:28:26,370 --> 01:28:32,460
two, T sub three, where t prime is
T sub three, and t squared is T

1161
01:28:32,460 --> 01:28:37,080
sub one times T sub two, we
quickly see that the time wave can

1162
01:28:37,080 --> 01:28:41,370
be expressed three dimensionally
in part using the poly matrices.

1163
01:28:42,090 --> 01:28:46,170
When the time loop is expressed in
the language of quantum mechanics,

1164
01:28:46,500 --> 01:28:50,460
it satisfies the anti matter
components of the Dirac equation.

1165
01:28:51,150 --> 01:28:55,200
Now, the direct matrices have to
satisfy the same anti commutation

1166
01:28:55,200 --> 01:28:59,010
relations as the poly matrices.
However, there's only three poly

1167
01:28:59,010 --> 01:29:04,740
matrices sigma x, sigma y, and
sigma z. And we need four matrices

1168
01:29:04,920 --> 01:29:09,750
that have those relationships. So
we put the first poly matrix in

1169
01:29:09,750 --> 01:29:12,510
the upper right hand corner in the
lower left hand corner zeros

1170
01:29:12,510 --> 01:29:15,690
everywhere else. And when we get
to the third poly matrix, here's

1171
01:29:15,690 --> 01:29:18,690
the trick, the poly sigma z trick
is one and minus one. So you're

1172
01:29:18,690 --> 01:29:24,270
going to have I and minus i, that
gives us the extra degree of

1173
01:29:24,270 --> 01:29:28,890
freedom. So we have four direct
matrices instead of three Polly's

1174
01:29:28,920 --> 01:29:33,270
with this trick of thinking of the
matrices in terms of two by two

1175
01:29:33,270 --> 01:29:37,410
chunks, I write this all out here,
this identity here is a two by two

1176
01:29:38,010 --> 01:29:42,060
zeros, a two by two zeros, two by
two and eyes, again, two by two.

1177
01:29:42,240 --> 01:29:46,560
So when you multiply this matrix
times, they should get the same

1178
01:29:46,560 --> 01:29:49,620
thing back with a one. And when
you multiply the identity times

1179
01:29:50,130 --> 01:29:53,100
this eigenstate. Of course, you
get the same thing back. So that

1180
01:29:53,100 --> 01:29:56,460
says the Eigen value for the
energy for this one's MC squared

1181
01:29:56,490 --> 01:29:59,670
MC squared minus MC squared minus
MC squared. So you can see that

1182
01:29:59,670 --> 01:30:03,600
the power Solutions split into two
kinds of particles, one particle

1183
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:07,410
and positive energy, one particle
with negative energy. Now the

1184
01:30:07,410 --> 01:30:13,080
negative energy is troublesome, we
have two kinds of solutions, in

1185
01:30:13,080 --> 01:30:16,920
terms of the energy eigenvalues
here is one pair of solutions. And

1186
01:30:16,920 --> 01:30:17,910
here's the other pair.

1187
01:30:18,419 --> 01:30:21,959
The anti matter aspect of the drag
equations may have been

1188
01:30:21,959 --> 01:30:26,549
misinterpreted, the convention is
to assume that matter is composed

1189
01:30:26,549 --> 01:30:30,449
of particles distinctly different
from anti matter, which is

1190
01:30:30,449 --> 01:30:34,979
supposed to be composed of anti
particles, the hidden assumption

1191
01:30:35,009 --> 01:30:39,179
of one time dimension locks in
this interpretation of the Dirac

1192
01:30:39,179 --> 01:30:44,399
equation. If we assume that matter
consists of both particles and

1193
01:30:44,399 --> 01:30:48,569
anti particles cycling in and out
of phase on opposite sides of a

1194
01:30:48,569 --> 01:30:52,139
time loop, such as with an
electron orbital around the

1195
01:30:52,139 --> 01:30:56,669
hydrogen nucleus, the issue of
missing aunty matter disappears.

1196
01:30:57,029 --> 01:31:01,889
And a complex relationship between
time energy and mass appears.

1197
01:31:02,429 --> 01:31:06,269
What's interesting is that if you
apply the concept of extra

1198
01:31:06,269 --> 01:31:11,159
dimensions of time, specifically
three dimensions of time, and use

1199
01:31:11,159 --> 01:31:15,659
a four vector metric, similar to
the one that's already used in

1200
01:31:15,659 --> 01:31:19,859
relativity, you take the
traditional metric, and this new

1201
01:31:19,859 --> 01:31:23,369
metric, apply them together,
you're able to drive

1202
01:31:23,730 --> 01:31:24,390
to

1203
01:31:24,419 --> 01:31:29,369
delta functions that pinpoint a
particles charge density, or

1204
01:31:29,369 --> 01:31:31,679
energy states, if you will, and
it's mass.

1205
01:31:34,230 --> 01:31:37,290
Sometimes you have nothing
happening, you have nothing

1206
01:31:37,290 --> 01:31:40,680
happening for a long period of
time, nothing happens for a long

1207
01:31:40,680 --> 01:31:44,250
period of time, and then of whack
an impulse. So wouldn't it be

1208
01:31:44,250 --> 01:31:48,750
neat, if we had some type of
function that could model this

1209
01:31:48,750 --> 01:31:52,500
type of behavior, it's called the
Dirac delta function. And we'll

1210
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:56,310
just informally say, Look, when
it's an infinity, it pops up to

1211
01:31:56,310 --> 01:32:01,380
infinity when x is equal to zero.
And it's zero everywhere else,

1212
01:32:01,410 --> 01:32:06,540
that this delta of x is a function
such that its integral is one. So

1213
01:32:06,540 --> 01:32:11,880
it has this infinitely narrow base
that goes infinitely high. And,

1214
01:32:12,030 --> 01:32:16,710
and the area under this, I'm
telling you is of area one, that's

1215
01:32:16,710 --> 01:32:22,890
my x axis. And then if I put the t
axis and I mean, we could call

1216
01:32:22,920 --> 01:32:26,040
what we call the the y axis, or
the F of t axis or whatever we

1217
01:32:26,040 --> 01:32:29,220
want to call it, minus tau, and
plus tau is going to be zero

1218
01:32:29,220 --> 01:32:33,240
everywhere in that minus tau, we
jump to this level, and then we

1219
01:32:33,240 --> 01:32:38,940
stay constant at that level, until
we get to plus tau. Now if I take

1220
01:32:38,940 --> 01:32:42,750
smaller and smaller values of tau,
what's going to happen? tau is now

1221
01:32:42,750 --> 01:32:45,420
a smaller number. So when it's in
the denominator, my one over two

1222
01:32:45,420 --> 01:32:48,510
tau is going to be something like
this, it's going to be something

1223
01:32:48,510 --> 01:32:52,920
like this, then my height is going
to be have to be higher, well,

1224
01:32:52,920 --> 01:32:55,890
you're going to these things are
going to go infinitely close to

1225
01:32:55,890 --> 01:32:58,230
zero, but this is the limit,
they're never going to be quite at

1226
01:32:58,230 --> 01:33:02,460
zero, and your height here is
going to go infinitely high. So

1227
01:33:02,460 --> 01:33:05,520
you end up you're going to end up
you're going to end up with your

1228
01:33:05,520 --> 01:33:11,610
Dirac delta function. And because
of this, if you say, you know, if

1229
01:33:11,610 --> 01:33:15,180
you asked, Well, you know, what's
the limit, intuitive argument,

1230
01:33:15,300 --> 01:33:19,620
you can say that the limit as from
minus infinity to infinity of our

1231
01:33:19,620 --> 01:33:26,400
Dirac delta function of t dt is
also going to be one and then

1232
01:33:26,400 --> 01:33:30,720
right at t equals zero, my Dirac
delta function pops up like that.

1233
01:33:30,750 --> 01:33:34,800
So this is your Dirac delta
function. This oscillation within

1234
01:33:34,800 --> 01:33:39,000
a double delta function is the
culmination of three dimensional

1235
01:33:39,000 --> 01:33:43,230
time loop properties, expressed
through the various applications

1236
01:33:43,260 --> 01:33:47,610
shown thus far, the time loop
oscillations can be associated

1237
01:33:47,610 --> 01:33:51,690
with the equivalence between
energy and inertial mass, where

1238
01:33:51,690 --> 01:33:55,260
the reversible closed loop
corresponds with the conservation

1239
01:33:55,260 --> 01:34:00,270
of energy. This reversible close
time loop can be used to quantify

1240
01:34:00,270 --> 01:34:04,230
energy levels with a self
screening normalized set of

1241
01:34:04,230 --> 01:34:05,130
equations.

1242
01:34:06,420 --> 01:34:10,290
But we have one additional problem
that's characteristic of the

1243
01:34:10,290 --> 01:34:17,550
theory itself. And that has to do
with this problem. We have an odd

1244
01:34:17,550 --> 01:34:21,330
theory. For example, if we start
with an electron here, we have a

1245
01:34:21,330 --> 01:34:25,860
certain amplitude that it gets to
here. But in fact, there is the

1246
01:34:25,860 --> 01:34:29,460
total amplitude to get from point
one to point two often so contains

1247
01:34:29,460 --> 01:34:33,030
other possibility of which this is
one that the electron could have

1248
01:34:33,030 --> 01:34:36,510
emitted a photon and reabsorb
them. And the electron could have

1249
01:34:36,510 --> 01:34:41,550
emitted two photons for the photon
twice and reabsorb it and a whole

1250
01:34:41,550 --> 01:34:45,720
lot of other diagrams if you keep
on going. I'd like to emphasize

1251
01:34:45,750 --> 01:34:49,800
that because of the other
amplitude, the real total

1252
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:54,120
amplitude to arrive at the time to
supposing let's say that the

1253
01:34:54,120 --> 01:34:57,300
initially it was equally equal
amplitude to be everywhere in

1254
01:34:57,300 --> 01:35:02,640
space does not revolve the Phase
does not turn at exactly the

1255
01:35:02,640 --> 01:35:05,910
original value, but turns at a
different value because of the

1256
01:35:05,910 --> 01:35:09,000
contributions of these other
diets. Now, what we measure when

1257
01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:13,080
we measure the mass of an electron
is an experimental world is the

1258
01:35:13,080 --> 01:35:17,400
rate that it goes around the mass
of an electron is its energy, mass

1259
01:35:17,400 --> 01:35:21,900
and energy are equivalent, as
Einstein showed, I keep saying

1260
01:35:21,900 --> 01:35:25,530
mass and energy and frequency
interchangeably, because I'm so

1261
01:35:25,530 --> 01:35:29,190
used. At any rate, the frequency
or the mass or the energy of the

1262
01:35:29,190 --> 01:35:32,850
electron experiment, the one that
we're going to measure

1263
01:35:32,850 --> 01:35:36,060
experimentally is not the one we
put into the theory. So we have

1264
01:35:36,060 --> 01:35:39,600
another mass, which is the mass
experimental, you would say, first

1265
01:35:39,600 --> 01:35:42,690
approximation comes from this
sample, it gets something like

1266
01:35:42,690 --> 01:35:47,550
that. And then you'd have a
correction, a correction that

1267
01:35:47,550 --> 01:35:50,700
you'd compute by adding these
diagrams together, and then maybe

1268
01:35:50,700 --> 01:35:54,960
see four times another correction,
and so on, and so on. It's much

1269
01:35:54,960 --> 01:35:58,470
more convenient to express the
answer in terms of this M, which

1270
01:35:58,470 --> 01:36:01,950
is a measured value. And it is in
terms of that. So we have a habit

1271
01:36:02,190 --> 01:36:05,190
of writing all the answer, always
imagine we might start with a

1272
01:36:05,190 --> 01:36:08,340
number like this, calculate
everything and express everything

1273
01:36:08,340 --> 01:36:11,730
in terms of the experimental mass
that we measured. The difficulty

1274
01:36:11,730 --> 01:36:15,300
is and the peculiarity, the thing
that bothers me is that this

1275
01:36:15,300 --> 01:36:21,900
correction that you multiply c
square by is infinity. That

1276
01:36:21,900 --> 01:36:24,600
multiplied by the same function
for zero mass and then added

1277
01:36:24,600 --> 01:36:29,340
everywhere comes out. And that
caused a lot of trouble. The first

1278
01:36:29,340 --> 01:36:31,260
people who invented this theory,
they saw they were getting

1279
01:36:31,260 --> 01:36:35,460
infinity for every answer, because
every problem that they did that

1280
01:36:35,460 --> 01:36:38,220
was something like this in it
somewhere. And electron going from

1281
01:36:38,220 --> 01:36:40,320
one place to the other would
always be possible to emit

1282
01:36:40,380 --> 01:36:44,310
photons. And every answer to every
problem is infinity. It was 20

1283
01:36:44,310 --> 01:36:48,900
years later, it was noticed by
beta and vice versa. That if the

1284
01:36:48,900 --> 01:36:53,580
answers were put in terms of M
experimental, it looked as if in

1285
01:36:53,580 --> 01:36:57,000
spite of this being infinity, when
you wrote the answers in terms of

1286
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:00,630
that and computed them, there was
no infinity, all infinities cancel

1287
01:37:00,630 --> 01:37:04,650
out. So the idea is, if this is
goes toward infinity and a

1288
01:37:04,650 --> 01:37:07,530
calculation, we just say, well
just keep on adjusting the M. So

1289
01:37:07,530 --> 01:37:12,090
that is the pics of back, the M
comes out finite. Now you laugh at

1290
01:37:12,090 --> 01:37:14,730
that, because you have some kind
of a feeling that the dippie way

1291
01:37:14,730 --> 01:37:18,810
to do mathematics. And it is and
this Dippy way to do math, and it

1292
01:37:18,810 --> 01:37:21,390
is the way we do this theory
because we don't never been able

1293
01:37:21,390 --> 01:37:24,900
to straighten it out. But we do
know that if we do this Dippy way

1294
01:37:24,900 --> 01:37:27,870
we get results, particularly with
experiments. Although the

1295
01:37:27,870 --> 01:37:30,960
calculations calculational scheme
is quite definite. And we know

1296
01:37:30,960 --> 01:37:35,550
exactly what to do this process,
which is called renormalization.

1297
01:37:38,220 --> 01:37:42,360
We are not satisfied that we're
that is a mathematically

1298
01:37:42,360 --> 01:37:46,050
legitimate process. But you notice
that we compute the 10 decimal

1299
01:37:46,050 --> 01:37:49,170
places that agrees with
experiments. We don't know whether

1300
01:37:49,170 --> 01:37:54,780
if we stop the theory temporarily,
it makes sense. Or if we just go

1301
01:37:54,810 --> 01:37:57,690
taking what we call the limit here
where we use it everything, do the

1302
01:37:57,690 --> 01:38:00,990
renormalization process, calculate
everything in terms of the

1303
01:38:00,990 --> 01:38:05,340
experimental math, and then forget
about the infinity, whether that's

1304
01:38:05,340 --> 01:38:08,520
a mathematically sound thing. So I
have to explain that in order to

1305
01:38:08,910 --> 01:38:12,540
tell you the exact position of
physics today problems.

1306
01:38:15,720 --> 01:38:20,760
By arbitrarily cancelling out the
infinite tasmota epsilon squared

1307
01:38:21,000 --> 01:38:26,670
to show the Hamiltonian is unitary
relative to time evolution. And by

1308
01:38:26,670 --> 01:38:32,430
setting e to the i k x equal to e
to the i k x plus one to fit

1309
01:38:32,430 --> 01:38:36,780
Schrodinger wave equation around a
circle physics may have set itself

1310
01:38:36,780 --> 01:38:39,810
up for the problem Fineman
discusses regarding

1311
01:38:39,810 --> 01:38:43,620
renormalization our three
dimensional time loop fixed about

1312
01:38:43,620 --> 01:38:48,270
a complex unit circle mirrors the
mechanics of electromagnetism.

1313
01:38:48,720 --> 01:38:52,770
Rather than propagating through
space over a period of time, the

1314
01:38:52,770 --> 01:38:57,480
time wave propagates through time
over a segment of space, three

1315
01:38:57,480 --> 01:39:00,840
dimensional space coordinates and
three dimensional temporal

1316
01:39:00,840 --> 01:39:05,160
coordinates must be orthogonal,
the traditional invariant

1317
01:39:05,160 --> 01:39:08,550
relationship between space and
time coordinates can be

1318
01:39:08,550 --> 01:39:13,410
uncompromising, when a more
complex base structure can remain

1319
01:39:13,410 --> 01:39:17,730
tremendously flexible. The key
concept is that this complex

1320
01:39:17,730 --> 01:39:21,690
construct between space and
temporal coordinates can remain

1321
01:39:21,690 --> 01:39:25,980
invariant without necessarily
maintaining proximity. The

1322
01:39:25,980 --> 01:39:30,420
ramifications this has on special
relativity would be that although

1323
01:39:30,660 --> 01:39:34,080
the speed of light is the same in
all frames of reference,

1324
01:39:34,140 --> 01:39:38,640
regardless of relative motion, the
interactions between energy and

1325
01:39:38,640 --> 01:39:43,830
matter are not necessarily limited
in the same way. Quantum Mechanics

1326
01:39:43,830 --> 01:39:45,870
itself is an example of this.

1327
01:39:46,199 --> 01:39:51,059
The Einstein podolsky Rosen
paradox sometimes shortened as the

1328
01:39:51,089 --> 01:39:55,529
E p, r. paradox. particles, which
had always been thought of as

1329
01:39:55,529 --> 01:40:00,659
matter could somehow be thought of
as waves now what Heisenberg's

1330
01:40:00,659 --> 01:40:03,629
uncertainty principle says you
cannot both measure the y

1331
01:40:03,629 --> 01:40:08,669
component and the x component. At
the same time. If you measure one

1332
01:40:08,699 --> 01:40:12,839
precisely, the other is completely
unknown in the quantum mechanical

1333
01:40:12,839 --> 01:40:17,159
world, things are uncertain until
you measure them. The wavefunction

1334
01:40:17,279 --> 01:40:21,209
is essentially describing the
probability of finding the

1335
01:40:21,209 --> 01:40:24,779
electron at any of these points,
but you know where it is, you just

1336
01:40:24,779 --> 01:40:28,259
found it, it's here. So they can
no longer be a wavefunction, it

1337
01:40:28,259 --> 01:40:33,389
collapses into a single point that
if you get two particles that

1338
01:40:33,389 --> 01:40:38,129
essentially derived from one
common source, but they are what

1339
01:40:38,129 --> 01:40:43,979
is called entangled, let's say you
get an electron and a positron.

1340
01:40:44,519 --> 01:40:48,569
This means that the properties of
one will influence the properties

1341
01:40:48,599 --> 01:40:53,429
of another. Now the point is that
if Alice measures the spin of the

1342
01:40:53,429 --> 01:40:59,219
electron and finds that the spin
is up in the y direction, then it

1343
01:40:59,219 --> 01:41:02,729
must follow because of
entanglement, that the spin of the

1344
01:41:02,729 --> 01:41:07,829
positron in the y direction will
be down. And that has been

1345
01:41:07,829 --> 01:41:13,379
experimentally verified, one
system producing two particles,

1346
01:41:13,619 --> 01:41:18,329
they do not have an individual
wave function. In fact, they have

1347
01:41:18,329 --> 01:41:23,519
a shared wave function. This is a
superposition of wave functions,

1348
01:41:23,519 --> 01:41:30,089
these two particles contribute to
one overall wave function. So

1349
01:41:30,089 --> 01:41:37,049
here's the Einstein podolsky Rosen
paradox. How does that positron

1350
01:41:37,079 --> 01:41:42,809
know what is happening over here
in anuses, of oratory? Well, there

1351
01:41:42,809 --> 01:41:48,059
are two possible explanations. One
is that the two particles are

1352
01:41:48,059 --> 01:41:53,939
somehow communicating one with one
another instantaneously. And this

1353
01:41:53,939 --> 01:41:56,639
could be across the whole
universe, you don't know what's

1354
01:41:56,639 --> 01:41:59,519
going to happen to these two
particles, they can fly off and

1355
01:41:59,519 --> 01:42:03,569
travel enormous distances, each is
keeping in touch with the other,

1356
01:42:03,899 --> 01:42:06,989
to make sure that what is
happening to one has a

1357
01:42:06,989 --> 01:42:10,859
consequential effect to what's
happening on the other. But that

1358
01:42:10,859 --> 01:42:13,739
would mean that information would
have to be transmitted

1359
01:42:13,949 --> 01:42:18,839
instantaneously, that is faster
than the speed of light. The other

1360
01:42:18,839 --> 01:42:24,299
alternative option is that somehow
when these two particles are born,

1361
01:42:24,299 --> 01:42:28,679
when they are created, they have
some information within them, it's

1362
01:42:28,679 --> 01:42:32,399
called the technical term is
hidden variables, they have

1363
01:42:32,579 --> 01:42:37,619
information embedded within them,
that will govern their behavior.

1364
01:42:37,769 --> 01:42:41,129
But my word, they'd have to have
an awful lot of information hidden

1365
01:42:41,129 --> 01:42:46,769
away inside them to govern every
single eventuality that might

1366
01:42:46,769 --> 01:42:51,209
happen to them, either through
instantaneous communication, which

1367
01:42:51,209 --> 01:42:54,509
seems impossible, because it would
mean traveling faster than the

1368
01:42:54,509 --> 01:42:58,949
speed of light, or through some
kind of hidden variables or DNA

1369
01:42:59,099 --> 01:43:03,449
embedded in each particle, which
seems highly unlikely because A,

1370
01:43:03,629 --> 01:43:06,629
it would mean that you would have
to have a huge amount of

1371
01:43:06,629 --> 01:43:11,039
information embedded and be you
have no way of knowing of what the

1372
01:43:11,039 --> 01:43:14,339
future holds in terms of
interactions with other particles.

1373
01:43:14,939 --> 01:43:18,059
So that's the paradox. Quantum
mechanics is very good at

1374
01:43:18,059 --> 01:43:22,559
describing what happens, we still
have to establish why.

1375
01:43:23,580 --> 01:43:26,880
Once quantum mechanics is seen
through the lens of three

1376
01:43:26,880 --> 01:43:32,640
dimensional time, the EPR paradox
loses its Mystique. The speed of

1377
01:43:32,640 --> 01:43:36,990
light is restricted to a set speed
limit within each individual frame

1378
01:43:36,990 --> 01:43:41,460
of reference. However, frames of
reference can undergo periods of

1379
01:43:41,460 --> 01:43:45,660
time at varying rates of the
passage of time, the entanglement

1380
01:43:45,690 --> 01:43:50,370
of particles, physical states,
fields, etc, cannot be restricted

1381
01:43:50,370 --> 01:43:54,330
to single reference frames, there
must be underlying reference

1382
01:43:54,330 --> 01:43:57,840
frames were the properties of
entanglement are quantum

1383
01:43:57,840 --> 01:44:01,980
mechanical, yet remain consistent
with special relativity without

1384
01:44:01,980 --> 01:44:06,810
any mystery. This suggests the
absolute space like aspects within

1385
01:44:06,810 --> 01:44:10,830
the concept of curved space time
can be replaced with infinite

1386
01:44:10,830 --> 01:44:15,450
sequences of relative frames of
reference, defining physical

1387
01:44:15,450 --> 01:44:20,610
properties in terms of relations,
the idea of absolute space and

1388
01:44:20,610 --> 01:44:26,190
time becomes epi phenomenal space
time is a mathematical construct.

1389
01:44:30,300 --> 01:44:34,140
It's just an auxiliary
construction and auxiliary

1390
01:44:34,140 --> 01:44:39,660
construction, which is useful in
replacing two real fields by one

1391
01:44:39,660 --> 01:44:45,900
complex symbol. So that is, it's a
trick for representing for cutting

1392
01:44:45,900 --> 01:44:50,640
down the number of equations that
you write, cutting in half

1393
01:44:50,640 --> 01:44:54,210
basically by writing him as
equations for complex variables.

1394
01:44:54,870 --> 01:44:59,490
A good analogy for this is the
path integral formalization to sum

1395
01:44:59,490 --> 01:45:03,090
over him. Impossible trajectories
to calculate the quantum

1396
01:45:03,120 --> 01:45:07,530
amplitudes. For some quantum
state, one of the ingredients

1397
01:45:07,980 --> 01:45:12,750
in the approach to quantum theory
that I working on is called the

1398
01:45:12,750 --> 01:45:17,100
path integral. The basic idea
behind the path integral is that,

1399
01:45:17,970 --> 01:45:23,550
if a particle is measured to be at
a particular position at a

1400
01:45:23,550 --> 01:45:31,500
particular time there, then to
calculate the quantum amplitude

1401
01:45:31,650 --> 01:45:36,360
for it to be other particular
different positions at later time.

1402
01:45:36,570 --> 01:45:42,660
There, you have to consider all
the possible space time tasks that

1403
01:45:42,660 --> 01:45:46,980
the particle can take between
those two space time events. So,

1404
01:45:46,980 --> 01:45:48,720
every single path is to be

1405
01:45:48,720 --> 01:45:53,190
considered. While the calculation
in principle sums over all the

1406
01:45:53,190 --> 01:45:56,610
infinite possible trajectories.
The physicist doing the

1407
01:45:56,610 --> 01:46:00,690
calculation doesn't actually
examine each and every possible

1408
01:46:00,690 --> 01:46:04,920
trajectory, yet, the physicist can
drive a smooth continuous path.

1409
01:46:05,340 --> 01:46:08,880
spacetime represents a single
frame of reference of some

1410
01:46:08,910 --> 01:46:12,840
observer perceiving distinct
physical properties without

1411
01:46:12,840 --> 01:46:17,130
necessarily accounting for every
possible spacetime coordinate

1412
01:46:17,130 --> 01:46:21,570
configuration. individually. This
accounts for action at a distance,

1413
01:46:22,050 --> 01:46:26,700
it only appears mysterious from a
single frame of reference. action

1414
01:46:26,700 --> 01:46:30,870
at a distance does not violate the
speed of light. Because nothing is

1415
01:46:30,870 --> 01:46:35,820
traveling through space relative
to three dimensional time, spatial

1416
01:46:35,820 --> 01:46:39,690
coordinates can be extremely far
apart, while the corresponding

1417
01:46:39,690 --> 01:46:44,640
template coordinates are extremely
close, or vice versa. This unique

1418
01:46:44,640 --> 01:46:48,750
configuration of special to
temporal coordinates not only

1419
01:46:48,750 --> 01:46:54,030
generates new forms of symmetry,
but also raises issues of parallel

1420
01:46:54,030 --> 01:46:54,990
universes.

1421
01:46:56,280 --> 01:47:00,480
The best theory we have for what
made our universe predicts that it

1422
01:47:00,480 --> 01:47:05,160
isn't just really, really big, but
actually infinite, going on

1423
01:47:05,160 --> 01:47:11,190
literally forever in all
directions. If I pick three rocks

1424
01:47:11,190 --> 01:47:15,990
here, orange, white, and black, I
look around, oh, there is another

1425
01:47:15,990 --> 01:47:19,230
one orange, white and black. If I
take a larger pattern, that I have

1426
01:47:19,230 --> 01:47:22,860
to look a lot harder to find the
copy of it. Here it repeats.

1427
01:47:24,030 --> 01:47:27,480
When I say all patterns of atoms
repeat, I really mean all

1428
01:47:27,480 --> 01:47:31,200
patterns, even the pattern of
atoms that makes up neat Max

1429
01:47:31,200 --> 01:47:35,310
Tegmark, if I go far enough away,
there's gonna be another exact

1430
01:47:35,310 --> 01:47:39,840
copy of me who will not just look
like me, but feel like is me. I

1431
01:47:39,840 --> 01:47:45,030
came up with one with a million
trillion trillion zeros after it.

1432
01:47:45,210 --> 01:47:50,370
And that's a huge number. But
compared to infinity, which is the

1433
01:47:50,370 --> 01:47:54,090
truth size of space, I think it's
just in our backyard,

1434
01:47:54,990 --> 01:47:58,770
three dimensional space and three
dimensional time can be configured

1435
01:47:58,770 --> 01:48:03,750
together through two separate four
vectors, where one for vector

1436
01:48:03,780 --> 01:48:07,980
coincides with three dimensions of
space and one dimension of time.

1437
01:48:08,220 --> 01:48:11,640
And the other four vector
corresponds with three dimensions

1438
01:48:11,640 --> 01:48:15,840
of time and one dimension of
space. The single dimension of

1439
01:48:15,840 --> 01:48:20,610
space and or the single dimension
of time are actually three

1440
01:48:20,610 --> 01:48:24,810
dimensional vectors. However, they
can be treated as single

1441
01:48:24,810 --> 01:48:29,160
dimensions, when expressed cross
symmetrically for the convenience

1442
01:48:29,160 --> 01:48:33,630
of using the time tested for
vector form. This way, temporal

1443
01:48:33,630 --> 01:48:36,870
coordinates and spatial
coordinates are still invariant,

1444
01:48:36,990 --> 01:48:41,760
but with more degrees of freedom.
symmetry plays an important role

1445
01:48:41,760 --> 01:48:46,110
in the mathematics of physics, for
every left there must be a right

1446
01:48:46,650 --> 01:48:51,240
for every up there must be a down
for every front there must be a

1447
01:48:51,240 --> 01:48:55,440
back and so on. In quantum
mechanics, the principal

1448
01:48:55,440 --> 01:49:00,840
symmetries that support physical
law involve charge parity, and

1449
01:49:00,840 --> 01:49:05,610
time, charge conjugation symmetry
corresponds with reversing

1450
01:49:05,640 --> 01:49:10,230
electric charge and all the
internal quantum numbers, parody

1451
01:49:10,230 --> 01:49:14,880
symmetry correspondences space
inversion, reversal or flipping

1452
01:49:14,880 --> 01:49:18,780
spatial coordinates. And time
symmetry corresponds with

1453
01:49:18,780 --> 01:49:25,860
reversing time derivatives, gather
charge parity, and time form the

1454
01:49:25,860 --> 01:49:32,310
symmetry physical laws are built
around. But then, there was the Wu

1455
01:49:32,310 --> 01:49:39,510
experiment. And then two unusual
decays were uncovered. For charge

1456
01:49:39,600 --> 01:49:47,430
strange maze. In 1956 is this is
changing Wu, conducting an

1457
01:49:47,430 --> 01:49:52,350
experiment on behalf of physicists
Seung Tao Li and Chen ying yang to

1458
01:49:52,350 --> 01:49:56,130
ress. The relationship of parody
symmetry with physical law,

1459
01:49:56,370 --> 01:50:00,780
radioactive cobalt 60 was cooled
by liquid heat helium two

1460
01:50:00,780 --> 01:50:04,650
temperatures near absolute zero,
and aligned with a uniform

1461
01:50:04,650 --> 01:50:08,940
magnetic field, the thermal
vibrations of cobalt 60 were

1462
01:50:08,940 --> 01:50:13,680
reduced enough to study its beta
decay process nearly one emission

1463
01:50:13,710 --> 01:50:18,300
at a time, we found that when the
cobalt 60 nuclei spins were

1464
01:50:18,300 --> 01:50:22,410
polarized with the uniform
magnetic field significantly more

1465
01:50:22,410 --> 01:50:27,510
electrons radiated in the opposite
direction with opposite spin. In

1466
01:50:27,510 --> 01:50:30,780
other words, there were
significantly more electrons with

1467
01:50:30,780 --> 01:50:34,500
left handed spin than electrons
with right handed spin.

1468
01:50:35,010 --> 01:50:38,070
The thing that's interesting is
that if you measure the spin,

1469
01:50:38,130 --> 01:50:41,610
electrons are spinning as they
come out. If you measure the spin,

1470
01:50:41,610 --> 01:50:45,990
you find out that they're spinning
to the left. That is a definite

1471
01:50:45,990 --> 01:50:48,240
significance that the electron
when it comes out of the

1472
01:50:48,240 --> 01:50:51,870
disintegration is turning this
way. So all we're saying is that

1473
01:50:51,870 --> 01:50:55,740
the right and left symmetry law is
not bad, but I have to mention

1474
01:50:55,740 --> 01:50:57,930
that conservation of parity
because you may have read in the

1475
01:50:57,930 --> 01:51:02,070
papers, the law of conservation of
parity has been proved wrong, it

1476
01:51:02,070 --> 01:51:04,980
should have been written for the
much easier to understand the

1477
01:51:04,980 --> 01:51:07,530
principle that you can't
distinguish right and left has

1478
01:51:07,530 --> 01:51:08,400
been proved wrong.

1479
01:51:09,690 --> 01:51:13,890
Neutral can particles cannot be
their own antiparticles. Because

1480
01:51:13,890 --> 01:51:17,310
of their strange quark makeup.
There are two types of neutral k

1481
01:51:17,310 --> 01:51:21,750
ions that oscillate between weak
eigenstates of the neutral chaos.

1482
01:51:21,960 --> 01:51:26,580
It was originally assumed that CP
symmetry was a condition for

1483
01:51:26,580 --> 01:51:30,870
neutral particle oscillations, it
was noticed that one of the week

1484
01:51:30,900 --> 01:51:35,130
eigenstates of the K on decayed
into two pions, where the other

1485
01:51:35,130 --> 01:51:39,390
week eigenstates of the K on
decayed into three, the less

1486
01:51:39,390 --> 01:51:44,220
massive k ions that decayed faster
were labeled k short, the more

1487
01:51:44,220 --> 01:51:48,330
massive k ions that the kids
slower were labeled k long

1488
01:51:49,440 --> 01:51:52,530
nootropics Qian is is an
interesting particle. And it's the

1489
01:51:52,530 --> 01:51:56,340
special one that's long lived
means it lives, 100 millionth of a

1490
01:51:56,340 --> 01:51:59,940
second, that's a long time, this
particle is neither matter anti

1491
01:51:59,940 --> 01:52:03,750
matter, it's some mixture of the
two, it's both at the same time.

1492
01:52:03,930 --> 01:52:08,490
So this neutral Qian decays to a
particle called the pion it's a

1493
01:52:08,490 --> 01:52:12,210
case to the positron, and another
particle called the neutrino, it

1494
01:52:12,210 --> 01:52:17,490
also decays the mirror way. So if
you look at our anti matter mirror

1495
01:52:17,490 --> 01:52:20,880
again, you see that all the
particles have flipped, we got one

1496
01:52:20,880 --> 01:52:24,600
version and the anti matter
version of it. And we can ask how

1497
01:52:24,600 --> 01:52:29,250
often does our friend decay on
decay this way, often this decay

1498
01:52:29,250 --> 01:52:34,170
that way. So by a tiny, tiny
amount, one of these versions of

1499
01:52:34,170 --> 01:52:38,580
the case favor, that is an example
of what we call an asymmetry,

1500
01:52:38,760 --> 01:52:44,640
something that's different for the
anti matter version, compared to

1501
01:52:44,640 --> 01:52:49,320
the matter version. It's a
symmetry is this way, minus that

1502
01:52:49,320 --> 01:52:57,540
way, divided by the song, and it's
not 0.033 with this measurement,

1503
01:52:57,540 --> 01:53:00,630
and actually some other
measurements, we saw for the first

1504
01:53:00,630 --> 01:53:02,850
time, the matter and matter were
different.

1505
01:53:03,629 --> 01:53:07,739
While studying the properties of K
long Particle Beam sent through

1506
01:53:07,739 --> 01:53:11,579
pieces of matter. Physicists at
Berkeley National Laboratory

1507
01:53:11,609 --> 01:53:16,889
reported finding excess k short
particles in the regenerated k on

1508
01:53:16,889 --> 01:53:22,259
beam in 1964. while attempting to
verify the access k short

1509
01:53:22,259 --> 01:53:27,329
regeneration, physicist James
Cronin and Val Fitch at Berkeley

1510
01:53:27,329 --> 01:53:32,549
National Laboratory found evidence
of CP violation in neutral k on

1511
01:53:32,549 --> 01:53:37,499
oscillations. When a beam of
neutral k ions travels, the K

1512
01:53:37,499 --> 01:53:41,789
short particles decay first
leaving behind a beam of just k

1513
01:53:41,789 --> 01:53:46,049
long particles. When this beam is
shot through matter, quantum

1514
01:53:46,049 --> 01:53:51,959
coherence between K short and K
long is lost. And the beam emerges

1515
01:53:51,989 --> 01:53:55,919
out of the other side with K short
particles regenerated as if they

1516
01:53:55,919 --> 01:54:01,619
never decayed. The beam re-emerges
consisting of both k short and K

1517
01:54:01,619 --> 01:54:06,449
long particles, the maze on
oscillations were later observed

1518
01:54:06,449 --> 01:54:11,099
demonstrating CP violation similar
to neutral k on oscillations.

1519
01:54:11,640 --> 01:54:19,530
I want to tell you a little bit
about how we measure a matter

1520
01:54:19,530 --> 01:54:24,600
antimatter asymmetry a particle
like the B mass on an exponential

1521
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:30,180
decay. So if we look at the decays
as a function of time, in this

1522
01:54:30,210 --> 01:54:35,820
great unit picosecond, you get
this curve, a matter b mazon can

1523
01:54:35,820 --> 01:54:42,000
just change instantly into an
antibiotic you just have it's due

1524
01:54:42,000 --> 01:54:47,160
to the weak force, but it just
likewise the anti matter be mass

1525
01:54:47,160 --> 01:54:50,940
on and all of a sudden just change
into a matter version and you go

1526
01:54:50,940 --> 01:54:53,430
back and forth. It's not
completely random. There's some

1527
01:54:53,430 --> 01:54:58,470
regularity to how it occurs.
Sometimes you could have matter

1528
01:54:58,500 --> 01:55:02,460
the mess on decay into a
combination of particles, that's

1529
01:55:02,460 --> 01:55:06,930
neither matter anti matter. So the
fee can decay into this side and a

1530
01:55:06,930 --> 01:55:10,680
neutral pion instead of the long
lived one, this is the shortlist.

1531
01:55:11,100 --> 01:55:15,570
The key is again, it's the whole
combination is neither matter

1532
01:55:15,570 --> 01:55:20,400
antimatter. And the other thing
that can happen is that matter be

1533
01:55:20,400 --> 01:55:25,260
measurement could first change
into the ADDIE manner version, and

1534
01:55:25,260 --> 01:55:30,600
then that guy for decay into the
same set of particles, if that

1535
01:55:30,600 --> 01:55:35,550
happens, there are two paths. And
when you have two paths, that

1536
01:55:35,550 --> 01:55:39,600
something can occur, you can get a
phenomenon called interference.

1537
01:55:41,160 --> 01:55:45,720
Matter and anti matter are the
same, then it doesn't we don't

1538
01:55:45,720 --> 01:55:50,850
care, they there's no way they can
interfere with each other. But if

1539
01:55:50,850 --> 01:55:54,480
matter and anti matter are
different, then the two paths will

1540
01:55:54,480 --> 01:55:58,320
interfere to have fewer decay. So
that would be the red curve. So

1541
01:55:58,320 --> 01:56:01,980
instead of the exponential decay,
you get a non exponential decay

1542
01:56:02,370 --> 01:56:07,380
with fewer decay. Also, if you
flip this whole process in our

1543
01:56:07,380 --> 01:56:12,570
anti matter mirror, and you start
with anti matter, and the paths

1544
01:56:12,570 --> 01:56:17,760
differ, then you get more decays
than in the exponential case. So

1545
01:56:17,760 --> 01:56:21,450
we have the bright region and the
dark region. And the size of the

1546
01:56:21,450 --> 01:56:25,080
difference is our asymmetry. It's
the size of the difference between

1547
01:56:25,080 --> 01:56:29,070
matter and anti matter. So that's
what we're looking for. This is

1548
01:56:29,070 --> 01:56:33,660
what we saw. Here's the case where
we start with at matter. And we

1549
01:56:33,990 --> 01:56:37,950
have this number of decays as a
function of time. But when we

1550
01:56:37,950 --> 01:56:42,720
start with matter, when it's when
we start with a matter, we have

1551
01:56:42,780 --> 01:56:45,060
this pattern. And you can see very
clearly

1552
01:56:45,060 --> 01:56:46,440
the difference in the

1553
01:56:46,770 --> 01:56:51,180
exponential case would be exactly
in between the two will subtract

1554
01:56:51,540 --> 01:56:55,950
the blue minus the red, and divide
by their song, and this is the

1555
01:56:55,950 --> 01:56:58,560
curve you get. So here's our
equation, same equation, the

1556
01:56:58,560 --> 01:57:04,590
number of times when you start as
a B bar, the anti matter version

1557
01:57:04,650 --> 01:57:07,590
versus the number of times when
you start as a matter of version.

1558
01:57:07,980 --> 01:57:10,980
Here's that difference over the
sun. And you can see very clearly

1559
01:57:11,610 --> 01:57:16,680
that asymmetry, we find that
asymmetry is point six nine, with

1560
01:57:16,680 --> 01:57:20,880
an uncertainty of only point oh
three, it took us 10 years almost

1561
01:57:21,210 --> 01:57:24,240
to measure this. Well. It's
extremely well measured. And you

1562
01:57:24,240 --> 01:57:29,520
can see it does a great quite well
with the predictions from the ctm

1563
01:57:29,520 --> 01:57:29,790
up

1564
01:57:30,780 --> 01:57:35,760
in 2012. The bbar experiment at
slac National Accelerator

1565
01:57:35,760 --> 01:57:40,530
Laboratory announced never before
seen time reversal violations and

1566
01:57:40,530 --> 01:57:45,480
neutral BMA zones. Even though CP
violation and T violations have

1567
01:57:45,480 --> 01:57:50,790
equivalence. Measuring t violating
parameters. In the time evolution

1568
01:57:50,820 --> 01:57:55,860
of neutral B maisons represented
the first direct observation of T

1569
01:57:55,860 --> 01:57:59,760
violation through initial and
final states they can only be

1570
01:57:59,760 --> 01:58:04,110
connected by time reversible
transformations. The end results

1571
01:58:04,110 --> 01:58:08,220
were that the reverse process
occurred at a higher rate than the

1572
01:58:08,220 --> 01:58:12,750
forward process representing a
violation in the reversibility of

1573
01:58:12,750 --> 01:58:16,170
time symmetry under CPT symmetry
rules.

1574
01:58:17,220 --> 01:58:20,310
This work was done using neutral
beam masons at slack you should

1575
01:58:20,310 --> 01:58:23,100
know that these neutral B masons
will oscillate between their two

1576
01:58:23,100 --> 01:58:29,100
different flavors, so dma's on
anti B. B Mays on anti b we cannot

1577
01:58:29,100 --> 01:58:32,520
see all these maisons directly, we
can see what's left behind when

1578
01:58:32,520 --> 01:58:36,270
they decay. So, the BMA is on
gives us a positron plus some

1579
01:58:36,270 --> 01:58:40,470
stuff anti bees give us electrons
and stuff. But there are some

1580
01:58:40,470 --> 01:58:44,160
decays that produce different
things k ions and j slash sy

1581
01:58:44,160 --> 01:58:49,200
particles, such decays must come
from states that are mixed B's

1582
01:58:49,230 --> 01:58:53,250
mixed with anti B's mixed states
are odd, but describe the beam is

1583
01:58:53,250 --> 01:58:56,010
on just fine. So we have to accept
that they're equally physical.

1584
01:58:56,310 --> 01:58:59,880
Thus, we can label the starting
state B anti B or B plus and B

1585
01:58:59,880 --> 01:59:03,810
minus but as the brilliant Mary
Carmen banyuls has shown such a

1586
01:59:03,810 --> 01:59:08,550
conversion can be affected by b
oscillations and therefore depend

1587
01:59:08,550 --> 01:59:12,600
on the time. So a forward
conversion will not always happen

1588
01:59:12,630 --> 01:59:16,710
as much as a backward conversion
will then look for two states the

1589
01:59:16,710 --> 01:59:19,860
decade the bees were at first
there was just one b minus decay

1590
01:59:19,860 --> 01:59:23,730
that was followed by BDK. Then
they compared with decay is that

1591
01:59:23,730 --> 01:59:28,110
involved a B first than B minus.
They saw there that one of these

1592
01:59:28,110 --> 01:59:32,880
processes happen more frequently.
This is the T violation. The next

1593
01:59:32,880 --> 01:59:37,140
did the same thing for B and A B
plus and for anti BD cases well,

1594
01:59:37,410 --> 01:59:39,990
and they saw the same thing. What
does this mean?

1595
01:59:41,340 --> 01:59:46,530
However, three dimensional time
and CPT symmetry work remarkably

1596
01:59:46,530 --> 01:59:51,510
well together. In fact, the very
concept of cross conjugation was

1597
01:59:51,510 --> 01:59:55,950
born out of the study of CP
violation in beta decay and

1598
01:59:55,950 --> 01:59:57,840
spontaneous symmetry breaking.

1599
01:59:58,710 --> 02:00:00,330
One pound that That's

1600
02:00:00,360 --> 02:00:05,040
less than right is wrong. The left
and right symmetry is wrong an

1601
02:00:05,040 --> 02:00:06,210
important question come.

1602
02:00:07,290 --> 02:00:08,250
If I make

1603
02:00:08,370 --> 02:00:11,130
if I look at this at this
integration, but with anti modern

1604
02:00:11,130 --> 02:00:14,610
anti Lutheran goes into an anti
proton plus an anti electron,

1605
02:00:15,960 --> 02:00:20,340
positron plus a neutrino, the
question is, is the gap matter

1606
02:00:20,610 --> 02:00:23,220
behave like the matter in the
sense that it comes out of left

1607
02:00:23,220 --> 02:00:27,960
hand thread, or does behave the
other way. And it turns out, we

1608
02:00:27,960 --> 02:00:32,610
think up until a few months ago,
that it behaves the opposite way,

1609
02:00:32,670 --> 02:00:38,160
and that the anti matter behaves
like it goes to the right where a

1610
02:00:38,160 --> 02:00:41,820
matter goes to the left, there are
some very remarkable things, which

1611
02:00:41,820 --> 02:00:45,600
are the near symmetries the
remarkable feature of this effect

1612
02:00:45,630 --> 02:00:48,060
that we can distinguish right and
left is that we can distinguish

1613
02:00:48,060 --> 02:00:51,600
right and left only with a very
weak effect. And with this beta

1614
02:00:51,600 --> 02:00:57,330
disintegration, what it means that
nature is 99.99 indistinguishable

1615
02:00:57,330 --> 02:01:01,170
right from left. But that that's
just one little piece. One little

1616
02:01:01,170 --> 02:01:05,070
characteristic phenomena, which is
completely different in the sense

1617
02:01:05,070 --> 02:01:09,510
that it's absolutely lopsided is a
mystery that no one has a

1618
02:01:09,510 --> 02:01:10,890
slightest idea about

1619
02:01:10,919 --> 02:01:16,109
yet. The mechanism for generating
time evolution based on the

1620
02:01:16,109 --> 02:01:21,269
asymmetry between varying rates of
the passage of time can be used to

1621
02:01:21,269 --> 02:01:25,979
account for all three examples of
symmetry violation. These

1622
02:01:26,009 --> 02:01:30,659
asymmetries revealed themselves to
be artifacts of limiting physics

1623
02:01:30,659 --> 02:01:35,429
to a single time dimension. When
using three time dimensions. These

1624
02:01:35,429 --> 02:01:39,089
apparent asymmetries can be
attributed to the inversely

1625
02:01:39,089 --> 02:01:42,959
proportional relationship between
the passage of time and linear

1626
02:01:42,959 --> 02:01:48,089
time. The neutral beam liaison is
composed of a down and anti bottom

1627
02:01:48,089 --> 02:01:52,889
CT configuration, and the anti
neutral be mais en is composed of

1628
02:01:52,889 --> 02:01:57,179
an anti down and bottom cork
configuration. The neutral B mais

1629
02:01:57,179 --> 02:02:02,189
on oscillates between B plus and B
minus states where each correspond

1630
02:02:02,189 --> 02:02:06,569
with the decay mode studied in the
bar bar experiment. Since the

1631
02:02:06,569 --> 02:02:10,769
chaos appears in the decay modes
of the neutral be amazed on the

1632
02:02:10,769 --> 02:02:14,819
difference in decay times between
K long and K short plays a

1633
02:02:14,819 --> 02:02:19,559
significant role in the time
reversal violation measured in

1634
02:02:19,559 --> 02:02:25,289
neutral BMA zones. The interplay
between particles, anti particles

1635
02:02:25,319 --> 02:02:28,859
and the difference in mass between
constituents that make up the

1636
02:02:28,859 --> 02:02:33,809
Masons are also significant for
how entangled neutral be maisons

1637
02:02:33,869 --> 02:02:38,429
oscillate, that be mais on
particle anti particle labeling is

1638
02:02:38,429 --> 02:02:42,359
not consistent with the isomorphic
relationship between temporal

1639
02:02:42,359 --> 02:02:46,319
mechanics in quantum mechanics.
Since the bottom cork is

1640
02:02:46,319 --> 02:02:50,039
significantly more massive than
the up and down quarks. The

1641
02:02:50,039 --> 02:02:54,959
combination with an anti bottom
cork could be labeled the anti B

1642
02:02:54,959 --> 02:02:59,369
Mays on and the combination with a
bottom cork could be labeled the

1643
02:02:59,369 --> 02:03:04,199
beam liaison. Unfortunately, we
find it labeled the other way,

1644
02:03:04,379 --> 02:03:08,219
which makes for slight confusion
when applying the time loop to the

1645
02:03:08,219 --> 02:03:12,839
neutral bead maze on oscillation.
Regardless, taking this into

1646
02:03:12,839 --> 02:03:17,549
consideration while looking at the
5050 equation, the inequality

1647
02:03:17,549 --> 02:03:22,079
relative to the reverse cycle is
shorter than inequality relative

1648
02:03:22,079 --> 02:03:27,149
to the forward cycle. The smaller
inequality undergoes a slower rate

1649
02:03:27,179 --> 02:03:30,299
of the passage of time and
corresponds with the reverse

1650
02:03:30,299 --> 02:03:35,459
cycle. A careful comparison of the
bbar experiment with the time loop

1651
02:03:35,459 --> 02:03:39,269
mathematics and the generator for
the evolution of time is

1652
02:03:39,269 --> 02:03:43,859
remarkably the same. We can make a
one to one correspondence between

1653
02:03:43,859 --> 02:03:47,519
the eight quadrants of our time
loop with the combined for

1654
02:03:47,519 --> 02:03:52,289
independent reference transitions
and for associated time conjugates

1655
02:03:52,319 --> 02:03:56,189
of the bbar experiment, the
experiment parameterize is the

1656
02:03:56,189 --> 02:04:00,209
particle anti particle pair
oscillations between eigenstates

1657
02:04:00,209 --> 02:04:04,439
of the neutral B maze on which
just so happens to be an example

1658
02:04:04,469 --> 02:04:09,509
of the 5050 equation applied to
particle anti particle conjugates.

1659
02:04:09,899 --> 02:04:14,189
Neutral particle oscillations, as
with neutral crowns, and neutral

1660
02:04:14,189 --> 02:04:19,139
be masons represent examples of
how the mechanism of our time loop

1661
02:04:19,139 --> 02:04:24,089
generates the evolution of time
through identity crises. Comparing

1662
02:04:24,089 --> 02:04:27,569
the CP violation of neutral k ions
with our treatment of the

1663
02:04:27,569 --> 02:04:31,799
Hamiltonian, we can see we are
dealing with identity crises.

1664
02:04:32,099 --> 02:04:36,239
Originally, when it was thought
neutral chaos oscillations should

1665
02:04:36,239 --> 02:04:41,219
maintain CP symmetry, it was
assumed the K short equals K sub

1666
02:04:41,219 --> 02:04:46,709
one and K long equals K sub two.
Now that CP violation has been

1667
02:04:46,709 --> 02:04:51,719
detected with neutral k ions, it
is assumed that case short equals

1668
02:04:51,719 --> 02:04:56,999
case of one plus a little case of
two and K long equals case of two

1669
02:04:56,999 --> 02:05:01,199
plus a little case of one on the
other hand, And if we assume we

1670
02:05:01,199 --> 02:05:05,009
are dealing with identity crises
between K long and K short, the

1671
02:05:05,009 --> 02:05:10,079
basic exists equations offer a
simple solution. Let the original

1672
02:05:10,079 --> 02:05:15,119
CP symmetric equality between K
long and K short correspond with

1673
02:05:15,119 --> 02:05:19,979
the period prior to the K on beam
passing through matter. Let the CP

1674
02:05:19,979 --> 02:05:24,839
violation equality correspond with
the period after passing through

1675
02:05:24,839 --> 02:05:29,939
matter. The identity crises
between K long and K short occurs

1676
02:05:29,969 --> 02:05:34,529
at the moment the K on beam is
passing through matter. Relative

1677
02:05:34,529 --> 02:05:39,389
to position. Since k long is more
massive than K short, the change

1678
02:05:39,389 --> 02:05:44,549
in position for K long is shorter
relative to K short and since k

1679
02:05:44,549 --> 02:05:49,139
short is less massive than K long,
the change in position for K short

1680
02:05:49,169 --> 02:05:54,929
is longer relative to K long. Yet
relative to momentum. Since k long

1681
02:05:54,959 --> 02:05:59,399
is more massive than K short, the
passage of time for K long is

1682
02:05:59,399 --> 02:06:03,599
shorter relative to K short and
since k short is less massive

1683
02:06:03,599 --> 02:06:07,979
thing came on. The passage of time
for K short is shorter relative to

1684
02:06:07,979 --> 02:06:12,929
cam long. This is why after the K
on beam passes through matter at

1685
02:06:12,929 --> 02:06:17,339
varying rates of the passage of
time, identity crises allow k

1686
02:06:17,339 --> 02:06:21,599
short decays to occur long after
expected over an extended period

1687
02:06:21,599 --> 02:06:26,189
of time. This can be expressed in
the following way. The CP

1688
02:06:26,189 --> 02:06:31,109
violation found in neutral k on
mixing is a precise example of the

1689
02:06:31,109 --> 02:06:34,859
inverse proportional relationship
between the passage of time and

1690
02:06:34,859 --> 02:06:38,879
linear time and how it corresponds
with the temporal mechanical

1691
02:06:38,879 --> 02:06:43,139
expression for mass. In the
experiment, the forward moving

1692
02:06:43,139 --> 02:06:48,119
electrons and the nuclei of the
cobalt 60 are both polarized with

1693
02:06:48,119 --> 02:06:52,349
the magnetic field. The reverse
moving positrons, which are

1694
02:06:52,349 --> 02:06:56,699
equivalent to forward moving
electrons are slightly behind in

1695
02:06:56,699 --> 02:07:00,899
the linear time relative to the
forward moving electrons. The

1696
02:07:00,899 --> 02:07:05,189
probabilities of the forward
moving electrons collapse first

1697
02:07:05,189 --> 02:07:09,809
into Bose Einstein condense
states, forcing the probabilities

1698
02:07:09,839 --> 02:07:14,399
of the reverse moving positrons to
collapse into radiation states.

1699
02:07:15,059 --> 02:07:19,469
The inclusion principle allows the
forward moving electrons to form

1700
02:07:19,469 --> 02:07:23,939
Cooper pairs stable with the
cobalt 60 nuclei. And the

1701
02:07:23,939 --> 02:07:28,529
exclusion principle forces the
reverse moving positrons away as

1702
02:07:28,529 --> 02:07:32,669
radiation. This process is
reversible within the three

1703
02:07:32,669 --> 02:07:37,169
dimensional timeline. Similar to
the refrigeration cycle, the

1704
02:07:37,169 --> 02:07:40,709
magnetic field maintains the
displacement in the passage of

1705
02:07:40,709 --> 02:07:44,579
time between the forward moving
electrons and the reverse moving

1706
02:07:44,579 --> 02:07:49,559
positrons, allowing linear time to
pass through at a constant rate in

1707
02:07:49,559 --> 02:07:54,539
a constant direction. This Magneto
caloric effect keeps the rate of

1708
02:07:54,539 --> 02:07:58,919
the passage of time slow for the
forward moving electrons and more

1709
02:07:58,919 --> 02:08:03,329
rapid for the reverse moving
positrons. This acts like pressure

1710
02:08:03,329 --> 02:08:07,139
keeping the forward moving
electrons bound and Cooper pairs

1711
02:08:07,199 --> 02:08:11,609
on the upper section relative to
the magnetic field and forcing the

1712
02:08:11,609 --> 02:08:15,179
reverse moving positrons to
radiate away from the bottom

1713
02:08:15,179 --> 02:08:20,159
section relative to the magnetic
field. In this state, the passage

1714
02:08:20,159 --> 02:08:23,909
of time relative to the Bose
Einstein condensed forward moving

1715
02:08:23,909 --> 02:08:27,749
electrons is slower than the
passage of time relative to the

1716
02:08:27,749 --> 02:08:32,399
verse moving positrons. Therefore,
there are significantly fewer

1717
02:08:32,429 --> 02:08:36,479
emissions in the polarized
direction. Though the forward

1718
02:08:36,479 --> 02:08:40,859
moving electrons are in a forward
moving frame of reference relative

1719
02:08:40,859 --> 02:08:44,879
to the reverse moving positrons.
The positrons continue going

1720
02:08:44,879 --> 02:08:49,049
backwards in time faster than the
forward moving electrons go

1721
02:08:49,049 --> 02:08:53,219
forward in time. Therefore, there
are significantly more emissions

1722
02:08:53,249 --> 02:08:59,009
opposite the polarized direction.
Since CP violation and T violation

1723
02:08:59,039 --> 02:09:03,989
of equivalence, since mass can be
shown to be composed of temporal

1724
02:09:03,989 --> 02:09:08,309
components, and since charge
conjugation and parody can be

1725
02:09:08,309 --> 02:09:13,079
projected into three dimensional
time as scalars, we can apply a

1726
02:09:13,079 --> 02:09:17,849
four vector model generating CPT m
symmetry.

1727
02:09:20,370 --> 02:09:24,870
The time reversal violation is
actually an example of temporal

1728
02:09:24,900 --> 02:09:30,300
entropy. The four variations of
time reversal, two positive and

1729
02:09:30,300 --> 02:09:34,680
two negative are the two cross
conjugates that correspond with

1730
02:09:34,680 --> 02:09:39,060
the new double delta function.
quantum electrodynamics is a

1731
02:09:39,060 --> 02:09:42,330
complete description of the
interaction between light and

1732
02:09:42,330 --> 02:09:46,110
matter where the mathematics of
electricity and magnetism

1733
02:09:46,260 --> 02:09:50,610
incorporate Einstein's special
theory of relativity and the idea

1734
02:09:50,610 --> 02:09:54,840
of quantum particles. Quantum
chromodynamics is a complete

1735
02:09:54,840 --> 02:09:59,160
description of the interaction
between quarks and gluons of the

1736
02:09:59,160 --> 02:10:02,610
nuclear structure. force that
holds the nucleus of atoms

1737
02:10:02,610 --> 02:10:07,050
together. These two theories are
examples of quantum field

1738
02:10:07,050 --> 02:10:11,280
theories, where the theoretical
structure treats subatomic

1739
02:10:11,280 --> 02:10:17,310
particles as excitations of some
underlying physical field. Each of

1740
02:10:17,310 --> 02:10:21,690
the particles on the left
represents excitations in their

1741
02:10:21,690 --> 02:10:26,970
corresponding fields. The upper
half consists of quarks which make

1742
02:10:26,970 --> 02:10:32,220
up hadron like protons and
neutrons. The lower half consist

1743
02:10:32,220 --> 02:10:36,510
of leptons, which are electrons
and neutrinos. Electrons

1744
02:10:36,510 --> 02:10:40,920
correspond with electromagnetism,
and neutrinos are part of weak

1745
02:10:40,920 --> 02:10:45,600
interactions. All of these
interactions are intermediated by

1746
02:10:45,600 --> 02:10:50,040
the exchange particles, bows ons,
which carry forces between

1747
02:10:50,040 --> 02:10:54,150
particles, the strong force and
electromagnetic force could not

1748
02:10:54,150 --> 02:10:58,620
interact without the nuclear weak
force, which exchanges forces

1749
02:10:58,620 --> 02:11:03,930
through the w minus w plus and
neutral Z boson. These two

1750
02:11:03,930 --> 02:11:08,190
distinct and separate fields,
quantum electrodynamics and

1751
02:11:08,190 --> 02:11:13,260
Quantum chromodynamics are able to
interact through gauge symmetries

1752
02:11:13,290 --> 02:11:16,950
that allow transformations between
exchange particles,

1753
02:11:17,880 --> 02:11:25,350
this would be the Dirac equation.
If the particle had no mass, what

1754
02:11:25,350 --> 02:11:27,930
do you put on the right hand side,
if you want to have a mass for the

1755
02:11:27,930 --> 02:11:33,300
field? Well, there was a fourth
Dirac matrix called beta, you put

1756
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:42,030
the mass times beta times sine,
the electron could be moving along

1757
02:11:42,090 --> 02:11:46,470
with a momentum. A momentum means
as a gradient of the field sigh, I

1758
02:11:46,470 --> 02:11:50,670
mean the plane wave, but that's
not so important. And the spin can

1759
02:11:50,670 --> 02:11:54,000
either be along the direction of
motion or opposite of the

1760
02:11:54,000 --> 02:11:58,290
direction of motion. Those two
components, we can think of that

1761
02:11:58,290 --> 02:12:01,320
as the left handed components of
the direct field and the right

1762
02:12:01,320 --> 02:12:06,810
handed components, you might think
that the right thing to put here

1763
02:12:07,020 --> 02:12:10,470
is something involving the right
hand field. But it turns out this

1764
02:12:10,470 --> 02:12:14,220
bait this matrix beta,
interchanges right hand and left

1765
02:12:14,220 --> 02:12:22,980
hand. So the mass term over here
corresponds to a coupling between

1766
02:12:22,980 --> 02:12:29,430
right handed and left handed. And
likewise is the equation for the

1767
02:12:29,460 --> 02:12:33,000
left handed control. In other
words, it's a funny equation, in

1768
02:12:33,000 --> 02:12:37,440
which the right handed and left
handed components are completely

1769
02:12:37,440 --> 02:12:44,280
independent. If the mass is zero,
but the mass mixes them up, you

1770
02:12:44,280 --> 02:12:49,260
can think of a direct electron as
one which as it moves along,

1771
02:12:49,650 --> 02:12:56,490
oscillates between left and right.
The oscillation is the mass mass

1772
02:12:56,490 --> 02:13:00,570
term couples together, left handed
and right handed components.

1773
02:13:01,470 --> 02:13:06,180
gauge symmetry can easily be trans
delineated into a temporal

1774
02:13:06,180 --> 02:13:11,040
mechanical expression in a similar
way to how it is used in quantum

1775
02:13:11,040 --> 02:13:15,930
field theories. And as a solution
to the doublet triplets splitting

1776
02:13:15,930 --> 02:13:16,530
problem.

1777
02:13:17,159 --> 02:13:22,019
Charge conservation would not
permit a mixing of left and right

1778
02:13:22,019 --> 02:13:29,699
like this. If If only the left
handed electron were charged,

1779
02:13:30,599 --> 02:13:33,689
because both of them carry the
same charge, you can go back and

1780
02:13:33,689 --> 02:13:36,809
forth from left to right without
violating charge conservation, you

1781
02:13:36,809 --> 02:13:40,919
can think about this picture of
saying a right handed left hand

1782
02:13:40,919 --> 02:13:46,859
side represents the propagation of
a right handed particle, and the

1783
02:13:46,859 --> 02:13:50,669
right hand side represents the
splitting into a left handed

1784
02:13:50,669 --> 02:13:57,449
particle. So a neutral particle
breaks up into a left handed

1785
02:13:57,449 --> 02:14:01,049
particle which has charge and a
right handed particle which has

1786
02:14:01,049 --> 02:14:04,859
the opposite charge. And the
sacred say the same about this one

1787
02:14:04,859 --> 02:14:11,369
over here, left handed particle
moves along and becomes a phi in a

1788
02:14:11,369 --> 02:14:14,489
right handed particle. So that's
the way you can think about this.

1789
02:14:14,489 --> 02:14:19,289
It just describes a new kind of
process in which left's and rights

1790
02:14:19,289 --> 02:14:25,349
can turn into each other, but only
at the cost of emitting charged

1791
02:14:25,349 --> 02:14:27,539
particles to compensate the
charge.

1792
02:14:27,930 --> 02:14:31,470
It is also understood that all of
these particles game their

1793
02:14:31,470 --> 02:14:35,880
distinct rest mass through
excitations in the Higgs field.

1794
02:14:37,050 --> 02:14:41,460
So the Higgs phenomena has another
role. It gives the fermion

1795
02:14:42,449 --> 02:14:43,079
mass.

1796
02:14:43,860 --> 02:14:48,360
Now there are different fermions
in our world is the electron muon,

1797
02:14:48,540 --> 02:14:52,260
here are the various quirks that
only means that there are a

1798
02:14:52,260 --> 02:14:58,410
collection of different G's in the
world. These G's are called yukawa

1799
02:14:58,410 --> 02:15:02,250
couplings. And this one For each
kind of fermion, so there's a

1800
02:15:02,250 --> 02:15:06,090
whole spectrum of these different
yukawa couplings that nobody

1801
02:15:06,090 --> 02:15:12,420
understands. But one thing that's
interesting is you, and you say so

1802
02:15:12,420 --> 02:15:18,630
Okay, so all you've done is fit a
collection of numbers to the

1803
02:15:18,630 --> 02:15:23,820
masses of the fermions. But now,
you can hope for an experimental

1804
02:15:23,820 --> 02:15:29,850
confirmation of these numbers.
Here's an interesting fact. All of

1805
02:15:29,850 --> 02:15:34,380
the particles that have seen in
the standard model could not have

1806
02:15:34,380 --> 02:15:39,690
a mass if the one not for this
shift, the shift of the Higgs

1807
02:15:39,690 --> 02:15:43,740
field, to say yet another way, all
of the masses of the known

1808
02:15:43,740 --> 02:15:49,170
particles are such that they are
proportional to this symmetry

1809
02:15:49,170 --> 02:15:50,880
breaking parameter F.

1810
02:15:51,810 --> 02:15:56,160
The recent discovery of the Higgs
boson confirms the existence of

1811
02:15:56,160 --> 02:16:00,330
this background field that
permeates the entire universe.

1812
02:16:00,960 --> 02:16:06,630
Returning to our plasma and phone
on example, since positive t prime

1813
02:16:06,660 --> 02:16:10,950
is slightly ahead of negative t
prime relative to the position

1814
02:16:10,950 --> 02:16:15,180
frame of reference that we know
that negative t prime is slightly

1815
02:16:15,180 --> 02:16:19,800
more massive than positive t prime
relative to the momentum frame of

1816
02:16:19,800 --> 02:16:25,080
reference. When the forward plasma
is that positive t prime, the

1817
02:16:25,080 --> 02:16:30,240
reverse plasma is at negative t
prime. However, there is a slight

1818
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:34,740
offset to account for relative
frames of reference. Since

1819
02:16:34,740 --> 02:16:38,400
positive t squared is slightly
ahead of negative t squared,

1820
02:16:38,760 --> 02:16:42,720
relative to the position frame of
reference, then we know that

1821
02:16:42,720 --> 02:16:46,530
negative t squared is slightly
more massive than positive t

1822
02:16:46,530 --> 02:16:50,760
squared relative to the momentum
frame of reference. When the

1823
02:16:50,760 --> 02:16:55,350
forward phone on is at positive t
squared, the reverse phone on is

1824
02:16:55,350 --> 02:16:59,970
at negative t squared. However,
there is a slight offset to

1825
02:16:59,970 --> 02:17:04,200
account for the relative frames of
reference. In this example, the

1826
02:17:04,200 --> 02:17:08,190
phone on and plasma are entangled
through their relationship within

1827
02:17:08,190 --> 02:17:11,460
the time loop. They're
equivalences between the forward

1828
02:17:11,460 --> 02:17:15,300
time properties of the phone on
and plasmon and equivalences

1829
02:17:15,300 --> 02:17:18,240
between the reverse time
properties of the phone on in

1830
02:17:18,240 --> 02:17:23,010
plasma. If a certain state is
detected, then the probability of

1831
02:17:23,010 --> 02:17:28,170
its cross conjugate will collapse
cross magically, or vice versa.

1832
02:17:28,800 --> 02:17:36,030
Physicists like the Sanskrit
tradition because the cosmologies

1833
02:17:36,030 --> 02:17:40,710
that were written down how the
universe came about, apply pretty

1834
02:17:40,710 --> 02:17:45,150
much today. The story is told
about Oppenheimer, Robert

1835
02:17:45,180 --> 02:17:51,180
Oppenheimer, when he saw the first
last nuclear blast that alamogordo

1836
02:17:51,270 --> 02:17:56,190
He said, Well, I was thinking of a
dance shock. The biggest thing

1837
02:17:56,190 --> 02:18:05,520
that you didn't think is ever
expanding. Is all the universe and

1838
02:18:05,520 --> 02:18:10,110
all the many universes if we have
parallel universes, all summed up

1839
02:18:10,110 --> 02:18:18,180
into one, unbounded, expanding
everything. On the other scale,

1840
02:18:18,180 --> 02:18:22,530
the smallest thing you can think
about is your center. It's not

1841
02:18:22,530 --> 02:18:28,050
your body. It's not your ego. It's
not your self image. It's

1842
02:18:28,710 --> 02:18:33,960
essential inside of all of those
and the equation of the VEDA is

1843
02:18:34,590 --> 02:18:38,940
Othman equals promise, that which
is everything is that which is

1844
02:18:38,940 --> 02:18:45,060
your essence, the ether needs not
to that which is the biggest is

1845
02:18:45,060 --> 02:18:48,720
not different from that which is
the smallest Sanskrit is called

1846
02:18:48,720 --> 02:18:53,700
the return Bara Prague Eon. Read
Tom, is where we get our word,

1847
02:18:53,700 --> 02:18:59,640
right. This is right, this is a
right angle. That all goes back to

1848
02:18:59,640 --> 02:19:04,050
the Sanskrit idea that which is
perfect. And everything in the

1849
02:19:04,050 --> 02:19:09,780
universe, everything is mad, chest
is imperfect. So the dynamic of

1850
02:19:09,780 --> 02:19:16,290
the universe is for the imperfect,
to dynamically approach the

1851
02:19:16,290 --> 02:19:16,680
perfect.

1852
02:19:17,520 --> 02:19:23,850
between 2001 and 2003, physicist
Harold Dean Brown, mentored me on

1853
02:19:23,850 --> 02:19:28,140
quantum mechanics and modern
cosmology. During that time, he

1854
02:19:28,140 --> 02:19:31,770
helped me figure out where I might
apply the existence equations to

1855
02:19:31,770 --> 02:19:36,300
physics. By 2004. I had
reconstructed key issues in

1856
02:19:36,300 --> 02:19:40,260
theoretical physics to account for
current and yet to be discovered

1857
02:19:40,260 --> 02:19:45,300
experimental anomalies. My entire
model to a certain extent boil

1858
02:19:45,300 --> 02:19:49,980
down to a single interpretation.
From the very beginning, I saw

1859
02:19:49,980 --> 02:19:53,880
that variations in the relative
rate of the passage of time should

1860
02:19:53,880 --> 02:19:58,740
correspond with particle decay and
mass somehow, there was no way of

1861
02:19:58,740 --> 02:20:02,520
avoiding making splits civic
predictions about the Higgs boson.

1862
02:20:02,760 --> 02:20:06,210
This was unsettling at the time
because of the lhcb was a near

1863
02:20:06,210 --> 02:20:09,630
completion and wouldn't be up and
running for nearly a decade.

1864
02:20:09,690 --> 02:20:13,380
Besides other exotic predictions,
it appeared to me that the Higgs

1865
02:20:13,380 --> 02:20:18,300
particle should not decay into
leptons or corks easily if at all,

1866
02:20:18,390 --> 02:20:23,160
the Higgs should behave similar to
the relationship between ZW plus

1867
02:20:23,190 --> 02:20:28,140
and w minus Bose ons. I needed
corks more than leptons to get

1868
02:20:28,140 --> 02:20:32,130
their mass from an entirely
different process involving cross

1869
02:20:32,130 --> 02:20:36,690
conjugation and cross symmetry. I
prefer the idea that the universe

1870
02:20:36,690 --> 02:20:40,950
is being created all of the time
through cyclical processes

1871
02:20:41,010 --> 02:20:45,390
evolving out of quantum
fluctuation without a big bang. In

1872
02:20:45,390 --> 02:20:49,170
this model, quarks pop in and out
of the vacuum of empty space

1873
02:20:49,200 --> 02:20:54,090
manifesting the universe we see
continually. Therefore, I

1874
02:20:54,090 --> 02:20:58,440
concluded that the Higgs should
decay mostly into neutral bows on

1875
02:20:58,440 --> 02:21:03,570
specifically photons and Zeebo
zones, then lepton pair starting

1876
02:21:03,570 --> 02:21:09,690
with w plus and w minus, and
finally gluons and forks. It

1877
02:21:09,690 --> 02:21:13,140
seemed reasonable to make this
prediction given that it was

1878
02:21:13,140 --> 02:21:16,410
completely at odds with the
proposed decay channels for the

1879
02:21:16,410 --> 02:21:17,430
Higgs boson.

1880
02:21:22,350 --> 02:21:24,930
Even though we don't know which
theory governs the behavior of

1881
02:21:24,930 --> 02:21:28,740
Higgs bosons, or if they even
exist at all, we understand very

1882
02:21:28,740 --> 02:21:31,860
well what the standard model
predicts about the Higgs boson, we

1883
02:21:31,860 --> 02:21:35,640
physicists must explore a broad
range of possible masses, and also

1884
02:21:35,640 --> 02:21:39,390
the many ways in which it can
decay. It turns out that these two

1885
02:21:39,390 --> 02:21:42,780
factors are interrelated. So let's
take a look at this graphic here.

1886
02:21:43,500 --> 02:21:46,680
The Higgs boson is on the left.
While there are five other

1887
02:21:46,680 --> 02:21:50,850
particles arranged in the column
on the right, there are the most

1888
02:21:50,850 --> 02:21:54,660
common particles into which the
Higgs boson can decay. This is how

1889
02:21:54,660 --> 02:21:58,290
we search for Higgs bosons, we
pick the mass we want to study and

1890
02:21:58,290 --> 02:22:01,620
find out how Higgs bosons of that
mass are likely to decay.

1891
02:22:01,950 --> 02:22:05,880
The new goal was to find a way to
match my new prediction to the

1892
02:22:05,880 --> 02:22:10,560
standard model. In the event I
happen to get it right. With the

1893
02:22:10,560 --> 02:22:14,760
big announcement that's going to
be made on July 4, I really doubt

1894
02:22:14,760 --> 02:22:18,000
that they're going to come out
with the big grand announcement of

1895
02:22:18,000 --> 02:22:21,660
finding a hintertux particle and
finding in such a way that it

1896
02:22:21,660 --> 02:22:27,480
satisfy all of the expectations of
more complex concept of the Higgs

1897
02:22:27,480 --> 02:22:29,970
particle would be needed. The
inclusion

1898
02:22:29,970 --> 02:22:33,750
principle and the exclusion
principle become interlocked in a

1899
02:22:33,750 --> 02:22:38,190
temporal oscillation of the one
becoming the other distinguishing

1900
02:22:38,190 --> 02:22:41,160
one particle from the other
becomes a point of quantum

1901
02:22:41,160 --> 02:22:45,870
behavior through the inclusion and
exclusion principles in a cross

1902
02:22:45,870 --> 02:22:50,490
symmetrical fashion particle and
anti particle identities exchange

1903
02:22:50,550 --> 02:22:54,660
oscillating in and out of identity
crisis moments in three dimensions

1904
02:22:54,660 --> 02:22:55,170
of time.

1905
02:22:56,610 --> 02:23:01,260
If we combine the Z z and gamma
gamma, combined significance of

1906
02:23:01,260 --> 02:23:03,030
five standard deviations

1907
02:23:06,000 --> 02:23:11,280
in excess excess excess of one big
spike here in this region here.

1908
02:23:14,550 --> 02:23:16,920
As a layman, I would now say, we
have

1909
02:23:16,920 --> 02:23:18,690
bagged the Higgs boson,

1910
02:23:18,990 --> 02:23:22,890
we haven't discovered Do you have
observed a new particle consistent

1911
02:23:22,890 --> 02:23:24,210
with a Higgs boson

1912
02:23:27,420 --> 02:23:27,930
which one

1913
02:23:29,970 --> 02:23:31,830
that remains open.

1914
02:23:34,500 --> 02:23:38,730
Not only was the Higgs particle
decaying into primarily neutral

1915
02:23:38,730 --> 02:23:43,710
Bose ons, the Higgs was exhibiting
identity crises between the decay

1916
02:23:43,710 --> 02:23:48,720
channels of the ATLAS detector and
the CMS detector. This indicated

1917
02:23:48,720 --> 02:23:53,010
entanglement between the Higgs
phenomena in both detectors, we

1918
02:23:53,010 --> 02:24:00,030
assume that there's just one Higgs
particle with a mass of 144. or

1919
02:24:00,030 --> 02:24:07,410
so, gv. Problem is, is that in the
CMS detector, the lighter mass is

1920
02:24:07,410 --> 02:24:11,490
in the gamma gamma channel.
Whereas in the ATLAS detector, the

1921
02:24:11,490 --> 02:24:16,170
lighter mass is in the z z
channel. So this would indicate

1922
02:24:16,500 --> 02:24:19,500
that the hates the gamma gamma
channel has more math than the

1923
02:24:19,500 --> 02:24:25,560
gate for the v2. And then if the Z
z channel now it's more massive,

1924
02:24:25,800 --> 02:24:31,260
and it's the gamma gamma channel
that's wider. It almost appears as

1925
02:24:31,260 --> 02:24:36,750
though the same particle is
happening at Atlas and CMS and

1926
02:24:36,750 --> 02:24:40,890
somehow through entanglement,
another Higgs particle, so go

1927
02:24:40,890 --> 02:24:44,670
ahead make that Higgs minus, make
this Higgs plus some other

1928
02:24:44,670 --> 02:24:49,680
particle with the same decay
modes, but a heavier mass of

1929
02:24:49,680 --> 02:24:56,820
approximately 126 gV is happening
in the subsequent two K's whereas

1930
02:24:56,820 --> 02:25:01,470
this the Higgs zz channel has a
heavier mass here. And the Higgs

1931
02:25:01,470 --> 02:25:05,700
to gamma gamma as the heavier mass
here. What's your opinion about?

1932
02:25:06,330 --> 02:25:10,380
It could be a residence. This is
count at a certain energy.

1933
02:25:10,439 --> 02:25:17,219
Yeah, yeah, exactly. Okay. They're
not showing any coupling with the

1934
02:25:17,909 --> 02:25:19,259
leptons are the core.

1935
02:25:19,349 --> 02:25:23,669
That's right. Yeah, it's just
going to bosons or bronze

1936
02:25:23,700 --> 02:25:28,620
now just bows on, they got to go
to the W plus and they got a ww.

1937
02:25:29,010 --> 02:25:29,430
Channel.

1938
02:25:29,520 --> 02:25:31,050
So there's charts. But

1939
02:25:31,050 --> 02:25:35,670
right, but there's still no
coupling with the corks and the

1940
02:25:35,670 --> 02:25:36,720
leptons.

1941
02:25:37,320 --> 02:25:39,120
Okay, the courts would be the
hammer ons. Okay.

1942
02:25:39,660 --> 02:25:46,860
So we could correspond the masses,
like this. So the problem here is

1943
02:25:46,860 --> 02:25:51,120
that we have one particle and two
detectors at the same time, in

1944
02:25:51,120 --> 02:25:57,180
both instances, which is extremely
peculiar and odd. So what's the

1945
02:25:57,180 --> 02:26:00,600
alternative? And that is to go
Okay, well, what we have is we

1946
02:26:00,600 --> 02:26:08,370
just have a single Higgs particle.
But there is a mass variation

1947
02:26:08,730 --> 02:26:12,480
that's happening with its decay
modes. The problem with that is

1948
02:26:12,480 --> 02:26:17,100
his then we have to explain not
only why there is a significant

1949
02:26:17,490 --> 02:26:22,170
mass difference between the gamma
gamma and the Z z channel, but why

1950
02:26:22,170 --> 02:26:26,730
that reverses between the
detectors. And it looks like we're

1951
02:26:26,730 --> 02:26:31,410
having sort of a quantum behavior
of Do we have one particle or two,

1952
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:33,300
and it looks like depends on how
you measure it.

1953
02:26:33,990 --> 02:26:38,160
So the issue was actually
resonance phenomena in some sort

1954
02:26:38,160 --> 02:26:44,940
of correlation inside the ring,
where you would get correlation

1955
02:26:44,940 --> 02:26:47,490
between what's the heck did here
and detected there, and there's

1956
02:26:47,580 --> 02:26:53,010
this observable sort of phase
phenomena. That's a very high

1957
02:26:53,010 --> 02:26:58,590
energy, this is a new ring, there
could be new phenomenon of the

1958
02:26:58,590 --> 02:27:02,490
protons circulating in there. And
that could have properties that we

1959
02:27:02,490 --> 02:27:05,760
don't know. I mean, you know, it's
it sees a, it's going that way, it

1960
02:27:05,760 --> 02:27:06,510
sees a really small

1961
02:27:06,510 --> 02:27:11,460
room. Here, again, the heavier
mass is the gamma gamma channel,

1962
02:27:11,640 --> 02:27:17,490
whereas down here, heavier mass is
the zz. What the Higgs paradoxes

1963
02:27:17,910 --> 02:27:22,560
is it appears that we have either
one particle in two detectors at

1964
02:27:22,560 --> 02:27:27,510
the same time, or we're having two
particles, and in some way,

1965
02:27:27,510 --> 02:27:33,240
they're entangled in some new form
of quantum behavior. So for there

1966
02:27:33,240 --> 02:27:36,150
to be entanglement between the two
detectors actually, isn't that

1967
02:27:36,150 --> 02:27:37,110
peculiar and all that?

1968
02:27:38,430 --> 02:27:44,040
connected, but it's not familiar.
It could, each proton could have a

1969
02:27:44,070 --> 02:27:45,570
wavefunction inside the ring.

1970
02:27:46,170 --> 02:27:50,850
So it so there could have been
possible coupling leptons, but

1971
02:27:50,850 --> 02:27:56,460
their interference pattern is is
paired with that channel? Well,

1972
02:27:57,120 --> 02:28:00,420
yeah, I don't know. The
explanation of absence of leptons,

1973
02:28:00,420 --> 02:28:07,470
which works. Okay, well, the
previous paradigm was, if it can,

1974
02:28:07,470 --> 02:28:10,980
it does, there has to be something
that forbids.

1975
02:28:12,330 --> 02:28:16,620
This wasn't really weird as far as
quantum mechanics is concerned.

1976
02:28:16,890 --> 02:28:21,690
But oddly, it demonstrated a link
between quantum entanglement and

1977
02:28:21,690 --> 02:28:26,550
identity crises. In other words,
this was a direct detection of the

1978
02:28:26,550 --> 02:28:30,870
inclusion principle, the
experimental data indicated the

1979
02:28:30,870 --> 02:28:34,860
presence of not just one Higgs
field, but to

1980
02:28:36,060 --> 02:28:39,840
why is a complex field that means
there's a five star to go along

1981
02:28:39,840 --> 02:28:47,640
with fine and the complex field
phi is phi real, plus i times phi

1982
02:28:47,670 --> 02:28:51,930
imaginary. Now, these components
are not components in space. This

1983
02:28:51,930 --> 02:28:56,550
is just a field which is composed
that have two fields and grouped

1984
02:28:56,550 --> 02:29:00,660
together to form something called
a complex field phi. And of

1985
02:29:00,660 --> 02:29:07,350
course, there's also a complex
conjugate phi star, which is just

1986
02:29:07,350 --> 02:29:14,280
equal to phi real minus i phi
imaginary, we would write the

1987
02:29:14,280 --> 02:29:19,620
kinetic energy here not in this
form, but as the product of the

1988
02:29:19,620 --> 02:29:24,150
derivative of the conjugate of phi
times phi itself. The complex

1989
02:29:24,150 --> 02:29:28,590
number times its own complex
conjugate is just the product of

1990
02:29:28,590 --> 02:29:31,770
the real components of the square
the real components plus the

1991
02:29:31,770 --> 02:29:35,790
square and imaginary components.
And in fact, the half is normally

1992
02:29:35,790 --> 02:29:37,860
not put there for complex fields.

1993
02:29:38,610 --> 02:29:43,230
Ignoring the convention of one
half may inadvertently be hiding

1994
02:29:43,230 --> 02:29:48,720
the reality of the reverse time
loop. And how, when related to the

1995
02:29:48,720 --> 02:29:53,760
ordinary Schrodinger equation, can
create a self normalized set of

1996
02:29:53,760 --> 02:29:54,630
equations.

1997
02:29:55,140 --> 02:30:00,240
Here's the five plane I'll make
the five plane horizontal And

1998
02:30:00,240 --> 02:30:03,840
vertically is the potential
energy. What is the potential look

1999
02:30:03,840 --> 02:30:08,880
like? It's a function only of five
star phi, that means it's a

2000
02:30:08,880 --> 02:30:13,530
function only of the distance from
the origin. And the potential

2001
02:30:13,530 --> 02:30:18,300
would look like something like
this would be a paraboloid. Here,

2002
02:30:18,300 --> 02:30:21,630
the energy is minimum, here, the
potential energy is minimum,

2003
02:30:21,930 --> 02:30:26,340
that's five equals zero. That's
the character of the first case.

2004
02:30:26,640 --> 02:30:29,070
Under those circumstances, we
would say there's no symmetry

2005
02:30:29,070 --> 02:30:31,380
breaking, no spontaneous symmetry
breaking.

2006
02:30:32,010 --> 02:30:33,000
On the other hand, let's

2007
02:30:33,000 --> 02:30:36,960
go back to the case with minus
here, then the potential looks

2008
02:30:36,990 --> 02:30:44,640
like this. It starts out at the
origin, and goes negative until

2009
02:30:45,420 --> 02:30:50,370
the quartic term becomes as large
as the quadratic term. And then it

2010
02:30:50,370 --> 02:30:55,560
turns up, it's a surface of
revolution. And the minimum is not

2011
02:30:55,560 --> 02:31:00,750
a point and lies on a circle in
the complex plane, the minimum

2012
02:31:00,750 --> 02:31:08,490
energy state is somewhere along a
circle of a radius, which is

2013
02:31:08,490 --> 02:31:10,500
determined by the parameters here.

2014
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:14,880
Notice these parameters are
isomorphic. With the time the

2015
02:31:14,880 --> 02:31:15,780
parameters,

2016
02:31:15,960 --> 02:31:17,370
let's call the radius

2017
02:31:17,400 --> 02:31:18,060
F,

2018
02:31:18,720 --> 02:31:21,750
everywhere is in space, the field
will want to lie at the same

2019
02:31:21,780 --> 02:31:22,440
angle.

2020
02:31:23,880 --> 02:31:24,450
But

2021
02:31:27,030 --> 02:31:31,470
there's an ambiguity, which
direction as long as it's stuck in

2022
02:31:31,470 --> 02:31:36,030
this track here, or equivalently,
in this track over here, then the

2023
02:31:36,030 --> 02:31:37,050
energy is minimum,

2024
02:31:37,620 --> 02:31:42,570
radius F is synonymous with a time
loop radius of t squared.

2025
02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:46,440
If there's energy stored in a
configuration where you move

2026
02:31:46,470 --> 02:31:51,390
everybody simultaneously, then it
would enter just rocks back and

2027
02:31:51,390 --> 02:31:55,650
forth. That frequency, the
frequency of its motion, is the

2028
02:31:55,650 --> 02:31:59,160
mass. Alright, so if you took the
field everywhere, and you

2029
02:31:59,160 --> 02:32:02,310
displaced it up onto the side of
the potential, it would start to

2030
02:32:02,310 --> 02:32:04,950
oscillate everywhere would
correspond to a mass

2031
02:32:05,519 --> 02:32:10,709
our scenario, this oscillation as
a change in the T prime

2032
02:32:10,709 --> 02:32:15,929
coordinate, which we denote as an
acceleration, in the same way that

2033
02:32:15,929 --> 02:32:21,749
acceleration is associated with
mass in special relativity. So to

2034
02:32:21,989 --> 02:32:27,059
the change in t prime is
associated with mass in temporal

2035
02:32:27,059 --> 02:32:30,419
mechanics, and how it relates to
the Higgs field,

2036
02:32:31,050 --> 02:32:34,350
you could imagine an explicit
symmetry breaking, which would

2037
02:32:34,350 --> 02:32:38,760
correspond to toping the potential
a little bit, right. If you tilted

2038
02:32:38,760 --> 02:32:41,640
it, then one point would be
preferred relative to the other,

2039
02:32:41,700 --> 02:32:42,900
and it would be the ground state.

2040
02:32:43,409 --> 02:32:48,479
What we're seeing with the Higgs
data between Atlas and CMS is two

2041
02:32:48,479 --> 02:32:55,649
overlapped, explicitly broken
Higgs field symmetries. We have

2042
02:32:55,649 --> 02:33:00,329
one like this explicit symmetry
breaking like this, and explicit

2043
02:33:00,329 --> 02:33:04,349
symmetry like this. And what this
represents is not only the

2044
02:33:04,349 --> 02:33:08,759
inclusion principle, and how it
relates to quantum entanglement,

2045
02:33:08,999 --> 02:33:13,289
these two forms of explicit
symmetry breaking are actually

2046
02:33:13,499 --> 02:33:21,539
what we'll call em violation, or a
violation and mass symmetry

2047
02:33:21,539 --> 02:33:26,969
between the two decay channels
measured at Atlas and CMS. And

2048
02:33:26,970 --> 02:33:32,220
now let's represent the field in a
new way on the complex plane row

2049
02:33:32,250 --> 02:33:37,710
is the radial value of a field. In
other words, the magnitude of the

2050
02:33:37,710 --> 02:33:42,630
field, and alpha is the angle. So
you can think of alpha as a field,

2051
02:33:43,230 --> 02:33:46,920
which whose value is on this
circle here, if you like, or at

2052
02:33:46,920 --> 02:33:51,660
least it has to do with an angle.
Row is a field, which when you

2053
02:33:51,660 --> 02:33:56,430
change, it, changes the potential
energy and pushes you away from

2054
02:33:56,430 --> 02:33:58,830
the from the from the minimum
energy.

2055
02:33:59,640 --> 02:34:06,150
As we can see, changes in this
field corresponds with changes in

2056
02:34:06,150 --> 02:34:12,000
t prime, and changes in alpha
corresponds with changes in t

2057
02:34:12,000 --> 02:34:12,750
squared.

2058
02:34:13,650 --> 02:34:17,910
Notice that the potential only
depends on row and not alpha.

2059
02:34:19,830 --> 02:34:24,960
That's just the symmetry. So in
some approximation, where we don't

2060
02:34:24,960 --> 02:34:30,570
ever excite any motion up and down
or away from the track here, we

2061
02:34:30,570 --> 02:34:35,190
can just think of rho is a
constant. Row doesn't vary from

2062
02:34:35,190 --> 02:34:39,030
point to point. So we can just
replace this by f squared,

2063
02:34:40,350 --> 02:34:46,110
derivative of alpha squared. And
then the rest of it has only to do

2064
02:34:46,110 --> 02:34:49,770
with row. What about this f? What
do we do with this f? It's just a

2065
02:34:49,770 --> 02:34:52,530
number. Remember, it's just a
number it's fixed doesn't vary

2066
02:34:52,530 --> 02:34:56,670
from place to place. We can absorb
it into the definition

2067
02:34:56,670 --> 02:34:58,020
redefinition of alpha.

2068
02:34:58,829 --> 02:35:03,749
In addition, The temporal
mechanical definition for mass t

2069
02:35:03,749 --> 02:35:09,629
prime times t squared corresponds
with the radius f squared times

2070
02:35:09,659 --> 02:35:12,869
the partial derivative of alpha
squared.

2071
02:35:13,530 --> 02:35:18,420
And so this pretend this kind of
field has two distinct kinds of

2072
02:35:18,420 --> 02:35:22,710
quanta associated with it. One
massless, one mass massive,

2073
02:35:23,070 --> 02:35:28,110
oscillating this way. We would
call the Higgs boson and it has a

2074
02:35:28,110 --> 02:35:33,840
mass. What about oscillating this
way? That's the Goldstone boson.

2075
02:35:33,900 --> 02:35:36,900
It's massless but there is no
massless Goldstone boson in

2076
02:35:36,900 --> 02:35:43,680
nature. So something happened to
it. In the parlance of high energy

2077
02:35:43,680 --> 02:35:49,530
physics, the Goldstone boson got
eaten by the gauge Bose on

2078
02:35:49,740 --> 02:35:53,520
resulting in giving the Higgs
boson a mass.

2079
02:35:54,960 --> 02:36:00,960
Goldstone goes on eaten by the
gauge Bose on resulting in a mass

2080
02:36:00,960 --> 02:36:05,940
for the Higgs boson. Okay,
remember, the Goldstone boson is

2081
02:36:05,940 --> 02:36:11,010
the one associated with a motion
around here. The Higgs boson is

2082
02:36:11,010 --> 02:36:13,020
the one associated with us over
here,

2083
02:36:13,230 --> 02:36:18,390
given the T squared corresponds to
the Goldstone Bose on in changes

2084
02:36:18,390 --> 02:36:21,420
in the Higgs field in this
direction corresponds with t

2085
02:36:21,420 --> 02:36:26,220
prime, it can be argued quite
easily that the Higgs field is

2086
02:36:26,220 --> 02:36:30,030
nothing more than a scaled version
of three dimensional time,

2087
02:36:30,480 --> 02:36:34,170
accounting for particle mass in
the very same way that the

2088
02:36:34,170 --> 02:36:38,610
relationship between t prime and t
squared accounts for mass in

2089
02:36:38,610 --> 02:36:39,930
temporal mechanics

2090
02:36:40,560 --> 02:36:46,350
are complex scalar field phi is
that just that it's a complex

2091
02:36:46,350 --> 02:36:51,120
scalar field, and at every point
in space, real space, it has a

2092
02:36:51,120 --> 02:36:55,980
value. That value is not a single
number. It's a pair of numbers.

2093
02:36:56,100 --> 02:36:58,290
Why? Because it's a pair of fields
to begin with.

2094
02:36:59,100 --> 02:37:02,910
We will look at the Higgs particle
data from a temporal frame of

2095
02:37:02,910 --> 02:37:06,270
reference appealing to the
equivalence between the Higgs

2096
02:37:06,270 --> 02:37:11,550
mechanism and the generator for
time evolution relative to time

2097
02:37:11,730 --> 02:37:16,260
and at the moment of collusion.
The securities route around the Lh

2098
02:37:16,260 --> 02:37:21,510
see accelerator that particles
travel takes on characteristics of

2099
02:37:21,510 --> 02:37:26,430
a time loop. With the right level
of energy, this time loop becomes

2100
02:37:26,430 --> 02:37:30,900
synonymous with the radius f from
the Higgs mechanism which

2101
02:37:30,900 --> 02:37:35,970
corresponds with the Goldstone
boson. H naught denotes a massless

2102
02:37:35,970 --> 02:37:41,340
Goldstone boson whose probability
distribution throughout the Lh c

2103
02:37:41,430 --> 02:37:46,200
represents an undisturbed Higgs
field permeating blh See,

2104
02:37:46,560 --> 02:37:50,820
including both the CMS and Atlas
detectors, when the right

2105
02:37:50,820 --> 02:37:55,140
particles with sufficient energy
are collided. This field is

2106
02:37:55,140 --> 02:38:00,750
excited and the H naught Goldstone
bows on oscillates between H plus

2107
02:38:00,750 --> 02:38:06,060
and H minus eigenstates. The H
plus and H minus consequently

2108
02:38:06,060 --> 02:38:11,610
decay into massive neutral Bose
ons explicitly Zeebo zones, and

2109
02:38:11,790 --> 02:38:16,890
massless neutral Bose ons,
specifically photons. There is an

2110
02:38:16,890 --> 02:38:21,180
unfamiliar symmetry violation
here. The Higgs particle data from

2111
02:38:21,180 --> 02:38:25,920
both Atlas and CMS appear to
exhibit unintentional effects of

2112
02:38:25,920 --> 02:38:31,560
quantum entanglement comparing the
neutral k on mixing CP violation

2113
02:38:31,680 --> 02:38:36,600
and the neutral B Mays on
oscillation t violation with the

2114
02:38:36,600 --> 02:38:41,160
age plus and H minus decay modes
demonstrates a new kind of

2115
02:38:41,160 --> 02:38:47,550
symmetry breaking m violation. in
relativity, it is assumed that

2116
02:38:47,550 --> 02:38:51,960
inertial mass is invariant under
Lorentz transformations.

2117
02:38:52,320 --> 02:38:57,870
Conversely, the Higgs particle is
showing us otherwise. Similar to

2118
02:38:57,870 --> 02:39:02,940
the two slit experiment. Both the
H plus and H minus eigenstates

2119
02:39:02,940 --> 02:39:07,350
have a probability to be detected
in either the Atlas or CMS

2120
02:39:07,350 --> 02:39:12,270
detector. By oversimplifying the
issue, assuming there is quantum

2121
02:39:12,270 --> 02:39:17,250
entanglement between Particle
Beams. Someone at CMS might first

2122
02:39:17,250 --> 02:39:22,110
attack Zeebo zones, then affecting
atlases probability to detect the

2123
02:39:22,110 --> 02:39:27,330
same if the Z bows on Channel
detected in CMS tends to be more

2124
02:39:27,330 --> 02:39:31,560
energetic than the Z Bo zones
detected in Atlas will tend to be

2125
02:39:31,560 --> 02:39:36,870
less energetic or vice versa.
Consequently, since the Higgs

2126
02:39:36,870 --> 02:39:42,390
particle also decays into photons,
the less energetic photon channel

2127
02:39:42,420 --> 02:39:46,470
would correspond with the more
energetic z channel and the more

2128
02:39:46,470 --> 02:39:50,430
energetic photon channel would
correspond with the less energetic

2129
02:39:50,430 --> 02:39:55,680
z channel. This a symmetry between
z z channels or the gamma gamma di

2130
02:39:55,680 --> 02:40:00,540
photon channel corresponds with
the 5050 relationship. Between

2131
02:40:00,540 --> 02:40:05,520
forward and reverse time, the H
plus and H minus eigenstates

2132
02:40:05,520 --> 02:40:09,600
represent two different Higgs
fields or family oriented in

2133
02:40:09,600 --> 02:40:13,170
forward and reverse time
simultaneously relative to one

2134
02:40:13,170 --> 02:40:19,080
another. The H naught is the same
Goldstone boson and both fields so

2135
02:40:19,080 --> 02:40:23,100
at llorens transforms either way,
giving mass to the Higgs

2136
02:40:23,100 --> 02:40:27,960
particles, there is a slight mass
variation between the Atlas and

2137
02:40:27,960 --> 02:40:32,070
CMS measurements, this may affect
the precision of determining a

2138
02:40:32,070 --> 02:40:36,030
mass violation between decay
channels. Nevertheless, we could

2139
02:40:36,030 --> 02:40:40,410
swap the zz and die photon
channels between eigenstates and

2140
02:40:40,410 --> 02:40:43,890
still end up with two Higgs
particles one heavier than the

2141
02:40:43,890 --> 02:40:48,000
other. This criss cross
relationship of probable

2142
02:40:48,000 --> 02:40:52,650
eigenstates between detectors is a
perfect example of quantum

2143
02:40:52,650 --> 02:40:57,180
entanglement involving both the
exclusion and inclusion principle

2144
02:40:57,390 --> 02:41:01,500
and how identity crises and the
uncertainty principle are related.

2145
02:41:01,920 --> 02:41:06,060
We get an important insight into
the inversely proportional

2146
02:41:06,060 --> 02:41:10,200
relationship between the absolute
value of the passage of time and

2147
02:41:10,200 --> 02:41:14,490
linear time found in the temporal
mechanical expression for mass and

2148
02:41:14,490 --> 02:41:18,630
how it relates to the standard
model. The big question becomes

2149
02:41:18,660 --> 02:41:24,330
what normalizes this inertial mass
variance with the conservation of

2150
02:41:24,330 --> 02:41:29,460
energy. A variety of time loops
cycle with varying rates of the

2151
02:41:29,460 --> 02:41:34,350
passage of time, the more time
cycled within a time loop, the

2152
02:41:34,350 --> 02:41:39,420
more massive or energetic the time
loop. The ratio between the

2153
02:41:39,420 --> 02:41:43,800
passage of time with linear time
and between the period of time

2154
02:41:43,920 --> 02:41:48,930
with the present moment determines
the curvature of space time. The

2155
02:41:48,930 --> 02:41:52,770
complex relationship between
spatial and temporal coordinates

2156
02:41:52,770 --> 02:41:56,250
gets deeper when considering the
inversely proportional

2157
02:41:56,250 --> 02:42:00,900
relationship between the absolute
value of t prime and t squared,

2158
02:42:01,290 --> 02:42:06,060
and how that relates to space. In
classical physics, motion is

2159
02:42:06,060 --> 02:42:09,990
calculated using vectors, where
changes in the physical state

2160
02:42:10,020 --> 02:42:15,270
along one axis are independent of
changes along another axis when

2161
02:42:15,270 --> 02:42:20,040
the axes are perpendicular to one
another. In modern physics, not

2162
02:42:20,040 --> 02:42:24,030
just vectors, but state vectors.
tensors and differentiable

2163
02:42:24,030 --> 02:42:28,890
manifolds still utilize this
principle, which in part leads to

2164
02:42:28,890 --> 02:42:34,380
Weinstein's equivalence principle,
inertial mass times acceleration,

2165
02:42:34,680 --> 02:42:39,570
equals gravitational mass times
the intensity of the gravitational

2166
02:42:39,570 --> 02:42:43,860
field. The new equivalence
principle can be applied to both

2167
02:42:43,860 --> 02:42:48,180
acceleration and gravity through
Einstein's equivalence principle,

2168
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:52,680
if the inertial mass and
gravitational mass are equivalent,

2169
02:42:52,830 --> 02:42:56,370
and if the intensity of the
gravitational field and

2170
02:42:56,370 --> 02:43:00,780
acceleration are equivalent, then
we get an equivalent to Einstein's

2171
02:43:00,780 --> 02:43:05,400
principle. Nonetheless, we can
extend the same line of reasoning

2172
02:43:05,430 --> 02:43:09,270
used with the Hamiltonian and
cross conjugation into this

2173
02:43:09,270 --> 02:43:12,660
equivalence expression by
relabeling the mass and

2174
02:43:12,660 --> 02:43:17,430
acceleration components with
initial and final states, applying

2175
02:43:17,430 --> 02:43:22,560
the reverse time interval. In a
thermal loop, heat escapes through

2176
02:43:22,560 --> 02:43:27,600
entropy in a time loop, linear
time escapes through entropy. So

2177
02:43:27,600 --> 02:43:33,000
what escapes and energy mass loop
through entropy space,

2178
02:43:33,570 --> 02:43:38,610
the theory that Einstein wrote
down, when you apply it, for

2179
02:43:38,610 --> 02:43:42,630
instance, to these black holes,
you see that it starts resembling

2180
02:43:42,630 --> 02:43:46,650
things that we call
thermodynamics, in terms of not

2181
02:43:46,710 --> 02:43:51,450
looking at the individual motion
of the atoms and molecules. But by

2182
02:43:51,450 --> 02:43:54,690
just thinking about these objects
like temperature, pressure, and so

2183
02:43:54,690 --> 02:43:59,010
on. So temperature, for instance,
also forgets about how all of the

2184
02:43:59,010 --> 02:44:02,280
individual molecules are moving,
we don't have to keep track of

2185
02:44:02,280 --> 02:44:06,270
that. Gravity is some what like
that in the sense that the thing,

2186
02:44:06,300 --> 02:44:11,460
the equations that we currently
use to describe gravity are

2187
02:44:11,460 --> 02:44:15,600
basically obtained from averaging,
or at least describing things at a

2188
02:44:15,600 --> 02:44:19,350
much tinier scale, and then
forgetting about certain details,

2189
02:44:19,800 --> 02:44:23,700
the face base of our universe, and
I'm gonna make a picture of a big

2190
02:44:23,700 --> 02:44:28,890
face base of fast variables. And
here we have a small face base.

2191
02:44:29,580 --> 02:44:32,970
And where we have slow variables,
like the variables, x that are

2192
02:44:32,970 --> 02:44:37,650
indicated as the positions of
particles. And God put a name for

2193
02:44:37,650 --> 02:44:41,100
it, I mean, I'm going to call this
actually, the x branch. And a

2194
02:44:41,100 --> 02:44:44,940
small face base can be thought of
as what's called a colon branch is

2195
02:44:44,940 --> 02:44:49,980
a language that's borrowed from
string theory. See, you can think

2196
02:44:49,980 --> 02:44:54,570
about as the number of degrees of
freedom, and n is more like the

2197
02:44:54,570 --> 02:44:58,350
number of excitations. So I'm
going to think about a bar of

2198
02:44:58,350 --> 02:45:01,980
space time and then we're going to
ask What is the the face base that

2199
02:45:01,980 --> 02:45:05,460
I'm gonna associate with that, and
then C will be actually determined

2200
02:45:06,240 --> 02:45:09,870
by geometric data. So there will
actually be eventually a way to

2201
02:45:09,870 --> 02:45:15,780
express these formulas in terms of
the energy in the system, the area

2202
02:45:15,960 --> 02:45:21,570
of what's around it, and even the
dimensions of the system. So the

2203
02:45:21,570 --> 02:45:25,020
extra dimensions that have added
here, in our description

2204
02:45:25,020 --> 02:45:27,930
description to me are just
necessary to describe the Hilbert

2205
02:45:27,930 --> 02:45:31,620
space from which I'm going to
derive the positions that are

2206
02:45:31,620 --> 02:45:35,970
going to describe positions in
space time. The gravity equations

2207
02:45:35,970 --> 02:45:41,400
of Einstein are also used in
describing the expansion of the

2208
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:45,540
universe, The Big Bang Theory are
all based on the same equations.

2209
02:45:47,010 --> 02:45:51,180
What I hope is that the ideas that
we are now starting to develop for

2210
02:45:51,180 --> 02:45:55,440
gravity can eventually sort of
lead to possibly some somewhat

2211
02:45:56,010 --> 02:45:59,610
better or even more refined way of
thinking about the early universe.

2212
02:46:00,570 --> 02:46:01,650
Referring back to

2213
02:46:01,650 --> 02:46:05,820
the time reversal violation of the
neutral beam liaison, the near

2214
02:46:05,820 --> 02:46:09,660
zero change in the delta c
component corresponds with the

2215
02:46:09,660 --> 02:46:14,910
reversible nature of linear time,
the negative nonzero change in the

2216
02:46:14,910 --> 02:46:19,470
delta S component corresponds with
a decreased rate of the passage of

2217
02:46:19,470 --> 02:46:24,660
time proportional to a decrease in
the relative decay time, such as

2218
02:46:24,660 --> 02:46:29,820
with K long, the positive nonzero
change in the delta S component

2219
02:46:29,850 --> 02:46:33,420
corresponds with an increased rate
of the passage of time

2220
02:46:33,420 --> 02:46:37,770
proportional to an increase in
relative decay time, such as with

2221
02:46:37,770 --> 02:46:43,740
K short. In addition, the slightly
larger inertial mass with a longer

2222
02:46:43,740 --> 02:46:48,810
decay time for the K long and the
slightly smaller inertial mass

2223
02:46:48,840 --> 02:46:53,160
with a shorter decay time for K
short are consistent with the

2224
02:46:53,160 --> 02:46:56,460
inversely proportional
relationship between the absolute

2225
02:46:56,460 --> 02:47:00,780
value of the passage of time and
linear time concerning the

2226
02:47:00,780 --> 02:47:06,420
temporal mechanical expression for
mass and energy. When the positive

2227
02:47:06,450 --> 02:47:10,680
and negative nonzero changes in
the delta S component are

2228
02:47:10,680 --> 02:47:15,240
evaluated. figure is derived
representing the time reversal

2229
02:47:15,240 --> 02:47:19,140
violation of the neutral de Maison
measured independently.

2230
02:47:19,919 --> 02:47:24,719
In 1963, an Italian physicist
Niccolo could be about notice a

2231
02:47:24,719 --> 02:47:29,429
relationship between these two
apparently disparate decays and

2232
02:47:29,429 --> 02:47:32,849
that all of the cases of the case
of these particles obey that

2233
02:47:32,849 --> 02:47:35,609
relationship to Japanese
physicists Kobayashi in the

2234
02:47:35,609 --> 02:47:40,649
scholar in 1973, said, if we
hypothesize that there are three

2235
02:47:40,649 --> 02:47:45,899
more quarks, so there are a total
of six quarks, and that the way

2236
02:47:45,899 --> 02:47:50,369
that they decay into each other
obeys a matrix of relationships,

2237
02:47:50,459 --> 02:47:54,899
then we can explain how the weak
force makes a difference between

2238
02:47:54,899 --> 02:47:58,709
matter and anti matter. We have
discovered which are important and

2239
02:47:58,709 --> 02:48:02,099
both the bottom and top courts
were discovered at the lab outside

2240
02:48:02,099 --> 02:48:06,839
Chicago Fermilab and those
relationships have allowed us to

2241
02:48:06,839 --> 02:48:10,289
make a number of important
predictions, I'm going to call the

2242
02:48:10,319 --> 02:48:13,949
C k m model for the three guys
could be the vivo Kobayashi

2243
02:48:13,949 --> 02:48:18,749
miscount. So this model or theory
predicts relationships between the

2244
02:48:18,749 --> 02:48:23,699
waves different courts decay, and
it predicts that there'll be a big

2245
02:48:23,699 --> 02:48:28,319
matter anti matter difference, and
a symmetry in the case of the beam

2246
02:48:28,319 --> 02:48:32,699
as it's a particle that has a
bottom cork, the cork and another

2247
02:48:32,699 --> 02:48:37,049
cork, and it's it's an upper
downpour, remember in the K on the

2248
02:48:37,049 --> 02:48:42,239
size of the asymmetry was point oh
three, three. In this case, they

2249
02:48:42,239 --> 02:48:46,199
predict that the asymmetry will be
large point seven or point eight.

2250
02:48:46,199 --> 02:48:48,689
So that sounds great, because it's
a lot easier to measure a big

2251
02:48:48,689 --> 02:48:52,469
effect than a small effect. And so
what we have done over the last 15

2252
02:48:52,469 --> 02:48:57,209
years, is to build an accelerator
and a detector to make lots and

2253
02:48:57,209 --> 02:49:01,619
lots of beam marathons and to try
to prove that the SI cam model is

2254
02:49:01,619 --> 02:49:06,419
correct. Problem is the SI cam
model of differences between

2255
02:49:06,419 --> 02:49:11,099
matter and anti matter cannot
unfortunately explain why there's

2256
02:49:11,099 --> 02:49:16,139
matter left in the universe. If
the ck a model were the only way

2257
02:49:16,169 --> 02:49:19,679
that forces were different between
matter and anti matter, we would

2258
02:49:19,679 --> 02:49:24,089
have 110 billion of the amount of
matter in the universe that we

2259
02:49:24,090 --> 02:49:24,780
actually have.

2260
02:49:25,349 --> 02:49:30,659
Remember, because of CPT symmetry,
there is equivalence between CP

2261
02:49:30,659 --> 02:49:35,699
violations and time reversal
violations. Likewise, the C k m

2262
02:49:35,699 --> 02:49:39,689
matrix connects the asymmetry
between particles and anti

2263
02:49:39,689 --> 02:49:46,259
particles preserving CPT symmetry.
However, neither the C k m matrix

2264
02:49:46,289 --> 02:49:50,999
nor the CPT symmetry account for
gravity. The Standard Model

2265
02:49:50,999 --> 02:49:55,289
remains silent regarding one of
the four fundamental forces in

2266
02:49:55,289 --> 02:49:59,969
physics. Furthermore, the M
violation detected in the decay

2267
02:50:00,029 --> 02:50:05,129
channels of the Higgs boson
indicates yet another symmetry not

2268
02:50:05,129 --> 02:50:09,179
covered by CPT symmetry
corresponding with mass

2269
02:50:09,209 --> 02:50:14,789
invariance. Temporal mechanics
preserves rotation, reflection and

2270
02:50:14,789 --> 02:50:19,109
translation symmetry within a
three dimensional time construct

2271
02:50:19,139 --> 02:50:22,829
whereby temporal asymmetries are
the equivalent to the mass

2272
02:50:22,829 --> 02:50:28,979
violation asymmetry found in the
Higgs decay channels. What saves

2273
02:50:29,009 --> 02:50:33,839
em violation from violating the
conservation of energy, three

2274
02:50:33,839 --> 02:50:38,849
dimensional time and its
relationship with space. Therefore

2275
02:50:39,359 --> 02:50:44,069
cptn symmetry may be a new
fundamental symmetry of physical

2276
02:50:44,069 --> 02:50:49,799
law. If the Higgs data remains
more or less the same in 2015,

2277
02:50:49,889 --> 02:50:54,149
when the Particle Beams brightness
is significantly increased.

2278
02:50:56,700 --> 02:51:01,050
How does inertial mass stay
invariant if it's passage of time

2279
02:51:01,050 --> 02:51:07,020
component can change and inertial
mass stays invariant by having a

2280
02:51:07,020 --> 02:51:11,760
gravitational field if two
particles are in the same state at

2281
02:51:11,760 --> 02:51:15,930
the same time, and it is not
possible for them to change state

2282
02:51:15,930 --> 02:51:20,730
in order to avoid violating the
exclusion principle, the identity

2283
02:51:20,730 --> 02:51:24,030
of each separate particle can
become indistinguishable,

2284
02:51:24,300 --> 02:51:30,240
resulting in just one particle. If
the two particles become one, what

2285
02:51:30,240 --> 02:51:35,520
happens to their mass? What do we
do with the excess mass created by

2286
02:51:35,520 --> 02:51:39,270
this identity crisis as not to
violate the conservation of

2287
02:51:39,270 --> 02:51:45,060
energy, one of the masses is
converted to a relative time and

2288
02:51:45,060 --> 02:51:50,400
conserved through a change in the
rate of the passage of time, the

2289
02:51:50,400 --> 02:51:55,230
gradient of change in the rate of
the passage of time of the massive

2290
02:51:55,260 --> 02:52:02,310
object is the gravitational field
of that massive object. Now, the

2291
02:52:02,310 --> 02:52:07,380
two particles as one exists in a
slower frame of reference than

2292
02:52:07,380 --> 02:52:12,450
before, in a three dimensional
time way, the two particles remain

2293
02:52:12,450 --> 02:52:17,430
both separate and together
simultaneously, a superposition of

2294
02:52:17,430 --> 02:52:21,840
possible states where the initial
separate states are the

2295
02:52:21,840 --> 02:52:26,850
probability of the single state in
reverse, and the single state is

2296
02:52:26,850 --> 02:52:31,890
the collapsed wave function of
that reversed probability, the

2297
02:52:31,890 --> 02:52:34,800
particles become
indistinguishable, and without

2298
02:52:34,800 --> 02:52:39,240
violating the conservation of
energy, the two become one with a

2299
02:52:39,240 --> 02:52:43,470
probability of having been one or
the other of the two interfering

2300
02:52:43,470 --> 02:52:47,790
particles. The exclusion principle
prevents the inclusion principle

2301
02:52:47,790 --> 02:52:51,840
from collapsing the wavefunction
into the same space at the same

2302
02:52:51,840 --> 02:52:55,860
time, and the inclusion principle
prevents the exclusion principle

2303
02:52:55,860 --> 02:52:59,880
from distinguishing between
particles. revisiting the temporal

2304
02:52:59,880 --> 02:53:04,260
definition of mass, we find that
the passage of time coordinate t

2305
02:53:04,260 --> 02:53:09,180
prime and the corresponding
relation term and have an inverse

2306
02:53:09,180 --> 02:53:13,020
proportional relationship not
dependent on the linear time

2307
02:53:13,020 --> 02:53:17,820
vector t squared, the linear time
vector is composed of two

2308
02:53:17,820 --> 02:53:25,050
coordinates period T sub one and
present T sub two. Since particles

2309
02:53:25,050 --> 02:53:28,980
can exist in the same place at the
same time period, by being

2310
02:53:28,980 --> 02:53:33,480
distributed throughout various
present moments at various rates

2311
02:53:33,480 --> 02:53:37,380
of the passage of time, these
quantities associated with

2312
02:53:37,380 --> 02:53:41,310
particles masses, would be
distributed along various present

2313
02:53:41,310 --> 02:53:46,770
moments, leaving the period and
spatial coordinates unchanged. In

2314
02:53:46,770 --> 02:53:51,000
other words, the period coordinate
T sub one and the present

2315
02:53:51,030 --> 02:53:56,400
coordinate T sub two can vary
inversely proportional, not

2316
02:53:56,400 --> 02:54:01,770
affecting the value of t squared.
However, since we are dealing with

2317
02:54:01,770 --> 02:54:06,450
various rates of the passage of
time, different mass distributions

2318
02:54:06,450 --> 02:54:10,800
of point particle masses, the
difference in the passage of time

2319
02:54:10,830 --> 02:54:15,720
between various masses in
different locations will displace

2320
02:54:15,720 --> 02:54:19,470
this center of mass towards
equilibrium through uniform

2321
02:54:19,500 --> 02:54:24,810
invariant motion, inversely
proportional to the distance and

2322
02:54:24,810 --> 02:54:29,880
proportional to the period of time
the motion takes place in we know

2323
02:54:29,880 --> 02:54:35,430
this simply as gravity returning
to the inversely proportional

2324
02:54:35,430 --> 02:54:40,230
relationship, that both space and
period of time have with the

2325
02:54:40,230 --> 02:54:45,390
passage of time and the Lorentz
invariant relationship between

2326
02:54:45,390 --> 02:54:50,340
space and periods of time, we can
find deeper insight into the

2327
02:54:50,340 --> 02:54:55,020
Galilean equivalence principle.
What becomes apparent is that

2328
02:54:55,020 --> 02:55:00,750
these four potential relations
between space linear time squared

2329
02:55:01,140 --> 02:55:06,450
and passage of time have a complex
conjugate type of relationship

2330
02:55:06,750 --> 02:55:11,400
where relative to the lighter mass
object, we get the following

2331
02:55:11,400 --> 02:55:16,080
frames of reference, and relative
to the heavier mass object, we get

2332
02:55:16,080 --> 02:55:20,880
these frames of reference. From
here we can derive two equations

2333
02:55:20,880 --> 02:55:25,350
for acceleration, one relative to
the falling object, the other

2334
02:55:25,350 --> 02:55:30,510
relative to the mass of body,
while we can see is that these two

2335
02:55:30,510 --> 02:55:35,190
equations are conjugates.
Therefore, both masses are

2336
02:55:35,190 --> 02:55:38,790
experiencing the same
acceleration, though not in the

2337
02:55:38,790 --> 02:55:39,600
same way.

2338
02:55:40,890 --> 02:55:46,260
Remember, a quick look at Kepler's
Third Law reveals a common

2339
02:55:46,260 --> 02:55:51,570
universality with our time loop.
Therefore, we can use the two body

2340
02:55:51,570 --> 02:55:55,260
problem to work out the
relationship between the age plus

2341
02:55:55,260 --> 02:56:00,630
and H minus potential states of
the Higgs particle and use the M

2342
02:56:00,630 --> 02:56:05,010
violation to relate the Higgs
field to a gravitational field

2343
02:56:05,010 --> 02:56:09,870
thereby quantizing gravitation and
bringing it into the standard

2344
02:56:09,870 --> 02:56:15,780
model. Let's assume that the H
plus state has its own Higgs

2345
02:56:15,780 --> 02:56:20,280
field, the H minus state has its
own Higgs field, and that these

2346
02:56:20,280 --> 02:56:25,230
fields vary according to the new
equivalence principle. Since the H

2347
02:56:25,230 --> 02:56:29,430
naught is a massless Goldstone
boson, we will let it inter

2348
02:56:29,430 --> 02:56:34,560
mediate between the age plus field
and the age minus field. Since the

2349
02:56:34,560 --> 02:56:39,030
age plus field mass is more
associated with photons, it is

2350
02:56:39,030 --> 02:56:44,220
slightly ahead in linear time and
since the H minus field mass is

2351
02:56:44,220 --> 02:56:49,320
more associated with z bows ons,
it is slightly behind in linear

2352
02:56:49,320 --> 02:56:55,050
time. However, relative to a
position frame of reference, since

2353
02:56:55,050 --> 02:57:00,030
the H minus field overall bears
less mass than the H plus field,

2354
02:57:00,300 --> 02:57:04,950
the opposite is true, we will
assume that the H plus field is

2355
02:57:04,950 --> 02:57:09,540
more gravitation like and that the
age minus field is more inertial

2356
02:57:09,540 --> 02:57:14,760
mass like there are four basic a
symmetries that make up the mass

2357
02:57:14,760 --> 02:57:19,530
of Higgs bows on oscillations. It
is the inversely proportional

2358
02:57:19,530 --> 02:57:25,620
asymmetry between h plus h minus
that couples them together. The H

2359
02:57:25,620 --> 02:57:29,700
naught bows on exchanges the
inertial mass lash momentum

2360
02:57:29,730 --> 02:57:35,370
between H plus and H minus.
Therefore, this massless

2361
02:57:35,370 --> 02:57:41,280
Goldstone, Higgs is gravitation
like oscillating mass between H

2362
02:57:41,280 --> 02:57:45,300
plus and H minus fields through
its three dimensional time

2363
02:57:45,300 --> 02:57:48,840
equivalence and inversely
proportional to the square of the

2364
02:57:48,840 --> 02:57:53,340
period between them. When the
linear time function of H naught

2365
02:57:53,370 --> 02:57:57,690
is equivalent to the center of
mass, the variance between H plus

2366
02:57:57,690 --> 02:58:01,500
and H minus corresponds with the
curb time components of the

2367
02:58:01,500 --> 02:58:06,630
relevant geodesics. The difference
in period of time between H plus

2368
02:58:06,630 --> 02:58:11,070
and H minus, which corresponds to
their difference in mass can be

2369
02:58:11,070 --> 02:58:15,690
used to derive the corresponding
spatial expression, locating H

2370
02:58:15,690 --> 02:58:20,460
plus and H minus in space in
relation to one another. When we

2371
02:58:20,460 --> 02:58:24,960
take the spatial coordinates, and
the temporal coordinates and apply

2372
02:58:24,960 --> 02:58:28,650
them together through cross
symmetry or cross conjugation,

2373
02:58:29,130 --> 02:58:33,210
while we're able to do is
superimpose these two reference

2374
02:58:33,210 --> 02:58:37,590
frames on top of one another, and
what we can see as we end up with

2375
02:58:37,590 --> 02:58:38,940
an identity crisis,

2376
02:58:39,599 --> 02:58:44,969
if the potential had an imbalance,
so that one was lower than the

2377
02:58:44,969 --> 02:58:51,359
other, then this would be an
explicit symmetry breaking, and

2378
02:58:51,419 --> 02:58:56,129
the ground state would sit here.
In that case, if you take a very,

2379
02:58:56,129 --> 02:59:00,209
very big sample, there will not be
domain walls, it will be very

2380
02:59:00,209 --> 02:59:03,809
energetically unfavorable to have
domain walls or domain walls

2381
02:59:03,809 --> 02:59:08,279
simply want to minimize the number
of wrongheaded wrong direct and

2382
02:59:08,279 --> 02:59:14,759
spins or wrong directed fields and
simply move over and try to wipe

2383
02:59:14,759 --> 02:59:20,129
out the wrong spins. You one is a
continuous symmetry, Su two, Su

2384
02:59:20,129 --> 02:59:23,909
three, whatever they're all
continuous symmetries, where you

2385
02:59:23,909 --> 02:59:29,519
can interpolate configurations. By
using the continuous generators of

2386
02:59:29,519 --> 02:59:32,639
the group to go from one
configuration to another. We want

2387
02:59:32,639 --> 02:59:35,549
to understand what it would mean
to spontaneously break a

2388
02:59:35,549 --> 02:59:36,749
continuous symmetry.

2389
02:59:37,500 --> 02:59:41,280
If we start with the cross
conjugate equivalence between the

2390
02:59:41,280 --> 02:59:45,660
first and third quadrants of the
identity crises complex unit

2391
02:59:45,660 --> 02:59:49,950
circle, we can apply absolute
values to the passage of time

2392
02:59:49,950 --> 02:59:55,200
components setting both forward
and reverse time directions equal.

2393
02:59:55,830 --> 03:00:01,170
In doing so, entropy can be
applied to both space And temporal

2394
03:00:01,170 --> 03:00:06,600
frames of reference, where both
age plus and H minus tend towards

2395
03:00:06,600 --> 03:00:10,140
sharing the same frame of
reference in the same direction of

2396
03:00:10,140 --> 03:00:10,620
time.

2397
03:00:11,820 --> 03:00:15,420
Entropy depends upon the number of
ways the system can be arranged,

2398
03:00:15,900 --> 03:00:19,530
the more ways the system can be in
a macroscopic state, the higher

2399
03:00:19,530 --> 03:00:24,000
the entropy. So the entropy, or
Boltzmann's equation for the

2400
03:00:24,000 --> 03:00:28,320
entropy is equal to k, the
Boltzmann's constant constant

2401
03:00:28,320 --> 03:00:32,100
times natural log of the number of
ways this is going to be in that

2402
03:00:32,100 --> 03:00:35,760
particular state. So, this is a
case where we have all four light

2403
03:00:35,760 --> 03:00:38,430
bulbs on we're at the highest
energy states, all four light

2404
03:00:38,430 --> 03:00:40,890
bulbs have the lowest lowest
energy state, and then their,

2405
03:00:41,100 --> 03:00:43,650
their states in between. First
we'll look at the state where

2406
03:00:43,680 --> 03:00:48,510
there are none on they're all off.
So the probability is one over 16.

2407
03:00:48,510 --> 03:00:52,860
Because there are two to the
fourth ways we can have these

2408
03:00:52,860 --> 03:00:56,580
light bulbs, either on off or
somewhere in between. This gives

2409
03:00:56,580 --> 03:01:00,450
us an entropy of zero because
since there's only one way the

2410
03:01:00,450 --> 03:01:04,770
natural log of one is zero, when
there's one on, there are four

2411
03:01:04,770 --> 03:01:09,510
possible states, any one of the
lights can be turned on, when all

2412
03:01:09,510 --> 03:01:13,320
the restaurants, so there's four
possible ways, looking at the rest

2413
03:01:13,320 --> 03:01:18,000
of them, to on has the most
possible states for the highest

2414
03:01:18,000 --> 03:01:22,620
probability, and also the highest
entropy, three on goes back to the

2415
03:01:22,620 --> 03:01:27,870
situation of one on. So it is the
same entropy and four on is the

2416
03:01:27,870 --> 03:01:31,620
same as none on as far as the fact
there's only one way we can do

2417
03:01:31,620 --> 03:01:35,250
this. So it also has zero entropy.
There's a formula for the number

2418
03:01:35,250 --> 03:01:40,200
of ways. And this formula says
that we take the capital N which

2419
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:43,140
is the number of lightbulbs
molecules, whatever particles

2420
03:01:43,140 --> 03:01:46,530
there are in the system, and in
this case, there's two different

2421
03:01:46,530 --> 03:01:50,520
social situations offer on the
number of lightbulbs that are in

2422
03:01:50,520 --> 03:01:52,800
the optician and the number of
light bulbs that are in the on

2423
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:53,280
position,

2424
03:01:53,850 --> 03:01:58,410
the different states represent a
gradient from inequality to

2425
03:01:58,410 --> 03:02:03,780
equality. Together, the temporal
asymmetry and spatial asymmetry

2426
03:02:03,810 --> 03:02:08,490
neutralized over a period of time
as a positive change in entropy.

2427
03:02:09,960 --> 03:02:14,160
The mechanism for initiating time
evolution is the cause for the

2428
03:02:14,160 --> 03:02:19,200
curvature of space time. This can
be expressed through an inequality

2429
03:02:19,230 --> 03:02:25,440
of rate between A and B, where the
rate relative to a is a head of

2430
03:02:25,440 --> 03:02:30,300
the rate relative to B, and the
rate relative to B is behind the

2431
03:02:30,300 --> 03:02:35,730
rate relative to a, the inequality
between rates has an inversely

2432
03:02:35,730 --> 03:02:39,660
proportional relationship with the
difference in passage of time

2433
03:02:39,660 --> 03:02:46,080
components between A and B, B is
more massive than a therefore B

2434
03:02:46,080 --> 03:02:51,330
undergoes a slower rate of the
passage of time than a A is less

2435
03:02:51,330 --> 03:02:55,920
massive than B. Therefore, a
undergoes a faster rate of the

2436
03:02:55,920 --> 03:03:01,380
passage of time than B. revolving
about a common center of mass and

2437
03:03:01,380 --> 03:03:06,870
uniform circular motion is a time
reversible process with a constant

2438
03:03:06,870 --> 03:03:12,210
positive change in entropy in the
form of linear time, drifting away

2439
03:03:12,240 --> 03:03:16,230
or coming together towards a
common center of mass is not a

2440
03:03:16,230 --> 03:03:20,850
time reversible process.
Regardless, these processes are

2441
03:03:20,850 --> 03:03:25,110
equivalent to interacting with a
force proportional to the mass and

2442
03:03:25,110 --> 03:03:28,470
inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between

2443
03:03:28,470 --> 03:03:28,740
them.

2444
03:03:30,780 --> 03:03:36,480
Force ask the question How to
space time curve in response to

2445
03:03:36,480 --> 03:03:43,140
matter. Or asked another way, what
determines the metric? In the

2446
03:03:43,140 --> 03:03:48,990
Newtonian case, we have Newtonian
laws of gravity, they determine

2447
03:03:49,020 --> 03:03:52,890
the gravitational potential, there
must be some analog in general

2448
03:03:52,890 --> 03:03:58,080
relativity. This is the path that
Einstein took, he was forced to

2449
03:03:59,190 --> 03:04:03,720
modify his thinking about space
and time, because he realized

2450
03:04:03,720 --> 03:04:07,260
early on, that a proper
description of gravity would

2451
03:04:07,260 --> 03:04:12,360
require curved space time. Really
though, what this equation means

2452
03:04:13,140 --> 03:04:16,080
is a set of three equations for
each of the components of the

2453
03:04:16,080 --> 03:04:21,660
vector, those would be called the
components of F equals MA. The

2454
03:04:21,660 --> 03:04:25,800
masses again cancel because of the
Galilean equivalence of inertial

2455
03:04:26,070 --> 03:04:31,800
and gravitational masses. A four
vector is a tensor with one index.

2456
03:04:33,000 --> 03:04:36,900
The metric itself is a tensor. Hi,

2457
03:04:37,140 --> 03:04:40,080
I'm Dan fleisch. What's a tensor?

2458
03:04:40,590 --> 03:04:43,650
If you've taken any college level
physics or engineering, you

2459
03:04:43,650 --> 03:04:47,790
probably think about vector as
something like this, and the arrow

2460
03:04:47,850 --> 03:04:52,140
representing a quantity that has
both magnitude and direction. But

2461
03:04:52,140 --> 03:04:57,810
vectors can represent other things
as well, such as an area, you

2462
03:04:57,810 --> 03:05:02,130
simply make the length of the
vector proportional to the amount

2463
03:05:02,310 --> 03:05:05,460
of the area and then you make the
direction of the arrow

2464
03:05:05,550 --> 03:05:10,110
perpendicular to the surface
vectors are members of a wider

2465
03:05:10,110 --> 03:05:13,230
class of object called tensors.
And the thing to remember about

2466
03:05:13,230 --> 03:05:17,100
coordinate systems is they come
along with coordinate basis

2467
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:20,430
vectors. The thing to remember
about these little guys is they

2468
03:05:20,430 --> 03:05:25,560
have a length of one, one what one
of whatever the units are that

2469
03:05:25,560 --> 03:05:28,740
you're going to express the length
of your vector in, that's the x

2470
03:05:28,740 --> 03:05:32,970
hat unit vector, it points in the
direction of increasing x

2471
03:05:32,970 --> 03:05:36,630
coordinate, the Y hat, sometimes
called the j hat unit vector

2472
03:05:36,750 --> 03:05:40,950
points in the direction of
increasing y, the Z hat, or K,

2473
03:05:40,950 --> 03:05:45,600
that unit vector points in the
direction of increasing z. Now

2474
03:05:45,600 --> 03:05:49,740
you're in a position to find the
components of your vector, how

2475
03:05:49,740 --> 03:05:55,170
many x hat or i hat unit vectors,
and how many y hat or j hat unit

2476
03:05:55,170 --> 03:05:58,860
vectors would it take to get from
the base to the tip of this

2477
03:05:58,860 --> 03:06:04,980
vector. So in other words, this
vector is made up of four

2478
03:06:05,340 --> 03:06:06,750
of these

2479
03:06:07,890 --> 03:06:15,150
plus three of these, if you want
to be complete, since there's no z

2480
03:06:15,150 --> 03:06:17,820
component to this vector, zero.

2481
03:06:20,310 --> 03:06:24,420
Of these, this is a perfectly

2482
03:06:24,420 --> 03:06:27,630
valid representation of that
vector, put a nice set of

2483
03:06:27,630 --> 03:06:31,890
parentheses around them. This
looks just like the way you see

2484
03:06:31,890 --> 03:06:36,990
column vectors written, we can
replace these components with ace

2485
03:06:36,990 --> 03:06:45,030
of x, a sub y, and a sub z. This
is what makes vectors tensors of

2486
03:06:45,030 --> 03:06:50,880
rank one, one index one basis
vector per component, this is a

2487
03:06:50,880 --> 03:06:54,780
representation of a rank two
tensor in three dimensional space,

2488
03:06:55,140 --> 03:06:58,740
the competence no longer have a
single index, they have two

2489
03:06:58,740 --> 03:07:03,870
indices. Consider, for example,
the forces inside a solid object.

2490
03:07:04,200 --> 03:07:08,010
Inside that object, you can
imagine surfaces whose area

2491
03:07:08,010 --> 03:07:14,730
vectors point in the x, or in the
Y, or in the z direction. And on

2492
03:07:14,730 --> 03:07:18,690
each of those types of surface,
there might be a force that has a

2493
03:07:18,690 --> 03:07:24,360
component in the x, or in the Y,
or in the z direction. So to fully

2494
03:07:24,360 --> 03:07:28,050
characterize all the possible
forces on all the possible

2495
03:07:28,050 --> 03:07:33,360
surfaces, you need nine
components, each with two indices

2496
03:07:33,480 --> 03:07:39,390
referring to basis factors. All
observers in all reference frames

2497
03:07:39,510 --> 03:07:44,700
agree, not on the basis factors,
not only components, but um, the

2498
03:07:44,700 --> 03:07:50,340
combination of components and
basis factors. The reason for that

2499
03:07:50,550 --> 03:07:54,870
is that the basis vectors
transform one way between

2500
03:07:54,900 --> 03:07:59,430
reference frames, and the
components transform in just such

2501
03:07:59,430 --> 03:08:03,510
a way, so as to keep the
combination of components and

2502
03:08:03,510 --> 03:08:06,900
basis vectors, the same for all
observers,

2503
03:08:08,070 --> 03:08:12,930
the metric coefficients, they form
a tensor. And so sometimes we talk

2504
03:08:12,930 --> 03:08:16,800
about the metric tensor. Other
times we talk about the metric as

2505
03:08:16,800 --> 03:08:21,000
being this equation, it is though,
completely analogous to the

2506
03:08:21,000 --> 03:08:25,710
differential form of the gravity
equation, the only thing different

2507
03:08:25,740 --> 03:08:32,100
is that factor of two on the right
hand side. And this object called

2508
03:08:32,160 --> 03:08:40,230
team unit, energy is part of
what's called the energy momentum

2509
03:08:40,230 --> 03:08:45,210
for vector whose elements are the
energy and the momentum of a

2510
03:08:45,210 --> 03:08:52,260
particle. But this energy density
is not the same as energy it is

2511
03:08:52,260 --> 03:08:57,510
energy per unit volume. So in a
moving frame, if the momentum

2512
03:08:58,110 --> 03:09:07,260
equals zero in frame S, then in S
prime, u prime is equal to gamma

2513
03:09:07,260 --> 03:09:12,810
squared times u, where this gamma
is the famous Lorentz Factor, one

2514
03:09:12,810 --> 03:09:17,130
over the square root of one minus
beta squared. In a local lorenc

2515
03:09:17,130 --> 03:09:23,160
frame, this matrix team you knew
it's a four by four matrix. I can

2516
03:09:23,160 --> 03:09:33,450
split it up into pieces, where 00
components this would be 01230123,

2517
03:09:33,750 --> 03:09:38,160
labeling the rows and columns of
the matrix. The 00 component is

2518
03:09:38,160 --> 03:09:44,580
the energy density. This component
is the momentum density, the three

2519
03:09:44,580 --> 03:09:53,160
components along the top row and
also along the column. I mentioned

2520
03:09:53,160 --> 03:09:56,790
density, and then there's a three
by three part in the middle that

2521
03:09:56,790 --> 03:10:04,350
is called the stress tensor. The
components of this stress tensor

2522
03:10:04,350 --> 03:10:09,870
include very importantly,
pressure. It's a three by three

2523
03:10:09,870 --> 03:10:15,330
matrix whose diagonal elements are
pressure. Why should pressure

2524
03:10:15,330 --> 03:10:23,010
appear here? Well look at the
energy density. That's energy per

2525
03:10:23,010 --> 03:10:29,160
unit volume, energy, momentum, and
pressure, participate in the

2526
03:10:29,310 --> 03:10:33,570
requirements for energy
conservation. This Einstein tensor

2527
03:10:34,140 --> 03:10:51,750
is up to trivial redefinitions.
The only tensor that is linear in

2528
03:10:51,780 --> 03:10:56,640
the second partial derivatives of
the metric coefficients, first

2529
03:10:56,640 --> 03:10:59,250
derivative tells you the slope,
second derivative tells you about

2530
03:10:59,250 --> 03:11:04,350
the curvature. Here you see the
second derivatives of the metric.

2531
03:11:05,130 --> 03:11:11,070
If I take the second partial
derivatives of this object, the

2532
03:11:11,070 --> 03:11:15,390
set of partial derivatives I have
here in these parentheses, in the

2533
03:11:15,480 --> 03:11:19,770
week field limit, Einstein field
equations exactly reproduce the

2534
03:11:19,770 --> 03:11:23,730
Newtonian equation for the
gravitational potential, they do

2535
03:11:23,730 --> 03:11:29,850
so, with the implication with the
cost, that the time part of the

2536
03:11:29,850 --> 03:11:33,690
metric, this is the thing that
multiplies the dt squared is not

2537
03:11:33,690 --> 03:11:42,240
one. But it's one plus two, five.
And that means that time is

2538
03:11:42,300 --> 03:11:50,520
worked. This is the weak field
limit of general relativity. All

2539
03:11:50,520 --> 03:11:54,540
of Newtonian gravity that we're
familiar with, comes from work

2540
03:11:54,570 --> 03:11:59,100
time from the time factor in the
metric. All the popular discussion

2541
03:11:59,100 --> 03:12:03,960
of black holes is associated with
the work with the curved space and

2542
03:12:03,960 --> 03:12:07,740
these funnel embedding diagrams.
And, you know, we spent so much

2543
03:12:07,740 --> 03:12:12,000
time already with a spatial
curvature, it's the time part of

2544
03:12:12,000 --> 03:12:17,430
the metric that tells bodies how
to fall in a gravitational field.

2545
03:12:18,540 --> 03:12:21,240
And that's what the Einstein
equations are all about.

2546
03:12:22,860 --> 03:12:26,940
After a brief examination of
Einstein's field equations, we

2547
03:12:26,940 --> 03:12:31,230
find a familiar theme. The left
handed side of the expression

2548
03:12:31,230 --> 03:12:35,250
corresponds with the curvature of
space time, and the right handed

2549
03:12:35,250 --> 03:12:39,420
side of the expression corresponds
with the matter energy content of

2550
03:12:39,420 --> 03:12:43,290
space time, we can apply the new
equivalence principle and the

2551
03:12:43,290 --> 03:12:48,030
generator for time evolution to
Einstein's field equation, let the

2552
03:12:48,030 --> 03:12:51,510
initial and final states have an
inversely proportional

2553
03:12:51,510 --> 03:12:57,030
relationship, focusing on one side
at a time, for simplicity, let the

2554
03:12:57,030 --> 03:13:01,200
speed of light equal one. Since
eight pi is conventional for

2555
03:13:01,200 --> 03:13:05,460
radian measurement, we can ignore
it as well for both curved space

2556
03:13:05,460 --> 03:13:09,900
time and the corresponding
inertial mass. Since the

2557
03:13:09,900 --> 03:13:15,300
gravitational stress energy
reduces to zero locally, cross

2558
03:13:15,300 --> 03:13:19,350
conjugation can be expressed
through the product of the stress

2559
03:13:19,380 --> 03:13:24,720
energy tensor with its inverse
transpose or orthogonal matrix,

2560
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:29,550
the moment of inertia tensor. What
about big g?

2561
03:13:30,509 --> 03:13:35,099
One of my favorite scientists is
Henry Cavendish, towards the end

2562
03:13:35,099 --> 03:13:40,559
of his life, he did a crucial
experiment, he had a big garden

2563
03:13:40,559 --> 03:13:46,079
shed, and in it, he had to lead
balls like this suspended from the

2564
03:13:46,079 --> 03:13:50,609
ceiling, only this is not to
scale. This is I mean, led balls.

2565
03:13:50,789 --> 03:13:54,029
So he had a, an aperture place
where you look through and he put

2566
03:13:54,029 --> 03:13:57,359
a telescope out there staring
through the window to take his

2567
03:13:57,359 --> 03:14:01,979
measurements over a year, there's
another set of LED balls inside

2568
03:14:01,979 --> 03:14:05,759
there, this experiment really is
very difficult to get to work in a

2569
03:14:05,759 --> 03:14:10,049
technician is sorted apart. So
because he got so frustrated, so

2570
03:14:10,049 --> 03:14:13,109
you'd set it up like this in his
shed,

2571
03:14:14,370 --> 03:14:18,360
and you put it like that, and this
lead ball would attract that lead

2572
03:14:18,360 --> 03:14:20,160
ball, and this lead ball would
attract

2573
03:14:20,220 --> 03:14:23,280
this one. And so, it will be
pushed a little bit this way and

2574
03:14:23,280 --> 03:14:25,530
twist the wire and that will be
pushed a little bit that way and

2575
03:14:25,530 --> 03:14:28,350
the wire would twist and twist the
mirror, which is which was a

2576
03:14:28,350 --> 03:14:30,600
little bit and light which comes
in the reflected off in a slightly

2577
03:14:30,600 --> 03:14:31,650
different angle. And we have to do
with me.

2578
03:14:34,470 --> 03:14:37,470
This is a very complicated
technical thing for the time,

2579
03:14:38,310 --> 03:14:43,560
that way Now, the other way. And
from that get the all the

2580
03:14:43,560 --> 03:14:44,850
properties of the torsional
constant.

2581
03:14:45,180 --> 03:14:49,320
And that enabled him to measure
big g the gravitational constant

2582
03:14:49,320 --> 03:14:55,140
to an accuracy of 1%. And nobody
improved on that for 100 years.

2583
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:59,640
And that quantity is essentially b
g

2584
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:04,560
Since we don't know for certain
whether big G is a constant or

2585
03:15:04,560 --> 03:15:09,870
variable, we will substitute alpha
for G initial over g final, where

2586
03:15:09,870 --> 03:15:14,880
when alpha equals one, or G
initial over g final times its

2587
03:15:14,880 --> 03:15:19,800
transpose inverse equals one, and
alpha is a running coupling

2588
03:15:19,800 --> 03:15:24,540
constant. by expressing the stress
energy tensor and the moment of

2589
03:15:24,540 --> 03:15:28,770
inertia tensor in a diagonal
matrix form and multiplying them

2590
03:15:28,770 --> 03:15:33,750
together, we get the following
scalar matrix. Likewise, if we

2591
03:15:33,750 --> 03:15:37,230
examine the left side of the
equation, we see a familiar

2592
03:15:37,230 --> 03:15:43,380
concept. We will associate the
cosmological constant in this form

2593
03:15:43,710 --> 03:15:48,900
with use star and substitute the
Einstein tensor with the identity

2594
03:15:48,900 --> 03:15:54,540
constant expressed in matrix form.
The inverse transpose relationship

2595
03:15:54,570 --> 03:16:00,270
between n star minus AI and AI m
minus u star always disappears

2596
03:16:00,270 --> 03:16:05,430
locally in any particular frame at
any specific point, and it can

2597
03:16:05,430 --> 03:16:10,770
only be expressed non locally as a
quotient of nonzero numbers.

2598
03:16:11,190 --> 03:16:17,280
However, if we let n star minus i
equal i minus u star, where both

2599
03:16:17,310 --> 03:16:21,930
are some discrete amount, since
alpha is an adjustable coupling

2600
03:16:21,930 --> 03:16:27,180
constant, we can let it equal one
for the unitary case, square both

2601
03:16:27,180 --> 03:16:32,400
sides and get the identity matrix.
Nonetheless, there are two cross

2602
03:16:32,400 --> 03:16:37,590
conjugate pairs and both must be
accounted for. We end up with two

2603
03:16:37,590 --> 03:16:42,180
skewed or anti symmetric matrices
with a cross symmetrical

2604
03:16:42,180 --> 03:16:47,220
relationship as a commutative
ring. When the adjustable coupling

2605
03:16:47,220 --> 03:16:50,730
constant is negative, it
represents the exclusion

2606
03:16:50,730 --> 03:16:54,930
principle. When the adjustable
coupling constant is positive, it

2607
03:16:54,930 --> 03:16:59,040
represents the inclusion
principle. These two metrics

2608
03:16:59,070 --> 03:17:04,380
represent any pair of oscillating
pseudo scalars. orienting slightly

2609
03:17:04,380 --> 03:17:08,490
out of phase can a variable
coupling constant change

2610
03:17:08,490 --> 03:17:12,780
proportionally or inversely
proportionally with both metrics

2611
03:17:12,780 --> 03:17:16,770
so that the field strength scale
and range can be fixed to a

2612
03:17:16,770 --> 03:17:20,910
specific set of values. The
relationship between different

2613
03:17:20,910 --> 03:17:24,660
rates or the passage of time
corresponds with the beta function

2614
03:17:24,900 --> 03:17:28,350
and all of the other coupling
constants in the same way that the

2615
03:17:28,350 --> 03:17:32,250
generator for time evolution works
within the three dimensional time

2616
03:17:32,250 --> 03:17:36,720
loop. The universality between
thermodynamics and temporal

2617
03:17:36,720 --> 03:17:40,590
mechanics can reduce the
fundamental forces of nature into

2618
03:17:40,590 --> 03:17:45,000
a single expression, and new
equivalence principle which can be

2619
03:17:45,000 --> 03:17:49,260
used as the generator for the
evolution of time. If the

2620
03:17:49,260 --> 03:17:52,890
necessary equivalences can be
worked out between these two

2621
03:17:52,890 --> 03:17:57,390
expressions, then we finally have
a unified field equation that

2622
03:17:57,390 --> 03:18:01,380
accounts for the fundamental
forces of nature. It appears that

2623
03:18:01,380 --> 03:18:05,670
the subtle adjustments made the
time evolution using equivalences

2624
03:18:05,670 --> 03:18:09,540
between thermodynamics and three
dimensional time and applying it

2625
03:18:09,540 --> 03:18:13,410
to physics unlocks the mystery
surrounding inertial mass

2626
03:18:13,530 --> 03:18:19,020
gravitation and how they relate to
quantum mechanics. So, where does

2627
03:18:19,020 --> 03:18:20,070
this lead us?

2628
03:18:21,330 --> 03:18:26,670
In beginnings, there is light or
is it the ending? How do things

2629
03:18:26,670 --> 03:18:31,470
begin or end in three dimensional
time, the relationship of the time

2630
03:18:31,470 --> 03:18:34,710
loop with the uncertainty
principle has an interesting

2631
03:18:34,710 --> 03:18:39,870
consequence. At the smallest scale
possible for quantum fluctuations

2632
03:18:39,870 --> 03:18:44,370
the inner and outsides of the time
loop become indistinguishable, and

2633
03:18:44,370 --> 03:18:48,810
there is a superposition of both
coming out of and going back into

2634
03:18:48,810 --> 03:18:54,180
the vacuum, which can be expressed
through a complex unit circle, at

2635
03:18:54,180 --> 03:18:58,290
a fundamental level, coming into
existence and going out of

2636
03:18:58,290 --> 03:19:01,980
existence becomes
indistinguishable. Yet we see

2637
03:19:01,980 --> 03:19:06,540
things coming and going out of
existence all of the time. Or do

2638
03:19:06,540 --> 03:19:11,550
we? In actuality, we are watching
transformations from one form of

2639
03:19:11,550 --> 03:19:15,720
existence into another, preserving
not only the conservation of

2640
03:19:15,720 --> 03:19:19,950
energy, but preserving the
conservation of information. There

2641
03:19:19,950 --> 03:19:23,910
is no big bang and existence
emerges from the vacuum through

2642
03:19:23,910 --> 03:19:29,400
minimal quantum fluctuations. But
how does it work? Let's consider

2643
03:19:29,400 --> 03:19:35,460
two forms of creation soft and
hard. Hard creation involves Big

2644
03:19:35,460 --> 03:19:39,900
Bang such as supernova or high
energy particle collisions. For

2645
03:19:39,900 --> 03:19:44,220
the most part, modern cosmology
assumes hard creation as the

2646
03:19:44,220 --> 03:19:48,450
primary source of the universe. On
the other hand, consider the

2647
03:19:48,450 --> 03:19:53,460
possibility of soft creation
creation involving condensations

2648
03:19:53,490 --> 03:19:58,350
over a variety of periods of time.
Suppose the creation happens

2649
03:19:58,350 --> 03:20:02,400
through multiple facets. possibly
even different for different types

2650
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:03,240
of particles.

2651
03:20:03,900 --> 03:20:07,980
Keeping the universe very, very
smooth at early times is not easy.

2652
03:20:07,980 --> 03:20:11,430
It's a delicate arrangement. It's
a clue that the early universe is

2653
03:20:11,430 --> 03:20:14,550
not chosen randomly. There was
something that made it that way,

2654
03:20:14,550 --> 03:20:18,210
we would like to know what this
insight that entropy increases, by

2655
03:20:18,210 --> 03:20:22,050
the way, is what's behind what we
call the arrow of time. Boltzmann

2656
03:20:22,050 --> 03:20:25,260
explained that if you start with
low entropy, it's very natural for

2657
03:20:25,260 --> 03:20:29,160
to increase because there's more
ways to be high entropy. What he

2658
03:20:29,160 --> 03:20:33,780
didn't explain was why the entropy
was ever low in the first place,

2659
03:20:33,810 --> 03:20:37,260
we'd like to understand that
unfortunately, it's actually not a

2660
03:20:37,260 --> 03:20:40,020
problem that we've been giving
enough attention to the reason the

2661
03:20:40,020 --> 03:20:44,430
problem has gotten worse, rather
than better, is because in 1998,

2662
03:20:44,430 --> 03:20:47,310
we learned something crucial about
the universe that we didn't know

2663
03:20:47,310 --> 03:20:51,090
before, we learned that it's
accelerating space may be finite

2664
03:20:51,090 --> 03:20:53,910
or infinite. But because the
universe is accelerating, there

2665
03:20:53,910 --> 03:20:57,930
are parts of it we cannot see and
never will see, there's a finite

2666
03:20:57,930 --> 03:21:01,170
region of space that we have
access to surrounded by a horizon.

2667
03:21:01,290 --> 03:21:04,980
So even though time goes on
forever, Space is limited to us.

2668
03:21:05,100 --> 03:21:10,200
empty space has a temperature,
some thermal fluctuations, even an

2669
03:21:10,200 --> 03:21:14,760
empty space. So what this means
that the universe is like a box of

2670
03:21:14,760 --> 03:21:18,690
gas that lasts forever. So
Boltzmann says, look, you could

2671
03:21:18,690 --> 03:21:22,380
start with a universe that was in
thermal equilibrium, he didn't

2672
03:21:22,380 --> 03:21:24,450
know about the Big Bang, he didn't
know about the expansion of the

2673
03:21:24,450 --> 03:21:27,300
universe, here, Boltzmann, you
know that if you wait long enough,

2674
03:21:27,450 --> 03:21:31,080
the random fluctuations of those
molecules will occasionally bring

2675
03:21:31,080 --> 03:21:34,470
them into lower entropy
configurations. And then of

2676
03:21:34,470 --> 03:21:37,530
course, in the natural course of
things, they will expand back.

2677
03:21:37,740 --> 03:21:40,830
Well, if that's true, Boltzmann
then goes on to invent two very

2678
03:21:40,830 --> 03:21:44,250
modern sounding ideas, the
multiverse and the anthropic

2679
03:21:44,250 --> 03:21:47,520
principle, if you imagine a very,
very big universe and infinitely

2680
03:21:47,520 --> 03:21:51,030
big universe, with randomly
bumping into each other particles,

2681
03:21:51,210 --> 03:21:53,940
there will occasionally be small
fluctuations in the lower entropy

2682
03:21:53,940 --> 03:21:56,880
states, and then they relax back.
But there will also be large

2683
03:21:56,880 --> 03:22:01,410
fluctuations. Occasionally, you
will make a planet or a star, or a

2684
03:22:01,410 --> 03:22:08,490
galaxy, or 100 billion galaxies.
So this scenario makes predictions

2685
03:22:08,550 --> 03:22:11,850
and the predictions are that the
fluctuations that make us are

2686
03:22:11,850 --> 03:22:15,330
minimal. The universe is not a
fluctuation. Why did the early

2687
03:22:15,330 --> 03:22:18,990
universe have a low entropy here
is the universe that we tell you

2688
03:22:18,990 --> 03:22:21,720
about versus the universe that
really exists. I just showed you

2689
03:22:21,720 --> 03:22:24,270
this picture, the universe is
expanding for last 10 billion

2690
03:22:24,270 --> 03:22:27,810
years or so it's cooling off. But
we now know enough about the

2691
03:22:27,810 --> 03:22:31,170
future of the universe to say a
lot more if the dark energy

2692
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:35,220
remains around, we will live in a
universe with nothing in it. But

2693
03:22:35,220 --> 03:22:40,290
black holes, that universe will
last 10 to the 100 years, the

2694
03:22:40,290 --> 03:22:43,710
future is much longer than the
past. But even black holes don't

2695
03:22:43,710 --> 03:22:46,560
last forever, they will evaporate,
and we will be left with nothing

2696
03:22:46,560 --> 03:22:51,150
but empty space. that empty space
lasts essentially forever.

2697
03:22:51,840 --> 03:22:55,080
However, you notice that since
empty space gives off radiation,

2698
03:22:55,110 --> 03:22:58,140
there's actually thermal
fluctuations, and it cycles around

2699
03:22:58,380 --> 03:23:02,100
all the different possible
combinations of the degrees of

2700
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:05,820
freedom that exist in empty space.
If the universe last for 10, to

2701
03:23:05,820 --> 03:23:10,260
the 10 to the 120 years. Why are
we born in the first 14 billion

2702
03:23:10,260 --> 03:23:13,770
years, or maybe the Big Bang is
not the beginning.

2703
03:23:15,750 --> 03:23:20,400
A great cosmic Carlo cycle with a
leading edge of a universal

2704
03:23:20,430 --> 03:23:25,080
Mirage, and you find it
interesting, it is supergiants

2705
03:23:25,590 --> 03:23:27,630
on this end over here,

2706
03:23:27,660 --> 03:23:32,250
okay, we have our white tours over
here, your relationship in star

2707
03:23:32,250 --> 03:23:34,290
formation toe to the process

2708
03:23:34,290 --> 03:23:35,400
between white dogs.

2709
03:23:35,760 --> 03:23:36,780
And supergiants is

2710
03:23:36,780 --> 03:23:40,470
very related. It's almost
suggestive to me

2711
03:23:40,980 --> 03:23:44,340
as though there's like a double
helix pattern to star

2712
03:23:44,340 --> 03:23:45,840
formation suggesting

2713
03:23:45,840 --> 03:23:47,970
somehow that this is a repeating
cycle

2714
03:23:48,060 --> 03:23:48,420
with

2715
03:23:49,560 --> 03:23:52,080
an x cross section, it could

2716
03:23:52,080 --> 03:23:54,690
be a cross section, which could

2717
03:23:54,690 --> 03:23:56,250
possibly be indicative,

2718
03:23:56,520 --> 03:23:59,310
or time dimensions. That's right,

2719
03:23:59,310 --> 03:24:01,440
if you rotate out here, and some
other guy would be in some other

2720
03:24:01,440 --> 03:24:02,730
dimension, almost as if

2721
03:24:02,730 --> 03:24:06,540
maybe those pays out at some point
during the right doors.

2722
03:24:11,070 --> 03:24:11,820
Down here again, you

2723
03:24:11,820 --> 03:24:12,540
see so it's like

2724
03:24:12,540 --> 03:24:15,870
the link is the link between a
pair down here.

2725
03:24:16,770 --> 03:24:17,610
And they say these just

2726
03:24:22,380 --> 03:24:26,850
from the smallest to the largest.
The Universal emerges through

2727
03:24:26,850 --> 03:24:31,680
upwelling from the infinite tasmac
depths of quantum fluctuations,

2728
03:24:31,890 --> 03:24:36,300
and cataclysmic eruptions, alga
mating through a variety of

2729
03:24:36,300 --> 03:24:43,140
entropic cycles of temporal loops.
Dark Matter undergoes a slow rate

2730
03:24:43,140 --> 03:24:48,360
of the passage of time, relative
to visible matter. And dark energy

2731
03:24:48,390 --> 03:24:52,290
undergoes a faster rate of the
passage of time relative to

2732
03:24:52,290 --> 03:24:57,300
visible metal. The interface of
cross conjugate pairs through

2733
03:24:57,300 --> 03:25:01,440
identity crises on the quantum
field lab corresponds with the

2734
03:25:01,440 --> 03:25:05,880
same proportionality, as the
interface of dark energy to dark

2735
03:25:05,880 --> 03:25:08,580
matter on the gravitational field
scale.