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Episode 5. This podcast is just cruising along now. The topic for today is going to be on the evolution of the Egyptian pyramid.
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Looking at the archaeological evidence and physical evidence for the progression of the Egyptian pyramid from what was in the early dynastic period, simple pit burials, which slowly transitioned into mastabas, and then from there into step pyramids, from step pyramids into true pyramids, and then later into the sun temples of the later old kingdom.
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I don't know if we're going to have time to touch on that today. The episode is going to be pretty detailed, so it might run a little bit long and I might be forced to leave the sun temples of the later old kingdom to a later podcast.
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So I guess we'll get going here with the evolution of the Egyptian pyramid.
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I'd say for the last 30 years, probably about 30 years, there's been so much written on the Egyptian pyramids that has been anchored not really in archaeological evidence, but instead of like a wishful thinking and an unevidence fanciful imagination.
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This error in methodology has resulted in a general public that widely believes the Egyptian pyramids and Khufu's pyramid in particular, our mysterious magical monuments that appear overnight and with no architectural or cultural evolution.
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This really could not be further from the truth. The Egyptian pyramid is a result of centuries of development experiment and an adapting to various evolving cultural manifestations from religion to architecture to iconography.
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For thousands of years in the pre dynastic, the dead were buried in shallow oval pits, sometimes surrounded by their personal belongings and then covered with sand.
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But the first significant development came when the Egyptians altered the shape of their burial pits from oval to rectangular and then roof the pit with timber.
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While there's no remains of a superstructure that has been found from these these tombs or these burials, I don't know if I'd call them tombs yet.
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It probably consisted of sand, which could have then easily blown away, revealing the tomb goods to any potential grave robbers.
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In the beginning of the dynastic period, the kings of Egypt overcame this issue by constructing a mud brick superstructure over their burial pits, which is known today as a Mastaba.
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And this is named for the resemblance to brick benches that are seen often outside outside houses in modern Egyptian villages.
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So it's it's the Arabic name for the bench. And as I mentioned in a previous podcast, these Mastaba is looking almost like bricks, right?
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These rectangular structures. And then the the Egyptian kings would be buried either under them or within them.
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The tombs of the earliest historical kings are generally found in Upper Egypt at Abydos and dates around three thousand two hundred B.C.
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The introduction of Mastaba's coincided with an increase in the amount of like really highly valuable and increasingly super elaborate equipment being buried with the king.
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And it serves as an evolutionary missing link between the unrefined, I guess we can call it unrefined burial practices of the pre dynastic and those of an emerging starting an Egyptian state that was starting to solidify with with a central source of authority.
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The Mastaba's of high officials who served in the court of the various kings of the first dynasty were found by W.B. Emery at Saqqara North during his excavations there sometime between 1935 and 1956.
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And while Emery initially believed that these early Mastaba's belonged to the kings of the first dynasty, more recent work at the site has resulted in their their re attribution to high officials working under these kings.
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Regardless of their ownership, the Mastaba previously believed to have belonged to King Hoar Aha serves as an excellent example we're going to look at here for the evolutionary progress made between more recent pre dynastic burial pits and then the early Egyptian pyramids.
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If we're going to let's essentially ignore the brick superstructure which housed 27 cells for storage and funerary goods, this tomb of King Hoar Aha is simply an enlarged version of the later pre dynastic burial pits.
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And while Mastaba tombs continue to be built by Egyptian nobles and officials long into Egyptian history, the kings of Egypt with the exception of a Shepiscaf in the fifth or possibly the fourth, that's another subject we could go into when exactly he might have ruled.
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But with the exception of his, I don't know if I'd call it a Mastaba and I don't think I'd call it a pyramid, but with the exception of his tomb, the Egyptian kings cease to construct Mastaba's after the reign of King Josur who is known from his monuments by his Horus name, Najedeket.
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And this was in the third dynasty. Remember I did touch upon him briefly in the first podcast that was dedicated to the function of the Egyptian pyramid and their use as tombs.
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So looking at Josur, with the birth of the third dynasty, Egypt entered into this period a previously unmatched national achievement known as the Old Kingdom.
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Kings of the first and second dynasties used mud brick as their primary material that they would construct their tombs.
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But with the advent of the third dynasty, the archaeological record is marked with the beginning of the use of stone or the utilization of stone in private monuments on a super massive, massive scale.
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Menetho, who was an Egyptian priest, he lived around 290 BC. He credits Emhotep, the vizier. Remember I mentioned the vizier as the right hand man of the king and I use the analogy in Game of Thrones as the hand.
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That's the vizier's position or ranking. So Emhotep was the vizier of King Josur and he's attributed as being the inventor of the art of building in stone.
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However, it is of interest to note that in the annals of the Palermo stone, which is a king's list essentially, they record the construction of a large, large building that was called Men Nijeret.
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Men Nijeret. I could break down the name. Nijeret, it has to do with an attribution of divinity, I guess. This dated to the reign of Kasa Kemwe.
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I've talked so much on Kemwaset that just the names got mixed up. So Kasa Kemwe, or he's also known possibly as Nebka, and this thing is friggin' huge. It's massive.
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Dr. Jermur Malik, who's a Czech archaeologist and other Egyptologists, believe that this structure, it's known today as Gezir el-Midir, and it's at Saqqara.
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They believe that this named structure, this Men Nijeret, is the one that we're familiar with at Saqqara. However, since this structure never proceeded beyond its initial stages of construction,
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Menithos kind of vindicated in assigning credit to Emhotep for the first monument constructed entirely out of stone, because this monument of Kasa Kemwe was never completed.
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So it's the later Emhotep that's classically attributed as being the initiator, or sorry, the founder of the ability to build massively in stone.
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So Emhotep chose for King Gezir the site on which his pyramid would be constructed at Saqqara, the sacred necropolis of Memphis. And it was near the early massabas of those officials that I was talking about earlier.
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So it dates to around 2680 BC, so 2680 BC according to Eldred. And the pyramid is thought to have originally been planned as a mastaba, which underwent six different stages in planning that would itself lead to a transition from mastaba to pyramid.
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So the first stage, I'm just going to go over briefly the stages, and I'll try and keep this quick, and it can get dry, but we'll see here.
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The first stage was composed of a square mastaba-like structure of local stone, and then this was dressed in really fine turra limestone.
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So that turra limestone is this really high quality limestone that comes from the Turra Quarries, which is near Giza.
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So the turra limestone is that white, highly polished casing limestone that the great pyramids were cased in, super high quality stuff.
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And like I said, this is from a quarry on the eastern side of the Nile, kind of near Memphis, near Giza.
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So in approximate association with the cardinal directions, right, so northeast, southwest, a feature which later became prominent, right, this alignment.
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This first stage of the Jozer pyramid, it measured roughly eight meters in height, with each side measuring about 63 meters in length.
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Stage two saw an extension on all four sides by about four meters, and then a second dressing of turra limestone was added.
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The height of the second stage was lowered, actually, by about 0.7 meters.
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So it thus formed a stepped mastaba, right, and it wasn't a step pyramid, but this mastaba now had two steps, which formed a longer access.
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Sorry, it was longer on the east-west access than it was on the north-south, so it's more rectangular than it is square.
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So this newly enlarged mastaba, which makes up stage four, right, so they enlarge this, then became the lowest step in what was then planned as a four-step pyramid.
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So if you look at the pyramid of Jozer today, it has one, two, three, four, five steps, right?
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That lowest rectangular one is actually the product of four earlier changes to the structure itself.
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So, just losing my train of thought here, so this newly enlarged section then became the lowest step, right, in the step pyramid.
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The construction then of a mortuary temple on the northern face of the pyramid was probably then initiated, the Sardab,
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but before either the fourth stage or the mortuary temple was completed, it was decided to again extend the pyramid to the north and west.
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So this extension on the north and west side was the fifth stage of construction, but it was abandoned at the fourth step in the pyramid.
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The sixth stage and the final stage, we're getting through this, the sixth stage saw the addition of stone materials to each side of the pyramid,
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which resulted in a completed six-step pyramid, well not five, sorry, with a ground plan of about 140 by 118 meters and a height of 60 meters,
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which was once again dressed in a fine turla limestone.
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The interior of the step pyramid remained uninvestigated actually until about 1821, 1820, by the Prussian Council General von Mentoli.
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The vast substructure of Josur's step pyramid was filled with a maze of corridors and chambers, and it's really, really unique to Old Kingdom Egypt.
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However, as some of these passageways were never ever completed, it remains difficult to ascertain their originality,
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as they just as easily could have been produced from early explorers or early tomb robbers as the possibility of them being original to the structure itself.
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So I guess in tracing the evolution of the royal Egyptian pyramid complex, because remember, these pyramids did not exist alone.
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It wasn't just a pyramid, it was a whole complex.
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And in tracing the evolution of this royal complex, it's important to note that the substructure of Josur's step pyramid, namely the vertical shaft and the ramp,
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it still retains elements which resemble earlier private mastabas.
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So each pyramid as we go along, we're going to see that lessons from the past continue to be incorporated into the pyramid then being built.
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And each pyramid until the later New Kingdom continually adds different elements to the pyramid, which then later builders take from and build upon.
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Right?
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So if the step pyramid truly does serve as an evolutionary link between mastabas and pyramids, then features similar to later pyramids should also be observed.
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And they are. And one of these can be seen in Josur's tomb chamber, which is built entirely from pink Aswan granite.
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This stuff comes from almost like 800 kilometers to the south.
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Granite 800 kilometers south that they shipped on barges up the Nile to the Memphite Necropolis.
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So this I'll call it a lithic type, right?
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It's stone.
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So this type is later abundantly utilized in period pyramid burial chambers like the Great Pyramids.
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With the exception of the mortuary temple found on the north side of the pyramid, that's Sirdab, which inside was a statue.
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There was found a statue of Josur. It can be seen in the Egyptian Museum.
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It's pretty cool.
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So with the exception of this mortuary temple found on the north side, the rest of the pyramid complex is unique to the Old Kingdom.
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In fact, even the mortuary temple is somewhat unique in that it's found on the northern face, right?
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Whereas later pyramids, the mortuary temple was usually found on the eastern face, assuming some kind of solar function, some function related to the solar cult.
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So the alignment of the mortuary temple on the eastern face, like I mentioned, was was perhaps due to the growing influence of the cult of Ray.
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The sun god, which was centered at Heliopolis.
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So this is possibly indicative that the cult of the sun god had not yet expanded in Josur's time to include this element in his structure.
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So when looking at these stone monuments, even the positioning of the different aspects or different parts of the complex can indicate to researchers what exactly, what sort of religious context was present at the time of their construction.
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There's a lot of investigation or detective work that can be done, even with the stone monuments themselves.
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So really the fact that Emhotep was a high priest of Ray at Heliopolis and Josur was the first ruler to build a shrine there, right?
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Ian Shaw writes about that.
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Page 92 of the Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.
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It serves as circumstantial evidence for the growing association between the king and Ray.
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That wasn't necessarily present earlier in the Egyptian kingship, but it's starting to become established under Josur and very much established later in Old Kingdom Egypt.
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So this association, like I mentioned, is later manifested with developments in the layout of the pyramid complex and it does hint at a religious funerary function related to sun worship for the pyramids.
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So although further attempts at step pyramids were made by subsequent kings of the third dynasty, namely those of Sakhamkate, Kaaba, and Nebka, they were neither completed or show any real sign of a continuing evolution in pyramid design.
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So we're going to kind of skip by those.
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And it's not until the first king of the fourth dynasty, Sneferu, that a significant step is taken with the pyramid that he built or at least completed at Medoum.
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And now this pyramid was first scientifically investigated by Sir Gaston Mastbrot in 1882.
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And the pyramid of Medoum, it sits in a transition point really from the step pyramids of the third dynasty and the true pyramids of the fourth, fifth, and sixth dynasties.
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So the site was chosen either by Huni or by Sneferu.
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And it sits in a strategic location near the Feyoum Oasis, overlooking the modern village of Medoum, from which the pyramid derives its name.
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In ancient times, however, the pyramid is thought to be known as Dejed Sneferu.
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And it's this name, which serves really as one piece for the evidence contributing to the pyramid's attribution to Sneferu.
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And like the pyramid of Djoser, the pyramid of Medoum was built in stages.
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So let's say the first stage, we're going to call it E1. This is what Egyptologists call it.
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So E1, it consisted of seven steps.
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However, before the fifth step was completed, the pyramid was enlarged to eight steps.
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And this later stage, this later eight stage, that's known as E2.
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And this was completed in the first 14 years of Sneferu's reign.
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And it's around this time that work ceased completely on the pyramid.
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And Sneferu moved his court to Dashur, north of Medoum.
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In year 28 or 29 of Sneferu's reign, according to the German Egyptologist, Dr. Reiner Stadelmann, Sneferu initiated construction of E3.
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Right. So there was that pause in building Medoum.
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And this was the last stage of the pyramid's development,
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which also concentrated on features within the newly emerging pyramid complex, not just the pyramid itself.
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So the construction techniques utilized in the sections E1 and E2 of Medoum
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originally parallel those used in the older step pyramids with accretion layers
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laid on an inward slope, which provided better support for the structure.
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Right. So the gravity itself would would hold these blocks together.
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But section E3 was comprised of blocks laid horizontally.
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And then the polished Tura limestone facing blocks gave the pyramid a slope of about 51,
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but yeah, 51 degrees, which is almost identical to Khufu's Agiza.
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So everyone looks at Khufu's pyramid and thinks it's some magical monument that came out of nowhere.
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But we're already beginning to see evidence of the growing knowledge and trial and error
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and an infrastructure that was necessary for the eventual construction of the Great Pyramid's Agiza.
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So with that 51 degree slope, Medoum was kind of a true pyramid,
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but it had a step pyramid structure.
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So it really is the missing link really of Egyptian pyramids.
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So, yeah, I guess I guess it is the first true pyramid,
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if you're going to look at it purely from an external perspective.
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Today, the the Pyramid of Medoum has the appearance of this large three step pyramid.
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In contrast to earlier theories forwarding the idea of this sudden collapse, like the pyramid itself collapsed,
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Dr. Mark Lennar believes that the present state of the pyramid is,
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quote, is one of being in the midst of construction and being stripped, unquote.
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That's from page 100 of the Complete Pyramids, Mark Lennar's book.
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So this idea is evidenced by the fact that the lower casing stones found in the debris mound at the base of the pyramid,
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if you're listening to this podcast, just audio,
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I would really recommend going to our YouTube channel and watching the video as we go along here,
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because I'm going to be presenting pictures and stuff of the features of these pyramids that I'm discussing,
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and it might help to visualize what I'm going on and on about here.
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So Lennar's idea is evidenced by the fact that the lower casing stones found in the debris mound
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show far fewer signs of erosion than those from the upper reaches of the pyramid.
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So this variation in degrees of erosion, it could be due in part to the ancient presence of ramps
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covering the lower courses of the monument, right?
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So that would protect these lower courses against that erosion,
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which in turn also provided a means to access the top of the pyramid for those interested in using the structure as a quarry.
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So it served a couple functions there.
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And since no ropes or other tools used in construction have been found in the rubble,
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it suggests that its modern appearance and Sneferu's abandonment of the monument is not due to a sudden structural collapse.
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So as one would expect in this stage of evolution of the Egyptian pyramid and its development,
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the entrance to Dejed Sneferu, right?
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So this is Medoum. This is the Egyptian name for the pyramid.
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The Egyptians knew who built it, Dejed Sneferu.
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It's located on the... I'm sorry, Dejed Sneferu.
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It probably means like a... Sneferu is stable or the...
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Yeah, it could be interpreted in many ways.
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The Dejed pillar normally represented like stability.
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So the entrance to the pyramid of Medoum is located on the northern face, 15 meters above the ground.
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At this time, Sneferu was apparently experimenting with ways of constructing a burial chamber inside the super structure of the pyramid, right?
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So not buried in the ground with the pyramid built on top,
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but incorporating the burial chamber itself inside the actual structure of the pyramid.
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And this feature is unique at the time of Sneferu, in contrast with the Third Dynasty Step Pyramid,
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but it's a prominent feature that it's later going to be utilized both by Sneferu again and by his successor Khufu.
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And then also later pyramids in some degree.
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But Khufu is going to be utilizing this technology on a grand scale.
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So instead of using thick granite to roof the burial chamber as Jozer did before him,
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Sneferu made use of a technique known as corbelling for the first time,
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which is later going to be used in the grand gallery of the pyramid of Khufu.
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So this technique, it distributes the weight of the core blocks above it and provides better structural stability for the chamber itself.
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So again, please watch the YouTube video because I could describe this and it's so much easier just to see a picture.
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Essentially, you have a progression of blocks going vertically, and as the chamber rises vertically, it also decreases in size.
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So you have this almost interior pyramid like negative pyramid in the space.
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So following the tradition of the Third Dynasty Step Pyramids, right?
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Sneferu aligned the burial chamber on a north-south axis.
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And then within the burial chamber, Maspero found ropes and logs,
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the use of which was once suggested that they were there to lower the sarcophagus in the place.
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Marislau Werner makes mention of this, the Egyptologist.
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This is evidenced by the existence of several sarcophagi in unfinished pyramids of the Third Dynasty.
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It's more likely that the sarcophagus would have been placed in the chamber during the construction of the burial chamber before the corbelled ceilings were then introduced.
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So the function of these ropes and the logs, it's really open to debate.
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As far as I know, it's not an issue that has been resolved yet.
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So there's still some major mysteries with the Egyptian pyramids.
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So during his work at Maidoum in the 19th century, Sir Flinders Petrie, and I couldn't say enough about Petrie.
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He really is the father of modern Egyptology, really.
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Scientific Egyptology, archaeology.
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He uncovered the mortuary temple on the east side of Sneferu's pyramid, Dejad Sneferu.
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The practice of building the mortuary temple on the eastern side is going to become, after this point, a regular feature with nearly all pyramid complexes.
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So if we go back to the early Mastabas and then the early steppe pyramids, the Jozer and everything, you can see how these practices are becoming standardized.
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There's an emerging orthodoxy of Egyptian funerary practices related to the pyramid and the construction itself.
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So this mortuary temple is associated with the same phase of building as E3.
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Remember I mentioned how Maidoum, its construction took place during three intervals of time.
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So it's a square mortuary temple, and it's really one of the best preserved from the Old Kingdom.
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It consists of an entry corridor with a double bend in the southeast corner, similar to that seen in Jozer's chapels,
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and then an open courtyard and a room with two round top stila with an offering table between them.
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It's not inscribed though, they're in the reign of Sneferu anyway.
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But the mortuary temple does bear a graffiti from the New Kingdom, and an example is in year 41 of Thutmose III's reign in the 18th dynasty.
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There was a scribe named Ankar-Seneb, I think that's, no, it was Ank-Keper-Rey-Seneb.
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He wrote that he, quote, came to see the temple of Horus-Seneferu.
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He saw it as if heaven were in it, and in it the sun rose.
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May cool myrrh rain down from the heavens, and this fragrant incense drip onto the temple roof of Horus-Seneferu.
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So this graffiti serves as another source of evidence, which allows Egyptologists to pretty confidently attribute the pyramid of Medum to Sneferu.
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I mean, there's some debate whether or not Sneferu's predecessor Huni built the pyramid, or whether Sneferu took over and completed it,
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or exactly what was the issue with the Medum pyramid.
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But this graffiti makes no mention of Huni, right?
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There's no question from the perspective, at least Egyptians in the 18th dynasty, they very clearly believed that this pyramid was built by Sneferu.
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And there's other graffiti from the 6th dynasty, so much closer in time to Sneferu, and it does make mention also of Sneferu,
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but it doesn't associate him with the ownership of the pyramid complex.
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So it mentions him, but it doesn't say this is the pyramid, or it doesn't call it Dejed-Seneferu, or the pyramid of Horus-Seneferu.
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But another feature of the Medum pyramid complex, significant to our going over of the evolution of the pyramid complex,
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is the oldest known example of a cult pyramid, found at the southwest corner of the primary pyramid.
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So those familiar with the pyramid of Khufu will remember that there are three, potentially more than that, cult pyramids of, well,
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there are smaller pyramids associated with the pyramid of Khufu within the complex. Some are his queens, some are cult pyramids, we might get into that a little bit.
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So this example of the cult pyramid, it serves as an evolutionary link between the chapels constructed by Djoser,
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and then the cult pyramids constructed by kings later in the 4th dynasty.
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So you have at each stage these little pieces of construction that are hallmarks or are reaching back to earlier traditions,
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and then you also have these glimpses of things that are still in development, which we'll later see total expression later on.
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So it's important to not look at these later pyramids and think that all these features just blew up out of nowhere. They didn't.
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So the reasons behind Sneferu's abandonment of Medum are still not clear. But with the next pyramid he built at Djoser,
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he was going to seek to build upon the foundations that he laid at Medum, the foundations of knowledge.
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So no blueprint for a true pyramid had yet been established, right? There's no, this is how you do it.
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And they weren't following some pre-developed plan, this cookie cutter plan for pyramid construction.
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So when Sneferu moved his palace from Medum to Djoser, he was really, they're freelancing, I guess, in their engineering techniques.
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The bent pyramid, it was the first to being planned as a true pyramid from the very beginning, right?
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Remember, Medum, its core consists of steps with the later construction phases consisting of those horizontal courses.
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But the bent pyramid didn't have those steps. It was originally planned as a true pyramid from the very beginning.
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An archaeological investigation of the pyramid, really, it wasn't started until efforts by pairing and lupusis,
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and then later by Flinders Petrie in the 19th century.
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It's from these and subsequent investigations that it has been made possible to study the methods of construction utilized in this pyramid.
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Originally, the pyramid's architects, like I said, they planned to have this true pyramid, but with an angle of about 60 degrees.
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Remember, I mentioned earlier that the Medum pyramid had a planned angle of about 51, which is similar to the Great Pyramid of Khufu.
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So 60 degrees, this thing's super steep. But the angle was reduced to about 55 degrees shortly after construction, and this required the enlargement of the base.
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And then at about 45 meters above the ground, the angle changed once again to a more gradual slope of about 43 degrees.
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It's from this decision that the bent pyramid gets its name, right?
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If you, again, hopefully you're watching the YouTube video, it's obvious why we call this the bent pyramid, because the pyramid's bent.
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So this change in angle, it allowed for a reduction in the size and the number of blocks used in the courses.
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Um, laid above about 45 meters.
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What was probably made in reaction to damage, evident there's, sorry.
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Okay, I'll just restate this. So this change in the angle, it allowed for a reduction in the size and the number of blocks used in the courses that were laid above about the 45 meter mark.
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And this change was likely made in reaction to damage that occurred during construction.
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And we have evidence of this damage in the form of cracks in the inner chambers of the pyramid.
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So no other pyramid in Egypt retains as many of the casing stones as does the bent, but that's probably in, or it's probably due in part to the traditional method of laying courses inclining below the change in the angle.
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So after the alteration in the angle of the pyramid was made, the courses were laid in the horizontal manner, which would see use in later pyramids, including Khufus.
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So in this respect, the bent pyramid sits in transition from the building practices utilized in the third dynasty with those of the so-called great pyramids at Giza built later in the fourth dynasty.
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The limestone core of the pyramid comprised of local stone, right? So they had local quarries very near the pyramid, and it rests directly on the sandy clay that's at that shore.
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So in the Tura limestone casing, it rests on artificially constructed foundations. And this is a feature that is again going to be seen at Giza.
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So as we continue to go on here, you got to be seeing that the pyramids at Giza utilize all the quote unquote perfection, or you know, the peak of pyramid building only occurs at the time of Khufu because of all these earlier attempts and all these lessons that they learned.
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Right. And these are some examples of those lessons. So what's widely assumed by the general public that the Egyptian pyramids are comprised of solid blocks of stone.
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It's really not the case, and especially not with Sneferu's bent pyramid at Dasher.
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So here, and once again with the great pyramid, there's huge spaces in the stone that are often filled with just limestone and talfa debris, sometimes even sand.
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So the pyramids aren't structures of solid stone, you know, with uniform blocks laid layer upon layer upon layer upon layer.
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There's huge gaps all over the place and sometimes they just threw in all this debris and sand. But this smaller debris and the sand, it served a dual purpose really.
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It sped up the construction of the pyramid, but it also provided the pyramid with some sort of flexibility.
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If the whole general area was struck by earthquake, right, so picture this earthquake occurring. If you have a pyramid that is too rigid, you're going to cause major structural damage.
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But if you have a little bit of wiggle room in that pyramid through the use of sand in the holes, you're going to provide a little bit of flexibility.
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And this, we begin to see this being incorporated in the bent pyramid. The great pyramid has tons of it.
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So the bent pyramid is unique in that it has two entrances, one on the northern and the other one on the western face of the pyramid.
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The northern entrance is aligned with the pyramid's north-south axis and it's built about 12 meters above the ground.
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Beyond it, there's a descending passageway which gives access to a small underground chamber with high ceilings and a corbelled vault.
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Remember in the Medun pyramid, we had that first example of that corbelled engineering, right, similar to the Grand Gallery in the Egyptian, sorry, in Khufu's pyramid.
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So this small underground chamber has high ceilings and a corbelled vault comprised of really large limestone slabs.
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The western entrance is positioned about 30 meters above ground level and it provides access to a descending passage which ends at another chamber with also a corbelled vault ceiling and this is known as the upper chamber.
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So here in this chamber, there's quarry marks with Sneferu's name and this provides attribution of the pyramid to him, evidence for the attribution.
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The Palermo stone, remember I mentioned that earlier, it's like an Egyptian king's list, it makes reference to Sneferu sending an expedition of 40 ships to Lebanon for cedar, for cedar wood.
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So it's therefore interesting to note that the side walls of this chamber has remains of cedar beams.
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So it might, I mean, you could speculate that this expedition for cedar to Lebanon resulted in the cedar beams in this chamber.
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Pretty cool.
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So cracks in the walls of the chamber, they occurred sometime during construction because the ancient Egyptians actually covered these cracks up with like a gypsum mortar.
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So it suggests that there was at least some structural instability during construction and this does give support to the theory that the pyramid's change of angle was related to this instability.
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It's also interesting to note that 700 years later, not far from the bent pyramid, King Amenemhat III of the 12th dynasty, he's going to encounter similar problems with his pyramid.
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The double entrance and double chamber system, it likely resulted from an emphasis on the traditional north-south orientation of the burial chamber and then gave way to the east-west orientation of the pyramid complex.
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Possibly.
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So around year 30 of Sneferu's reign, construction began on the bent pyramid's cult pyramid on the southern axis.
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And this was once thought to belong to Queen Hedphrates I, who is, remember, Khufu's mother.
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Remember, Khufu relocated her burial from Dashour to Giza in order to better protect it against the risk of tomb robbery.
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So it's within this small pyramid that the majority of Egyptologists believe the precursor to the corbelled grand gallery of Khufu's pyramid is found.
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So even in these smaller cult pyramids, there's ongoing experimentation with engineering principles that are later going to be utilized in later pyramids.
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Let me just take a sip of coffee here.
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So while Sneferu's beautiful, and it is beautiful, valley temple at the bent pyramid is really well investigated,
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in the contextual study of pyramid development, the most important aspect of this temple is that it's the first known temple of its type, as a valley temple.
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Remember, we have mortuary temples that are right along the face of the pyramid itself, but this is now a valley temple.
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And from this point, a valley temple is going to be included in the royal pyramid complex,
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and it's going to serve a critical role in the mortuary practices of the king and his later cult.
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We're going to move on from the bent pyramid of Sneferu, now to what we call the red pyramid of Sneferu.
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And this is also at Dashur, and it provides, I guess, little in the way of transitional architectural developments utilized by later kings.
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But it is significant to note that the east-west alignment of this pyramid's burial chamber removes itself from that earlier traditional north-south alignment
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seen in the bent pyramid and Meidum, and those step pyramids of the third dynasty kings.
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So once again, like those at Meidum and the bent pyramid, the red pyramid also retains the corbelling feature in its burial chamber.
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So by the time Khufu comes around and he's building that grand gallery, they know how to support the passageway with the weight of stone above it.
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So while there's all this hoopla made over Khufu's accomplishment at Giza, which is amazing,
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really never before in Egyptian history has one king, Sneferu, accumulated the resources of the country and applied them to such vast and numerous building projects as he did.
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So Sneferu truly was the king of pyramid builders, but it is his son, Khufu, who would construct the Great Pyramid,
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which would never be matched, I guess, as a single pyramid in terms of complexity and sheer volume of stone.
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Surprisingly, there's not a lot known about Khufu, the man who would build the Great Pyramid at Giza.
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The Turin Papyrus mentions that Khufu ruled for about 23 years after the death of his father, Sneferu.
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So it's within this time frame that one of the last, or sorry, the last remaining wonder of the ancient world was constructed within that 23 year window.
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Although there's evidence of a longer reign as well, but we won't go into that here.
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So Khufu, whose full name was Khunum Khufu, he chose for himself the site on which his pyramid was to be constructed at Giza, near the ancient capital of Memphis.
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This pyramid would have a ground plan of 230 square meters and an original height of about 146.5 meters.
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So it's over 400 feet, almost 500 feet.
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So the pyramid of Khufu is the largest pyramid ever built in Egypt, but his son, Khafre, his pyramid is only 3 meters less tall.
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So although it wasn't fully excavated, Khufu's pyramid, it sits in transition from those built by Sneferu and those built by, sorry, those built by Khufu's successors.
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On the south side of the pyramid was it, there was found a dismantled boat.
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And that boat was about 43 and a half meters long, constructed out of cedar and sycamore.
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And it was found in a pit, especially designed to house it.
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So from the very beginning of Egyptian history, even actually into the prehistoric period, boats have really held a special funerary significance related to the journey the soul makes in the afterlife.
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And as early as 4000 BC, at the beginning of the Nagada I period, boats were found in eastern desert rock art within a religious context.
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So later on, many, many mud brick pits in the shape of boats are found in the first and second dynasty tombs at Hawan and Saqqara.
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And this practice continued through Egyptian history.
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So it's not really surprising to see this represented at Giza, again in a funerary context, where in addition to these boats,
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four other boat burials have also been discovered.
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So this, again, shows a cultural adherence, I guess, to a mortuary iconography,
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while allowing for the introduction of new elements into the Egyptian religious sphere, I guess.
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This growing, developing, dynamic religious environment.
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So they're taking these elements of religious items from the past and making use of them in the present,
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while making changes to reflect the evolving nature of their religious environment at the time.
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So this process, it's critical, really, to the long-lasting survival of ancient Egyptian culture.
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It is probably why ancient Egyptian culture existed and survived as an intact identity or cultural identity for so long.
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And this is evidence of it at Giza.
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Robbed of its stone in antiquity, the Mortuary Temple of Khufu, it sits exactly, exactly where one would expect it at this phase in the pyramids development, right on the eastern side.
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Although there's really nothing remains of it now, except like a small amount of basalt paving stones,
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the attaching causeway, which extends 825 meters, presumably joins with Khufu's unexcavated valley temple.
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Actually, just recently within the last couple months, they believe that they've located the valley temple.
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But it's in an area that is difficult to excavate because of houses being built there.
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It's all in Egyptian farmland and there is houses, actually, it's a farmland is kind of transitioning now to the growing suburbs of Cairo.
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And that's essentially what Giza is.
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But anyway, when it was excavated, there's a plan. You can make up the plan of the valley temple.
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And it does show further evidence of this transitional link between those constructed by Sneferu and those later constructed by Khufu's son, Khafre,
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who would build his valley temple just beside the Sphinx.
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So like Sneferu's red pyramid, the pyramid of Khufu rests on a foundation of limestone blocks.
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Remember some of the earlier pyramids of Sneferu, it was built on that clay sand foundation.
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And then as Sneferu was experiencing those issues with stability, they started to be experimenting with the limestone foundation for the dressing stones, for the casing stones.
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So Khufu takes these lessons learned, or I guess the architect of Khufu, takes these lessons learned by earlier attempts at pyramid construction
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and incorporates these into the development of his own pyramid.
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So the core of the pyramid resting on this limestone foundation, it's made up of limestone that's local to Giza.
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Actually, some of the mastabas that are built at Giza are actually built in the quarry that Khufu used as a source for the stone used in his pyramid.
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So they're quarrying stone at Giza, very, very nearby, which limits the amount of manpower necessary to make use of those stones in construction.
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And just on the subject of Khufu's architect, it should be noted that the architect of Sneferu, his name was Nefermat.
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And he survived Sneferu's reign and worked into the reign of Khufu as Khufu's chief architect as well.
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So the chief architect of Sneferu, who worked presumably on the Red Pyramid, was the very same architect.
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His name was Nefermat, who worked on Khufu's pyramid.
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Nefermat wouldn't survive the reign of Khufu. His position would later be taken over by Hemiamnu.
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But it is interesting to note that the architect of Sneferu responsible for the construction of his greatest effort at pyramid construction was the same architect who initiated pyramid construction in the reign of Khufu.
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So you have that source for commonality and a linear development of knowledge or making use of knowledge and trial and error.
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So with the Great Pyramid being built on this solid stone foundation, it added a lot of stability to the structure.
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But in addition to this stone foundation, the ancient Egyptians made use of this natural outcropping of rock at Giza.
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It's a giant natural mound of limestone, right?
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So by incorporating this into the construction of the pyramid itself, it had the effect of reducing the number of stones that would have been required for the construction of the pyramid.
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These guys are smart. So here the courses were laid horizontally, like Sneferu's earlier pyramid.
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But it also has those gaps between the blocks, which were filled with debitage and sand, those small little pieces of limestone that they're not even cut.
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They look like broken pieces of rock. And this again had that effect of resisting earthquakes.
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I guess it's impossible to know if the ancient Egyptians designed or made use of this debitage to serve that function of earthquake resistance.
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But I mean, that's what it does. It has that effect.
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So the casing stones of the pyramid, there's not a lot left.
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An earthquake, I think it was the 14th century.
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It loosened a whole bunch of those casing stones.
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And to rebuild Cairo, the locals made use of the casing stones.
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I think there's actually some stone that has been identified in certain bridges in Cairo that it's believed that the stone,
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and also in some mosques, that the stone came from the Great Pyramid, the casing stones.
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So this casing stone, it was really highly, highly polished white limestone.
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I mean, it was polished really well.
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So could you imagine the Great Pyramid in the sun?
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It would have just been brilliant.
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So the entrance to the Great Pyramid, it's about seven meters above ground level and again on the northern side,
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making use of Snefru's development in pyramid construction.
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And this entrance opens the pyramid to, it's a long descending passageway,
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which extends for about 30 meters before leveling off and then continuing into the chamber that we call the subterranean chamber.
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In this chamber, it's obviously not finished.
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And we don't know what its function was.
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The most standard theory is that it was the original intended burial place of Khufu.
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And then as the pyramid was being built, changes were made to the plan of the pyramid.
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But Dr. Rainer Stadelmann, remember that German Egyptologist,
01:00:02.000 --> 01:00:08.000
he believes that it was constructed to serve as a symbolic tomb for Sokhar,
01:00:08.000 --> 01:00:13.000
who may have originally been worshipped in the Giza area.
01:00:13.000 --> 01:00:21.000
And as such, the pyramid of Khufu would then serve as a tomb for both the king and the god Sokhar.
01:00:21.000 --> 01:00:28.000
It is significant to note here though that in the southern wall of the chamber,
01:00:28.000 --> 01:00:33.000
the subterranean chamber, a roughly hewn passage exists.
01:00:33.000 --> 01:00:40.000
The existence of this passage, it suggests that a plan for another chamber,
01:00:40.000 --> 01:00:45.000
which would have been, I guess, the subterranean chamber of the monument,
01:00:45.000 --> 01:00:50.000
would have been then very similar to that of Snefru's pyramid.
01:00:50.000 --> 01:00:53.000
But it wasn't completed.
01:00:53.000 --> 01:00:56.000
So we have a puzzle there.
01:00:56.000 --> 01:00:59.000
The ascending passageway.
01:00:59.000 --> 01:01:04.000
It branches off from the upper area of the descending passageway.
01:01:04.000 --> 01:01:07.000
Again, I would suggest you watch this on YouTube.
01:01:07.000 --> 01:01:09.000
I'll post a map of the pyramid.
01:01:09.000 --> 01:01:14.000
And it extends upwards until it opens at the bottom of the grand gallery.
01:01:14.000 --> 01:01:17.000
And this structure is amazing.
01:01:17.000 --> 01:01:22.000
It's composed of seven layers of corbelling with an overlap.
01:01:22.000 --> 01:01:27.000
Each layer overlaps the one below it by about seven and a half centimeters.
01:01:27.000 --> 01:01:30.000
And at the bottom of the grand gallery,
01:01:30.000 --> 01:01:37.000
there's an opening to another horizontal passage which continues for a short distance, straight,
01:01:37.000 --> 01:01:41.000
before opening up into what we call the queen's chamber.
01:01:41.000 --> 01:01:45.000
Now it wasn't a chamber built for the queen.
01:01:45.000 --> 01:01:48.000
We don't know what its function was. We have no idea.
01:01:48.000 --> 01:01:51.000
But it's just kind of developed this name.
01:01:51.000 --> 01:01:55.000
And this chamber, it's entirely built out of limestone.
01:01:55.000 --> 01:02:01.000
And it sits precisely on the pyramid's east-west axis.
01:02:01.000 --> 01:02:06.000
And it too has this garbled ceiling.
01:02:06.000 --> 01:02:10.000
Not corbelled, but garbled, right?
01:02:10.000 --> 01:02:14.000
So it has this... it looks like a tent.
01:02:14.000 --> 01:02:17.000
It's at the top of the tent.
01:02:17.000 --> 01:02:20.000
That's kind of what it looks like.
01:02:20.000 --> 01:02:23.000
And it's a feature of...
01:02:23.000 --> 01:02:26.000
Sorry, there's two features.
01:02:26.000 --> 01:02:29.000
And it's northern and southern walls,
01:02:29.000 --> 01:02:33.000
which is unique completely in Egyptian architecture.
01:02:33.000 --> 01:02:36.000
At approximately two meters above the floor,
01:02:36.000 --> 01:02:39.000
there's a small square shaft.
01:02:39.000 --> 01:02:42.000
And it was originally closed off.
01:02:42.000 --> 01:02:45.000
It's such a puzzle. We don't know...
01:02:45.000 --> 01:02:48.000
There's a million theories what these shafts were.
01:02:48.000 --> 01:02:52.000
But it extends through the core of the pyramid
01:02:52.000 --> 01:02:57.000
and stops before exiting the exterior
01:02:57.000 --> 01:03:00.000
at a small plugging stone.
01:03:00.000 --> 01:03:03.000
And we don't have any idea what's beyond it.
01:03:03.000 --> 01:03:09.000
Let me talk a little bit about this shaft.
01:03:09.000 --> 01:03:13.000
Okay, so this shaft, it's like...
01:03:13.000 --> 01:03:16.000
I don't know what the exact measurements are,
01:03:16.000 --> 01:03:19.000
but I'd say 8 inches by 8 inches or so.
01:03:19.000 --> 01:03:22.000
And it continues straight through the wall
01:03:22.000 --> 01:03:25.000
of the Queen's Chamber.
01:03:25.000 --> 01:03:28.000
And then it goes vertical.
01:03:28.000 --> 01:03:31.000
I don't know what exactly the degree is,
01:03:31.000 --> 01:03:34.000
but let's say 45, just so you can imagine its pitch.
01:03:34.000 --> 01:03:37.000
And then at the end of it,
01:03:37.000 --> 01:03:43.000
there's a highly polished turra limestone end to this shaft.
01:03:43.000 --> 01:03:46.000
And then in this turra limestone,
01:03:46.000 --> 01:03:51.000
there's these two copper prongs that are attached.
01:03:51.000 --> 01:03:54.000
It makes no sense.
01:03:54.000 --> 01:03:57.000
One theory is that these...
01:03:57.000 --> 01:04:00.000
Well, like I said, air shafts.
01:04:00.000 --> 01:04:03.000
One theory is that these shafts were literally air shafts
01:04:03.000 --> 01:04:06.000
that provided air for the workers in the chamber
01:04:06.000 --> 01:04:09.000
as it was being constructed.
01:04:09.000 --> 01:04:12.000
But personally, I've been in some pretty tight spaces.
01:04:12.000 --> 01:04:15.000
I don't think that was necessary.
01:04:15.000 --> 01:04:18.000
And the length of these shafts,
01:04:18.000 --> 01:04:21.000
I don't know how much air they would really be providing.
01:04:21.000 --> 01:04:24.000
So these shafts from the Queen's Chamber,
01:04:24.000 --> 01:04:27.000
remember the walls of the Queen's Chamber,
01:04:27.000 --> 01:04:30.000
these were hidden air shafts.
01:04:30.000 --> 01:04:33.000
I keep saying air shafts. We don't know what they are.
01:04:33.000 --> 01:04:36.000
Soul shafts, whatever.
01:04:36.000 --> 01:04:39.000
They were hidden.
01:04:39.000 --> 01:04:42.000
And it was only through sounding the walls that they were even discovered.
01:04:42.000 --> 01:04:47.000
And they go vertically up through the pyramid,
01:04:47.000 --> 01:04:50.000
and they obviously had some important function
01:04:50.000 --> 01:04:53.000
because their ends are polished.
01:04:53.000 --> 01:04:56.000
Why would they be polished if they're not important
01:04:56.000 --> 01:05:01.000
to something related to the function of the pyramid?
01:05:01.000 --> 01:05:06.000
So I think it was in 1993, Rudolf Gattenbrink
01:05:06.000 --> 01:05:09.000
sent up a robot.
01:05:09.000 --> 01:05:12.000
It was called the U-Pot.
01:05:12.000 --> 01:05:15.000
U-Pot or something like that, U-Pot project.
01:05:15.000 --> 01:05:18.000
He sent a robot up this shaft,
01:05:18.000 --> 01:05:21.000
and after several attempts he actually made it to the end
01:05:21.000 --> 01:05:24.000
and took these pictures of this plugging stone
01:05:24.000 --> 01:05:27.000
that we don't know the function of at all.
01:05:27.000 --> 01:05:30.000
I think there was actually a ball and a hook of some sort
01:05:30.000 --> 01:05:33.000
also found at other points in this air shaft, and a piece of wood.
01:05:33.000 --> 01:05:36.000
So later there was another robot sent up,
01:05:36.000 --> 01:05:39.000
and they drilled a hole in this plugging stone.
01:05:39.000 --> 01:05:42.000
They sent a little fiber optic camera through the hole,
01:05:42.000 --> 01:05:45.000
and they found another block.
01:05:45.000 --> 01:05:48.000
But on this block there's evidence of some quarry marks.
01:05:48.000 --> 01:05:51.000
We don't know what the heck's going on.
01:05:51.000 --> 01:05:54.000
We don't know what the heck's going on here.
01:05:54.000 --> 01:05:57.000
Investigation beyond that point
01:05:57.000 --> 01:06:00.000
has kind of been stop and go, stop and go, stop and go.
01:06:00.000 --> 01:06:03.000
And I'm not sure personally
01:06:03.000 --> 01:06:06.000
what stage the investigation is at now.
01:06:06.000 --> 01:06:09.000
I'm sure if you Google
01:06:09.000 --> 01:06:12.000
Queen's Chamber air shafts investigation
01:06:12.000 --> 01:06:15.000
you'll find more up-to-date information.
01:06:15.000 --> 01:06:18.000
But to my knowledge, I mean that's basically
01:06:18.000 --> 01:06:21.000
a summary of what we're at. We don't know what is beyond this.
01:06:21.000 --> 01:06:24.000
It's like a little mini door.
01:06:24.000 --> 01:06:27.000
And there's been speculation even by Dr. Zahi Awas,
01:06:27.000 --> 01:06:30.000
who was the former head of the Egyptian antiquities,
01:06:30.000 --> 01:06:33.000
the SCA, Supreme Council of Antiquities.
01:06:33.000 --> 01:06:36.000
He initially was very skeptical
01:06:36.000 --> 01:06:39.000
of anything new being discovered, right?
01:06:39.000 --> 01:06:42.000
He essentially just thought
01:06:42.000 --> 01:06:45.000
that they're ending the shafts here.
01:06:45.000 --> 01:06:48.000
But in more recent years,
01:06:48.000 --> 01:06:51.000
I don't know if it's just hyperbole related to the
01:06:51.000 --> 01:06:54.000
political drama going on in Egypt,
01:06:54.000 --> 01:06:57.000
but he's been making suggestions
01:06:57.000 --> 01:07:00.000
that he believes it's possible that an unknown chamber exists
01:07:00.000 --> 01:07:03.000
in the Great Pyramid somewhere beyond these plugging stones.
01:07:03.000 --> 01:07:06.000
Like I said, it makes no sense
01:07:06.000 --> 01:07:09.000
at all why these are here.
01:07:09.000 --> 01:07:12.000
And as we're going to see, they're also existing
01:07:12.000 --> 01:07:15.000
in the King's Chamber of the Pyramid.
01:07:15.000 --> 01:07:18.000
But these ones were not hidden.
01:07:18.000 --> 01:07:21.000
And these ones exit the pyramid.
01:07:21.000 --> 01:07:24.000
These shafts in the Queen's Chamber do not exit the pyramid.
01:07:24.000 --> 01:07:27.000
And they're dressed in
01:07:27.000 --> 01:07:30.000
very highly polished turra white limestone
01:07:30.000 --> 01:07:33.000
before they stop.
01:07:33.000 --> 01:07:36.000
No idea what's going on here.
01:07:37.000 --> 01:07:40.000
Okay, but let's continue here.
01:07:40.000 --> 01:07:43.000
So these shafts, like I said,
01:07:43.000 --> 01:07:46.000
originally close off.
01:07:46.000 --> 01:07:49.000
They extend through the core of the pyramid
01:07:49.000 --> 01:07:52.000
and they stop before the exterior of the pyramid
01:07:52.000 --> 01:07:55.000
at a small plugging stone, and we don't know
01:07:55.000 --> 01:07:58.000
what the heck these are for.
01:08:01.000 --> 01:08:04.000
At the upper end of the grand gallery,
01:08:04.000 --> 01:08:07.000
there's another horizontal passage.
01:08:07.000 --> 01:08:10.000
So now we're above the Queen's Chamber.
01:08:10.000 --> 01:08:13.000
There's another horizontal passage
01:08:13.000 --> 01:08:16.000
and this leads to the burial chamber
01:08:16.000 --> 01:08:19.000
that we call the King's Chamber.
01:08:19.000 --> 01:08:22.000
And this was built entirely
01:08:22.000 --> 01:08:25.000
of pink Aswan granite.
01:08:25.000 --> 01:08:28.000
Remember I mentioned that stone earlier?
01:08:28.000 --> 01:08:31.000
They brought this stone in from 800 kilometers south
01:08:31.000 --> 01:08:34.000
of Aswan. It's the only place in Egypt
01:08:34.000 --> 01:08:37.000
that you can get this type of granite, so we know exactly where it came from.
01:08:37.000 --> 01:08:40.000
And we actually know the quarry site as well.
01:08:40.000 --> 01:08:43.000
And this is heavy, heavy, heavy stone.
01:08:43.000 --> 01:08:46.000
So this burial chamber,
01:08:46.000 --> 01:08:49.000
it houses a granite sarcophagus,
01:08:49.000 --> 01:08:52.000
which again is from that same pink Aswan granite.
01:08:52.000 --> 01:08:55.000
And it's in this sarcophagus
01:08:55.000 --> 01:08:58.000
that King Khufu is presumably
01:08:58.000 --> 01:09:01.000
to have been laid to rest.
01:09:01.000 --> 01:09:04.000
There's nine granite blocks,
01:09:04.000 --> 01:09:07.000
with a combined weight of 400 tons,
01:09:07.000 --> 01:09:10.000
that make up the ceiling of the chamber.
01:09:13.000 --> 01:09:16.000
And then a small shaft,
01:09:16.000 --> 01:09:19.000
like those in the Queen's Chamber, remember I mentioned this,
01:09:19.000 --> 01:09:22.000
is found on the north and the south walls.
01:09:22.000 --> 01:09:25.000
Only in this case, they exit the pyramid.
01:09:25.000 --> 01:09:28.000
So why were the Queen's Chamber shafts
01:09:28.000 --> 01:09:31.000
cut off before exiting?
01:09:31.000 --> 01:09:34.000
But the King's Chamber shafts do exit.
01:09:34.000 --> 01:09:37.000
Are they soul shafts?
01:09:37.000 --> 01:09:40.000
Because Khufu was buried in what we believe
01:09:40.000 --> 01:09:43.000
is the King's Chamber with that sarcophagus.
01:09:43.000 --> 01:09:46.000
Do those exit the chamber in order to allow
01:09:46.000 --> 01:09:49.000
the King's soul to exit the pyramid?
01:09:49.000 --> 01:09:52.000
And there has been some study,
01:09:52.000 --> 01:09:55.000
I think mostly by Robert Reuval,
01:09:55.000 --> 01:09:58.000
on the alignment or potential alignment
01:09:58.000 --> 01:10:01.000
not only of the pyramids themselves
01:10:01.000 --> 01:10:04.000
with certain stars,
01:10:04.000 --> 01:10:07.000
but specifically these shafts,
01:10:07.000 --> 01:10:10.000
their exit point, and they do point at stars
01:10:10.000 --> 01:10:13.000
that were significant to the Egyptian
01:10:13.000 --> 01:10:16.000
understanding of their cosmology.
01:10:16.000 --> 01:10:19.000
So to speculate, it is possible, I guess,
01:10:19.000 --> 01:10:22.000
that these shafts served this function
01:10:22.000 --> 01:10:25.000
of an exit source for the King's soul
01:10:25.000 --> 01:10:28.000
to make the transition into the afterlife
01:10:28.000 --> 01:10:31.000
and become one of the stars.
01:10:31.000 --> 01:10:34.000
But if that's the case,
01:10:34.000 --> 01:10:37.000
why don't we see these anywhere else?
01:10:37.000 --> 01:10:40.000
You would think if this was a cosmology
01:10:40.000 --> 01:10:43.000
that had developed at the time of Khufu,
01:10:43.000 --> 01:10:46.000
you would think that we would see it
01:10:46.000 --> 01:10:49.000
in Dijedfray's pyramid,
01:10:49.000 --> 01:10:52.000
in Khafre's pyramid,
01:10:52.000 --> 01:10:55.000
in Menkare's pyramid. We don't.
01:10:55.000 --> 01:10:58.000
These are unique to Khufu's pyramid.
01:10:58.000 --> 01:11:01.000
There's some indication that there might be
01:11:01.000 --> 01:11:04.000
the beginning of a similar shaft
01:11:04.000 --> 01:11:07.000
in Khafre's pyramid, but not really.
01:11:07.000 --> 01:11:10.000
So, like I said, what the heck,
01:11:10.000 --> 01:11:13.000
we don't know what's going on here.
01:11:13.000 --> 01:11:16.000
Still, with the pyramids,
01:11:16.000 --> 01:11:19.000
but not with their core function.
01:11:22.000 --> 01:11:25.000
So to continue, above the King's chamber
01:11:25.000 --> 01:11:28.000
there's five chambers,
01:11:28.000 --> 01:11:31.000
we call them relieving chambers,
01:11:31.000 --> 01:11:34.000
and we think they were designed to
01:11:34.000 --> 01:11:37.000
distribute the weight of the core blocks above it.
01:11:37.000 --> 01:11:40.000
And then at the very top of these relieving chambers
01:11:40.000 --> 01:11:43.000
there's a tent-like stone
01:11:43.000 --> 01:11:46.000
where they're angled
01:11:46.000 --> 01:11:49.000
to form this pitch,
01:11:49.000 --> 01:11:52.000
like a standard pitch on a house today.
01:11:52.000 --> 01:11:55.000
And they're built to
01:11:55.000 --> 01:11:58.000
resist the weight of all the stone
01:11:58.000 --> 01:12:01.000
above the chamber so it doesn't collapse the chamber.
01:12:01.000 --> 01:12:04.000
But, within these chambers
01:12:04.000 --> 01:12:07.000
we found several quarry marks.
01:12:07.000 --> 01:12:10.000
And some of these quarry marks
01:12:10.000 --> 01:12:13.000
list Khufu's names.
01:12:13.000 --> 01:12:16.000
And they really do serve as evidence
01:12:16.000 --> 01:12:19.000
for support of the attribution of the
01:12:19.000 --> 01:12:22.000
Great Pyramid to Khufu.
01:12:22.000 --> 01:12:25.000
And these quarry marks often,
01:12:25.000 --> 01:12:28.000
they continue between blocks and around corners.
01:12:28.000 --> 01:12:31.000
Where there's no way that
01:12:31.000 --> 01:12:34.000
you could get in there and
01:12:34.000 --> 01:12:37.000
and daub these red ochre
01:12:37.000 --> 01:12:40.000
cartouches.
01:12:40.000 --> 01:12:43.000
And I think actually one of the quarry marks,
01:12:43.000 --> 01:12:46.000
they mention the, okay, when the Egyptians
01:12:46.000 --> 01:12:49.000
were building pyramids they were organized into these workers' gangs, right?
01:12:49.000 --> 01:12:52.000
So you might have, I don't know, a dozen people.
01:12:52.000 --> 01:12:55.000
And you would work with these same people
01:12:55.000 --> 01:12:58.000
to pull these blocks around.
01:12:58.000 --> 01:13:01.000
And because they're humans,
01:13:01.000 --> 01:13:04.000
they're just like us. They often
01:13:04.000 --> 01:13:07.000
come up with pretty funny names for their own
01:13:07.000 --> 01:13:10.000
workers' gangs. So one of these is the
01:13:10.000 --> 01:13:13.000
drunken workmen of Menkure was one,
01:13:13.000 --> 01:13:16.000
with the Menkure pyramid. And these quarry marks
01:13:16.000 --> 01:13:19.000
in Khufu, they mention some of the names of the
01:13:19.000 --> 01:13:22.000
work gangs that were responsible
01:13:22.000 --> 01:13:25.000
for, I assume, daubing these quarry marks.
01:13:25.000 --> 01:13:28.000
And like I said, it's made out of red ochre,
01:13:28.000 --> 01:13:31.000
which is a mineral. So unfortunately we can't
01:13:31.000 --> 01:13:34.000
carbon date it because it's a mineral
01:13:34.000 --> 01:13:37.000
and not organic material.
01:13:37.000 --> 01:13:40.000
But it does serve
01:13:40.000 --> 01:13:43.000
as evidence for attributing the Great Pyramid
01:13:43.000 --> 01:13:46.000
to Khufu. So I guess
01:13:46.000 --> 01:13:49.000
we're, there's no way
01:13:49.000 --> 01:13:52.000
I'm going to be able to get to all the pyramids.
01:13:52.000 --> 01:13:55.000
I guess we'll leave it around here now.
01:13:55.000 --> 01:13:58.000
I went from the beginning of the pyramid construction
01:13:58.000 --> 01:14:01.000
in ancient Egypt up until its
01:14:01.000 --> 01:14:04.000
quote-unquote peak in the reign of
01:14:04.000 --> 01:14:07.000
Khufu. So I won't go further
01:14:07.000 --> 01:14:10.000
in other pyramids, but it is
01:14:10.000 --> 01:14:13.000
important that
01:14:13.000 --> 01:14:16.000
to realize that in order to properly
01:14:16.000 --> 01:14:19.000
understand the function of the pyramids of Egypt,
01:14:19.000 --> 01:14:22.000
we really have to study the
01:14:22.000 --> 01:14:25.000
development of the Royal Egyptian Mortuary
01:14:25.000 --> 01:14:28.000
complex as a whole, within
01:14:28.000 --> 01:14:31.000
the context of ancient Egyptian cultural influences
01:14:31.000 --> 01:14:34.000
at the time. The pyramids did not
01:14:34.000 --> 01:14:37.000
spring up overnight, but they're
01:14:37.000 --> 01:14:40.000
the end result of an evolution spanning
01:14:40.000 --> 01:14:43.000
over a dozen generations. The problem
01:14:43.000 --> 01:14:46.000
is all too often this development is ignored.
01:14:46.000 --> 01:14:49.000
You watch the History Channel, the Discovery Channel,
01:14:49.000 --> 01:14:52.000
the TLC, you watch all those documentaries about
01:14:52.000 --> 01:14:55.000
the pyramids and aliens and Atlantis and all
01:14:55.000 --> 01:14:58.000
that. They always ignore
01:14:58.000 --> 01:15:01.000
the development, the evidence that we're aware of
01:15:01.000 --> 01:15:04.000
for the learning process that
01:15:04.000 --> 01:15:07.000
was, you know,
01:15:07.000 --> 01:15:10.000
evidenced in these pyramids.
01:15:10.000 --> 01:15:13.000
So this development is ignored.
01:15:13.000 --> 01:15:16.000
And the three pyramids at Giza are isolated.
01:15:16.000 --> 01:15:19.000
The pyramid of Khufu, Kaffir, and Menkare. They isolate
01:15:19.000 --> 01:15:22.000
these three pyramids, and kind of call it the Great
01:15:22.000 --> 01:15:25.000
Pyramid Isolation Syndrome. And it really does run
01:15:25.000 --> 01:15:28.000
rampant throughout many of the more fringe
01:15:28.000 --> 01:15:31.000
circles today. And it nullifies
01:15:31.000 --> 01:15:34.000
the ability to objectively look at the
01:15:34.000 --> 01:15:37.000
evidence explaining the function and development of the
01:15:37.000 --> 01:15:40.000
Royal Egyptian Funerary Complex. But it's
01:15:40.000 --> 01:15:43.000
only through the study of this gradual, but
01:15:43.000 --> 01:15:46.000
completely evidenced evolution that the ancient
01:15:46.000 --> 01:15:49.000
Egyptians can really truly be appreciated
01:15:49.000 --> 01:15:52.000
and their accomplishments properly credited.
01:15:52.000 --> 01:15:55.000
So the ancient Egyptians would
01:15:55.000 --> 01:15:58.000
continue to build pyramids, right?
01:15:58.000 --> 01:16:01.000
Dijed Frey would next build at Abu Ruwaash
01:16:01.000 --> 01:16:04.000
a smaller pyramid. There's some
01:16:04.000 --> 01:16:07.000
speculation that he may have been involved
01:16:07.000 --> 01:16:10.000
in the potential murder of
01:16:10.000 --> 01:16:13.000
Nawab, who was the son of Khufu and Crown
01:16:13.000 --> 01:16:16.000
Prince, who should have come next to the throne.
01:16:16.000 --> 01:16:19.000
Another podcast I'm going to do is on the
01:16:19.000 --> 01:16:22.000
sons of Khufu, and we'll touch upon that.
01:16:22.000 --> 01:16:25.000
And after Dijed Frey came Kaffir,
01:16:25.000 --> 01:16:28.000
whose pyramid was only three meters smaller than Khufu's.
01:16:28.000 --> 01:16:31.000
So he was able to make use of the lessons
01:16:31.000 --> 01:16:34.000
learned during the construction of Khufu's
01:16:34.000 --> 01:16:37.000
pyramid and incorporate those lessons
01:16:37.000 --> 01:16:40.000
into his own pyramid. But here we're starting
01:16:40.000 --> 01:16:43.000
to see an evolution of
01:16:43.000 --> 01:16:46.000
the Egyptian religious cult, right?
01:16:46.000 --> 01:16:49.000
And it's with his pyramid that we have the inclusion
01:16:49.000 --> 01:16:52.000
of the Sphinx Temple and the Sphinx itself.
01:16:52.000 --> 01:16:55.000
And then after Kaffir comes Menkaaray, who also
01:16:55.000 --> 01:16:58.000
built Agiza, and would be the last
01:16:58.000 --> 01:17:01.000
Egyptian king to build a pyramid Agiza.
01:17:01.000 --> 01:17:04.000
Potentially not the last Egyptian king to build a tomb there, though.
01:17:04.000 --> 01:17:07.000
Because potentially, maybe,
01:17:07.000 --> 01:17:10.000
there was an Egyptian female king in the
01:17:10.000 --> 01:17:13.000
Old Kingdom, Kent Kawas, who built
01:17:13.000 --> 01:17:16.000
very close to Kaffiray's causeway.
01:17:16.000 --> 01:17:19.000
But again, that might be a topic for a later one.
01:17:19.000 --> 01:17:22.000
So just to summarize here, it is important to
01:17:22.000 --> 01:17:25.000
not isolate a single pyramid
01:17:25.000 --> 01:17:28.000
and marvel at this feature or that
01:17:28.000 --> 01:17:31.000
feature, but instead
01:17:31.000 --> 01:17:34.000
approach the pyramids from an understanding
01:17:34.000 --> 01:17:37.000
of their beginnings and
01:17:37.000 --> 01:17:40.000
their development,
01:17:40.000 --> 01:17:43.000
their errors in development,
01:17:43.000 --> 01:17:46.000
the lessons learned in those developments, their religious
01:17:46.000 --> 01:17:49.000
context and religious function
01:17:49.000 --> 01:17:52.000
in their gradual development.
01:17:52.000 --> 01:17:55.000
To look at the Egyptian pyramids
01:17:55.000 --> 01:17:58.000
as really machines,
01:17:58.000 --> 01:18:01.000
to use a term,
01:18:01.000 --> 01:18:04.000
making use of a
01:18:04.000 --> 01:18:07.000
cultural practice inherent within the
01:18:07.000 --> 01:18:10.000
Egyptian civilization itself.
01:18:10.000 --> 01:18:13.000
With that, I guess we're over an hour here as well.
01:18:13.000 --> 01:18:16.000
I'll cut this one off, and I hope
01:18:16.000 --> 01:18:19.000
you found it interesting, and we'll see you with the next one.
01:18:28.000 --> 01:18:31.000
.
01:18:31.000 --> 01:18:34.000
.
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