1
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you
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you
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here are some major pyramids in their relative proportions those from Jozer to
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Khufu were constructed over a single century about 4600 years ago this is the
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development phase of pyramid building reaching its apex in the Great Pyramid
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of Giza whatever methods the Egyptians used were therefore well developed
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prior to the building of the Great Pyramid for a sense of proportion the
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Hoover Dam is much taller than the pyramids but has about the same volume
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as the Khufu pyramid with the completion of the Great Pyramid those of Khafre
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and Menkari completed the main phase of pyramid building after these no more
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large stone pyramids were built the construction materials available to the
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Egyptians of the Old Kingdom were limited to copper some iron not likely
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made by them plenty of stone wood from abroad rope and profusion and woven
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cloth and animal skins we might also include enormous quantities of mud clay
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plants and whatever animal products might be useful besides leather the
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primary difference between them and us is plastic and electricity they were
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entirely organic whereas we are highly artificial in our industry in the area
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of machines I contend that they could make and use wheels may have used copper
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bearings which is certainly debatable they are known to have used straight and
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tubular drills for stonework I contend that they must have had some kind of
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rock tongs to pick up fairly large stones with various sorts of crane devices
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they certainly had some sort of lathe with which to make the stone bowls and
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pottery the evidence of this is overwhelming when a pyramid is half its
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height it is nearly 90% complete by value and the great pyramid is nearly
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half done or is only 100 feet tall also when half its height the area available
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to work on at the top is 1 fourth of the area of the first layer of stones but
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even though there's room for only 1 fourth of workers on top they only have
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to place 1 fourth the number of stones to complete that level therefore we
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might expect on this account only that the courses could be laid down about
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the same rate all the way up albeit with less and less workers needed the larger
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the blocks used the less work because it is easier to cut one block than eight
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that are half the diameter since those eight have twice the surface area that
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needs to be cleaved and the cumulative slop that develops when stacking them is
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half as problematic with larger stones consequently the biggest stones that can
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be comfortably handled are the ones to be used the strength of materials goes
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up with the square of the size while the volume goes up to the cube therefore
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wouldn't beam twice as long but of the same form as another's four times as
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strong and eight times as heavy that's when you scale things up bigger and
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eventually break because of strength can't keep up with their weight and in
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pyramids and obelisks we're dealing with really huge blocks of stone when working
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with wood we make triangles everywhere because the ends are geometrically fixed
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when you make squares they tend to collapse into parallelograms standard
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procedure then be to drill holes insert pegs then wrap with rope to make a long
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beam we put four boards around them peg it and wrap with rope the resulting beam
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can be made as strong as or stronger than a continuous beam rope strung
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between two fixed points perpendicular to the gravitational gradient cannot be
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pulled straight except by infinite force hence high tension wires have a
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certain slack in them that minimizes cost in ancient Egypt they would transmit
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power only by ropes mechanically as by pulling a long heavy rope under tension
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with only terminal restraints as characteristic wave pattern problems
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that have to be dealt with
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raising two and a half tons to 240 feet is equivalent to a man climbing up an
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8800 foot stairwell but this is well below the Guinness Book World Record of
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33,000 feet in 12 hours for a 10-hour day the work rate would be about one
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third of the world record rate if each man were to output enough energy to
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raise one such block half the height of the pyramid
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here's the lathe schematic using a spool and rope drive it must have had a lathe
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to work the stone bowls of which 40,000 were found mostly broken in Jozer's
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pyramid which was built long before the Great Pyramid clearly these couldn't be
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made by chipping them with a copper tool they're too round and if you chip too
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many times on thin rock the micro cracks created with every hit eventually join
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the rock breaks into pieces they have to be turned on a lathe and cut smoothly
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tangentially modern Egyptians use a straight saw without teeth made from
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copper to show tourists how rock was cut in ancient times it works okay but not
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as well as modern equipment the sawdust would be part granite and part copper so
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it would be taken up and re smelted to make new saws out of the same copper
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they might also have been able to make an articulated circular saw with a rope
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drive round holes were drilled with a copper pipe however they can't show this
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to the tourists because it doesn't work with just a pipe and sand to drill a
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hole requires that some room be available for the detritus to get out of
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the hole if not the energy that would have gone for cutting will instead go
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simply to eat the rock and copper it would just start to smoke to actually
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cut the hole requires that a rock cutter wider than the pipe wall be driven by
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the copper pipe this would do the actual cutting and the detritus would find its
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way up and out of the hole on the sides of the copper pipe you need at least two
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cutting pieces or the pipe will be unstable in the hole there is also
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evidence of possible diamond cutting tools because some holes drilled in
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granite have spiral tool marks with feed rates of as much as an eighth inch per
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rotation to make these would require great pressure with slow rotation as in
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a drill press wherein quick drilling is accomplished by great force with slow
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speed rather than what we now accomplish with light force and a high
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speed electric drill here's a drill press schematic utilizing a lever and
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pressure bearings it's powered by a rope drive to oxen we'd be looking at a
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factory setting here in some mass production to run lots of ancient power
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tools oxen are harnessed to a large spool to turn the rope drive at a slow
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rate with great force the rope can then be attached to smaller spools which
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were rotated faster rates in the same way as gears I estimate that the
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fastest rotation rates reasonably achievable by a rope drive system is
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probably no greater than 600 rpm that's spinning 10 times per second and that
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would be a useful velocity for an ancient lathe to run effective power
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transmission through ropes we need to prevent slippage this is accomplished by
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wrapping the rope around the spool at least 540 degrees I show here 900
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degrees or two and a half turns one requirement for accomplishing the needed
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positive displacement is that the spool cylinder be slightly slanted shown
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exaggerated here this allows the rope to slide over the cylinder surface to get
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out of the way of the new rope just entering the spool from the output
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spool if the slant is too great it will bunch up on the other end the exact
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angle depends on the slip of the cylinder and the rope together the
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choice here is entirely empirical it is also possible to change the direction of
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the power output by 90 degrees simply by turning the receiver spool by 90 degrees
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before applying the rope we can take two spools with parallel axes of
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rotation and turn one to 90 degrees after the ropes are on but the two who
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rope lines to and from will necessarily touch causing unnecessary wear on the
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ropes by friction there's a good deal more for rope drives than meets the eye
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it's an entire technology with which we are no longer familiar in the 21st
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century is not generally conceded that ancient peoples could make and utilize
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bearings however there was nothing preventing them from doing so if you can
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smelt copper and cut granite you can make bearings here's a granite core from
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a drill hole we mounted in a mold and pour liquid copper down the hole when it
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cools we break the mold and get a large copper bearing we could also use granite
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chips mixed with copper and coat that with a smooth pure copper cladding the
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same is true for ball bearings the use of granite is a bulk out the bearing
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with cheap rock that takes well to pressure and save the copper which is
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much more expensive we need to make a race for the bearings that keeps them in
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line space properly we just make a mold pour the copper and wait till it cools
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then we make some copper rivets to put into wood spacers and the race is made
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this is all well within the capabilities of anyone who could pour liquid copper
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into a mold whether they actually did so is another matter here's a finished
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roller for rope hauling on the pyramid project if they didn't use bearings they
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would have used copper sleeves with whatever animal or plant material they
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had that would pass for grease copper has excellent heat dissipation properties
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so copper sleeves would also work just not as well as bearings when used with a
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larger wheel the total heat energy deposited in the copper sleeve can be
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greatly lessened because though the pressure remains the same on the sleeve
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it makes fewer turns to get a given pulling job done
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pictures of the quarry beds around Giza show slabs of source rock with narrow
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channels dug between them the channels look to be about two feet wide they cut
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the slabs apart in the standard manner with a plug and feather method shown in
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many other videos then use levers to dump them on the wooden sledges running
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these sledges over dry ground is too hard it would not have been done for over
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2 million blocks sliding them on mud contained within a wooden mud track
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would be preferable here two tracks are lined with pitch to help retain the
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water while giving the pullers a dry place to walk the tracks would have to
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be a little wider to accommodate turning I put an animal skin water bag with a
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steady dripper to save on hauling water evaporation in the Egyptian heat must
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have been a big problem with mud hauling systems they had plenty of
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experience with mud and probably had different kinds that were slick as snot
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on a doorknob whatever specialized mud knowledge they had is now lost with all
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that hauling the track system might look like an exposed Grand Central Station
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for my part I think in terms of wheels which Egyptologists say they did not use
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because they didn't know what a wheel was perhaps not but here are some wheel
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carts anyway they certainly could have made them with the tools then available
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a two-wheeled cart of this type is practical for man-powered short hauls of
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stones in the one to three metric ton range the wheels are quite large and wide
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so as to roll on sand or any fairly irregular surface pulled by a dozen men
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or so this folks can be made to any degree of strength so there is no
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breakage problem if we incorporate bearings to or grease sliding copper
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sleeves we're off to the pyramid several times per day per cart here's a design I
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call crane style because it can be used as a small crane and we can grab a rock
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some distance away from the wheelbase and pull it in close to the axle for
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greater leverage a movable extension gives temporary leverage or could
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accommodate more pullers the weight of the rock can be directly under the axle
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if we split the axle in two pieces so that the tongue takes no force to hold
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down during transit the mast can be used to lower a block into a hole by means of
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a rope one man can then lower it by utilizing the friction of the rope on
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wood around the upper beam it is necessary to lower some blocks into
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holes by the geometry of the construction if the pyramids casing
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blocks are laid first to grab the rocks to be hauled in an efficient manner I
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designed some rock tongues made with copper wheels with offset axles the
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object is a quickly engage the object piece without unnecessary travel since
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the cams are already touching the piece when applied lifting produces the most
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rapid tightening I could think of you put the gizmo on the rock and it's up in
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here and perhaps two inches putting the piece in the hole the cams touch the
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side which forces them to open thus releasing the rock to drop their main
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distance the cam arms would slide in the harness to accommodate different
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sizes of rocks and would be secured by a rope and boat cleat system which is
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quick and has little or no give to it the stones of the first couple of layers
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of the pyramid are quite a bit larger than the others here's a tractor to haul
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them and the method of its use a wooden truss bears the weight we hook up the
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stone the ropes then run it up on four wood ramps with a small dip in the high
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point so that will settle there easily next we put sand under the load detach
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the ropes move the tractor back off the ramps take the ramps away move the
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tractor back over the load and reattach the ropes lastly we take out the sand
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under the load and it is suspended a few inches above ground level good to go
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here's a rear view and the top view note that we need a sliding or ball bearing
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to take the weight on the front steering assembly the big tractor won't fit into
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the quarry rows so something narrower is needed to take out one or two tons
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stones this will be a two-wheeled piece the wheels of which will be about two
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feet in height and the width of the combine wheels about two feet also the
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bearing shown could be replaced by sliding sleeves as well the spokes are
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extremely robust and will easily take this weight the wheel itself has a two
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ply tread all fitted together with wooden dowels that allow total
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disassembly if required as when the outer tread pieces become worn by use in
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this front view there are two grooves cut into the outer tread to accommodate
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the rope that binds it all together there are holes to pass the rope through
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to the inside of the wheel for fastening a stick is inserted into the
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now tied rope and twisted to take up the slack and tighten the construction then
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it's inserted between the spokes to secure it from unwinding we mount it to
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the axle and apply two wheel covers to keep out the dirt and two copper washers
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for them to slide against preventing wear on the wood the wheel is secured to
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the axle with a dowel pounded in with a mallet here's the finished assembly to
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which we fit the tongue which has a copper male in that fits into the female
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end of the cam tongue assembly made for this apparatus it's picked up at both
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ends and this way we get the leverage to raise a stone and don't have to put the
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load between the wheels which is impossible within the confines of the
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quarry lanes and we can get a pretty good turning radius as well
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all ramp ideas propose a single feeder method that is stones follow one after
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another as an akanga line for the Great Pyramid this means that one stone had
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to be placed roughly every four and a half minutes continuously day and night
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year round to complete the pyramid in 20 years if on the other hand one uses a
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multiple feeder method as in going up the sides of the pyramid it is possible
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that for the first half of the pyramids height as many as 100 feeder lines could
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be used one obvious flaw in Jean-Pierre Houdin's theory of an interior ramp is
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that no one has seen coming down you only see men dragging stones up how do
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they get down with their empty sledge do they squeeze by in the narrow corridor
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passing those on the way up they might have to pass 100 other sledges who are
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still on their way up each was say 25 guys hauling do they then say excuse me
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please may pass a thousand times on the way down if everything goes up in a
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conga line what happens when there's an accident or problem the conga line
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stops just like an assembly line making cars are there two lane ramps or double
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screw threads one up and one down and they work at night really with multiple
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feeder lines thousands of stones per day could get to the top and the pyramid
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could be built in months instead of decades if getting them up there were
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the only problem all things considered less than 10 years is most probable
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certainly not 20 years working day and night in a conga line placing only 315
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stones per day that's ridiculous
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the first couple of courses are very heavy stones in the nine ton range a
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standard ramp would be used here but after 10 feet up or so they'd be
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installing another method which is simpler than building a huge ramp we put
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two roller bearing units on top and cut out a space in the earthen ramp sure
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this up and install a slanted dumb waiter two hauling ropes are connected to
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either side of the dumb waiter which go over the bearing units and back down to
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buried bearing units then out to the haulers by way of underground rope
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passages this keeps the ropes out of the way of the workers delivering stones to
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the dumb waiter at the level depicted they could deliver more stones than the
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people on top could possibly set as many as 20,000 therefore it is important to
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keep the haulers off the top so that they are not interfering with the
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setters no men would be stationed on the sides they would be all on the top or at
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the base of the pyramid with the exception of maintenance workers this is
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the fastest way to deliver rocks to the top of a pyramid there could be tracks
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going up any side of the pyramid in the manner of slanted scaffolding but I
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forgot to draw the scaffolding in this picture here's one of the tractors for
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the big blocks which were finished with at this point the hauling ropes emerged
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from the underground passage far enough away from the loading action so as not to
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interfere they slide along in a v-shaped trial where it is connected to hauling
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poles this is necessary because a long rope will develop waves in it and can
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flip the load off the dumb waiter if the mass of the rope is comparable to the
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load mass a rope through which a pulling force is transmitted cannot in general
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be left hanging over long distances and there are two ropes per dumb waiter so
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a line of haulers 40 by 5 wide would cover about two-thirds of a football
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field 200 men do all the two and a half ton block up is reasonable however at
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the 240 foot level half the height of the pyramid 150 blocks per day would
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require that the men walk about 17 miles that's too far at that level I'd cut the
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workload in half to 75 blocks per day per dumb waiter so if there are only 40
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feed lines at 75 blocks per day you'd still get 3,000 blocks per day to the top
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here we come to a most important problem shade it's very hot the entire route
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should be shaded with some cheap woven reed mat thing which shades the men but
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doesn't inhibit airflow in keeping with that they need to be watered
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constantly and perhaps fed here's the restroom but they won't use it much
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because they'll be pretty dried out after days work and they'll all be
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constipated too what they do need is a shower that is I would refuse to do this
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kind of work if I could not shower afterwards
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and they need to be at their best when they visit here comes wait for it the
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ubiquitous entertainment tent
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up top there are two basic stones the facing to our limestones and the crudely
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made interior limestone blocks the first problem here is we need to level
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each course so we can work on the area in the quarry from which the interior
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stones are to be cut must be selected first because these will all be about
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the same thickness given the way these blocks break away from the bed therein
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when this is done an order is sent to the Torah stone quarry across the Nile
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to trim the facing stones to the interior stone specs so that the next
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pyramid course will come out level and we won't get the gapping problem shown
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Egyptologist state that there is a difficulty with checking the progress of
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the pyramids construction if a ramp were to cover the sides this assumption is
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false it is not necessary to cite the pyramid at all from the sides provided
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that it starts out with reasonable accuracy we can access all the
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measurements we need at the top of the pyramid only these measurements will
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ensure that the structure is properly built all the way up what we need to do
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is complete a given course and halt production for time to take measurements
26:31.700 --> 26:37.220
we need twine long enough to check the lengths of the sides for equality then
26:37.220 --> 26:43.220
check the diagonal for square that is measure one diagonal AB and see if the
26:43.220 --> 26:49.220
other diagonal CD is the same using that same piece of twine and this could be
26:49.220 --> 26:52.460
done several times in the readings average to see if it was within
26:52.460 --> 26:58.600
tolerances now we do roughly the same thing for the midpoint sides where the
26:58.600 --> 27:04.120
slightly angled stone is placed to make the eight-sided pyramid and we check EF
27:04.120 --> 27:11.280
for equality with GH we also need to check the short lengths for equality in
27:11.280 --> 27:20.600
case the EF GH square has rotated inside the ABCD square and to see if ABCD has
27:20.600 --> 27:25.880
rotated from the previous courses we align two marks with a pole star or
27:26.560 --> 27:34.120
other marks with known landmarks to check that all relevant points are level
27:34.120 --> 27:39.760
and coplanar we need a surveying instrument consisting of a water filled
27:39.760 --> 27:45.280
X trial with leveling marks inscribed in the trial attached to wire sites as
27:45.280 --> 27:50.600
shown to do this the instrument must be at the correct height relative to
27:50.600 --> 27:57.040
standard markers placed at the points to be checked we need measurements for ABCD
27:57.040 --> 28:04.200
and EF GH done at the same trial height if all is well production proceeds if
28:04.200 --> 28:09.800
the structure is out of spec corrective measures must be devised and taken in
28:09.800 --> 28:17.440
the next course because the Torah facing stones are cut to templates that have no
28:17.440 --> 28:22.720
inherent left right or up down bias they will undoubtedly be within spec
28:22.720 --> 28:28.040
throughout the pyramid construction hence it is quite probable that if the
28:28.040 --> 28:32.680
facing stones are carefully assembled the pyramid will come out right without
28:32.680 --> 28:37.440
ever measuring anything at all on site after the first course has been set
28:37.440 --> 28:43.900
being that there are only 210 courses in all if you are off by one quarter of an
28:43.900 --> 28:49.180
inch per course you'd be off by about four feet at the top that would be
28:49.180 --> 28:55.420
noticeable but again there is no cumulative bias when using templates or
28:55.420 --> 29:01.020
in the assembly venue so any error is likely to be offset by a corresponding
29:01.020 --> 29:08.820
error in the other direction there are five basic facing stone types the corner
29:08.820 --> 29:14.220
stones the center indents stones that force out the eight-sided pyramid all
29:14.220 --> 29:19.540
the straight stones of varying widths and a three stone set consisting of a
29:19.540 --> 29:25.340
right and left handed angled stone into which fits the final keystone because
29:25.340 --> 29:29.980
the corner stones and center in dense must be aligned first there are eight
29:29.980 --> 29:37.660
keystone sets per level the function of the keystone is to cover the cumulative
29:37.700 --> 29:43.540
slop inherent in positioning all the straight facing stones it is impossible
29:43.540 --> 29:49.660
that the last stone in each of the eight sides will fit properly and you can't
29:49.660 --> 29:56.260
slide a stone into place between two parallel planes it won't work the
29:56.260 --> 30:03.100
solution is to select straight stones of such widths that at the end the left and
30:03.100 --> 30:07.180
right handed stones make a hole just about right for the keystone to be
30:07.180 --> 30:13.740
inserted when inserted it will protrude over the edge slightly the stone is then
30:13.740 --> 30:19.060
marked with a line the keystone is withdrawn and dressed to proper size
30:19.060 --> 30:25.980
then reinserted to fit perfectly there is no way around this process note that
30:25.980 --> 30:31.300
the keystone is wider and longer at the rear to facilitate pulling it out with
30:31.300 --> 30:38.500
some type of tongs pushing the Torah facing stones into place is a delicate
30:38.500 --> 30:44.100
matter the entire visible face of the stone must not be chipped or it becomes
30:44.100 --> 30:49.580
useless or it have to be plaster corrected which is bad construction
30:49.580 --> 30:55.180
practice consequently a device must be used that is both strong enough to push
30:55.180 --> 31:00.660
a very heavy stone yet exact enough to slowly push it into place with great
31:00.660 --> 31:07.340
precision it must conform to a straight edge placed upon it in the previous
31:07.340 --> 31:14.780
stone below with as near to zero tolerance as is humanly possible this
31:14.780 --> 31:20.540
tool I call an insure is fixed to the previous layer by a spike shoved into
31:20.540 --> 31:25.620
an available crack and set up with the other end touching or nearly touching
31:25.620 --> 31:31.740
block to be moved spacer blocks of a sort of size are put into a gap in the
31:31.740 --> 31:37.100
device then the levers are used to advance the block and new spaces are put
31:37.100 --> 31:43.740
in to reset the two fulcrum pieces by the action of the lever you can see that
31:43.740 --> 31:48.580
can be used either in a push or pull configuration depending on available
31:48.580 --> 31:53.820
space or the preference of the workers the lever can be made long enough to
31:53.820 --> 32:00.140
accommodate as many workers as necessary the lever ratio is very high so
32:00.140 --> 32:04.260
that the stone moves only slightly for each push before resetting with other
32:04.260 --> 32:10.820
spacers and should be accurate to any spec they would have made if an idiot
32:10.820 --> 32:15.100
were to overshoot the edge there would be a problem because the front edge is
32:15.100 --> 32:20.900
delicate and the stone must be withdrawn one way to do this is to force the
32:20.900 --> 32:26.180
idiot to drill a hole and insert a pulling device such as the one shown and
32:26.180 --> 32:31.700
reverse the insure to pull it out enough to be flushed with a lower stone this
32:31.700 --> 32:36.460
would be a rare occurrence since an insure type tool would be very exact
32:36.460 --> 32:42.060
these stones are very heavy and cannot be moved by two guys with six foot long
32:42.060 --> 32:48.740
sticks it requires a lever of high ratio and slow movement all checked with a
32:48.740 --> 32:56.340
straight edge the interior stones are another story to get them into final
32:56.340 --> 33:01.940
position I've settled on what I call a crude mover you slap it on top of the
33:01.940 --> 33:06.420
stone tighten it and tie it off with a rope to bolt cleats or something similar
33:06.420 --> 33:13.140
this is a fast fit and several men push the lever back and forth while at the
33:13.140 --> 33:17.940
same time pushing it forward you can see why it will move forward when you add up
33:17.940 --> 33:23.340
the vectors the tactic is used in many places when just pushing doesn't work
33:23.340 --> 33:29.140
men will spontaneously move an object back and forth while pushing or pulling
33:29.140 --> 33:34.820
it they may not even know why it works but it does and quite easily and as a
33:34.820 --> 33:41.100
common practice there are several dozen very large blocks using the construction
33:41.100 --> 33:45.260
of the King's chamber of the Great Pyramid that I thought could be raised
33:45.260 --> 33:49.700
one level at a time by the rock and chalk method rocking the large stone
33:49.700 --> 33:55.500
block on the long axis and taking them up one level at a time this is quite
33:55.500 --> 34:02.620
feasible but they may have taken them up all at once as well at the base of the
34:02.620 --> 34:07.700
pyramid these very large stones would lend themselves to rolling when fitted
34:07.700 --> 34:10.540
with wheels but not in soft sand
34:15.260 --> 34:21.620
taking 60 tons up the side presents an interesting problem in engineering
34:21.620 --> 34:28.500
worth solving at least in principle seen from the end the blocks are put on two
34:28.500 --> 34:33.860
or three of the dumbwaiters though they can't be pulled up with them at best
34:33.860 --> 34:39.180
they are an assist the main force for raising them comes from ten ropes that
34:39.940 --> 34:48.780
go over a mast at the top level required the pivoting mast must split the overall
34:48.780 --> 34:55.060
rope angle such that angle a equals angle B since the force pulling is by
34:55.060 --> 35:00.740
definition equal to the force resisting the mast will remain stationary and
35:00.740 --> 35:07.740
needs no support when in tension when it gets to the top it would be difficult
35:07.740 --> 35:12.940
to the top it will slide off the dumbwaiter onto the top stones while the
35:12.940 --> 35:19.260
mast gradually keels over and falls but only after the large stone is securely
35:19.260 --> 35:25.300
on top then it can continue to be pulled along or disposed of in some other
35:25.300 --> 35:33.100
manner here is a view of the top mass with 10 6-ton ropes over roller or
35:33.140 --> 35:38.740
sleeve bearings these ropes go over the pyramid and down the other side where
35:38.740 --> 35:44.780
the force is applied they are attached to a counterweight under the sand that
35:44.780 --> 35:50.020
must take the weight of the entire stone so I've given it as 100 tons of
35:50.020 --> 35:55.780
counterweight each rope goes under a roller or sleeve bearing and into a
35:55.780 --> 36:01.820
trial where it encounters several cam wheels that allow only one-way motion
36:01.820 --> 36:06.820
thus if we stop pulling on the rope the stone cannot fall down the other face
36:06.820 --> 36:14.300
of pyramid it will stick in place in its present position now the rope goes
36:14.300 --> 36:19.700
to another ground level mast with a 10 to 1 lever arm it goes through another
36:19.700 --> 36:26.060
one-way cam trow so that when the lever arm is pulled the stone rises by another
36:26.060 --> 36:33.220
increment on this mast I've placed a counterweight to reset the mast after
36:33.220 --> 36:39.100
has been pulled otherwise some men would have to reset it each time it was pulled
36:39.100 --> 36:43.940
another guy collects the slack rope pulling it through the mast cam after
36:43.940 --> 36:46.420
reset
36:47.620 --> 36:53.380
here's a drawing of the initial bearings with a line of cam stops to keep the
36:53.380 --> 36:59.500
stone from falling on the other side of the pyramid here's what the mast might
36:59.500 --> 37:05.220
look like and here's the combined machine it's elaborate but this is what
37:05.220 --> 37:11.860
it would take minimally to get a large stone up in less than one day here's a
37:11.860 --> 37:17.260
bird's-eye view of the 600 men 60 per rope each pulling a 10 to 1 lever
37:17.260 --> 37:23.300
making them equivalent to 6,000 men we're here using leverage because it is
37:23.300 --> 37:28.700
difficult to deal with 6,000 men at once and there may be no room to stand them
37:28.700 --> 37:34.980
anyway the pyramid itself would actually be much larger than I've drawn it my
37:34.980 --> 37:40.100
estimate is that they could raise eight blocks per day using this method and
37:40.100 --> 37:45.980
that's about what they need for a given level once on top a method of moving
37:45.980 --> 37:51.140
them around would be the previously described mud track tactic the large
37:51.140 --> 37:57.620
block sits on two wide mud skids ropes are secured to the block itself not to
37:57.620 --> 38:03.300
the mud skid depending on the slipperiness of the medium perhaps 100
38:03.300 --> 38:08.900
men could pull the block on a horizontal track a method of turning and parking
38:08.900 --> 38:14.580
blocks is shown the block is moved toward its final destination and pushed
38:14.580 --> 38:19.940
off the skids onto the two blocks that supported that level by means of large
38:19.940 --> 38:22.940
wooden levers
38:29.140 --> 38:34.700
where the skid meets the resting blocks it is just a bit higher than those
38:34.700 --> 38:40.460
blocks so that the object block can be slid off the wedges are knocked out and
38:40.460 --> 38:44.860
the pins removed that allowed the skids to be pushed along with the block on the
38:44.860 --> 38:50.060
mud track this is the easiest method I can think of for moving those 60 ton
38:50.060 --> 38:57.660
blocks over a flat surface and getting them to their final position setting
38:57.660 --> 39:02.340
the last stones near the top of the pyramid presents a problem of insufficient
39:02.340 --> 39:06.820
space to work in and seemed to be best solved with a crane that has been
39:06.820 --> 39:12.420
hoisted up the fashion of other stones when the desired position is reached the
39:12.420 --> 39:17.020
crane must be secured to the track it must have a counterweight to prevent it
39:17.020 --> 39:23.340
from tipping over when used a stone is brought up and hooked to the crane then
39:23.340 --> 39:27.380
pull from the opposite side of the pyramid in position by such men as it can
39:27.380 --> 39:32.660
easily fit in the restricted work area at some point the roller assembly on the
39:32.660 --> 39:38.500
top must be removed in the final stones hauled up by the crane this requires
39:38.500 --> 39:43.300
that the dumb waiter be fixed temporarily to the track to use the crane on the
39:43.300 --> 39:49.740
stone itself or this might be done with a separate second rope this continues
39:49.740 --> 39:56.140
to the top where the pyramidion is finally set up to finish the job but
39:56.140 --> 39:59.660
before it can be placed we need to have a hootenanny with the assembled
39:59.660 --> 40:06.500
dignitaries perhaps the Pharaoh himself would be hauled up afterwards the last
40:06.500 --> 40:11.460
stone is dropped and the disassembly of the tracks begins we need a roller
40:11.460 --> 40:16.300
assembly once again but fixed this time to the track on the side of the pyramid
40:16.300 --> 40:21.860
the crane goes down as it was brought up an empty dumb waiter is brought up and
40:21.860 --> 40:26.180
workers clamor over the tracks disassembling them and stacking the wood
40:26.180 --> 40:32.820
on the dumb waiter when the tops of the tracks are gone the roller assembly must
40:32.820 --> 40:38.900
be manually lowered and the process repeated all the way down 480 feet to
40:38.900 --> 40:43.740
ground level this could take a couple of weeks finally it's over
40:43.740 --> 40:50.140
ooh-rah here's the whole thing again and stop action
40:56.180 --> 40:58.220
you
41:18.820 --> 41:23.940
in the grand gallery there are rows of holes on the benches on either side of
41:23.940 --> 41:30.700
the gallery their purpose I believe was to support a wooden walkway a stairwell
41:30.700 --> 41:36.060
on top of blocks which were to slide down to block the ascending passage
41:36.060 --> 41:41.860
however that walkway was never built and the holes in the sides were blocked up
41:41.860 --> 41:48.140
with a crudely made limestone block glued in with plaster across this
41:48.140 --> 41:52.900
alteration an area is crudely chipped out which may have been designed to
41:52.900 --> 41:59.700
accommodate a piece of wood again unused for whatever its intended purpose
41:59.700 --> 42:06.060
there is another crudely chiseled formation about 14 feet up the wall
42:06.060 --> 42:11.140
running the entire length of the gallery on either side it's about six
42:11.140 --> 42:16.340
inches wide and one inch deep I believe this was meant to accommodate another
42:16.340 --> 42:21.820
piece of lumber that would be used to support a ceiling over the walkway thus
42:21.860 --> 42:25.980
the funeral procession would have pulled the mummy up the gallery to the
42:25.980 --> 42:31.580
King's chamber but none of this was ever actually made for reasons we can only
42:31.580 --> 42:37.660
guess at one important feature of the interior that is not too much discussed
42:37.660 --> 42:43.420
is the absence of light and air for those working inside the supposed air
42:43.420 --> 42:48.300
shafts may have been just that relying on a difference in air pressure from one
42:48.300 --> 42:53.540
side of the pyramid to the other this wouldn't sure at least some airflow they
42:53.540 --> 42:57.460
would be sealed but not needed so that tomb robbers cannot assert a straight
42:57.460 --> 43:02.580
probe in sections down the hole by doing this they could locate the main chamber
43:02.580 --> 43:09.380
and thus know about where to aim their excavations miners can dig a tunnel into
43:09.380 --> 43:14.340
solid rock without too much difficulty and have been able to do so for
43:14.340 --> 43:19.060
millennia but if you don't know exactly where the treasure is you might turn
43:19.060 --> 43:24.940
the pyramid into Swiss cheese trying to hit the mother load think how tiny the
43:24.940 --> 43:30.460
King's chamber is in comparison to the volume of the pyramid and understand the
43:30.460 --> 43:37.780
difficulty in constructing a crawl tunnel through loose stonework what they
43:37.780 --> 43:43.460
need is air and light and they can't get that in a long thin tunnel for light you
43:43.460 --> 43:48.340
need torches or at least a candle in a very short tunnel you might reflect
43:48.340 --> 43:52.380
light from a polished metal mirror but that's no good for anything of great
43:52.380 --> 43:58.340
length and torches eat prodigious amounts of air to get the air to work on
43:58.340 --> 44:02.980
the inside of a pyramid you need a wooden duct work with working bellows to
44:02.980 --> 44:10.140
blow in the required quantity of oxygen here's a duct system that can accommodate
44:10.460 --> 44:15.420
torch lights and deliver air to breathe some of the blown in air is bled off
44:15.420 --> 44:20.340
before getting to the torch for people to breathe a low pressure is maintained
44:20.340 --> 44:25.740
in the outflow channel to suck out the carbon dioxide and smoke from the torch
44:25.740 --> 44:30.700
ideally both intake and outflow are pressured by bellows operated on the
44:30.700 --> 44:36.740
outside this is a continuous operation just like the old church organs where
44:36.780 --> 44:40.940
some kid had to pump air in the back of the organ or there was no music
44:40.940 --> 44:47.420
forthcoming if the bellow stops any men working with a torch inside must get out
44:47.420 --> 44:53.700
immediately or suffocate this is not a small problem here in the Grand Gallery
44:53.700 --> 44:59.380
what I believe they intended was to cover the stones poised to run down into
44:59.380 --> 45:04.740
the ascending passage with a stairwell over which the funeral procession would
45:04.740 --> 45:11.020
walk carrying Kufu's remains to place in the sarcophagus on the sides and
45:11.020 --> 45:16.060
above would be installed a wooden richly decorated tunnel prepared in a
45:16.060 --> 45:20.820
workshop outside of the pyramid then brought in and simply installed in the
45:20.820 --> 45:25.900
form of panels this would resolve the problem of not enough light for the
45:25.900 --> 45:32.860
hours to see what they're doing on each wall of the gallery about halfway up
45:32.860 --> 45:38.820
about 14 feet there's a crudely made groove six inches wide by one inch deep
45:38.820 --> 45:44.140
that runs the entire length of the gallery others have supposed it to be
45:44.140 --> 45:49.380
for a roof and I agree with us wood planks were to be inserted in this groove
45:49.380 --> 45:55.340
with cross beams locking them in place into these beams and in the side supports
45:55.340 --> 46:01.180
would be slots to lock in large panels of whatever artworks were to be used to
46:01.180 --> 46:04.180
decorate the tunnel
46:04.940 --> 46:12.220
we're missing something what is it oh yeah
46:14.860 --> 46:21.340
but none of this was ever actually made it appears that the abandon the idea of
46:21.340 --> 46:27.500
a walkway over the stones then abandoned the idea of a tunnel as well as though
46:27.500 --> 46:31.620
somebody said forget the walkway nobody's coming through this way and
46:31.620 --> 46:38.380
later I forget about the tunnel it's not needed either there must be two stages
46:38.380 --> 46:43.700
to the work stoppage because of the groove chisel out of the limestone plugs
46:43.700 --> 46:49.700
first they cancel a walkway and plug the hole then they cut a groove across the
46:49.700 --> 46:57.220
plug to accommodate a vertical beam for the panels then they cancel that too the
46:57.220 --> 47:02.180
stones which were to slide down the incline into the ascending passages may
47:02.180 --> 47:06.580
have been designed like this though there is no evidence even these were
47:06.580 --> 47:12.060
used if only the three granite plugs were used and the other plug stones were
47:12.060 --> 47:16.900
not used what did they do with those other stones were they pulled out from
47:16.900 --> 47:24.540
above canceled before the corbeling was finished anyway this is what I think
47:24.860 --> 47:31.180
they had in mind this is a compound lever system that's a relative of the
47:31.180 --> 47:36.580
clock escapement the design is to run down after everyone is safely out of the
47:36.580 --> 47:44.420
pyramid it's to be set off by a trip mechanism when a long rope is pulled this
47:44.420 --> 47:49.260
is a six to one lever for about two dozen stones one behind the other each
47:49.260 --> 47:54.580
with its own lever of the same type I did the math and found this was a limit
47:54.580 --> 47:59.780
problem wherein no matter how many stones are lined up the amount of force
47:59.780 --> 48:06.740
needed to hold them back is negligible and lends itself to a trip mechanism
48:06.740 --> 48:12.020
here's our line of stones when the tripstick is pulled out with a long rope
48:12.020 --> 48:18.020
from the outside the blocks slide down to the ascending passage the last three
48:18.020 --> 48:21.820
blocks would be the granite ones now blocking the beginning of the ascending
48:21.820 --> 48:27.380
passage I think this was originally intended to be a kinetic tomb defense
48:27.380 --> 48:33.860
like of which exists only in Indiana Jones type movies you know the gizmo where
48:33.860 --> 48:38.020
you step on the wrong stone and arrow shoot out of you in a big rock comes
48:38.020 --> 48:44.100
down and squashes you what I mean is that after the trap is set when a tomb
48:44.100 --> 48:49.580
robber comes he has to contend not with just heavy stones and false leads but
48:49.580 --> 48:55.820
also an active mechanism the first stone that goes into the descending passage
48:55.820 --> 49:01.620
it's a sandbag and stops it's made too big to go down the descending passage
49:01.620 --> 49:07.620
when the tomb robbers chop it out the next stone drops down and it is a little
49:07.620 --> 49:13.060
smaller and slides down the descending passage blocking it at the bottom then
49:13.060 --> 49:17.860
another large block comes down and the robbers have to chop it out and the same
49:17.860 --> 49:23.180
thing happens again this may be why the holes in the Grand Gallery are of
49:23.180 --> 49:30.620
alternating pairs of different sizes after dozen cycles of this any robbers
49:30.620 --> 49:35.460
still left are faced with this dilemma all grave goods are down under the
49:35.460 --> 49:39.980
pyramid or a mastaba they have to go down and chop out the blocks that went
49:39.980 --> 49:44.820
that way in the belief that that's where the treasure is if they look up at
49:44.820 --> 49:49.220
the grand stones that block the ascending passage they must think they
49:49.220 --> 49:53.300
want us to go that way and waste our time because no grave goods are ever
49:53.300 --> 49:59.540
there to make this design you'd have to know for certain that it would work
49:59.540 --> 50:04.420
there is what appears to some to be a model of the ascending descending
50:04.420 --> 50:09.940
passage juncture near the pyramid cut in bedrock that may have been used to
50:09.940 --> 50:15.940
assess the workability of something in the pyramid in the ascending passage
50:15.940 --> 50:21.820
that would be blocked by the line of stones there are the girdle stones these
50:21.820 --> 50:27.180
are very large blocks that wrap around the entire ascending passage some are
50:27.180 --> 50:32.060
one half the way around fitted to another half the purpose of these is
50:32.060 --> 50:37.340
unknown though Flinders Petrie proposed that they prevented the granite stones
50:37.340 --> 50:42.460
that block the passageways at its end from spreading the adjacent stones
50:42.460 --> 50:47.660
which were tapered to stop the granite blocking stones from going into the
50:47.660 --> 50:54.740
descending passage and this is a good guess as to their purpose I propose a
50:54.740 --> 50:59.620
different tentative purpose if the reason is not symbolic or purely
50:59.620 --> 51:06.340
structural they may be interactive they may be a form of static break to slow
51:06.340 --> 51:12.860
down the sliding blocks for this to be so the vertical sides of the hole in
51:12.860 --> 51:18.820
the girl stones must taper such that the blocks are allowed to go through but the
51:18.820 --> 51:23.420
hole is just a bit smaller than the previous part of the ascending passage
51:24.420 --> 51:31.540
the optimum effect would be if the vertical sides were rounded as shown this
51:31.540 --> 51:36.740
would cause blocks to twist about their center of mass as they bounce between
51:36.740 --> 51:43.100
the two rounded sides the slowing them down but not preventing descent note
51:43.100 --> 51:47.700
that this is a view from the top the blocks would wiggle from left to right
51:47.700 --> 51:52.700
but not up and down the floor and the ceiling of the hole would be flat like
51:52.700 --> 51:57.980
the tunnel itself a bump in the floor could stop the slide we only want to
51:57.980 --> 52:03.900
slow it down I haven't seen these stones or even good pictures of them so perhaps
52:03.900 --> 52:09.980
this is not supported by the shape of the girl stones themselves such slowing
52:09.980 --> 52:14.820
would allow the smaller stones time to go down the descending shaft and be out
52:14.820 --> 52:20.220
of the way for the next blocking stone to fall into the descending shaft if no
52:20.220 --> 52:24.820
slowing occurred the rocks would jam up and not alternately slide down then
52:24.820 --> 52:30.460
block the descending passage as shown it also may have been designed to perform
52:30.460 --> 52:37.300
this function then been not used in the finalized pyramid to internal structures
52:37.300 --> 52:43.540
are not engineered as I would have done the grand gallery sides are slanted I
52:43.540 --> 52:48.420
would have made them level with the gravitational potential however this is a
52:48.420 --> 52:55.900
slightly more complicated design might here consider who's theory that the
52:55.900 --> 53:00.620
grand gallery is used as a counterweight trolley system this makes no
53:00.620 --> 53:06.340
engineering sense if we need a counterweight to pull up large blocks when
53:06.340 --> 53:11.060
one is pulled up you have to unload all the small blocks in the trolley and all
53:11.060 --> 53:15.780
the empty trolley backup then take the small counterweight stones back up to
53:15.780 --> 53:20.180
the trolley one at a time and reinstall them into the trolley so that the
53:20.180 --> 53:24.820
counterweight is ready for the next large block you can't in principle just
53:24.820 --> 53:29.500
all of the trolley when it's full for if you could all up the full trolley by
53:29.500 --> 53:33.580
definition you could just all of the large block instead straight away
53:33.580 --> 53:39.340
without the trolley because by definition of a counterweight the trolley must be
53:39.340 --> 53:44.860
heavier than the large block is used to pull up so if we have the manpower to
53:44.940 --> 53:48.940
bring up a large block all at once we don't need a trolley it's a pointless
53:48.940 --> 53:54.060
extra step if we don't have enough manpower to bring up large block all at
53:54.060 --> 53:58.700
once by the nature of the beast we have to unload the trolley at the bottom and
53:58.700 --> 54:02.620
haul all the small rocks back up and reload the trolley again at the high
54:02.620 --> 54:07.500
point and as I've shown previously it appears that they could haul up the
54:07.500 --> 54:14.700
large blocks all at once with only 600 men distributed on 10 rope lines
54:15.740 --> 54:21.100
the so-called relieving chambers perform no engineering function and I have
54:21.100 --> 54:26.220
concluded that they are purely symbolic in nature they are there to fulfill
54:26.220 --> 54:30.940
some religious proposition they have absolutely no mechanical or
54:30.940 --> 54:35.580
architectural function one could have Lincoln logged a horrible wall all the
54:35.580 --> 54:40.460
way to the top of the pyramid if it was wanted a chimney with straight walls
54:40.540 --> 54:44.860
right up to the top is easily accomplished yet they chose this weird
54:44.860 --> 54:53.660
thing whatever but it doesn't relieve anything it's just there here's a story
54:53.660 --> 54:58.060
I've made up to account for all the odd stuff in the pyramid interior it's not
54:58.060 --> 55:03.980
true it's just a story to link the facts together something like it may have
55:04.140 --> 55:06.060
occurred but we probably can never know
55:08.860 --> 55:14.380
we see that Kufu's alleged son Khafre has a pyramid that's nearly as large as
55:14.380 --> 55:18.460
his father's it's actually a higher because it begins at a higher level
55:19.420 --> 55:24.460
I say alleged son because nobody then knew who was whose there is no genetic
55:24.460 --> 55:29.900
DNA testing Khafre may have been the son of the captain of the queen's guard for
55:29.900 --> 55:34.540
instance or maybe he was the son of the queen's horse for all we know
55:36.220 --> 55:40.860
the sarcophagus in the king's chamber has been savaged by people with anger
55:40.860 --> 55:47.260
management problems it is clear that caliph al-mamun whose men first broke
55:47.260 --> 55:52.300
into the king's chamber tried to pry off the lid and were unsuccessful so they
55:52.300 --> 55:57.260
hacked a hole in the corner and used the hole to lever off the lid the fact that
55:57.260 --> 56:01.660
they levered off the lid indicates that something desirable was inside the
56:01.660 --> 56:08.060
sarcophagus else they wouldn't have bothered to remove the lid clearly they could see by
56:08.060 --> 56:13.660
torchlight into the sarcophagus through the broken corner they pushed the lid off and took
56:13.660 --> 56:19.660
whatever was inside the lid must have broken into several pieces and been left on the floor
56:19.980 --> 56:27.820
the statement of al-mamun that there was nothing inside is about as dependable as a butane lighter
56:27.820 --> 56:35.820
in hurricane he's a potentate who kills people as numerous slaves and is not part of the truth movement
56:38.300 --> 56:44.460
here's my attempt to fit the facts kufu is dead by the time the king's chamber is constructed
56:45.100 --> 56:51.260
he's mummified and put into a kingly sarcophagus to be transported to the king's chamber in the
56:51.260 --> 56:58.220
unfinished pyramid crossing the nile the barge is sunk accidentally of course and they put a
56:58.220 --> 57:03.740
junk sarcophagus inside the king's chamber along with perhaps five percent of the treasure that
57:03.740 --> 57:09.900
was supposed to accompany kufu who's at the bottom of the nile kaffray who had his father
57:09.900 --> 57:15.980
killed with the help of some high priest pockets the other 95 percent to help him building his own
57:15.980 --> 57:22.380
tomb to be grander than kufu's he has to finish the great pyramid because the natives are getting
57:22.380 --> 57:31.980
restless and smell a rat note here that there are no coincidences in statecraft so kaffray must
57:31.980 --> 57:38.060
have murdered his alleged father statecraft is like chess having few players on the board and
57:38.060 --> 57:44.700
few moves whereas warcraft has many possible players on the board and lots of coincidences
57:45.580 --> 57:51.340
warcraft is more like stratego chess is logic stratego is probability
57:53.500 --> 57:58.700
this is why the plan of the great pyramid has changed several times you don't need the ornate
57:58.700 --> 58:03.500
tunnel because there is no king to be buried there you don't need all those blocking stones
58:03.500 --> 58:09.580
because there's a little treasure to defend it's going to be a symbolic burial of kufu's bed
58:09.580 --> 58:15.180
comb headdress bows and arrows the tomb of some junk with a little gold thrown in
58:16.940 --> 58:22.140
there is this notch at the top of the grand gallery i contend that it was cut out with an
58:22.140 --> 58:28.620
iron chisel in a couple hours it appears hastily cut with a little regard to design it's functional
58:29.420 --> 58:35.180
my guess is that it was installed by those individuals who used it to lower by rope and
58:35.180 --> 58:43.020
pulley all the debris left by tomb robbers and sundry visitors this would be some pyramid cult
58:43.020 --> 58:48.780
that had reverence for the thing and took it upon themselves to clean it up free of charge
58:50.060 --> 58:56.140
we can now move forward about a thousand years to the unfinished obelisk the amount of granite
58:56.140 --> 59:03.820
excavated is on the order of 400 cubic yards this gargantuan thing is said to have been carved out
59:03.820 --> 59:09.260
of the granite by men using rock hand tools that is they held a rock in their hand and
59:09.260 --> 59:15.420
hacked away as shown here there might have been as many as 100 hackers in the trenches around the
59:15.420 --> 59:22.700
obelisk but not more as there is no more room the problem with this theory is that it is
59:22.700 --> 59:29.180
physiologically impossible to chop granite in this manner we can calculate the number of strikes
59:29.180 --> 59:36.060
per day on the wall of the trench let's say you hit it once per second one thousand two thousand
59:36.060 --> 59:44.860
three thousand pow pow pow like that that's 60 times per minute and 3600 times per hour
59:44.860 --> 59:52.220
and for 10 hour days that's 36 000 pounds per day now that's what i call pound enough
59:52.700 --> 59:58.140
to do understand that the damage you do to the wall is directly proportional to the force
59:58.140 --> 01:00:03.340
with which you strike the wall with the rock if you just nick it a little you won't get very far
01:00:03.340 --> 01:00:09.980
you need to smash the bejesus out of it to get good results and without any padding each strike
01:00:09.980 --> 01:00:15.100
is logically equivalent to smashing the wall directly with your fist because the little damage
01:00:15.580 --> 01:00:20.300
because the little damage you do will not significantly affect the impulse to your hand
01:00:22.060 --> 01:00:27.980
so do you think you could hit a wall with your hand really hard 36 000 times per day day after
01:00:27.980 --> 01:00:34.620
day after day with impunity or do you think that you develop tendonitis right away and maybe an
01:00:34.620 --> 01:00:41.660
assortment of stress fractures in your phalanges and metacarpals maybe a hairline crack in your
01:00:41.740 --> 01:00:49.180
wrist do you think you might sprain your wrist a bit still there are these handheld rocks strewn
01:00:49.180 --> 01:00:54.380
about all over the place not only here but in peru and just about anywhere where large rocks
01:00:54.380 --> 01:01:00.300
are formed into shapes the truth is that they are using the small handheld rocks as a chisel
01:01:00.860 --> 01:01:06.060
and hitting them with a mallet you don't find the mouths because they're wearing out the chisels
01:01:06.060 --> 01:01:11.900
faster than their stone mouths if these stonemasons had an iron chisel do you think
01:01:11.900 --> 01:01:17.340
they would smash the chisel into the rocks with a throwing motion or would they hold the chisel
01:01:17.340 --> 01:01:23.420
against the object piece and hit it with a mallet if you hold the chisel to the piece and hit it
01:01:23.420 --> 01:01:29.580
you reduce the impulse to nearly zero for both hands and can continue to work without the
01:01:29.580 --> 01:01:37.100
aforementioned injuries indefinitely here's a tool i devised to reduce the impulse to the hand
01:01:37.100 --> 01:01:43.820
and arms you split an egg-shaped rock in two and use the split edge as your cutting edge by attaching
01:01:43.820 --> 01:01:49.260
it to the end of a stick with leather sling then you attach a wooden shield to it so you don't get
01:01:49.260 --> 01:01:54.940
rocks in your face and go to work with that it will be like a hand axe or a pick if made larger
01:01:55.740 --> 01:02:00.860
i don't think they used anything like this though there isn't enough room in a trench to sling it
01:02:00.860 --> 01:02:04.300
and your neighbor would get hit with rock fragments and start a fight
01:02:05.100 --> 01:02:08.780
i want something more efficient something that can make these markings
01:02:11.660 --> 01:02:15.820
they look like they've been cut with some sort of wheel a rotary abrasion tool
01:02:16.460 --> 01:02:21.740
so here's my design we have a wheel about three feet in diameter and five inches wide
01:02:22.620 --> 01:02:29.500
removing the cover reveals 24 wooden slots into which we fit 24 cylindrical granite plugs
01:02:29.500 --> 01:02:34.700
that we've extracted from holes drilled with a tubular drill known to have been used by the
01:02:34.700 --> 01:02:41.580
egyptians a slot is cut for the neck on each plug with a groove cutter something like a pipe cutter
01:02:41.580 --> 01:02:46.940
or maybe on a lathe then we notch the groove at the neck for the purpose of attaching a rope
01:02:47.020 --> 01:02:53.500
which holds the plug inside its slot their open turn is attached to a loose wheel inside the
01:02:53.500 --> 01:02:59.100
gizmo such that when the loose wheel rotates within the larger wheel the plugs extend out
01:02:59.100 --> 01:03:04.620
of the slots to contact the object to be cut something like a weed whacker letting out more
01:03:04.620 --> 01:03:10.540
plastic string there is a slotted hole carved in the inside loose wheel so that when we put on
01:03:10.540 --> 01:03:17.980
the cover plate five corresponding holes with wooden pegs fit to the inside slot now when we
01:03:17.980 --> 01:03:24.780
remove a peg the inside loose wheel rotates to the next peg allowing the 24 plugs to move further
01:03:24.780 --> 01:03:31.260
out of the wheel housing but only to the next peg which holds them at that position in this
01:03:31.260 --> 01:03:37.420
way we gradually let out the stone cylinder cutting edges to wear down the object rock
01:03:37.420 --> 01:03:39.500
and they in turn are also worn away
01:03:46.460 --> 01:03:52.140
now we install the finished wheel on the machine frame as shown one guy runs the crank the other
01:03:52.140 --> 01:03:57.820
guy that controls he could swing the wheel against the object piece as well as lower it as the
01:03:57.820 --> 01:04:04.620
object rock is worn away periodically they must stop to take out a peg and release more cutting
01:04:04.620 --> 01:04:12.300
edge they move it to a new location with levers the squares in the stone appear to be done for
01:04:12.300 --> 01:04:18.460
successive moves which are to the next point of maximum removal that is they wouldn't bother to
01:04:18.460 --> 01:04:24.220
move the entire gizmo one inch they'd move it to optimize the amount of rock they could cut without
01:04:24.220 --> 01:04:31.660
having to move it again to me these squares look like machine artifacts there is another way to
01:04:31.660 --> 01:04:36.540
cut rock by drilling and feathering a crack from one hole to the other the hole is made
01:04:36.540 --> 01:04:42.860
successively larger and the rock is removed in chunks so we might ask if this technique is easier
01:04:42.860 --> 01:04:48.860
than what they actually did apparently not but we'd see this instead of this
01:04:51.420 --> 01:04:56.140
the trench is also undercut ostensibly by the same mechanism in the manner shown
01:04:56.700 --> 01:05:01.340
the operators down in the trench another guy cranks the rope in a manner similar to before
01:05:01.820 --> 01:05:07.820
and can lower the gizmo by advancing the cranking mechanism the operator can swing the cutting
01:05:07.820 --> 01:05:14.140
wheel side to side and back and forth to some extent to maximize the amount of cutting between
01:05:14.140 --> 01:05:21.500
successive lowerings of the machine such wheeled machines can deliver about 24 strikes per second
01:05:21.500 --> 01:05:27.180
instead of just one as with a handheld chisel it would sound like a jack hammer but with less
01:05:27.180 --> 01:05:32.860
volume on the principle of equal damage the wear on the object piece would be that of the
01:05:32.860 --> 01:05:39.580
wear on the cylindrical cutting stones if both stones are of the same type we could perhaps cut
01:05:39.580 --> 01:05:44.540
loose one cubic foot of granite before a refurbished wheel would have to be installed
01:05:46.220 --> 01:05:51.900
the ancient egyptians used rocket science to propel the opulence to its destination
01:05:52.620 --> 01:05:53.820
here's the geometry
01:05:55.900 --> 01:06:01.340
if there is an arc beneath the square cross section of the obelisk such that x y is less
01:06:01.340 --> 01:06:09.500
than x z the obelisk will easily tip over if x y equals x z it's in danger of being tipped over
01:06:09.500 --> 01:06:16.940
but might not but if x y is more than x z there is no danger of tipping over because to do so
01:06:16.940 --> 01:06:22.700
you'd have to raise the center of mass of the gargantuan obelisk and this can't be done at
01:06:22.700 --> 01:06:29.020
least not by accident however it will rock back and forth easily for the first few degrees of
01:06:29.020 --> 01:06:37.580
displacement easy to rock but not to tip over what we're going to do is undercut the obelisk
01:06:37.580 --> 01:06:42.940
with many holes that go all the way through and leave some stone to hold it in place while we
01:06:42.940 --> 01:06:49.420
install heavy-duty wooden rockers all along the length of the obelisk when enough are installed
01:06:49.420 --> 01:06:55.980
the remaining rock is cut away and the obelisk cracked off it is now loose on the rockers
01:06:57.660 --> 01:07:04.620
now as we rock the obelisk side to side we throw sand in under it the rockers ride up on the sand
01:07:04.620 --> 01:07:12.300
gradually the obelisk rises to the surface i've shown it exaggerated in practice i calculate
01:07:12.300 --> 01:07:19.020
that about 300 men could raise it to the surface in about four hours by rocking it through 1 000
01:07:19.020 --> 01:07:26.380
cycles raising up about four millimeters per cycle that's under ideal conditions and everything
01:07:26.380 --> 01:07:32.620
working perfectly in practice i give it two or three days to get it up with plenty of cursing
01:07:34.300 --> 01:07:39.420
as to the mechanics of rocking i first thought of just having a platform on top
01:07:39.980 --> 01:07:44.700
and everyone would just walk from one side to the other while some others tossed sand under the
01:07:44.700 --> 01:07:52.380
bus then i thought a long heavy pendulum on top could be swung back and forth i finally gave those
01:07:52.380 --> 01:08:00.460
up for a simple mast and rope pull from the sides 100 guys on each side with another 100 throwing sand
01:08:00.460 --> 01:08:07.980
under here's one of the guys on the side sticking his foot in a loop he's tied in his rope
01:08:08.620 --> 01:08:15.660
into the rope is inserted a wood footrest the foot rest would be initially about 18 inches high
01:08:15.660 --> 01:08:20.940
and he's put his foot in the loop and raised himself up on a rope in unison with the other
01:08:20.940 --> 01:08:27.740
99 guys and their weight would tip the obelisk in their direction they alternate with the guys
01:08:27.740 --> 01:08:34.700
on the other side you take their weight off the ropes as their rope goes back up once the obelisk
01:08:34.700 --> 01:08:40.780
is up the remaining rock is cut away from the bottom and rockers are fitted to the entire length
01:08:40.780 --> 01:08:47.100
of the obelisk and rounded pieces are fitted to the front and rear of the obelisk so that we have
01:08:47.100 --> 01:08:55.020
what amounts to a boat hoe understand that the obelisk can be rotated also by rocking it and
01:08:55.020 --> 01:09:03.180
selectively removing or adding sand as shown note here that to contain the sand beneath the obelisk
01:09:03.180 --> 01:09:09.740
we need portable walls and that the higher the obelisk is raised the wider the walls must be
01:09:10.380 --> 01:09:14.700
or that tremendous weight will spread the sand instead of running forward on it
01:09:15.660 --> 01:09:21.260
so we want to keep the obelisk as close to the ground as possible to avoid having to move so
01:09:21.260 --> 01:09:29.260
much sand and wood as we rock the obelisk from side to side because it is on a slight angle it
01:09:29.340 --> 01:09:34.860
will move forward we simply put sand under it as we did to raise it and more in the front
01:09:35.660 --> 01:09:42.380
it's basically surfing on a sand wave albeit very slowly my guess is that these men can move the
01:09:42.380 --> 01:09:49.020
obelisk forward perhaps 50 meters per day so a kilometer in three weeks is not undoable
01:09:49.740 --> 01:09:54.540
and they wouldn't have far to go anyway because most of the travel is by barge on the Nile
01:09:55.020 --> 01:10:00.700
this is done by transporting the obelisk to a prepared dry dock and inserting twin barges beneath
01:10:00.700 --> 01:10:06.700
it when the Nile flood comes the barges raise up the obelisk and you take it down the Nile to another
01:10:06.700 --> 01:10:13.580
prepared dock where the process is reversed when the Nile flooding recedes it can then be transported
01:10:13.580 --> 01:10:21.980
to the erection site from the look of one obelisk base I saw it looks like the Egyptian engineers
01:10:21.980 --> 01:10:28.780
wanted to mate the obelisk to the base at about a 30 degree angle if the base was sunk to some
01:10:28.780 --> 01:10:35.500
extent into the surrounding rock it may have been slightly movable to assist in mating it properly
01:10:35.500 --> 01:10:42.380
with a much larger stone upon arriving at the site the obelisk is raised then the bottom is
01:10:42.380 --> 01:10:48.380
lowered into the base this is accomplished with slots in the side of the sand containment wall
01:10:48.860 --> 01:10:53.900
which are open and the sand comes out or is pulled out with a hoe or similar tool
01:10:57.740 --> 01:11:03.340
now the difficult part we have to construct on the opposite side a similar mound of sand
01:11:03.340 --> 01:11:08.380
with a platform on which we pile a quantity of small stones to act as a counterweight to the
01:11:08.380 --> 01:11:14.380
obelisk when enough are added the two sides are attached by many ropes and the sand is
01:11:14.380 --> 01:11:20.700
let out of the opposing hill this raises the obelisk to perhaps 60 degrees the mound behind
01:11:20.700 --> 01:11:25.980
the obelisk is raised again so they can rest on that mound while the opposite counterweight
01:11:25.980 --> 01:11:33.020
is reset at a lesser angle now and with less weight because it now has leverage on the obelisk
01:11:35.660 --> 01:11:41.020
before the reset counterweight is lowered we must install a drag block to the obelisk
01:11:41.420 --> 01:11:45.420
because when its center of mass moves past the point of contact with the base
01:11:45.420 --> 01:11:52.940
the obelisk will fall the rest of the way into its final position the drag block dampens this fall
01:11:52.940 --> 01:11:58.540
so that the corners of the obelisk don't get damaged by too great an impulse when it finally
01:11:58.540 --> 01:12:06.380
hits the base with force now we remove everything and install scaffolding for the artisans to carve
01:12:06.620 --> 01:12:12.060
the artwork on the obelisk then this is removed the final product is ready for the dedication
01:12:12.060 --> 01:12:19.900
ceremony wherein the bigwigs congratulate one another on a job well done i considered having
01:12:19.900 --> 01:12:25.420
my 300 workers just haul up the obelisk with levered ropes but had to give it up because
01:12:25.420 --> 01:12:32.460
the thing is just too massive a small rock temporal lever is here indicated unless they could
01:12:33.260 --> 01:12:40.380
temporarily recruit another thousand men for the day the total time for this obelisk would have
01:12:40.380 --> 01:12:46.700
been perhaps five years for 300 men most of that time spent cutting it out of the bedrock
01:12:48.700 --> 01:12:53.420
the apis bull sarcophagus contained the body of an egyptian cult sacred bull
01:12:54.060 --> 01:12:59.900
it may have weighed 60 tons or more they are installed inside a small room connected to a
01:12:59.980 --> 01:13:03.740
they are installed inside a small room connected to a long hallway
01:13:05.100 --> 01:13:10.220
the object piece is pushed with no rollers replaced when going into the small room
01:13:11.020 --> 01:13:16.860
when the center of mass is just behind the center roller the sarcophagus is levered forward
01:13:16.860 --> 01:13:22.380
till the center of mass goes past the center line of the tipping roller it will then tip
01:13:22.380 --> 01:13:28.460
over more gently and not damage the corners then the center roller is pulled out by wrapping
01:13:28.460 --> 01:13:34.220
ropes around both ends of them in the manner shown the ropes are pulled and the last roller
01:13:34.220 --> 01:13:40.940
is pulled to the end and at this point a mound of sand is introduced to prevent damage to the
01:13:40.940 --> 01:13:46.700
front end when the roller is finally pulled out then the sand is removed with the last
01:13:46.700 --> 01:13:48.460
little bit removed with a pillows
01:13:48.460 --> 01:13:53.420
some of these sarcophaguses are lowered into a pit which requires that a wooden track be
01:13:53.420 --> 01:14:00.380
inlaid in the sand for the rollers the sarcophagus is then dropped as before and the wood track is
01:14:00.380 --> 01:14:05.900
dug out from the sides and the rest of the sand is also dug out thus lowering the box to its final
01:14:05.900 --> 01:14:14.300
resting place this looks like a straightforward roller job however the sarcophagus is placed in
01:14:14.940 --> 01:14:21.420
this looks like a straightforward roller job however due to the tremendous weight the rollers
01:14:21.420 --> 01:14:28.700
should be a bit more refined than smaller roller jobs larger logs spaces between them to act as a
01:14:28.700 --> 01:14:34.620
race to keep them from twisting to varying angles and a means of turning the box in in
01:14:34.620 --> 01:14:41.820
narrow quarters is required to accomplish turning there are four grooves in two of the rollers to
01:14:41.820 --> 01:14:48.460
accommodate copper bananas as the box is pushed forward the bananas go up to the box and raise
01:14:48.460 --> 01:14:54.540
it just enough to pull out all the other rollers the sarcophagus is then sitting on four points
01:14:56.700 --> 01:15:02.940
a specialized short rollers then inserted under the center of the box along with another banana
01:15:02.940 --> 01:15:09.580
with a longer high point dwell on it so that when the box is pushed farther the other bananas fall
01:15:09.580 --> 01:15:16.460
out now the entire weight is on a single banana under the center of mass we can now rotate the
01:15:16.460 --> 01:15:22.940
box and pull out the other rollers presumably for safety they'd put some temporary rocks under to
01:15:22.940 --> 01:15:30.140
keep it from actually falling over once rotated to the desired position the rollers can be put
01:15:30.140 --> 01:15:38.460
back in the process reversed to lower the sarcophagus onto them here's one of the ball back stones that
01:15:38.460 --> 01:15:45.180
never made it perhaps this is the limit of what you can do with wood stone rope men and imagination
01:15:51.900 --> 01:15:57.500
here's the main problem with the sphinx in my estimation the head is too small
01:15:58.620 --> 01:16:06.300
look at this blurry aerial view you can see what i mean in order to do this type of work you first
01:16:06.300 --> 01:16:12.460
have to make a clay model of what you intend to do and present it to the potentate who would cut
01:16:12.460 --> 01:16:18.700
your head off if you made him look like a fool nobody would sign off on a piece of artistic trash
01:16:18.700 --> 01:16:25.660
like this in fact you'd risk at least a major flogging just for presenting such a monstrosity
01:16:26.460 --> 01:16:33.820
clearly this head has been recarved as others have suggested it started out as a lion like this
01:16:36.940 --> 01:16:37.420
so
01:16:39.900 --> 01:16:42.700
other carved sphinxes are more proportionate
01:16:44.860 --> 01:16:50.700
and look how the chest is pushed out too much this would be expected if it was recarved
01:16:52.380 --> 01:16:59.260
now look at the face it's not weathered enough yes they say it's harder stone up there but
01:16:59.260 --> 01:17:04.860
the face is what was out and exposed for longest time the body was covered with sand
01:17:05.660 --> 01:17:12.060
and stayed that way for perhaps millennia generating zero weathering the smooth face
01:17:12.060 --> 01:17:18.940
further supports the idea of recarving as to who might have initially carved a lion here
01:17:18.940 --> 01:17:25.580
i'd guess people living at the time of these people at gobekli tepe in turkey that's nearly
01:17:25.580 --> 01:17:32.060
12 000 years ago at the end of the ice age the conjecture here is that something disrupted the
01:17:32.060 --> 01:17:39.740
advance of civilization long ago and that it restarted as the egyptian and sumerian civilizations
01:17:39.740 --> 01:17:47.340
and others about 5 000 years ago so the advance of civilization may have been set back by about
01:17:47.340 --> 01:17:54.940
six or seven thousand years total because we have an almost universal flood narrative
01:17:55.500 --> 01:18:01.180
perhaps it could have been the cause the only way that this would be physically feasible
01:18:01.180 --> 01:18:08.300
is for the end of the ice age to form a melt water ocean over north america or asia and for
01:18:08.300 --> 01:18:14.460
that water to break out into the saltwater ocean suddenly thereby flooding the coastal regions
01:18:14.460 --> 01:18:21.100
all over the planet we need this much water a mile deep to raise the oceans 100 feet
01:18:22.940 --> 01:18:28.700
the continents are slightly bowed by the action of rising magma that can't get through easily
01:18:29.260 --> 01:18:34.700
there's less pressure at the plate boundary with the basalt where all the volcanoes let out the
01:18:34.700 --> 01:18:42.300
pressure so the ice accumulates and that over a mile deep is self-sealing that is if you melt it
01:18:42.300 --> 01:18:48.300
and a deep tunnel formed to drain into the salt oceans that tunnel will collapse by the weight of
01:18:48.300 --> 01:18:55.260
the ice above it and because the melted ice water is only 90 percent the volume of ice there will be
01:18:55.260 --> 01:19:03.260
a self-sealing wall of ice around the inland ocean about 500 feet high eventually the ice
01:19:03.260 --> 01:19:10.540
wall will become too thin and the water will break out and that hole will expand extremely fast
01:19:11.180 --> 01:19:17.420
draining the entire freshwater ocean in only days the people on the coast will experience
01:19:17.420 --> 01:19:24.220
multiple tsunamis that won't quit till a coastal plain shoreline moves back perhaps 100 miles in
01:19:24.220 --> 01:19:31.500
that short time they won't be able to run 100 miles in three days so they all drown or survive
01:19:31.500 --> 01:19:37.260
by clean to trees and the like along with every other type of animal that tries to survive
01:19:38.540 --> 01:19:43.820
this is the only possible scenario for an actual basis to the flood narratives
01:19:46.540 --> 01:19:51.340
here's a partial list of things you have to consider when doing large-scale construction
01:19:51.340 --> 01:19:58.220
with only rope stone and wood way back then all the hypothetical stuff presented here would have
01:19:58.220 --> 01:20:04.940
been thought of by the ancient egyptians and much more that i can't yet imagine tens of thousands of
01:20:04.940 --> 01:20:11.340
men working for a century produces a lot of shop talk and ideas to make the work go easier
01:20:11.980 --> 01:20:17.740
there must have been some pride as well knowing that they were working on the biggest thing in
01:20:17.740 --> 01:20:24.220
the world something that would survive long after they were gone so it's not much of a stretch to
01:20:24.220 --> 01:20:30.380
think that they did all this without help from magic or aliens in the stuff they worked with
01:20:30.380 --> 01:20:36.860
they certainly had more experience than anyone nowadays our experience is with electricity
01:20:36.860 --> 01:20:42.780
and more refined aspects of engineering our achievements are certainly much greater than
01:20:42.780 --> 01:20:51.740
theirs but not relative to our own era in the end who do you think really constructed the pyramid
01:20:52.620 --> 01:21:00.940
someone like leonardo da vinci or fred flinstone if you think it was fred i can see why you might be
01:21:00.940 --> 01:21:04.140
mystified