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It's a subject I hope to see in educational systems
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and Western schools one day that people are told that the plate tectonics theory is incomplete
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and needs to be seen in a larger framework.
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So that was the reason I've got Dr James Maxlow over here from Western Australia.
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He's internationally recognised in this field.
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He's part of a huge network of people researching such things.
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He's here today to show you visually and tell you all the mechanics of why and how our
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earth has been expanding and where it's going.
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Please give James a big warm Nexus Conference welcome.
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James Maxlow.
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Thank you Duncan for that glowing introduction and good morning ladies and gentlemen.
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I guess my contribution to this conference today is to move away from the metaphysical
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side of science to the more physical sciences and this is my speciality of course, earth
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expansion.
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My background is that I'm a geologist and I've been working in the mining industry
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for all of my working career.
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I'm mainly looking for that dumb yellow metal as we all seem to want and admire.
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I currently operate through Torello Consultants, my own company in Perth.
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Torello Consultants.
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And I guess my interest in earth expansion stems from about 1980 when I came across
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a little book by the late Professor Sam Warren Carey who's considered the father of earth
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expansion.
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I later met him in Perth at a conference in University of WA in 1988 and then was so
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inspired that I commenced a masters research at Curtin University in Perth in the early
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1990s and then moved on to a PhD study in the late 90s culminating in what I'm about
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to show you today.
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It also culminates in a publication of my book, Terra Non-Firma Earth, Plate Tectonics
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is a myth.
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What I'll be going through today is to just give you a run down on what evidence is there
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to suggest that the earth is expanding.
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As Duncan alluded to, we're stereotyped into thinking that plate tectonics is the answer
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to all things global and this is to the detriment of these alternative theories that have been
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around for quite some time and also other theories as well as this one.
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I guess that also leads us onto the ultimate question is what causes the earth to expand
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and unfortunately human nature decrees that we must understand the cause of things before
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we understand the physical side of things or want to comprehend the physical side of
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things.
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I'm going to leave that question right at the very end and I ask you just to simply
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dwell on the, not consider how these things happen, just look at the coincidences that
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I'm going to be showing you and see how they fit in and see if you agree with me that
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yes the earth is expanding.
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The concept of earth expansion has been known about for in excess of 70 years now.
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Otto Hilgenberg from Germany was the first person to make small earth models and he
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recognised that if you take the area of each of the oceans away and just leave the continents,
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each of those continents can fit together like a spherical jigsaw puzzle at around
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about 55% of the present earth radius.
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Being early 1930s of course both his ideas and his little book called The Expanding the
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Earth were neglected and unfortunately it lay dormant for quite some time.
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The next major contribution was Klaus Vogel from East Germany in 1979-1980.
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He again made a number of models, small earth models, about to hear on my model somewhere
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in there.
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This represents about say 200 million years of earth history, about 4% of total earth history.
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Klaus was fortunate that mapping of the oceans was just starting to become available and
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he was able to quantify his models using this data and also our concept of plate tectonics
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was firmly established in that we now understood that yes the continents could move around
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the earth.
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In Hilgenberg's days it was considered the earth was fixed, all the continents were
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fixed and I'll just digress slightly, in Hilgenberg's day, in fact right up until maybe even present
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day a lot of people consider that the continents and ocean crusts are one and the same and
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oceans are simply oceanised continents, in other words, continental crust covering water
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and this is, as I'll show you, this is just simply not true.
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My own research comprises a series of 24 models, five of them shown here, we'll get to that
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later.
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23 from the present day, this one here, back to the beginnings of earth history, 4,600
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million years ago and then one model also projected to the future, five million years
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into the future.
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This research has been, I've been very fortunate, this research coincides with modern, huge
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big global data sets in geology, geography, geophysics and so on and also coincides with
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modern computer technology and software and animation, as I'll show you here.
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My own modelling represents 100% of earth history and this is the very first time that
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modelling studies have been projected this far back for any concept.
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Plate tectonics for instance only goes back 20% of earth history and they struggle to
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get back to 20%, it's not convincing at all.
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And as I mentioned before, this culminates in publication of my book, which we'll deal
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with later.
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My own model studies coincide with publication of this geological map of the world and this
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mapping was not available to my predecessors and it was primarily mapped, it was undertaken
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to quantify plate tectonics.
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But unfortunately, as I'll elaborate, this did not come anywhere near quantifying plate
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tectonics, in fact this information is rarely to never used in plate tectonics anymore.
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It has provided a unique tool to earth expansionists like myself to quantify earth expansion process.
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The colours shown in this map represent intervals of geological time and it should become immediately
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apparent the colours in the continents have a different fabric, a different texture to
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the colours in the oceans.
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Each of these colours, as I said, represents an interval of time, an interval where sediments
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have been deposited, extruded or extruded in volcanism for instance over a set period
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of time. It doesn't discriminate between say granites or volcanic rocks or sedimentary
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rocks, it's just a package of rocks which were formed in that period of time.
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The continents comprise these very ancient fragments, the granites and volcanic rocks
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shown in pink and red, very ancient sedimentary rocks shown in Khaki and progressively younger
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sedimentary and volcanic rocks shown in blues and yellows I think in there.
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This is distinct from the oceanic crust and as I intimated before, continental crust is
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quite distinct, is quite different to the oceanic crust.
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Continents are around about say 30 to 70, 80 kilometres thick on average, whereas the
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oceanic crust is only about 7 to 10 kilometres thick and the oceanic crust is primarily
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volcanic rocks.
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What you can also see, find the cursor again, is that each of the oceans contain, well
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the colours are symmetrical about this central mid-ocean rift zone, you may or may not have
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heard this term, mid-ocean rift. I have this in spherical format in the next slide but
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this can be visualised as a network of cracks, a network all around the world, centrally
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located in each of the oceans and this is quite a revelation to the map makers, the
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oceanographers and geophysicists when they were mapping this.
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So what this, you may or may not have seen footage on television of the deep sea submersibles
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going very deep in the oceans and these black smokers coming out in the super hot steamy
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water and all the mucky metals and what not, that's where these occur along these mid-ocean
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rift zones.
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You also see that the colours graduate away from that central mid-ocean rift zone, so
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the central, we'll focus on this area, this central pink colour is present, the colour
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happening, occurring right now to about 2 million years ago. As we move away, these
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volcanic rocks age away from this mid-ocean rift zone to this blue colour which is the
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early Jurassic, about 165 million years ago and these are the oldest oceanic crusts in
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each of the oceans.
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I thought it didn't behave itself there.
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This is the same data portrayed on the spherical earth.
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I'll talk to you about this one while Stephen comes.
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The earth is a sphere, as we all know. It's not a flat map. The old flat earth theory
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has long since been disproven and gone with the gods and what not, of course.
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This is the same data displayed in spherical format and as I mentioned, these volcanic
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rocks age away from this mid-ocean rift zone towards the continents. The oldest shown over
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here is the early Jurassic.
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What you can visualise here is that this is a crack. It opens up, new volcanic material
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is injected along these cracks over a period of time, along with about 15 to 20 per cent
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by volume, or by weight rather, of water and volatiles. All volcanic rocks contain around
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about 15 to 20 per cent of water and volatiles.
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So here we have a situation where we have new volcanic rocks being injected along these
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cracks, along the mid-ocean rift zones, along with an outpouring of the water and gases.
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Once it hits the water, these volcanic rocks are quenched and solidified. As you open
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again, it cracks and further volcanic rocks come through.
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So this is basically what this striping is showing. So over a period of time, the pink
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to yellow is around about 15 million years, so in that time that has cracked and opened
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and cracked and opened, new volcanic rocks come through. So you end up with quite a wide
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stripe.
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As I mentioned, this is symmetrical in each of the oceans, symmetrical about the mid-ocean
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rift zone. But I think you can probably appreciate that in order to do this, you then must
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increase the area of the oceans and move each of the continents away from each other.
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And this is the basis of plate tectonics. The Atlantic Ocean in particular is the basis
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of plate tectonics. I'll move on to the next slide to run down on that.
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All of this material in plate tectonics theory, all of this additional material is supposedly
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being subducted in the Pacific Ocean, and this is what we're led to believe.
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What I've done is simply take each of those coloured stripes and remove them and then
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fit each of the remaining plates back together at a reduced radius. It'll go back in time
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and then come forward in time.
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This is quite valid because this material was put there, was in place there during
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this period of time, so all on this is future. So all I'm saying is if you move back in
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time you have to take that stripe away, each of those coloured stripes away in sequence
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and progressively reduce the area of the ocean and move the continents closer together.
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I'm sure you can appreciate that, and this is common to the plate tectonic theory as
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well as the expansion theory.
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The only difference is, as I mentioned before, plate tectonics, what you add to the Atlantic
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Ocean, for instance, you must dispose of elsewhere in earth expansion, is as you expand the radius
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of the earth, you open up these cracks, new material is forced into these cracks and
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solidified and it's simply cumulative with time. So there's no net removal of any material
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whatsoever.
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Now we'll sequence through the Indian Ocean as well, just exactly the same. So we'll
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just sequence through each of the models that I constructed by just simply removing each
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of these time stripes away in succession until we have a complete continental crust
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at around about 52-55% of the present earth radius.
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The Indian Ocean is also the basis of plate tectonics, however, I should have forgot
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to mention something in the previous one, this forms a very early basis of plate tectonics,
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but when you actually physically move each of those continents together, the fit together
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on a static radius earth is not as accurate as it should be.
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You can fit together South America against Africa, but then you're left with a great
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big V-shaped gore in the Northern Hemisphere. Similarly you can fit North America to Europe
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and Africa, which are left with a great big gore down in the south.
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What they opt to do now that this mapping is available, what plate tectonics do, is
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fit Africa in against the mid-ocean drift zone and similarly the Americas in against
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the central zone here. In order to make the continental crust fit with the plate tectonics
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with the oceanic crust, they then fragment Europe away from Africa, split it off and
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similarly the Caribbean region, split it off, open that up so these continents are
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made to fit. As you can see in this animation on an expanding
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earth concept, there's no requirement to split the continents, arbitrarily split and fragment
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the continents. They just dock, dock, dock, dock back in time and similarly forwards
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in time. In real life, of course, that will be a continuous
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spectrum of models, but 24 models, it tends to be a bit jumpy.
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Back to the Indian Ocean, in the plate tectonics they split Asia and Europe away from the
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Africa and Arabian Shield areas along the Himalayas and Alpine mountain chain.
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India is separated as a separate island continent. India is then fitted in against Madagascar
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and Australia in against India and Africa in what's called the Gondwana configuration,
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Gondwana superconductor. You may or may not have heard of Gondwana.
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Expanding Earth, again we're just simply taking that volcanic material, the oceanic volcanic
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material away in sequence and refitting them back together in a smaller radius Earth.
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There's no need to fragment the continents or invoke these hypothetical drifting continents.
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India on a plate tectonics supposedly travels north and crashes into Asia to form the Himalayas
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and this is totally unnecessary. As I previously mentioned, all of this new
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material formed as the Indian and Atlantic Ocean open up must be disposed of elsewhere
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in the Pacific Ocean to maintain a static radius Earth. This is the basis of plate tectonics.
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This new mapping has only been available since the early 90s and plate tectonics was
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invented prior to this mapping and they basically did not know anything about this mapping.
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So here we have a dilemma. All of this vast amount of new material is supposedly being
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consumed in the Pacific Ocean right where the Pacific Ocean is located.
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There is an even bigger mid-ocean rift zone, an even bigger zone of new material being
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exiled from the mantle. We'll just sequence back to the present day again. That's Australia
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and New Zealand against America. This spreading rate, that's the future spreading
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rate. The current spreading rate in this East Pacific rift zone is around about 8
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to 10 centimetres per year. This is about double the rate of the Atlantic Ocean plus
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Indian Ocean, which is about 1 to 2 centimetres per year. So as I mentioned, here we have
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a situation where we have this enormous amount of new material, new volcanic material being
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exposed right where this old material is supposed to be being subducted. That's basically why
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this mapping information is just not used in plate tectonics now.
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The Southern Ocean is another major dilemma for plate tectonists. In the Southern Ocean,
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all of the oceans and continents are actually spreading away from Antarctica, away and supposedly
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moving north into the Northern Hemisphere. The spreading rate between Antarctica and
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Australia is around 65 millimetres per year, 6.5 centimetres per year. As you saw in the
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previous animations, the Cross-Swan Ocean is essentially east-west, opening up in the
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Atlantic and Indian Oceans, essentially east-west. There's no net northern migration of these
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continents or oceans seen in these animations. There's also no physical evidence for any
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active collision in the Arctic Ocean region with this huge amount of opening of the Southern
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Ocean. It's got to go somewhere. As well as converging on the Pacific Ocean for the Atlantic
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and Indian, it's supposedly converging on the Arctic Ocean as well. There's just absolutely
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no record in this region of convergence.
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I've got another animation which may not work. No. This is a very important one. What
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I'm trying to show is each of the globes that I constructed revolving once and then
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popped down to the next globe. What I'm simply doing is removing each coloured stripe in
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turn, popping them down into the next globe and then continuing right through the sequence.
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This is going to be a disaster. Similar to the sequencing slides before where they just
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pop through back in time and then come forward again. You do that. What I've done here is
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simply rotated each globe and then popped down to the next one so you can actually see
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the transformation back in time and then moving forwards in time.
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This interval of time, the time covered by this animation is about 200 million years.
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This represents closing off of the oceans, remembering right from the start Otto Hilgenberg
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did this visually. We now have this oceanic mapping to physically quantify this closing
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off process back in time. It represents 4% of Earth history. Our total Earth geological
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time is about 4,600 million years for those who don't know. This 4% of Earth history represents
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about 70% of the expansion history as I'll elaborate on shortly.
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By using this mapping, I was able to show that each of these reconstructions are latitudinally
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and longitudinally constrained by the mapping. In other words, there is only one fit option.
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In plate tectonics, reconstructions are constrained by magnetic data, the location of the poles,
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the ancient poles. If you know a little bit about that, their reconstructions are only
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constrained by latitude and they cannot be constrained by longitude. They have a multitude
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of fit options. Any scientist can come in, make a reconstruction and say, yes, this is
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it, and it will be completely different to another researcher. On an expanding Earth,
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you only have one fit option. This is the key to this presentation, is that you only
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have one fit option. It is constrained latitudinally and longitudinally by both time and location.
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In each of the reconstructions, I maintain a greater than 99% fit together in each and
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every case. This is an impossibility on plate tectonics.
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There's the Permian period, about 250 million years ago. It is the next globe down from
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the previous set of globes. It represents the ancient Pangaean supercontinent. I hope
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you've all heard of these terms, Pangaea, Gondwana, you probably haven't heard Rodinia.
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On an expanding Earth, this represents the time when all of the oceans have been removed
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and we have a complete continental crust encompassing the entire Earth. In this particular model,
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we're at around about 50% of the present Earth radius. There are no modern oceans.
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All we're left with is all of the volcanic material that was previously injected into
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the ocean crusts has been returned to the mantle, along with the majority, most of the
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ocean waters and atmospheric gases. The exposed lands in this case, as I mentioned, is Pangaea.
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The little continental seas, I'll just sneak around the corner, this represents the ancient
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continental coastal outlines. The larger areas are the lands and the smaller areas
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encompassed by that blue line is the shallow continental seas. These are referred to as
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the Teffes, Panthalassa and Iapetus seas. You may or may not have heard these from
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plate tectonics. In plate tectonics, these are actually called oceans and these are huge
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big inferred oceans with these fragmented continents surrounding them.
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If I could squeeze around there, I could show you the location of the present continents.
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Take note of the two white areas. The pointy one is Greenland and the large white mass
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is Antarctica. Next to Greenland is Hudson Bay from North America. The Greenland and
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Antarctica are presently covered by continental ice sheets and we just don't know what the
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geology of these areas is. It's a good reference point to locate yourself.
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That's Antarctica and the red line, sorry, I'll have question times at the end and that'll
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come in. The red line across the middle of the course is the equator, the ancient equator
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and that's Antarctica. Throughout the remainder, moving back in time, the remaining 95% of
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Earth's history, this is where all of the continents were located, Antarctica straddling
29:18.860 --> 29:25.860
the equator, is distinct from the pole where we're supposedly led to believe it was at
29:25.860 --> 29:28.860
the time. It's showing up on here but not on me.
29:28.860 --> 29:33.860
It's very frustrating, there's all this work and the tests and the breaks and yesterday
29:33.860 --> 29:38.860
as well, so it's really annoying them a certain bit.
29:38.860 --> 29:45.860
Now, basically that sequence of animations was the basis of my master's research. Just
29:45.860 --> 29:52.860
reconstructing the configuration back to that Permian period using oceanic mapping
29:55.460 --> 30:02.460
to quantify each of those globes. This is a mathematical representation of
30:03.460 --> 30:09.460
radius. Determining an ancient radius is very simple. You just simply measure the area
30:10.460 --> 30:16.460
of each of those coloured stripes and convert that to radius.
30:16.460 --> 30:23.460
When you plot them as a graph, they plot down this side here and as you can see, this
30:24.460 --> 30:31.460
matches in precisely with Klaus Vogel and also Jan Kozier from Poland who had access
30:32.460 --> 30:39.460
to the early versions of this data. Our more distant researchers were not privy to this
30:39.460 --> 30:44.460
data, so they weren't constrained. Time-wise they weren't constrained, but it still shows
30:44.460 --> 30:51.460
an expansion there. My PhD research then took that step further,
30:52.460 --> 30:59.460
which will lead on to next by using the continental crust to again define the changes in the
31:01.460 --> 31:08.460
radius with time. This curve, mathematically inclined, is an exponential curve. An exponential
31:08.960 --> 31:15.960
curve has a very, very long and slow, steady lead up and a steady to accelerating increase
31:18.380 --> 31:25.380
up to a rapid increase as shown here. They'd be too alarmed. This is 2500, so the actual
31:25.380 --> 31:32.380
age of the earth is way back here, the origins of the earth in the Archean, early Archean.
31:37.500 --> 31:44.500
The rate of increase from there to there, which is 75% of earth history, is about from
31:45.660 --> 31:52.020
0 to 100 microns per year and the thickness of a human hair is around about 100 microns.
31:52.020 --> 31:57.860
So for that protracted period of time, we had less than the thickness of a human hair,
31:57.860 --> 32:04.860
this increase in earth radius. From there, we had a steady to accelerating increase
32:05.260 --> 32:12.340
up to the present day, a rate of 22 millimetres per year, about this much less than an inch.
32:12.340 --> 32:19.340
So when you relate that to time, it is next to insignificant. For those of you who have
32:19.980 --> 32:24.980
travelled overseas, travelling from here to Europe, for instance, you would hardly flinch
32:24.980 --> 32:31.980
at 22 millimetres increase per year. Projecting us to the future, within 300 to 500 million
32:41.020 --> 32:48.020
years into the future, the radius of the earth will then reach the same radius as Jupiter,
32:48.620 --> 32:53.620
the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn. You can visualise the earth as being a wet planet
32:53.620 --> 33:00.620
and this is distinct from the giant gaseous planets and the smaller rocky planets. So
33:00.620 --> 33:07.620
the earth is, to my way of thinking, is in a transitional phase between the rocky planet
33:07.620 --> 33:14.620
status to the giant gaseous planet status. So as the radius of the earth increases, we
33:15.620 --> 33:22.420
have an increased outpouring of the volatile gases and the waters and eventually this
33:22.420 --> 33:29.420
evaporates to form a huge gas cloud surrounding the remnant earth at that time, similar to
33:29.860 --> 33:34.700
Jupiter and Saturn. We probably develop rings and all that sort of thing as well. At that
33:34.700 --> 33:41.700
time, I envisage the actual expansion process will then stop for reasons we'll elaborate
33:42.660 --> 33:49.660
on later. And of course, life as we know will of course long since have been deceased
33:52.020 --> 33:59.020
and evolved or progressed into something better than what we are now.
34:11.700 --> 34:18.700
This next slide is an introduction to the next phase of this presentation, what happens
34:19.940 --> 34:26.940
to the continental crust and in part the oceanic crust when we increase earth radius. And
34:28.540 --> 34:33.620
this is all alluding to a mechanism for mountain building and seismic activity and volcanic
34:33.620 --> 34:39.340
activity etc. Shown here is a cross section of a primitive earth, the Permian-Pangean
34:39.340 --> 34:46.340
Earth at 50% of the present earth radius and the present day earth. I've also shown
34:46.340 --> 34:53.340
a little fragment of a primitive crust, just one small fragment, this is about 5000 kilometres
34:54.780 --> 35:01.780
in diameter, about the size of the present day European continent. I've omitted, for
35:02.300 --> 35:09.300
clarity, I've omitted the rest of the crust. So what happens when we increase radius is
35:09.620 --> 35:16.620
we get a progressive flattening of that surface curvature. This is a very important point
35:19.700 --> 35:26.700
to accept, is that you get a flattening of this surface curvature and also an extension
35:28.420 --> 35:35.420
of that radial component through here, sorry the chord length through here. This doesn't
35:35.660 --> 35:42.660
happen all at once, it happens over a projected period of time, over a full period of time.
35:44.980 --> 35:50.780
The elevation, the difference in elevation we're talking about is around about 580 kilometres
35:50.780 --> 35:57.780
of this material must collapse, progressively collapse. So as the earth progressively increases
35:58.580 --> 36:05.580
in radius you're getting, first off you're getting a slight superelevation of the continental
36:06.780 --> 36:12.820
material as you get both sets of both crusts joined together, you get a superelevation
36:12.820 --> 36:19.820
in the continents, hence the continental crust, sorry the primitive supercontinents, and within
36:20.660 --> 36:27.660
the adjoining areas, the areas of the continental seas, the depressed areas. As you then progressively
36:30.780 --> 36:37.780
flatten that crust you get compression within those continental sea areas, compression,
36:38.260 --> 36:44.060
folding of these soft sediments, any jostling, you get mountain building and volcanic activity
36:44.060 --> 36:51.060
and also introduction of metals and granites and volcanic rocks. I guess this is what
36:52.940 --> 36:59.740
I find throughout history is that this is generally pulsed. You get superelevation,
36:59.740 --> 37:05.340
collapse and also erosion of that crust, the elevated crust and weakening of that central
37:05.340 --> 37:11.580
area and collapse again, compression to form your mountain belts, extension, basin forming
37:12.060 --> 37:17.060
sediments, new sediments, compression to form new mountains and so on.
37:17.060 --> 37:24.060
We'll just hone in a little bit closer to, and this is a schematic representation of
37:25.300 --> 37:32.300
what happens to the crust itself. What's shown here is the continental crust, about 30 to
37:34.540 --> 37:41.540
70, 80 kilometres thick, overlying the mantle, which is hot plastic superheater, and the
37:42.580 --> 37:49.580
starting off of a shallow continental sedimentary basin, overlaid by water, by shallow seas.
37:55.500 --> 37:59.380
As you get radial increase, this is transferred to the crust as crustal extension. So you
37:59.380 --> 38:04.740
can imagine this as being, say, a piece of plasticine or a toffee or something. You stretch
38:04.740 --> 38:09.660
that over a very long period of time, you get stretching and elongation. A very good
38:09.700 --> 38:14.420
example of the rocks that would form in here, down in the foyer, if you go down in the
38:14.420 --> 38:19.900
foyer, look at the floor, look out in the mall there, these Gneissig rocks have a very
38:19.900 --> 38:26.140
stretched elongated, attenuated fabric. This is typical of this environment.
38:26.140 --> 38:30.220
If you continue to stretch that crust, you then start getting faulting, what we call
38:30.220 --> 38:37.220
listric faulting along these margins. A classic example of this is the Red Sea between Africa
38:37.420 --> 38:44.420
and Arabia, where the margins of this sea are fault bound, these classic listric faults.
38:46.380 --> 38:51.700
Continuing on with that extension process, we then get into a continental scale where
38:51.700 --> 38:58.700
we get a break up of this and fragmentation to form modern continents and the modern
38:58.780 --> 39:05.780
oceans, the modern ocean basins, and then migration.
39:07.220 --> 39:14.220
This is another sequential animation, so I won't be able to show you this again.
39:21.140 --> 39:28.140
Leads on from that brief introduction last slide. The method of constructing each of
39:28.500 --> 39:35.500
these next models. Can you all see that?
39:37.220 --> 39:43.660
Good. Is to simply take away each of those sedimentary
39:43.660 --> 39:49.940
basins, take away those sediments and put them back onto the exposed lands. Take away
39:49.940 --> 39:55.900
the volcanic rocks and granite rocks and put them back to where they came from. Just gradually
39:55.900 --> 40:02.900
close off each of those sedimentary basins back in time. It's a very, very slow, very
40:02.900 --> 40:08.460
minute amount of movement per year. As I mentioned, the radial increase is only a
40:08.460 --> 40:15.140
maximum of say 100 microns per year, which only equates to maybe a millimetre per year.
40:15.140 --> 40:22.140
This is inconsequential on an earth's scale. This animation represents 95% of earth's
40:22.140 --> 40:29.140
history, 4,400 million years' time history. These are dated by modern dating techniques,
40:37.500 --> 40:41.460
so it's well constrained. The ages of these rocks are very well constrained. The most
40:41.460 --> 40:48.100
ancient rocks in the world are presently about 4 billion, 4,000 million years old.
40:48.100 --> 40:54.540
The most ancient meteorites, the Nassau order rocks, are around about 4,500,000 million
40:54.540 --> 41:01.540
years old. The coastlines shown on these animations, I don't know if you can see them, they're
41:01.540 --> 41:08.540
outlined in blue, represent those same continental seas and the most ancient supercontinent,
41:08.540 --> 41:15.540
distribution of supercontinents, just slowly changing with time as the size of the earth
41:19.060 --> 41:26.060
changes. These represent moving forward in time, this represents Rodinia, Gondwana,
41:29.020 --> 41:34.300
and also Pangaea supercontinents and all the other minor continents like Laurasia, Laurusia,
41:34.300 --> 41:41.300
and Laurentia for instance. We won't go into that. Also the seas, and also the ancient
41:46.500 --> 41:53.500
seas, the Tethys, Panthalassa and Iapetus seas. As I hoped you'd see, this is very
41:56.460 --> 42:03.460
easy to visualise in this format and hopefully understand.
42:04.300 --> 42:08.860
Unfortunately from a plate tectonic point of view where we have a static radius of
42:08.860 --> 42:15.860
earth, and that yellow circle by the way is the radius of the present earth, on a plate
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tectonic concept we're led to believe that these fragments of continents randomly assemble
42:25.500 --> 42:32.500
and collide and disassemble in a random motion throughout the world. So we have this wham-bang
42:33.300 --> 42:40.300
crash-bang scenario and as I hope you can appreciate, that if that were true then you
42:41.060 --> 42:48.060
cannot assemble these fragments back in time as I've assembled them. It's a physical impossibility.
42:53.300 --> 43:00.300
So this is what the primitive Archean earth looks like. The radius is around about the
43:01.300 --> 43:08.300
same size as the moon, the present moon, about 22% of the present earth radius. This one
43:09.580 --> 43:16.580
model represents the Archean to Mesoproterozoic and that's about 4,600 million years ago
43:18.020 --> 43:25.020
to 1,600 million years ago. If you recall back on that graph, that interval of time
43:25.140 --> 43:30.500
we're only dealing with microns, change in radius is only micron scale. So this one
43:30.500 --> 43:37.500
globe represents, that time interval represents about 60 kilometres change in earth radius
43:38.260 --> 43:45.260
and an Archean model would not look any different to that model there. So what's shown here
43:45.260 --> 43:52.260
is an assemblage of the most ancient crustal fragments in each of the present day continents.
43:58.860 --> 44:03.820
Australia is well endowed with these ancient fragments. The West Australian Shear right
44:03.820 --> 44:09.700
up into the Kimberley, Central Australia, each of these fragments are represented here
44:09.700 --> 44:16.700
whereas East Australia are essentially young sedimentary and volcanic rocks. So on this
44:17.180 --> 44:23.060
concept, the expanding earth concept, this material has been removed, the sediments
44:23.060 --> 44:29.860
have been returned to the ancient continents, ancient continent crustal fragments. As I
44:29.860 --> 44:34.100
hope you can all appreciate, this is where they came from. They were eroded, mechanically
44:34.100 --> 44:39.500
eroded and been washed down the rivers and deposited in these sedimentary basins. So
44:39.500 --> 44:43.860
all you're doing back in time is just simply returning them back to where they came from.
44:43.860 --> 44:47.260
And similarly the volcanic rocks, they come from the mantle, so you just simply return
44:47.260 --> 44:54.260
them to the mantle and the granites and the water and so on. These are what's left, these
44:55.420 --> 45:00.820
crustal fragments are what's left and as I was alluding to before on a plate tectonic
45:00.820 --> 45:07.900
scenario this would be an impossible situation where these same fragments are being wham
45:07.900 --> 45:14.900
bang crash bang and colliding into each other and then breaking up and dispersing at random,
45:14.900 --> 45:21.900
willy nilly all over the world. And as I mentioned right from the start, plate tectonic people
45:22.660 --> 45:29.660
do not use this oceanic mapping so they cannot get to this level of confidence in reconstructions.
45:29.660 --> 45:36.660
Also shown on there is an outline of the location of the present day continents which
45:36.660 --> 45:41.660
you won't be able to see but just flash past was Antarctica, Greenland, Hudson Bay South,
45:41.660 --> 45:47.660
it's America. Just trying to sneak down the side there, so America and Australia is tucked
45:47.660 --> 45:55.620
in there, Antarctica, India, etc. And then the last one is the
45:55.620 --> 46:02.620
complete sequence from the most primitive earth moving up to the present day earth
46:11.220 --> 46:18.220
defined by that yellow circle and also moving into the future. So it's not defining any
46:18.900 --> 46:25.900
premise, we're just simply, in this case we're simply now eroding the material into those
46:27.340 --> 46:32.260
sedimentary basins, we're introducing new volcanic rocks and granite rocks, just progressively
46:32.260 --> 46:38.820
stretching that continental crust, progressively very minute amounts each year, progressive
46:38.820 --> 46:45.820
extension and collapsing that crust to form the mountain belts and seismic areas of surface
46:48.220 --> 46:54.340
activity, volcanic activity, volcanism and so on. And also that, you won't be able to
46:54.340 --> 47:01.340
see, but that network of sedimentary basins also represents a network of crustal weakness
47:02.900 --> 47:09.900
which will then eventually form that network of mid-ocean rift zones. If you could just
47:10.860 --> 47:17.860
hold that there. A very, very interesting outcome of this research
47:18.980 --> 47:25.980
was the problem of extinctions and around about the same time as I was doing this research
47:27.740 --> 47:34.740
of course all this cometary impact and meteor impact studies came into vogue. At this particular
47:36.900 --> 47:43.900
moment in time, the Paleocene which is around about 60 to 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs
47:43.900 --> 47:50.900
became extinct at 65, finally became extinct and also 90% of most faunal and floral species
47:52.100 --> 47:58.100
as well became extinct at 65 million years time, so that's the time at this moment in
47:58.100 --> 48:05.100
time. If we were able to rotate this one globe you would notice that there are actually,
48:06.140 --> 48:12.140
at this time there are actually two separate distinct oceans, the Atlantic plus Indian
48:12.140 --> 48:19.140
Ocean, the primitive Atlantic and Indian Ocean and a completely separate Pacific Ocean.
48:21.100 --> 48:26.100
Each of the continents are joined, Australia to Antarctica, Australia to Asia and the Americas
48:26.100 --> 48:33.100
and so on. So these are land bridges which completely separate these two oceans. So you
48:33.100 --> 48:38.580
have the potential to have separate sea levels, separate salinity, separate temperatures,
48:38.780 --> 48:43.780
currents, separate fauna and flora within each of these two oceans.
48:43.780 --> 48:50.780
When we move forwards in time Australia and Antarctica then started to break up and rift
48:55.700 --> 49:01.820
apart at this moment in time and I might add the demise of the dinosaurs on these faunal
49:01.820 --> 49:07.540
and floral species occurred over an 8 to 10 million year time period. What we're being
49:07.540 --> 49:12.660
told is this was instantaneous, this meteor impact was an instantaneous event, this is
49:12.660 --> 49:19.660
absolute rubbish. You go back into the paleontology, this study of fossils and the dinosaur extinctions
49:21.340 --> 49:28.340
are very well documented and this is all substantiated by plotting the locations of these dinosaurs
49:29.220 --> 49:36.220
on my various models. It shows that at this moment in time Australia, Australia is at
49:37.540 --> 49:42.220
the centre of the Atlantic Ocean. You may be able to see that between Australia and
49:42.220 --> 49:49.300
Antarctica you didn't start to get opening up and formation of the Southern Ocean.
49:49.300 --> 49:55.140
So in other words what I'm alluding to is the ancient Atlantic and Indian Ocean then
49:55.140 --> 50:02.140
drained and filled up the Pacific Ocean. So you get the scenario where dinosaurs and various
50:02.340 --> 50:07.340
species living around the margins of these two oceans, their habitat was drained over
50:07.340 --> 50:13.420
geologically speaking a relatively rapid period of time, 8 to 10 million years. Similarly
50:13.420 --> 50:19.660
in the Pacific Ocean their habitats were flooded. So of course dinosaurs and all these species
50:19.660 --> 50:26.220
are specific to these environments. So one became extinct because their habitat was drained
50:26.220 --> 50:31.660
and the other became extinct because their habitat was flooded and ever since then the
50:31.660 --> 50:38.660
two oceans have been equivocal. Prior to that there's also another minor event earlier
50:45.220 --> 50:52.220
than that where the primitive North Pacific and South Pacific Oceans were two separate
50:52.980 --> 50:59.980
oceans. So Australia and America were joined together here, right here at Brisbane and
51:00.140 --> 51:04.300
California coastline were joined together. So we had two oceans, the North and South
51:04.300 --> 51:09.500
Pacific Oceans and that moment in time that fragmented and the two oceans merged. We
51:09.500 --> 51:16.500
had another mass extinction event and there's been a number of these through time.
51:20.740 --> 51:26.980
I'll just leave them as statics on the screen now. So I think you can get the gist of what
51:26.980 --> 51:33.980
I'm trying to get across is that modelling this crustal, the oceanic and continental
51:34.780 --> 51:41.300
geological information, this mapping, demonstrate that an expanding earth is indeed viable.
51:41.300 --> 51:48.300
I came to a critical point in my research at this time. I could see that all this information
51:48.300 --> 51:55.300
said that yes the earth was expanding. But what happens to the various data sets that
51:57.100 --> 52:03.260
are now readily available, the crustal geology which we've dealt with, the ancient magnetic
52:03.260 --> 52:08.420
poles, the location of the poles, the ancient geography, the ancient climate and also will
52:08.420 --> 52:14.620
then allude to mechanisms for expansion. When you plot this information on each of these
52:14.620 --> 52:21.620
globes, if this information doesn't work, well then I'm obviously wrong. As I found
52:21.700 --> 52:28.700
out, what I would have liked to have shown here is the development of Australia as an
52:28.780 --> 52:34.820
example of crustal geology. Australia, this is the location of Australia now. Moving back
52:34.820 --> 52:41.700
in time, Australia actually is actually located in the northern hemisphere and is also rotated
52:41.700 --> 52:47.660
in the north-south long axis. It's distinct from an east-west orientation at the moment.
52:47.660 --> 52:53.180
So the bulk of Australia is in the northern hemisphere, Perth is in high northern latitudes,
52:53.180 --> 53:00.180
the ancient equator runs through say Adelaide to the northern territory and Queensland is
53:01.620 --> 53:08.620
just tucked down into the southern hemisphere. That's where it stayed for 95% of earth history.
53:10.700 --> 53:16.380
As we move forward in time with the opening up of the ancient Pacific Ocean as well as
53:16.380 --> 53:23.380
the Indian Ocean, Australia then rotated and migrated south to its present location.
53:27.220 --> 53:34.220
Geographically and climate wise, this is adequately substantiated, especially in West
53:34.540 --> 53:41.540
Australia where we have extremely deeply weathered rocks, we have what's called laterites which
53:42.460 --> 53:49.460
are a valuable source of aluminium and iron which only occur in equatorial and tropical
53:50.780 --> 53:57.780
equatorial climates. Similarly we have, over printing that, we have a period of desert
54:00.100 --> 54:06.020
occasion, most of Western Australia and Central Australia is now desert. So from that tropical
54:06.060 --> 54:13.060
environment, as we move south, we then steadily move into a desert environment, desert climate.
54:14.020 --> 54:19.820
Nita and I have just spent the past week travelling through the hinterland here, nearly
54:19.820 --> 54:25.380
2000 kilometres, seeing your wonderful states and through all these national parks and
54:25.380 --> 54:31.580
whatnot, the common theme, these palm trees and ferns and these ancient plant species,
54:31.580 --> 54:35.220
wherever they come from, why are they there? These indicate to me that we had, that it
54:35.220 --> 54:41.220
was a tropical climate and that's precisely what this modelling is showing that Australia,
54:41.220 --> 54:46.140
as well as those you've been to, Alice Springs and say the bungalow bungles for instance,
54:46.140 --> 54:52.100
is remnant palm trees in there which just should not be there. In plate tectonics Australia
54:52.100 --> 54:57.860
is supposed to have originated from near southern South Pole and migrated north and is supposed
54:57.860 --> 55:02.860
to be still migrating north. So where are these palm trees coming from? Here we have
55:02.860 --> 55:07.660
a situation where it started in the northern hemisphere, crosses the equator right at
55:07.660 --> 55:13.300
that moment in time when these species are evolving and becoming widespread and then
55:13.300 --> 55:19.700
migrating south into a progressively more drier climate. So in these little niches,
55:19.700 --> 55:26.700
Alice Springs, Brisbane, bungalow bungles, these niches of remnant tropical species.
55:26.700 --> 55:33.700
For those of you who have travelled in outback Western Australia you'll also see pine trees
55:35.140 --> 55:42.140
and cypress pines which are just totally alien to Australian climate and vegetation.
55:48.540 --> 55:54.540
On all of these models you'll have noticed that I've plotted an equator and also by
55:54.540 --> 56:01.540
inference the poles. This pole data comes from, there's a global, international global
56:01.540 --> 56:08.540
database of ancient pole data. The ancient magnetic poles are, without going too much
56:13.020 --> 56:20.020
depth, all volcanic rocks contain minute iron minerals, the magnetites and the hematites
56:20.020 --> 56:27.020
crystals. When they solidify that magnetite in particular will have a polarity, that
56:30.100 --> 56:35.540
will have a north-south pole and it will be lined up with the ancient pole. So if you
56:35.540 --> 56:42.460
then come along and take measurements on this remnant magnetism you can then get an indication
56:42.460 --> 56:49.460
of where the ancient pole was. When you plot all of this information on my models you get
56:50.020 --> 56:57.020
a diametrically opposed north and south cluster, polar cluster, on each and every single
56:57.540 --> 57:03.380
model and from there it's just simply a very simple process of scaling through 90 degrees
57:03.380 --> 57:10.380
to determine the equator. This is the north pole, it should by right sequence through
57:10.980 --> 57:17.980
to the present day. That is actually located in Mongolia and north China. You have the
57:20.020 --> 57:27.020
North China, that's Antarctica, Greenland, North America, Australia's in here I think
57:27.620 --> 57:34.620
from memory, in here. Bear in mind that Australia was north-south at that time so it's nipping
57:35.580 --> 57:42.260
into the northern hemisphere. When you sequence through time that pole, the actual pole stays
57:42.260 --> 57:46.980
in the same place throughout earth history. That's one thing that came out of this research,
57:46.980 --> 57:50.780
the actual pole, both poles stayed in the same place, it's the actual continents that
57:50.780 --> 57:56.580
move around. As the oceans open up and the radius changes you're getting this apparent
57:56.580 --> 58:03.580
migration of the continents, an apparent migration of the pole. So the north pole commenced here
58:03.620 --> 58:10.620
was in Mongolia and north China for 95% of earth history and briefly migrated into northern
58:11.020 --> 58:18.020
America and then back into the Arctic Ocean where it is at the present. Again this is
58:23.380 --> 58:30.380
the ancient south pole and that what you see on the screen is Africa, so this is Africa.
58:31.500 --> 58:38.500
Again orientated sideways, this is South America tucked in, the Atlantic Ocean will eventually
58:39.180 --> 58:46.180
open up at that join. This is India, Madagascar and Antarctica and remnants of Europe up
58:49.300 --> 58:56.300
here. So the south pole was located in central West Africa throughout 95% of earth history.
58:57.020 --> 59:02.100
As the continents started to break up and the new oceans formed that apparent pole
59:02.100 --> 59:09.100
of wonder was down through along the west coast of Africa to South Africa and then
59:10.500 --> 59:17.100
during the Mesozoic which is the era of the dinosaurs it then migrated across the opening
59:17.100 --> 59:23.340
Atlantic Ocean onto Antarctica. Antarctica bearing in mind started off in the equatorial
59:23.340 --> 59:30.340
regions and it migrated underneath the pole, underneath the south pole and at that time
59:32.620 --> 59:39.620
there was a change in climate. So as the pole, this would have had quite a large polar
59:40.700 --> 59:47.700
ice cap and as it migrated south and the Atlantic Ocean opened up this ice cap was
59:48.020 --> 59:54.520
disrupted as the pole then migrated across the Atlantic Ocean it became seasonal with
59:54.520 --> 59:59.140
the warm ocean currents that would have melted that ice cap and became seasonal hence the
59:59.180 --> 01:00:06.180
change in climate and once Antarctica started encroaching on the south polar region it
01:00:07.180 --> 01:00:13.700
started to get fixed permanent ice sheets developing on Antarctica for the first time.
01:00:13.700 --> 01:00:19.900
Antarctica has then subsequently continued to migrate through the south pole so we have
01:00:19.900 --> 01:00:26.900
the south polar ice sheet concentrically contained within that continent. The change of climates
01:00:26.900 --> 01:00:33.900
is media announcements that the south polar ice cap is melting and we're entering into
01:00:38.660 --> 01:00:45.660
a change of climate. I tend to don't take much notice of that because when you consider
01:00:45.660 --> 01:00:52.660
that Antarctica is migrating underneath the polar ice cap what happens is that that ice
01:00:52.860 --> 01:00:59.860
cap is, or the continent is trying to drag that ice cap along with it so what will happen
01:00:59.860 --> 01:01:05.220
on the leading edge that will break up and fragment and melt, just exactly what they're
01:01:05.220 --> 01:01:12.220
showing on television. But the other side which we're not showing will then refreeze
01:01:12.540 --> 01:01:19.540
and reform so the ice sheet stays relatively the same size but it's trying not to be shunted
01:01:20.540 --> 01:01:27.540
sideways with this continent moving underneath it. And similarly as it migrated out of Africa
01:01:27.540 --> 01:01:32.540
the exact same thing was happening and when you plot climatic data and distribution of
01:01:32.540 --> 01:01:37.540
species on there the same things are happening and these species are trying to move around
01:01:37.540 --> 01:01:44.540
getting away from these changing and evolving climatic zones.
01:01:45.540 --> 01:01:52.540
Again what I would have liked to have shown here is the progression of each of these
01:01:52.540 --> 01:01:59.540
ancient continental seas, the blue outline shown there as the coastlines and as you
01:02:00.180 --> 01:02:07.180
change the radius of the earth and change the configuration of this crust and also the
01:02:07.180 --> 01:02:14.180
quantity of ocean waters you get a variation in the coastal outlines. And this over a
01:02:18.060 --> 01:02:25.060
period of time you then progressively evolve from the Rodinia to Gondwana to Pangaea and
01:02:25.060 --> 01:02:30.820
super continents and all their sub continents. And this again this coastal information was
01:02:30.820 --> 01:02:37.820
plotted from published information, published readily available global data. There's no
01:02:38.140 --> 01:02:44.540
manipulation of the data and it coincided precisely with the distribution of these
01:02:44.540 --> 01:02:50.300
sedimentary basins as you'd expect the sedimentary basins because material is being flushed
01:02:50.300 --> 01:02:57.300
into these shallow seas. Moving forward in time as this crust extends
01:02:57.780 --> 01:03:04.780
and then finally ruptures and starts to break up to form the modern oceans you then see
01:03:05.780 --> 01:03:12.060
in the data a reduction in the area of these continental seas which implies a draining
01:03:12.060 --> 01:03:18.540
of these seas into the modern oceans. The formation of the modern oceans then you then
01:03:18.540 --> 01:03:25.060
start getting the mid ocean rift zones opening up and with the mid ocean rift zones and the
01:03:25.060 --> 01:03:30.860
new volcanics you're getting all this new water being expelled and as well as the gases
01:03:30.860 --> 01:03:36.180
and so you're again getting a flooding and filling up of this modern ocean basins. It's
01:03:36.180 --> 01:03:43.180
quite dramatic when you see it properly. The climate zoneation can be modelled by plotting
01:03:47.620 --> 01:03:53.900
what we call climatic dependent indicators, the limestones and the coals and glacial
01:03:54.020 --> 01:03:59.980
related rocks and say evaporites like salt and so on. You plot the distribution of these,
01:03:59.980 --> 01:04:06.980
I've only shown coal and reefs here, the reefs are in stars and the coal is in diamonds.
01:04:09.580 --> 01:04:16.140
Coral reefs only occur between say 20 to 30 degrees north and south of the equator so
01:04:16.140 --> 01:04:21.820
you would expect that that limestone coral reef data would plot and straddle the equator
01:04:21.900 --> 01:04:28.900
and this is precisely what this shows. Similarly the coal occurs from the equator to more
01:04:30.860 --> 01:04:35.900
temperate zones and while it's not immediately obvious here when you rotate it you can see
01:04:35.900 --> 01:04:42.900
a little bit better. What the data also shows is there is a shift in the data, there is
01:04:44.500 --> 01:04:50.660
a northward shift in the data. It still parallels the equator but there's a shift in the data
01:04:50.980 --> 01:04:57.980
and you can explain this by at this time the Permian was quite a major ice age, over 10,
01:04:59.020 --> 01:05:05.740
15 million years and that was a permanent ice sheet in the southern hemisphere as distinct
01:05:05.740 --> 01:05:11.940
from the northern hemisphere where we had these inland seas, the Tethys Sea in particular,
01:05:11.940 --> 01:05:16.860
this one stretching all the way from the equator all the way up across the pole and also over
01:05:16.860 --> 01:05:21.820
the other side so you had this potential for this warm equatorial currents to migrate
01:05:21.820 --> 01:05:28.820
north around the pole, melt the ice caps and so you just simply get a seasonal ice cap
01:05:30.340 --> 01:05:36.140
developed similar to the Arctic ice sheet at present, hence a much smaller ice cap
01:05:36.140 --> 01:05:41.140
in the northern hemisphere and a shift in these climate zones.
01:05:42.140 --> 01:05:48.140
We're just coming to the bit that you're probably waiting for with a baited breath.
01:05:50.140 --> 01:05:59.140
Why, how does this all occur? What I'm about to show you is speculation because this question
01:05:59.420 --> 01:06:08.420
has never been required to be asked. I'd appreciate if you're led to believe that we have a static
01:06:08.540 --> 01:06:14.780
radius Earth, we live in terra firma Earth, there's no need to ask the question as to
01:06:14.780 --> 01:06:18.700
how could it possibly expand, where would all this material come from? Hence there's
01:06:18.700 --> 01:06:22.860
only a handful of researchers throughout the world that have even bothered to question
01:06:22.860 --> 01:06:29.860
this. What I've shown here, I'll leave it up to you to read it, modern technology is
01:06:31.180 --> 01:06:38.180
such now that we can accurately measure the dimensions of the Earth from satellite laser
01:06:38.180 --> 01:06:45.180
ranging and the various other techniques and also measure the plate motion, the migration
01:06:45.540 --> 01:06:52.540
of the continents on a yearly basis down to sub-centimeter levels, accuracies. This has
01:06:52.820 --> 01:06:59.820
been going on since about 1976 but it wasn't until 1993 when they had enough ground based
01:07:00.260 --> 01:07:06.580
stations available throughout the world to be able to use this information, this 17 years
01:07:06.580 --> 01:07:12.660
worth of information to calculate a radius of the Earth. What they found as you can
01:07:12.660 --> 01:07:19.660
see there, they found that the Earth was expanding over this 17 year time period, the Earth
01:07:19.820 --> 01:07:26.460
was expanding by 18 millimetres per year and my calculations are 22, so when you take into
01:07:26.460 --> 01:07:32.540
consideration the Aero factor which is about 3 or 4 millimetres, it's pretty well spot-on.
01:07:32.620 --> 01:07:37.340
NASA were spending, at that time NASA were spending something like $500 million per
01:07:37.340 --> 01:07:44.340
year to prove, well not prove but independently, prove that plate tectonics was the way to
01:07:45.420 --> 01:07:52.420
go. So as the last statement maintains, this was basically considered an error and they
01:07:55.660 --> 01:08:01.500
recommended this be restricted to zero because this is closer to the true situation than
01:08:01.500 --> 01:08:06.260
an average of 18 millimetres per year. So in other words they were not anticipating
01:08:06.260 --> 01:08:13.100
the Earth to expand. These measurements are extremely sophisticated mathematics and statistics
01:08:13.100 --> 01:08:18.660
taken from over 600 ground based stations from around the world and these are all fed
01:08:18.660 --> 01:08:25.660
into a super computer in Paris and spat out the other end. And if you delve deeper into
01:08:25.940 --> 01:08:32.940
their literature you'll come across modifications, little tweaks to their mathematical formula
01:08:33.900 --> 01:08:40.300
to eliminate this error. So they didn't even suspect that the Earth was expanding. So
01:08:40.300 --> 01:08:45.700
basically now when I get questions on yes but NASA is measuring the size of the Earth
01:08:45.700 --> 01:08:49.420
and it's showing that it's not expanding, when you go into their website you will see
01:08:49.420 --> 01:08:55.580
that the mean increase in radius is less than say less than one millimetre. It's
01:08:55.580 --> 01:09:00.380
just purely simply a manipulation of mathematics. I don't know if there's any mathematicians
01:09:00.380 --> 01:09:07.380
here but don't you give a mathematician or a physicist or physicist a set of data and
01:09:07.380 --> 01:09:14.380
manipulate it to whatever you want. It's true. Then we're posed with a question, okay, the
01:09:14.380 --> 01:09:21.380
Earth is increasing and the information suggests it's increasing. So is it an increase
01:09:26.020 --> 01:09:33.020
in mass or is it a constant mass and an increase in say density for instance. To cut this one
01:09:33.620 --> 01:09:40.620
short the top two curves are a constant mass scenario and it would suggest that during
01:09:41.580 --> 01:09:48.580
the pre-Cambrian primitive Earth say density and surface gravity were extremely high,
01:09:48.820 --> 01:09:55.820
which is extremely unlikely. These figures say 15 times the present, 15 to 20 or so
01:09:57.100 --> 01:10:04.100
times the present values, these just do not occur elsewhere in the solar system today.
01:10:04.260 --> 01:10:11.260
So this is purely, this is just pure mathematical manipulation of the radius data and the radius
01:10:13.020 --> 01:10:20.020
formula that I showed you, certainly the graph that I showed you earlier. So we're faced
01:10:20.540 --> 01:10:27.540
with the suggestion that the increase in Earth radius is caused by an increase in mass. So
01:10:27.540 --> 01:10:34.540
where did all this mass come from? I don't know. But this is a speculative mechanism
01:10:38.780 --> 01:10:45.780
that I developed and put forward in my thesis. What the geological information tells us
01:10:47.140 --> 01:10:54.140
for the very early Archean era was that certainly mantle temperatures were around about 1500
01:10:54.660 --> 01:10:59.580
degrees hotter than what they are now and surface temperatures were between 30 and
01:10:59.580 --> 01:11:06.580
300 degrees hotter than what they are now. I'll just briefly mention something about
01:11:09.540 --> 01:11:16.540
geological time before we go on a little bit further. Geological time, to measure geological
01:11:17.540 --> 01:11:24.540
time, there's certain minerals that you can assay and determine, they decay, they're
01:11:27.180 --> 01:11:31.780
decay products, they're daughter elements, you can measure the ratios of these and you
01:11:31.780 --> 01:11:36.580
can then convert that to time. You know the decay rate of these various minerals and
01:11:36.580 --> 01:11:43.580
there's a whole swag of, suite of minerals that you can use. And these methods are very,
01:11:43.940 --> 01:11:50.940
very sophisticated these days. I work at Telfer in central north, west Australia at
01:11:50.940 --> 01:11:56.580
the moment where our rocks, we have granites there, are dated at 604 million years old,
01:11:56.580 --> 01:12:02.580
plus or minus 1 to 2 million years. This is very, very accurate compared with 10, 15
01:12:02.580 --> 01:12:07.740
years ago where that would be 600 plus or minus 20 or 30 million years. So it's becoming
01:12:07.740 --> 01:12:11.940
very, very sophisticated and very accurate these days, what I'd address. So what I was
01:12:11.980 --> 01:12:18.980
alluding to is you can only measure the age of a rock once that the crystals in that
01:12:19.540 --> 01:12:26.540
rock have solidified and that rock has cooled enough to be preserved with time. So at that
01:12:28.220 --> 01:12:33.860
moment in time when that first rock solidified and was preserved and preserved up until
01:12:33.860 --> 01:12:39.180
the present day, you then go and measure that, take measurements from that, prior to that
01:12:39.180 --> 01:12:44.900
time, if that rock was molten, you cannot measure time. So basically our geological
01:12:44.900 --> 01:12:50.340
time starts at that moment when that first rock crystallised and solidified and preserved
01:12:50.340 --> 01:12:57.340
to the present day. So these high mantle temperatures and surface temperatures then suggested to
01:12:58.100 --> 01:13:05.100
me that during the pre-Archean, prior to 4.5 thousand million years ago, from the indeterminate
01:13:05.100 --> 01:13:10.940
period of time, that the earth was actually molten. What I've shown here in this first
01:13:10.940 --> 01:13:17.940
one is a slightly larger earth, an earth plus moon incandescent blob. What I intimated
01:13:26.180 --> 01:13:33.180
in my research was that the earth, this primitive earth-moon blob was very much closer to the
01:13:33.260 --> 01:13:39.060
primitive young sun, very much smaller than what it is now and totally different to what
01:13:39.060 --> 01:13:46.060
it is now. So if you can imagine a fragment, or not a fragment, a blob of material flung
01:13:47.300 --> 01:13:53.500
off the surface of this primitive young sun, very similar to the sunspot activity that
01:13:53.500 --> 01:14:00.500
we see today, on a yearly basis, happening on the sun today, but different materials.
01:14:01.140 --> 01:14:08.140
So what I'm suggesting is we have this, whatever the sun is made of, this blob of pure energy,
01:14:12.500 --> 01:14:18.500
whatever, plasma, whatever, that's flung off this surface of this sun. That blob, as well
01:14:18.500 --> 01:14:25.180
as periodically the rest of the remaining planets are also the same. This material,
01:14:25.180 --> 01:14:29.780
this primitive planet along with the other planets, then gradually over a very extended
01:14:29.780 --> 01:14:36.780
period of time, move away from the surface of the sun, away from the influence of that
01:14:36.980 --> 01:14:43.100
high temperatures on the sun. This material, this energy then simply condenses to form
01:14:43.100 --> 01:14:50.100
matter. This is simply a reversal, as our next speaker I think will allude to. This
01:14:50.180 --> 01:14:57.180
energy, in Einstein's equation, if you increase the speed of matter, you convert it to energy.
01:14:57.820 --> 01:15:01.780
If you decrease the speed of energy, you condense it to form energy. It's just simply
01:15:01.780 --> 01:15:08.140
a reversal of Einstein's equation. Energy has no mass, or matter has mass. So at that
01:15:08.140 --> 01:15:15.140
moment in time, once that energy condenses to form matter, you then start to get mass.
01:15:16.000 --> 01:15:23.000
During this same phase, I envisage this newly formed material condensed on this very primitive
01:15:23.000 --> 01:15:30.000
blob of sun material becoming gravitationally unstable, generating a wobble. I calculated
01:15:32.440 --> 01:15:38.440
that if you had, you need 400 kilometre thickness, which is about that scale of material of this
01:15:38.440 --> 01:15:45.440
new molten matter, to be stripped off that primitive earth-moon blob to form a binary
01:15:45.440 --> 01:15:52.440
earth-moon planet, which is what we are now, a binary planet. The size of the moon and
01:15:52.440 --> 01:15:59.440
the size of the primitive earth were roughly identical dimensions at that time, 1700 kilometres
01:15:59.480 --> 01:16:06.480
radius, 3400 kilometres diameter. We'll forget about the moon now. That moon comprised matter
01:16:08.020 --> 01:16:15.020
which had already been condensed. So the radius of the moon is simply the radius of the moon.
01:16:15.440 --> 01:16:21.640
It's essentially stayed constant from then on. The earth will still retain this highly
01:16:21.640 --> 01:16:28.640
reactive core material. I then envisage this condensation of matter to continue to condense
01:16:29.480 --> 01:16:36.120
at the core mantle interface. New material will then form, forming the mantle. New material
01:16:36.120 --> 01:16:42.480
will then cause mantle swell. Mantle swell will then be transferred to the outer crust
01:16:42.480 --> 01:16:49.480
and cause crustal extension. By the time we get to the Permian period, we then reach
01:16:50.060 --> 01:16:57.060
a point where this newly formed continental crust, the ability to extend, is exceeded.
01:16:57.320 --> 01:17:04.320
We start getting fragmentation and break-up of this crust and opening up of the modern
01:17:04.320 --> 01:17:10.680
oceans. This is a cross-section of the modern earth where we have mid-ocean rift zones,
01:17:10.680 --> 01:17:16.280
volcanic material being derived, upwelling from the mantle, being extruded along these
01:17:16.280 --> 01:17:23.280
cracks and being solidified at the ocean floor. The continental, fragments of the continental
01:17:25.000 --> 01:17:32.000
crust remain in position with deep roots. This is again a contentious issue in plate
01:17:33.000 --> 01:17:38.120
tectonics. We have the continents have very deep roots. Where in plate tectonics this
01:17:38.120 --> 01:17:43.200
material is supposedly subducted in this very region where we have these deep roots,
01:17:43.200 --> 01:17:50.200
very very deep, hundreds of kilometres deep roots below our continents. So that's in a
01:17:52.200 --> 01:17:59.200
nutshell. My summary is yes, the earth is expanding, I hope. You can appreciate that.
01:18:01.160 --> 01:18:05.760
I apologise for the muck-up in those video animations. I'm really disappointed in that
01:18:05.760 --> 01:18:10.520
because as I said before, it worked fine when we tested it there. All of this is now
01:18:10.520 --> 01:18:17.520
available in book format. There's an e-book on www.oneoffpublishing.com and our hard
01:18:18.840 --> 01:18:25.840
copy book is printed. It's supposedly in transit and it's being distributed through
01:18:26.360 --> 01:18:33.360
most of the university bookstores. If you're generally interested in purchasing a copy,
01:18:33.640 --> 01:18:40.200
see the lovely Anita there and she'll take your details and certainly forward you a
01:18:40.200 --> 01:18:47.200
copy in due course. I would have liked to have shown this as a finale while I answered
01:18:47.720 --> 01:18:54.720
questions. We'll just see if it worked. Yes, plate tectonics.
01:19:03.360 --> 01:19:10.360
Thank you, James. We may just leave that up and let it run for a while and people
01:19:11.480 --> 01:19:14.520
will want to have a look at it. James will be out there to answer any questions. Are
01:19:14.520 --> 01:19:17.520
you going to have any of those animations on your website? Do you think there's a low
01:19:17.520 --> 01:19:22.520
res GIF animation? It's something to consider because they're very descriptive.
01:19:22.520 --> 01:19:26.520
If you're generally interested, just contact me and I'll send you a CD.
01:19:26.520 --> 01:19:30.480
Yeah, he's saying if you're generally interested, contact him and he'll send you a CD. I really
01:19:30.480 --> 01:19:35.480
think it's most interesting. Give him another clap. That was pretty stressful to go through.
01:19:35.480 --> 01:19:40.960
Thank you for your patience too. Just before you all go, we're about to break for lunch
01:19:40.960 --> 01:19:44.480
so anybody who's absolutely starving, feel free to dash out. I just wanted to point out
01:19:44.480 --> 01:19:50.680
one very interesting little piece of information. You recall he mentioned the continent of Antarctica
01:19:50.680 --> 01:19:56.640
started off in equatorial regions or a little bit higher in between what's now Europe and
01:19:56.640 --> 01:20:01.880
the Americas. I know there are a lot of researchers who believe that there was once a continental
01:20:01.880 --> 01:20:07.360
landmass in between Europe, Africa and what we call the Americas today, which is not there.
01:20:07.360 --> 01:20:11.160
We know that from cultural things. A lot of people here in the audience are probably aware
01:20:11.160 --> 01:20:16.920
of the legendary continent of Atlantis. Well, there is more than one researcher out there
01:20:16.920 --> 01:20:21.760
who have a very good case to suggest that that continental landmass is now what we call
01:20:21.760 --> 01:20:26.240
Antarctic. There's one guy there, Rand Flemeth, who's got a whole book based on Atlantis being
01:20:26.240 --> 01:20:33.240
where Antarctica is now. So it's a lot of interesting things for thinking about there.