1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:27,000 And also at Abu Ghraab, we have this beautiful ancient limestone wall, which is... 2 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:36,000 looking, at least to the eye, as you can see. And the original casing stones here of rose 3 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:48,000 granite of what's left of a pyramid, limestone core. And again, the rose granit... 4 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:57,000 more than 500 miles away from Aswan. And some of the blocks of the rose granite are many, 5 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:10,000 many tons, as in 50 tons plus in some places, like at Giza, which isn't too far from here, 6 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:16,000 because all of these sites are very close together. The sites in the area known as 7 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:27,000 Buhwizr, which is the ancient term, pre-dynastic term for this area, as in bef... 8 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:37,000 showed up, there was a very advanced civilization from which the pharaohs... 9 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:47,000 like beautiful flat stone surfaces. The commissions seemed to be the people who ha... 10 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:58,000 high technology. Again, casing stones here, red granite, the rose red granite of, from... 11 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:06,000 Here a beautiful shaped surface with hieroglyphs, which were added later, proba... 12 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:13,000 dynastic Egyptians. But this is the most incredible thing. This is called the hotep, 13 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:31,000 and it is one single block of stone. You can see it has four points, very crystalline... 14 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:39,000 and also notice the layering. Notice how flat the layering is. This was clearly, I'm sur... 15 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:48,000 it was clearly selected for this horizontal layering. So the stone itself may not have... 16 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:56,000 of the quarry this way. They may have had to have selected the stone from an angle in t... 17 00:02:56,000 --> 00:03:07,000 in order to achieve that sandwich look. And what we also see are these beautiful shape... 18 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:17,000 very, very flat. They look like, okay, sorry, I thought it was one piece, it's actually... 19 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:37,000 But this is one single block here. And again, these beautiful, even flat surfaces. And... 20 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:45,000 what we'll see, is a tube drill mark, which is right there. So it looks like a tube dr... 21 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:58,000 to create this area, and then a different tool was used to create this area. And the... 22 00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:07,000 very smooth. It feels almost like, or maybe was, an ancient router device that cut tha... 23 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:18,000 Incredibly difficult to do by hand, possibly impossible to do by hand. And this center... 24 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:31,000 And across the way, these crystalline stone bowls, one, two, three, four, five, six,... 25 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:41,000 We'll go and have a look at those next. Here at Abu Ghraab, where most tourists don't g... 26 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:50,000 But Yusuf Aweyan, our guide over there, is the master of the area. His father was the... 27 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:59,000 His family line goes back probably thousands of years, maintaining this ancient... 28 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:13,000 And across from the hotep, here we have these amazing bowls. Nine of them, seemingly the... 29 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:24,000 Notice all the curious knobs that are on them. And each one of these has a hole, on... 30 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:34,000 Now it's said by some that these are sacrificial bowls, or were, for putting th... 31 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:45,000 But it's the precision of the hole and the fact that it's not very low down. If this ... 32 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:50,000 And it's not. It looks like less than a third of the way down from the top. 33 00:05:50,000 --> 00:06:02,000 And just look at how well that was done. You can also see, hopefully, I'll turn on the... 34 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:04,000 Hopefully, I'll turn on the light. 35 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:20,000 See inside, hopefully you can see where the tool actually skipped on the right-hand side. 36 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:29,000 You can see where the cord drill moved out of a perfect pattern and dug in a little more... 37 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:43,000 That could mean that the tool was driven by hand, as in hand control. But clearly, har... 38 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:53,000 these were not done by primitive workers with simple tools. This looks to me like high... 39 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:14,000 The number of knobs is not the same. These knobs here, they seem to vary. I think... 40 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:22,000 And they were not originally found here. They were found around the pyramid, Perneter. 41 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:29,000 Perneter is the ancient name for pyramid, pyramid itself being a name taken from the... 42 00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:47,000 But they were found around that Perneter, and the archaeologists lined them up because... 43 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:49,000 Quite incredible. 44 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,000 Thank you.