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The main thrust of this program is to question the validity of the official record of mankind's

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exploration of the moon. Sending men to the moon and bringing them back safely is widely held to

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be the greatest technical achievement of mankind so far. In fact, the greatest achievement of the

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second millennium. But this story of Project Apollo presents an alternative viewpoint.

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The material you will see uncovers numerous inconsistencies in the official NASA record

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of manned missions to the moon. The anomalies presented to bring into total question whether

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over the period of three years from 1969, 12 named Apollo astronauts really did travel through deep

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space and walk upon the surface of our celestial neighbor, the moon.

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New evidence throws into serious doubt the authenticity of the Apollo record and suggests that NASA

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hoaxed the photographs taken on the surface of the moon. This aspect of the lunar photography

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is dealt with in part one. In part two, we will be looking at the dangers of space radiation

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that have to be overcome when journeying to and from the moon. And in part three, we examine

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the evolution of the rockets involved and the problems of getting astronauts and all their

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equipment out to the moon and back alive and well. This production is the result of painstaking

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and extensive research. You'll hear the testimony of many people from various disciplines, including

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those who can be described as whistleblowers. These are individuals who have spoken out or

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left a legacy of clues. In a 1959 report to the US House of Representatives, rocket engineer

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Wernher von Braun stated that manned orbit of the moon would not occur before 1969 and that a manned

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lunar landing would only follow years later. The NASA administrators and their contractors,

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North American Aviation, were firmly of the opinion that until at least the early 1970s,

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only unmanned instrumentation would be probing the lunar surface and its environment.

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In 1959, I was working with advanced research at Rocketdyne and they did a study on the statistical

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probability of landing a man on the moon and returning him and it was something like .0014.

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This was taking into account the Van Allen radiation belt, solar flares, micrometeorites,

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all of the numerous hazards that astronauts would encounter and the possibility of failure.

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So obviously, when I heard that in 1959, I pretty much got the idea that going to the moon was a real

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risky thing. Despite these and other expert opinions, two years later, President Kennedy officially set

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America on the road to the moon. Given the fully acknowledged relatively primitive state of 1960s

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technology, we are going to investigate the dramatic progress and the many claims made by the Apollo space

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program. I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this decade is

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out of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. No single space project in this

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period will be more impressive to mankind or more important for the long-range exploration of space.

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This program will show that real live astronauts were sent on the high-risk journey to the moon,

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but they were not the now famous named astronauts who in all probability never left earth orbit.

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In this way, they avoided exposure to the hazardous and even lethal radiation of deep space by remaining

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below the zones of radiation that encircle earth and of course staying well within the earth's magnetic field,

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which contributes to the protection of our planet. Even in our present state of technology at the

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dawn of this new millennium, potentially lethal radiation awaits all those who venture through

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the Van Allen radiation belts into deep space, whether they be en route to the moon, to Mars or beyond.

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So did Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Ed Mitchell and their named comrades sacrifice their personal

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integrity on the altar of NASA's reputation? Did other unnamed astronauts sacrifice their lives?

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And if so, for what reason? Was it to cover for the fact that in the late 60s it was not possible

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to guarantee the safe return to earth of the Apollo astronauts? Such a scenario would answer that

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inevitable question, why? And to justify the serious anomalies in the official record which this investigation

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reveals. Dr. Ian Crawford is a research astronomer for the department of physics and astronomy at

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University College London. In our history we've done a lot of things but we have also done some

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things which are truly great, like building the pyramids, like building the cathedrals in medieval

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Europe and like putting people on the moon in the 1960s. I mean these were tremendous achievements for

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their time. Could it be the case that NASA publicly stated that it was doing things one way when in fact

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plans were in place to proceed in a very different manner? Was it realized very early on that apart

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from the unpredictable radiation hazards and the massive technological challenges, the lunar

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environment itself without an atmosphere and certainly no winds created yet another set of insurmountable

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problems? Maybe it'll uh, that sort of looks like it's waving in a breeze. Yes sir.

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Instead of nothing, there's one. This is aiary board of artificial intelligence.

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The moon and the NASA ==

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Imagination of the introduction

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Like many of us, David Percy was overjoyed at the sight of Armstrong apparently stepping

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onto the lunar surface in July 1969.

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David is an award-winning film and television producer as well as a professional photographer

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and associate of the Royal Photographic Society.

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A representative of mankind may well have gone to the moon in 1969, but our research

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suggests that images of the Apollo landings are not a true and accurate record of such

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an event.

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In our view, the Apollo pictures were faked, many were also encoded with deliberate mistakes.

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In the years following the Apollo missions, it became increasingly clear to us that there

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were also errors in the continuity between the live TV coverage and the still photographs.

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Many of the images are replete with inconsistencies and anomalies.

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These anomalies and errors may well have been deliberately introduced by whistleblowers.

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The view of co-author Mary Bennett and myself is that these whistleblowers were individuals

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deeply unhappy with the fraud they were perpetrating.

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They are all likely who had created the errors in the anticipation that one day these mistakes

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would be discovered and exposed.

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Back in the Apollo days, in order to record the original broadcast material for posterity,

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it had to be filmed off TV screens during the live enactment of each Apollo mission.

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Now, following the recently completed transfer of all that film onto videotape, it's now been

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possible to study this film in its entirety, something incidentally that relatively few people

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have done.

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And furthermore, there's an added irony in the fact that new evidence suggests that the

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original broadcast material wasn't live at all, but actually consisted of pre-recorded

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video programming.

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We've come full circle.

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Talk us through an example or two of errors in continuity between the Apollo TV coverage

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and still photographs of the same event.

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A serious continuity error can be found in the last but one mission, Apollo 16 of 1972.

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Let's take a look at a clear discrepancy in the record.

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We've dubbed this the jump salute.

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Then the astronaut reaches the peak of his jump.

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His colleague takes a snap with the Hasselblad stills camera.

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Let's ignore the reasons as to why such a small jump in the much reduced 1,6 gravity

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of the moon and continue instead with the discontinuities revealed by these images.

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This is the resulting Hasselblad photograph of that event.

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The most significant difference between these two images of the same action is that in a

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still photo there's a triangle of fabric that should be absolutely secure and motionless

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that has flapped up from the top of the pliss, the personal life support system, as the

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astronaut jumps into the air.

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In the TV freeze frame we can see this triangular flap is correctly fastened and is therefore

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not visible.

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It's not flapped up.

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If it had done so, it would be very obvious in this rear view, the TV image.

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You can see the size and detail of the triangular flap from this view of the top of the pliss.

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How could this part of the vital life support pack not be correctly fastened in place on

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a real Apollo situation on the moon?

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In any event, actions taking place simultaneously, such as TV and stills photography of the same

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event and the same time, must show the same detail.

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Both versions cannot be correct.

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In other words, this piece of TV footage and this still picture cannot possibly have been

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taken at the same time.

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This is, in our view, a designer continuity error that cannot have occurred by mistake.

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The triangular flap would have had to have been intentionally unfastened and hinged upwards

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and secured in an open position to be visible from the front, as is recorded in the still

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photograph.

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Our second example is from Apollo 11 on the way to the moon, when the craft is allegedly

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130,000 miles away from the earth.

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This anomalous sequence was also found by a fellow TV producer and Apollo researcher Bart

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Sabrell.

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We're all familiar with the way X-ray pictures are clipped up for examination against the

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light box.

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Well, what I'm about to show you is a sequence with a large color transparency of the earth

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clipped up against the window.

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If I put right behind it, you can see that more clearly.

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And when it's clipped up against the window, it becomes illuminated by the light of the

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sun behind it.

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Okay, Lavan, we have a picture.

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We see the earth right in the center of the screen.

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The astronauts are assured that F-22 is the correct exposure.

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Here is what appears to be the Apollo 11 cruise view of the earth across the blackness of space.

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But why would the choice be made to take this all important first view of earth from 130,000

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miles out by standing well back away from the window?

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Could you describe what you're looking at, over?

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Roger, you're seeing earth as we see it at our left-hand window, just a little more than

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a hand.

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During the sequence, after the camera has zoomed in, surprisingly, something comes between the

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camera and the earth, partly obscuring the view.

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Obviously, this could not happen if they were shooting directly out of the window.

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It would not then be possible for anything to get midway between the camera and the earth.

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Central America.

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South America becomes invisible just off beyond the Terminator or inside the shadow.

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And now in this wider view, there's also an interior light in the shot.

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How can that possibly happen?

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Well, in fact, all that we've just been looking at was televised live from the craft.

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But the camera was not looking out through the window at all.

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Had they been filming the real earth from a position back from the window, it would be

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difficult to keep the subject well framed, as you can see from this illustration.

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The earth in the far distance would be cut off by the window in the foreground when

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any movement of the camera occurred.

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We've reamed the edge of the window white for clarity.

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Remember, it was hand-held.

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And if they had been filming the real earth when zoomed in, the edge of the window would

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not be sharp.

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It would be out of focus like this and spoil the shot.

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Because the focus would have been set at infinity.

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Far better to have gone right up to the window and filmed from there.

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Returning to the sequence where we left off, when the lights have been switched on, the

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other window shade opens and the exposure adjusted, we can see astronaut Mike Collins.

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The left-hand window we've just been looking at is now overexposed.

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But as we get closer, we can see that something is indeed clicked in front of the window.

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Is it that window-sized colour transparent of the earth, with the sunlight glowing white

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behind it?

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It looks very much so.

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Why would they need to be videoing a picture of the earth?

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Maybe a bigger head stop might help.

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Continuing with the shot, we panned around past Armstrong, who is in the centre of frame,

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across to the right-hand side of the capsule.

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And here, would you believe, through the right-hand window, is what appears to be the real earth filling the view.

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From the Apollo 11 command module, the CSM, we're being shown two different views of earth,

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but both cannot be correct.

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Even that the first version is purporting to be over halfway to the moon,

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and on closer examination is seen to be a colour transparency,

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we have to conclude that this image is not a true representation of the CSM's position.

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However, the time recorder reads out a mission elapsed time of 34 hours and 16 minutes.

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34 hours, 16 minutes and umpteen seconds.

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Roger, see that clearly enough, Charlie?

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Where could they be?

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Well, as the second view of earth fills the crafts window,

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we must conclude that they're in the relative safety of low earth orbit,

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and not on their way to the moon at all.

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That would then explain why they were videoing a picture of the distant earth.

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It's worth noting that this star chart, which is obviously clipped to the window,

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is held there in the same manner as we suggest with the backlit transparency of the earth we saw earlier.

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This is the two star charts that he is using right now as sun shades over the right-hand window, window number 5.

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Roger, we see the sun shining in through it behind him and uh...

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This sequence then, together with the jump salute, are our first two examples of whistleblowing fakery

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and indications to us that something's seriously wrong with the Apollo record.

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Dr. David Groves is a physicist in the UK and a specialist in image processing.

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I've been involved in image analysis for 25 years now.

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I did my PhD developing holographic computer techniques for analysing images.

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My company, Quantic Image Processing, use these image processing techniques to extract three-dimensional information

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from two-dimensional images used in industry and used in medicine.

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The NASA pictures that have analysed contain many inconsistencies,

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a whole core of which have no rational explanation or excuse.

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Not surprisingly, a growing number of intelligent thinking people are beginning to realise that all was not well with Apollo.

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So why aren't professionals in the aerospace industry speaking out?

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What could be the reason for such reticence?

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Well, in fact, some have spoken out.

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Bill Wood lives in California.

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He is a highly qualified scientist with degrees in mathematics, physics and chemistry.

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He's been granted high security clearance for a number of top secret US government projects.

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Wood has worked with many major contractors to the United States government, including McDonnell Douglas,

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and also with engineers employed on the Saturn V, the Apollo launch vehicle.

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For many years, Bill Wood has harboured suspicions regarding the authenticity of the Apollo record.

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I think that a lot of the people that I have had contact with in the aerospace industry,

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want desperately to believe that this actually happened,

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because it's a source of pride that their profession contributed to an achievement like this.

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And then, of course, within the United States, we're all very proud that our country made this achievement.

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So there's a real reluctance to question anything that would destroy this lofty self-image.

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And particularly for the people who worked on the Apollo program,

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to many of them this was the most wonderful achievement that they ever produced during their entire life.

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And they would much rather think of it that way than to think that, like millions of other people,

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they were fooled into thinking they were working on something that was not genuine.

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I think the idea that the Apollo project was faked is demonstrably ridiculous.

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I think it can be demonstrated that this is the case from a large amount of evidence,

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both scientific and indeed just common sense.

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H.J.P. Arnold is an astronomer and very keen photographer, an expert on space and astrophotography.

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He was assistant to the managing director of Kodak Limited during the period of Apollo.

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He's also the author of many books on space photography and exploration.

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This is a roll of, as you can see, 17mm film.

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And this is, of course I hasten to say it's not the original,

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which is in the closely guarded and temperature and pressure controlled vaults in Houston,

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magazine 40 from Apollo 11.

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So this is the role of vectochrome film that was exposed mainly by Neil Armstrong on the lunar surface.

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And, of course, it's a historical record.

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But I do stress that this is a duplicate which was given to me,

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00:18:47,340 --> 00:18:53,340
and I'm very proud to have been given it by the people at the Photographic Technology Division in Houston.

224
00:18:54,340 --> 00:18:59,340
Brian Welch is acting director in media services at NASA, Washington.

225
00:18:59,340 --> 00:19:02,340
The film was specially produced for NASA by Kodak.

226
00:19:02,340 --> 00:19:09,340
It involved the use of thin gels and special emulsions for this film.

227
00:19:09,340 --> 00:19:12,340
The idea was that it would have to stand up to a vacuum.

228
00:19:12,340 --> 00:19:18,340
It would have to stand up to extremes of heat and cold on the surface of the moon.

229
00:19:18,340 --> 00:19:23,340
But H.J.P. Arnold has a completely different view regarding the film used.

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00:19:23,340 --> 00:19:29,340
It was Kodak film, and the sensitization of the film was essentially the same as ordinary film at that time.

231
00:19:29,340 --> 00:19:35,340
It was ectochromex, as it was then called, 64 ASA or ISO, as we need to say now.

232
00:19:35,340 --> 00:19:36,340
ASA is all gone.

233
00:19:36,340 --> 00:19:43,340
Or 160, which was then a very fast film, of course, 160 ASA or ISO.

234
00:19:43,340 --> 00:19:52,340
So, it turns out that the film emulsion was perfectly ordinary after all.

235
00:19:52,340 --> 00:19:55,340
Then perhaps the camera itself was special.

236
00:19:55,340 --> 00:20:02,340
Hasselblad in Sweden was the NASA appointed manufacturer of a camera capable of functioning on the lunar surface.

237
00:20:02,340 --> 00:20:08,340
And Jan Lundberg was the project engineer responsible for building the camera.

238
00:20:08,340 --> 00:20:14,340
Originally, NASA made all the alterations themselves.

239
00:20:14,340 --> 00:20:21,340
Then they presented what they had done to us and asked, can you do this?

240
00:20:21,340 --> 00:20:25,340
And we said, yes, we can. And we can do it better.

241
00:20:25,340 --> 00:20:33,340
So, after that we put up a technical specification, which was approved by NASA.

242
00:20:33,340 --> 00:20:38,340
And then all the alterations were made in our factory.

243
00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:42,340
Was the film loaded into a regular camera magazine?

244
00:20:42,340 --> 00:20:46,340
It was a modified standard 70mm back.

245
00:20:46,340 --> 00:20:51,340
There were protective plays both on the camera and on the film magazine.

246
00:20:53,340 --> 00:20:57,340
On all the NASA still photographs taken by the Hasselblad lunar surface camera,

247
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one should see small crosses spread at intervals over the surface of the image.

248
00:21:01,340 --> 00:21:07,340
In the centre of the image, there should be a larger crosshair, or reticle as it's called professionally.

249
00:21:07,340 --> 00:21:10,340
These reticles were virtually in contact with the film

250
00:21:10,340 --> 00:21:15,340
and set in the focal plane of the camera at the time of manufacturer, by Zeiss.

251
00:21:15,340 --> 00:21:17,340
This means they are immovable.

252
00:21:17,340 --> 00:21:21,340
Any photograph purporting to be taken on the moon by the named Apollo astronauts

253
00:21:21,340 --> 00:21:26,340
using these lunar surface cameras must feature the large reticle at the centre of the picture.

254
00:21:27,340 --> 00:21:33,340
Not only that, it would be totally impossible for an object to get in front of the reticle on the developed image.

255
00:21:37,340 --> 00:21:46,340
So what exactly are these reticles or crosshairs for? What do they do?

256
00:21:46,340 --> 00:21:54,340
They can measure the distance between the crosses and also determine if the film has curved,

257
00:21:54,340 --> 00:21:58,340
because then the crosses will be slightly dislocated.

258
00:21:58,340 --> 00:22:02,340
So what is NASA's opinion on the reason for the reticles?

259
00:22:02,340 --> 00:22:08,340
Those are there in those photographs in order to provide the engineers with the ability to measure distances.

260
00:22:09,340 --> 00:22:13,340
They would, knowing the way the photo was put together,

261
00:22:13,340 --> 00:22:18,340
they would be able to use that to measure things off in the distance, and so that's why they're there.

262
00:22:18,340 --> 00:22:21,340
Did the reticles also help to judge distances?

263
00:22:21,340 --> 00:22:22,340
Not actually.

264
00:22:22,340 --> 00:22:25,340
Because that's what NASA says the reticles are for.

265
00:22:25,340 --> 00:22:29,340
Well, to do that you need a stereo pair.

266
00:22:29,340 --> 00:22:35,340
However, the Apollo pictures, those with the reticles, were not taken as stereo pairs.

267
00:22:35,340 --> 00:22:41,340
Let us now look at some further basic photographic principles and examine some more of the Apollo photographs

268
00:22:41,340 --> 00:22:44,340
to see what anomalies might come to light.

269
00:22:44,340 --> 00:22:51,340
In these Earth pictures of typical tree shadows, notice the parallel lines of shadow on the ground,

270
00:22:51,340 --> 00:22:57,340
and also that the shaded side of the trees is very dark, which does not allow for any visible detail.

271
00:22:57,340 --> 00:23:00,340
These points are both logical and unsurprising.

272
00:23:00,340 --> 00:23:05,340
Now compare the tree shadow pictures with this shot allegedly taken on the Moon.

273
00:23:05,340 --> 00:23:08,340
This is the designated landing site of Apollo 14.

274
00:23:08,340 --> 00:23:11,340
The area where the LEM is located is virtually flat.

275
00:23:11,340 --> 00:23:14,340
But one can calculate from the diverging shadows,

276
00:23:14,340 --> 00:23:18,340
that the source of the illumination is within the area of the scene itself,

277
00:23:18,340 --> 00:23:20,340
apparently overhead.

278
00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:23,340
In other words, it cannot be the Sun.

279
00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:26,340
It's possible to work out exactly where the light source was positioned,

280
00:23:26,340 --> 00:23:29,340
because the shadows diverge from a point here,

281
00:23:29,340 --> 00:23:32,340
when in fact the shadows ought to be parallel.

282
00:23:32,340 --> 00:23:35,340
The Sun creates parallel shadows.

283
00:23:35,340 --> 00:23:39,340
The shadows cast by the rocks in the foreground should have been east-west,

284
00:23:39,340 --> 00:23:41,340
like the LEM shadow here.

285
00:23:41,340 --> 00:23:45,340
When natural sunlight is illuminating objects on flat terrain,

286
00:23:45,340 --> 00:23:46,340
this result is impossible,

287
00:23:46,340 --> 00:23:52,340
but this result is consistent with illumination from a closely positioned artificial source of light.

288
00:23:52,340 --> 00:23:57,340
Should we then take this matter of artificial lighting very seriously?

289
00:23:57,340 --> 00:24:00,340
Yes, because according to the official record,

290
00:24:00,340 --> 00:24:03,340
no artificial lighting whatsoever was taken to the Moon.

291
00:24:03,340 --> 00:24:07,340
Compare NASA's photograph with our computer simulated image.

292
00:24:07,340 --> 00:24:12,340
The light source, the Sun, in our simulation is located far to the west,

293
00:24:12,340 --> 00:24:14,340
the left-hand side of your screen.

294
00:24:14,340 --> 00:24:18,340
And in our illustration, all the shadows are falling naturally due east.

295
00:24:18,340 --> 00:24:23,340
We must therefore irrefutably conclude that an artificial light source was used

296
00:24:23,340 --> 00:24:26,340
in close proximity to this alleged Moon location,

297
00:24:26,340 --> 00:24:32,340
in order for NASA to obtain the non-parallel shadows seen here in this photograph.

298
00:24:32,340 --> 00:24:34,340
Let's go through some more examples.

299
00:24:34,340 --> 00:24:39,340
Here is a Honda press advertisement that's used a very interesting mix of shadow directions.

300
00:24:39,340 --> 00:24:44,340
For the sake of argument, let us take it that the cars were the primary subject of the photograph,

301
00:24:44,340 --> 00:24:48,340
so they were the beneficiaries of the prime source of natural light, the Sun.

302
00:24:48,340 --> 00:24:52,340
And the very, very short shadows, created by the cars themselves,

303
00:24:52,340 --> 00:24:55,340
indicate that these were photographed near to midday.

304
00:24:55,340 --> 00:24:58,340
The Sun's direction is from the bottom right-hand corner.

305
00:24:58,340 --> 00:25:02,340
The palm trees, however, have been photographed when the Sun was further round,

306
00:25:02,340 --> 00:25:05,340
nearer to setting, and therefore creating these very long shadows,

307
00:25:05,340 --> 00:25:08,340
due to the Sun's closeness to the horizon.

308
00:25:08,340 --> 00:25:13,340
This is an example of a composite picture, containing two differing sets of shadows,

309
00:25:13,340 --> 00:25:18,340
a composite that incorporates the message that there have been time delays

310
00:25:18,340 --> 00:25:21,340
between the components that make up the final result.

311
00:25:21,340 --> 00:25:24,340
For Honda's purposes, this discrepancy doesn't matter.

312
00:25:24,340 --> 00:25:29,340
But to see the same type of composite manifesting in the official record of Apollo

313
00:25:29,340 --> 00:25:33,340
is more than enough to alert us to the fact that something's very wrong.

314
00:25:33,340 --> 00:25:36,340
Can you then give an example of this from an Apollo mission?

315
00:25:36,340 --> 00:25:41,340
Yes. Crossing to Apollo 17, here is a picture of Jack Schmidt digging.

316
00:25:41,340 --> 00:25:46,340
His shadow is extending in the same direction as that of the cars we've just been looking at.

317
00:25:46,340 --> 00:25:51,340
The source of light is from the bottom right-hand corner of this picture.

318
00:25:51,340 --> 00:25:54,340
Yet if we look towards the right of the scene,

319
00:25:54,340 --> 00:25:58,340
we can see that the shadows of the middle-distance rocks themselves run from east to west,

320
00:25:58,340 --> 00:26:03,340
shown here by the green lines, the secondary light source.

321
00:26:03,340 --> 00:26:08,340
The yellow lines indicate the direction of the primary light source, allegedly the Sun.

322
00:26:08,340 --> 00:26:10,340
Now this situation is impossible naturally,

323
00:26:10,340 --> 00:26:13,340
and has to be the result of more than one light source,

324
00:26:13,340 --> 00:26:17,340
and or technical manipulation and doctoring of the image.

325
00:26:17,340 --> 00:26:20,340
If we look at the shadows of the rover's wheels in this photo,

326
00:26:20,340 --> 00:26:24,340
we can see that they are somewhat diverging, as shown here by the lines,

327
00:26:24,340 --> 00:26:28,340
and as we tilt down we can see that this rock here,

328
00:26:28,340 --> 00:26:30,340
halfway down the picture on the right-hand side,

329
00:26:30,340 --> 00:26:34,340
is producing a shadow that extends diagonally to the lower part of the picture,

330
00:26:34,340 --> 00:26:37,340
as is the shadow for the foreground rock,

331
00:26:37,340 --> 00:26:40,340
the rock with the letter C marked on it,

332
00:26:40,340 --> 00:26:44,340
originally noticed by fellow researcher Ralph Rene.

333
00:26:44,340 --> 00:26:46,340
Let's pause here for a moment,

334
00:26:46,340 --> 00:26:49,340
and ask why there should be a letter of the English alphabet

335
00:26:49,340 --> 00:26:51,340
stamped onto a rock on the moon's surface,

336
00:26:51,340 --> 00:26:54,340
and why there's a C also marked on the ground,

337
00:26:54,340 --> 00:26:57,340
just in front of this very peculiar-looking rock.

338
00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,340
How could this be?

339
00:26:59,340 --> 00:27:02,340
Surely we're looking at the deliberate planting of props

340
00:27:02,340 --> 00:27:07,340
on a previously designated portion in the foreground of a photographic film set.

341
00:27:07,340 --> 00:27:10,340
Does this planted C stand for centre,

342
00:27:10,340 --> 00:27:14,340
or is it perhaps C for light, artificial or otherwise?

343
00:27:14,340 --> 00:27:17,340
For this is the letter that represents the physical constant of the speed of light,

344
00:27:17,340 --> 00:27:19,340
as it's presently understood.

345
00:27:19,340 --> 00:27:22,340
If early probe images from the moon had demonstrated

346
00:27:22,340 --> 00:27:24,340
that natural lighting conditions there

347
00:27:24,340 --> 00:27:27,340
would not reproduce consistently acceptable results,

348
00:27:27,340 --> 00:27:29,340
due to the gravitational anomalies

349
00:27:29,340 --> 00:27:32,340
and possible variations in the behaviour of light,

350
00:27:32,340 --> 00:27:34,340
the subsequent use of artificial lighting

351
00:27:34,340 --> 00:27:39,340
in the pre-creation of the lunar surface imagery makes a lot of sense,

352
00:27:39,340 --> 00:27:41,340
as does this whistle-blowing clue.

353
00:27:41,340 --> 00:27:44,340
The fact that the speed of light may not be a constant

354
00:27:44,340 --> 00:27:49,340
is only just beginning to be discussed openly beyond scientific circles,

355
00:27:49,340 --> 00:27:52,340
but of course variations of light speed at specific periods

356
00:27:52,340 --> 00:27:54,340
have been observed over the years.

357
00:27:54,340 --> 00:28:00,340
It could well be that the speed of light varies according to local gravity fields.

358
00:28:00,340 --> 00:28:03,340
Coming back to shadow anomalies,

359
00:28:03,340 --> 00:28:06,340
here is an example of a Mongolian herdsman,

360
00:28:06,340 --> 00:28:08,340
photographed with the light behind him.

361
00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:11,340
And of course, if a photographer is exposing for this scene,

362
00:28:11,340 --> 00:28:13,340
he or she knows perfectly well

363
00:28:13,340 --> 00:28:17,340
that without the use of fill-in flash or other lighting near the camera,

364
00:28:17,340 --> 00:28:20,340
there's going to be a result that looks more like a silhouette.

365
00:28:20,340 --> 00:28:23,340
Now look at this picture of an astronaut spacesuit,

366
00:28:23,340 --> 00:28:26,340
which was taken in a studio.

367
00:28:26,340 --> 00:28:28,340
The prime or key light is from the right,

368
00:28:28,340 --> 00:28:30,340
the upper area of the picture,

369
00:28:30,340 --> 00:28:33,340
and the area by the shoulder here on the left is much darker.

370
00:28:33,340 --> 00:28:37,340
So parts of the subject have been filled in with light

371
00:28:37,340 --> 00:28:39,340
in order to give us more detail.

372
00:28:39,340 --> 00:28:41,340
And indeed this fill-in light is square in shape

373
00:28:41,340 --> 00:28:44,340
and has been reflected by the visor.

374
00:28:44,340 --> 00:28:48,340
We propose that this technique of using extra fill-in light

375
00:28:48,340 --> 00:28:52,340
was applied when certain Apollo close-ups were created.

376
00:28:52,340 --> 00:28:53,340
Here we have the Sun,

377
00:28:53,340 --> 00:28:57,340
allegedly the only lighting source available to all lunar photographers,

378
00:28:57,340 --> 00:29:01,340
directly behind the astronaut and directly behind the rover.

379
00:29:01,340 --> 00:29:04,340
And remembering our example of the Mongolian herdsman,

380
00:29:04,340 --> 00:29:06,340
with no extra lighting and no atmosphere

381
00:29:06,340 --> 00:29:09,340
to help diffuse the light and fill in the subject,

382
00:29:09,340 --> 00:29:13,340
we must expect the authentic lunar surface picture to look like this,

383
00:29:13,340 --> 00:29:17,340
with both the astronaut and the rover in silhouette.

384
00:29:17,340 --> 00:29:20,340
Yet in this NASA moon photograph, as published,

385
00:29:20,340 --> 00:29:23,340
we can see detail on the shadow side of the astronaut.

386
00:29:23,340 --> 00:29:25,340
To say this once more,

387
00:29:25,340 --> 00:29:29,340
such detail can only be revealed by the use of an additional light source.

388
00:29:29,340 --> 00:29:32,340
So we have to conclude that secondary lighting was used

389
00:29:32,340 --> 00:29:35,340
to create these alleged lunar surface pictures.

390
00:29:35,340 --> 00:29:38,340
Were any lights used in the lunar surface photographs?

391
00:29:38,340 --> 00:29:40,340
No, no, no.

392
00:29:40,340 --> 00:29:44,340
They had no extra light sources brought with them.

393
00:29:44,340 --> 00:29:49,340
At this point, let's consider some of the important initial imagery

394
00:29:49,340 --> 00:29:53,340
allegedly taken on the surface of the moon by the Apollo 11 astronauts.

395
00:29:53,340 --> 00:29:56,340
Another individual named Bill Wood,

396
00:29:56,340 --> 00:29:59,340
working at Goldstone tracking station in California,

397
00:29:59,340 --> 00:30:02,340
played an important role throughout Project Apollo

398
00:30:02,340 --> 00:30:06,340
in delivering the communication links to and from the spacecraft.

399
00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:13,340
What were conditions like on the lunar surface at the time of the Apollo 11 moonwalk or EVA?

400
00:30:13,340 --> 00:30:17,340
And if it was so dark in the shadow of the lunar module, the LEM,

401
00:30:17,340 --> 00:30:21,340
did they for instance use a special low light lens on the camera?

402
00:30:21,340 --> 00:30:26,340
Astronauts would go down the ladder essentially in deep shadow.

403
00:30:26,340 --> 00:30:34,340
They would only be illuminated by something reflecting off of light reflecting off of something else.

404
00:30:34,340 --> 00:30:40,340
And I believe that they felt that they needed as much light gathering power as possible.

405
00:30:40,340 --> 00:30:47,340
That was the lens that was used on Apollo 11, the so-called night lens.

406
00:30:47,340 --> 00:30:53,340
If the Apollo 11 TV footage was taken using a night lens, then what about the still photographs?

407
00:30:53,340 --> 00:30:56,340
We have to ask how they produce such good results

408
00:30:56,340 --> 00:31:00,340
because the stills camera was not specifically designed for low light conditions

409
00:31:00,340 --> 00:31:03,340
and the camera was not fitted with a special night lens.

410
00:31:03,340 --> 00:31:11,340
In the moon where you have no atmosphere, shadow is black and highlight is really violent highlight

411
00:31:11,340 --> 00:31:14,340
so you have an enormous contrast problem.

412
00:31:14,340 --> 00:31:17,340
We are reliably informed, to emphasize this point again,

413
00:31:17,340 --> 00:31:20,340
that no extra lighting was taken to the moon.

414
00:31:20,340 --> 00:31:25,340
We've taken the TV coverage and intercut the relevant still pictures.

415
00:31:25,340 --> 00:31:28,340
OK, your purse looks like it's clear and OK.

416
00:31:28,340 --> 00:31:31,340
The toes are about to come over the still.

417
00:31:31,340 --> 00:31:35,340
This is the first of a sequence of photographs of Aldrin descending a ladder,

418
00:31:35,340 --> 00:31:37,340
taken by Neil Armstrong during Apollo 11.

419
00:31:37,340 --> 00:31:40,340
Now drop your purse down, there you go, you're clear.

420
00:31:40,340 --> 00:31:44,340
A number of sources, as well as the many reference books on the subject,

421
00:31:44,340 --> 00:31:47,340
emphasize that the shadow side of the LEM was in total darkness.

422
00:31:47,340 --> 00:31:51,340
And this fact is also confirmed by the TV coverage itself.

423
00:31:51,340 --> 00:31:56,340
You could call it designer gloom in comparison with the still photos.

424
00:31:56,340 --> 00:32:00,340
In the still picture sequence, Aldrin is apparently lit.

425
00:32:00,340 --> 00:32:07,340
In other words, an artificial light source has turned what would otherwise have been unusable gloomy pictures

426
00:32:07,340 --> 00:32:10,340
into images of virtual studio light quality.

427
00:32:10,340 --> 00:32:14,340
Visibility, as we've said before, is not too great.

428
00:32:14,340 --> 00:32:20,340
OK, I'm on the top step and I can look down over the RCU and find the gear pad.

429
00:32:20,340 --> 00:32:28,340
OK, I'm going to leave that one foot up there and both hands down to about the fourth wrong up.

430
00:32:28,340 --> 00:32:33,340
So here we have Aldrin descending the ladder in total shadow.

431
00:32:33,340 --> 00:32:38,340
But we have evidence of the use of artificial lighting in the still photos of the event

432
00:32:38,340 --> 00:32:45,340
because we can see that lighting is hitting part of the porch, the backpack, part of Aldrin's spacesuit.

433
00:32:45,340 --> 00:32:50,340
And most notably, it is hitting the heel protector of his right boot.

434
00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:56,340
It is obvious to anyone who understands photography that secondary lighting was used in this image.

435
00:32:56,340 --> 00:33:04,340
Reflectivity of the lunar surface, incidentally, is so low that it doesn't even manage to illuminate the rocks on the surface near to the ground.

436
00:33:04,340 --> 00:33:13,340
So we cannot accept the argument that the astronauts are beautifully lit even into the porch area of the LEM due to lunar surface reflectivity.

437
00:33:13,340 --> 00:33:18,340
I think the idea that the Apollo photographs were faked is extremely unlikely.

438
00:33:18,340 --> 00:33:23,340
I think you have to remember there were six successful manned Apollo landings.

439
00:33:23,340 --> 00:33:29,340
So the idea if something had gone wrong in the first one, then of course it would be pretty simple to fix it for the other ones.

440
00:33:29,340 --> 00:33:36,340
The other thing you have to remember is although there are two or three perhaps really famous photographs from the Apollo project that most people are familiar with,

441
00:33:36,340 --> 00:33:43,340
really tens of thousands of photographic images were obtained from the surface of the Moon during those missions.

442
00:33:43,340 --> 00:33:47,340
So the idea that they were all faked really seems pretty unlikely.

443
00:33:47,340 --> 00:33:50,340
And to be honest, it would be extremely difficult to fake those photographs

444
00:33:50,340 --> 00:33:55,340
because the environmental conditions on the Moon are really different from the environmental conditions on the Earth,

445
00:33:55,340 --> 00:34:00,340
or even different from the environmental conditions you could easily duplicate in a studio.

446
00:34:00,340 --> 00:34:06,340
David Groves of QuantTech Image Processing, using the technological resources at his command,

447
00:34:06,340 --> 00:34:14,340
has traced this secondary light source and been able to calculate exactly where an additional light was placed in relation to the camera.

448
00:34:14,340 --> 00:34:21,340
If you magnify the photograph and look at the boundary of the porch through which the astronaut is exiting,

449
00:34:21,340 --> 00:34:26,340
you can see a fine shadow line around the porch perimeter.

450
00:34:26,340 --> 00:34:34,340
This shadow line shows that you have a well localized source of light to the right of the camera.

451
00:34:34,340 --> 00:34:41,340
Most interestingly, there is a hot spot on the heel protect of the astronaut's right hand boot.

452
00:34:41,340 --> 00:34:45,340
This allows us to do some quantitative measurement.

453
00:34:45,340 --> 00:34:48,340
We have access to one of these boots with a heel protector,

454
00:34:48,340 --> 00:34:54,340
from which we could measure very accurately the curvature of that heel protector.

455
00:34:54,340 --> 00:34:57,340
Knowing again the focal length of the camera lens,

456
00:34:57,340 --> 00:35:01,340
the position of that hot spot on the heel protector,

457
00:35:01,340 --> 00:35:04,340
and the orientation of the boot in the photograph,

458
00:35:04,340 --> 00:35:09,340
we could determine the light path to that source of illumination.

459
00:35:09,340 --> 00:35:16,340
The light source is between 24 and 36 centimeters to the right of the camera,

460
00:35:16,340 --> 00:35:20,340
an ideal position for artificial lighting.

461
00:35:20,340 --> 00:35:25,340
So it's now been established beyond argument that an artificial light source was used.

462
00:35:25,340 --> 00:35:28,340
We even know where it was placed for the photography,

463
00:35:28,340 --> 00:35:31,340
this important sequence of Aldrin descending the ladder.

464
00:35:31,340 --> 00:35:33,340
At this point you might say,

465
00:35:33,340 --> 00:35:38,340
well surely they can use extra lighting if they want to, what's wrong with that?

466
00:35:38,340 --> 00:35:42,340
According to NASA, the astronauts didn't take any lighting to the moon.

467
00:35:42,340 --> 00:35:44,340
And we can prove that there was no lighting.

468
00:35:44,340 --> 00:35:48,340
The TV coverage of this event demonstrates this fact.

469
00:35:48,340 --> 00:35:53,340
In the TV footage, we can see Armstrong standing at the foot of the ladder as Aldrin descends,

470
00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:58,340
supposedly taking the still photos which are the official record of this event.

471
00:35:58,340 --> 00:36:00,340
Aldrin is in darkness.

472
00:36:00,340 --> 00:36:02,340
Aldrin is not lit.

473
00:36:02,340 --> 00:36:08,340
Yet the published still photo sequence clearly indicates the use of an artificial light source.

474
00:36:08,340 --> 00:36:25,340
Did Armstrong really take these still photos during Aldrin's descent on the moon?

475
00:36:25,340 --> 00:36:27,340
In our opinion, probably not.

476
00:36:27,340 --> 00:36:33,340
We propose that this is a completely restaged or rather pre-staged set of studio photographs.

477
00:36:33,340 --> 00:36:40,340
So, wherever the Aldrin descending the ladder sequence of stills was taken,

478
00:36:40,340 --> 00:36:43,340
an artificial source of light was deployed.

479
00:36:43,340 --> 00:36:50,340
I know that they had no extra lightning, no flashes or things like that.

480
00:36:50,340 --> 00:36:54,340
So, it has to be the reflection from the surface.

481
00:36:54,340 --> 00:36:58,340
That the astronaut will be adequately lit whilst in the shadow side of the LEM,

482
00:36:58,340 --> 00:37:02,340
solely from natural light or earth shine bouncing off the lunar surface,

483
00:37:02,340 --> 00:37:05,340
is an argument advanced by others as well as Jan Lundberg.

484
00:37:05,340 --> 00:37:07,340
But it's untenable.

485
00:37:07,340 --> 00:37:09,340
To make a direct comparison,

486
00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:14,340
the surface of the moon on average has the ability to reflect light from any source whatsoever,

487
00:37:14,340 --> 00:37:16,340
at whatever distance from its surface,

488
00:37:16,340 --> 00:37:19,340
to the same degree as Ashveld does on Earth,

489
00:37:19,340 --> 00:37:21,340
on average approximately 7%.

490
00:37:21,340 --> 00:37:25,340
In other words, whatever the strength of the light arriving on the lunar surface,

491
00:37:25,340 --> 00:37:27,340
whether by natural or other means,

492
00:37:27,340 --> 00:37:32,340
the ability of the average lunar surface to reflect light remains constant.

493
00:37:32,340 --> 00:37:36,340
Indeed, the lunar surface luminosity is so low,

494
00:37:36,340 --> 00:37:40,340
it doesn't even manage to illuminate the shadow side of the smallest rocks,

495
00:37:40,340 --> 00:37:42,340
as we've already seen.

496
00:37:42,340 --> 00:37:44,340
Here's another good example.

497
00:37:44,340 --> 00:37:46,340
This picture is taken into the light,

498
00:37:46,340 --> 00:37:50,340
so the side of the craft nearest to us should be absolutely black,

499
00:37:50,340 --> 00:37:53,340
but has been filled in with a generous amount of light.

500
00:37:53,340 --> 00:37:58,340
Particularly obvious is this piece of equipment illuminated from the front.

501
00:37:58,340 --> 00:38:05,340
That sequence of images on the lunar surface,

502
00:38:05,340 --> 00:38:08,340
taken mainly by Armstrong, of course, on that,

503
00:38:08,340 --> 00:38:10,340
with that one camera,

504
00:38:10,340 --> 00:38:12,340
which was incidentally left on the moon,

505
00:38:12,340 --> 00:38:15,340
so it's going to be a marvellous relic for when we eventually get back there,

506
00:38:15,340 --> 00:38:16,340
of course.

507
00:38:16,340 --> 00:38:17,340
The film came back.

508
00:38:17,340 --> 00:38:20,340
That film probably, I would say,

509
00:38:20,340 --> 00:38:22,340
has never ever been bettered,

510
00:38:22,340 --> 00:38:25,340
whether on the moon or subsequently.

511
00:38:25,340 --> 00:38:30,340
Almost every one of those relatively small number of images taken by Armstrong

512
00:38:30,340 --> 00:38:33,340
appeared to be splendidly composed.

513
00:38:33,340 --> 00:38:39,340
You remember the classic face-on picture of Audran with his visor

514
00:38:39,340 --> 00:38:41,340
reflecting the entire landing scene,

515
00:38:41,340 --> 00:38:44,340
the lunar module, the flag, the TV camera,

516
00:38:44,340 --> 00:38:49,340
and Armstrong taking the picture reflected in the visor.

517
00:38:49,340 --> 00:38:51,340
It's a marvellous picture.

518
00:38:51,340 --> 00:38:52,340
With that comment,

519
00:38:52,340 --> 00:38:56,340
H.J.P. Arnold has led us to another of the classic Apollo 11 images.

520
00:38:56,340 --> 00:38:58,340
In fact, one could say that this particular shot

521
00:38:58,340 --> 00:39:02,340
conveys the very essence of the entire Apollo program.

522
00:39:02,340 --> 00:39:07,340
Yet this classic picture of Audran has several very serious problems.

523
00:39:07,340 --> 00:39:10,340
Audran cannot be standing in natural sunlight in this image,

524
00:39:10,340 --> 00:39:13,340
because the surface around him is not evenly lit,

525
00:39:13,340 --> 00:39:15,340
as would be the case with light from the sun.

526
00:39:15,340 --> 00:39:21,340
This scene is obviously lit with uneven artificial lighting.

527
00:39:21,340 --> 00:39:24,340
The prime source of light is over Audran's left shoulder.

528
00:39:24,340 --> 00:39:27,340
The light is emanating from this direction.

529
00:39:27,340 --> 00:39:31,340
We know this is so because we can see what photographers call fall-off

530
00:39:31,340 --> 00:39:34,340
in the top left, the top right, and the left foreground.

531
00:39:34,340 --> 00:39:39,340
This fall-off effect is a name given to darker areas caused by lighting a subject

532
00:39:39,340 --> 00:39:41,340
with a non-uniform source of light,

533
00:39:41,340 --> 00:39:43,340
lighting that does not have enough spread,

534
00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:47,340
as this false-colour version particularly reveals.

535
00:39:47,340 --> 00:39:51,340
Secondly, we can see that our old friend the fill-in light

536
00:39:51,340 --> 00:39:54,340
has again been used to illuminate the suit detail

537
00:39:54,340 --> 00:39:57,340
on Audran's right-hand side, the left of the picture.

538
00:39:57,340 --> 00:40:01,340
On the face of it, there doesn't seem to be anything particularly strange

539
00:40:01,340 --> 00:40:02,340
about this image to me.

540
00:40:02,340 --> 00:40:07,340
The sun is over behind the guy's left shoulder.

541
00:40:07,340 --> 00:40:12,340
He is casting an image, a shadow moving to bottom left, as you would expect.

542
00:40:12,340 --> 00:40:14,340
The astronaut himself, you can see, because of,

543
00:40:14,340 --> 00:40:18,340
although he's not in direct sunlight, the direct sunlight is on his back,

544
00:40:18,340 --> 00:40:22,340
he's being illuminated by a reflected light from the foreground.

545
00:40:22,340 --> 00:40:26,340
Remember, our claim is that the fill light is artificial.

546
00:40:26,340 --> 00:40:29,340
The camera position itself is also in doubt,

547
00:40:29,340 --> 00:40:32,340
for we seem to be looking down on the astronaut.

548
00:40:32,340 --> 00:40:34,340
How can we tell if that's so?

549
00:40:34,340 --> 00:40:39,340
Well, recalling the large centre reticle cannot be anywhere but in the centre of the image,

550
00:40:39,340 --> 00:40:44,340
we're surprised to find that this reticle is over the lower part of Audran's right leg.

551
00:40:44,340 --> 00:40:48,340
The Hasselblad camera was attached to the astronaut's chest at the time,

552
00:40:48,340 --> 00:40:53,340
and so the centre of the image should be over the abdominal area of the subject.

553
00:40:53,340 --> 00:41:00,340
This lower leg position for the centre reticle strongly indicates that the camera was in fact positioned at a higher level.

554
00:41:00,340 --> 00:41:05,340
As this graphic demonstrates, the centre of the picture can only be over the subject's lower leg

555
00:41:05,340 --> 00:41:09,340
if the camera is positioned at eye level and then tilted down.

556
00:41:09,340 --> 00:41:14,340
The camera height and tilt angle was calculated by David Groves.

557
00:41:14,340 --> 00:41:17,340
This fact represents another serious problem.

558
00:41:17,340 --> 00:41:20,340
The reflection of this scene, mirrored in the astronaut's visor,

559
00:41:20,340 --> 00:41:26,340
shows the astrophotographer with his camera clearly positioned at chest level, which actually cannot be.

560
00:41:26,340 --> 00:41:33,340
So this false reflection must have been composited or painted in over the original image.

561
00:41:33,340 --> 00:41:39,340
The reflection we see in the visor cannot be that of the photographer of the image.

562
00:41:39,340 --> 00:41:41,340
The horizon is a very good datum.

563
00:41:41,340 --> 00:41:46,340
On the Moon, the horizon effectively acts as a spirit level.

564
00:41:46,340 --> 00:41:50,340
We know it's about 89 degrees from the true vertical.

565
00:41:50,340 --> 00:42:02,340
Therefore, the position of the horizon cutting through the image of the astronaut shows us the level of the camera when the picture was taken.

566
00:42:02,340 --> 00:42:08,340
And if we look at the picture, we can see the horizon cuts very nicely at face level.

567
00:42:08,340 --> 00:42:15,340
And as for the orientation of where the astronaut was, I mean, the Moon's surface isn't completely flat.

568
00:42:15,340 --> 00:42:23,340
He may well be standing there with his camera at chest level and the guy being photographed maybe a couple of feet lower down because the ground slips.

569
00:42:23,340 --> 00:42:28,340
And the camera taking the photograph could have been positioned on the chest of an astronaut

570
00:42:28,340 --> 00:42:34,340
and that astronaut could have been about two foot higher than that astronaut that was being photographed.

571
00:42:34,340 --> 00:42:38,340
To this end, we could analyze the shadow in the image.

572
00:42:38,340 --> 00:42:44,340
Basically, the information we have and can make use of is we know the width of the visor in the image,

573
00:42:44,340 --> 00:42:48,340
the focal length of the lens used on the camera.

574
00:42:48,340 --> 00:42:54,340
Using that information, we can analyze the shadow of the astronaut's left leg

575
00:42:54,340 --> 00:43:01,340
and determine between the two astronauts the variation in height of the surface.

576
00:43:01,340 --> 00:43:07,340
The variation in height of the surface between the astronauts is typically a few inches.

577
00:43:07,340 --> 00:43:15,340
It would have to actually be two feet to explain the incorrect positioning of the camera when the image was taken.

578
00:43:15,340 --> 00:43:20,340
I'll be honest with you, I think that's pseudo-scientific nitpicky claptrap.

579
00:43:20,340 --> 00:43:25,340
And again, I don't know why we should spend even a moment trying to judge that.

580
00:43:25,340 --> 00:43:29,340
But as we've seen, there are indeed crucial problems with the photographs.

581
00:43:29,340 --> 00:43:31,340
This is the point.

582
00:43:31,340 --> 00:43:37,340
The so-described nitpicky pseudo-scientific claptrap is not pseudo at all.

583
00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:41,340
The analysis has been undertaken based on the laws of physics.

584
00:43:41,340 --> 00:43:47,340
Fortunately, the information encrypted within these images has survived the voyage across three decades

585
00:43:47,340 --> 00:43:51,340
and is now being decoded by people like Percy and Groves.

586
00:43:51,340 --> 00:43:53,340
The proof is in the detail.

587
00:43:53,340 --> 00:44:00,340
It may be uncomfortable for NASA to accept that the warning whistles of these unknown photographic encoders

588
00:44:00,340 --> 00:44:03,340
are at long last now being heard.

589
00:44:03,340 --> 00:44:08,340
By the way, the Apollo 11 high camera examples are not isolated ones.

590
00:44:08,340 --> 00:44:14,340
Here's a picture of Albine of Apollo 12, also taken from too higher camera position.

591
00:44:14,340 --> 00:44:18,340
The camera is looking down on the subject, belying the reflection in the visor.

592
00:44:18,340 --> 00:44:22,340
Notice the horizon passing right through the centre of the visor.

593
00:44:22,340 --> 00:44:28,340
There are further examples from Apollo 11 where the camera position is even higher than that in the classic shot.

594
00:44:28,340 --> 00:44:34,340
Here we see Aldrin standing by the LEM with the horizon not cutting through his visor at all,

595
00:44:34,340 --> 00:44:37,340
but passing above the height of his helmet,

596
00:44:37,340 --> 00:44:41,340
indicating that the camera position was even higher than that of the picture of Albine

597
00:44:41,340 --> 00:44:44,340
and the classic photograph itself.

598
00:44:44,340 --> 00:44:49,340
Some people have said perhaps they retouched the pictures to bring up the detail of the astronauts,

599
00:44:49,340 --> 00:44:53,340
but any retouching of images cannot apply to Apollo 11 pictures.

600
00:44:53,340 --> 00:45:00,340
We've examined a duplicate or copy of the roll of film from magazine 40 that purports to come from Armstrong's camera.

601
00:45:00,340 --> 00:45:03,340
It's a roll with well over a hundred coloured images.

602
00:45:03,340 --> 00:45:08,340
Retouched or publicity pictures cannot get into a continuous roll of film.

603
00:45:08,340 --> 00:45:14,340
So none of these images can have been retouched unless they've been collectively re-photographed onto a continuous roll

604
00:45:14,340 --> 00:45:18,340
under entirely different technical conditions than we've been led to believe.

605
00:45:18,340 --> 00:45:23,340
So what does Hasselblad have to say about this classic Aldrin picture?

606
00:45:23,340 --> 00:45:26,340
Does it look to Jan Lundberg as though the subject was lit?

607
00:45:26,340 --> 00:45:29,340
Yes, it seems like he's standing in the spotlight.

608
00:45:29,340 --> 00:45:32,340
And I can't explain that.

609
00:45:32,340 --> 00:45:38,340
That escapes me. Why?

610
00:45:38,340 --> 00:45:45,340
So maybe you'll have to find Armstrong and ask him.

611
00:45:45,340 --> 00:45:52,340
The most compelling piece of evidence in this photograph is that not the measurements of the height of the camera,

612
00:45:52,340 --> 00:45:59,340
but the reticles, the little crosses that are superimposed on the image at the time the photograph is taken.

613
00:45:59,340 --> 00:46:02,340
The largest reticle appears at the centre.

614
00:46:02,340 --> 00:46:07,340
That central position is fixed in the camera. It cannot move.

615
00:46:07,340 --> 00:46:12,340
You have to have, with an image it hasn't been interfered with in any way,

616
00:46:12,340 --> 00:46:16,340
that reticle appearing in the centre of the image.

617
00:46:16,340 --> 00:46:24,340
If we look at this famous photograph, we can see the central reticle towards the bottom of the astronaut's right leg.

618
00:46:24,340 --> 00:46:28,340
This is significantly offset from the centre of the image.

619
00:46:28,340 --> 00:46:35,340
This cannot occur in that position unless the photograph has been copied and reframed.

620
00:46:40,340 --> 00:46:44,340
I don't think this, this cross here necessarily does indicate the centre of the photograph.

621
00:46:44,340 --> 00:46:46,340
There's another cross over here, there's another cross over there.

622
00:46:46,340 --> 00:46:48,340
And in fact, NASA photographs you often see,

623
00:46:48,340 --> 00:46:52,340
I have fiducial crosses all over the place to help them orient, take themselves.

624
00:46:52,340 --> 00:46:56,340
Why is the centre reticle not in the centre of the image?

625
00:46:56,340 --> 00:47:01,340
The exact answer to the question is, I don't really know and haven't even bothered to go find out.

626
00:47:01,340 --> 00:47:07,340
And the reason is, this is 30 year old stuff.

627
00:47:07,340 --> 00:47:12,340
We, we mounted this expedition, the expeditions to the moon almost 30 years ago.

628
00:47:12,340 --> 00:47:18,340
And frankly, you know, I had a chance to look over the, the points that this person was making.

629
00:47:18,340 --> 00:47:23,340
I didn't understand them. I don't understand why we should spend the time to go off and do the research,

630
00:47:23,340 --> 00:47:27,340
to look up, to prove to people that we went to the moon.

631
00:47:27,340 --> 00:47:29,340
The fact of the matter is, we did go to the moon.

632
00:47:29,340 --> 00:47:34,340
While noting that Brian Welsh referred to one single expedition to the moon and then corrected himself,

633
00:47:34,340 --> 00:47:38,340
it's interesting that NASA, via its media representative,

634
00:47:38,340 --> 00:47:42,340
declares itself not accountable to the public for its actions.

635
00:47:42,340 --> 00:47:46,340
This despite the fact that NASA went to the moon for all mankind.

636
00:47:46,340 --> 00:47:52,340
And surely the fact that one individual spokesman claims he doesn't understand the questions asked,

637
00:47:52,340 --> 00:47:58,340
does not in any way invalidate the demand for a proper response and the necessity for a proper response.

638
00:47:58,340 --> 00:48:04,340
The, the, the effort involved in, in trying to fake, you know, one image might not be too bad,

639
00:48:04,340 --> 00:48:10,340
but in trying to fake thousands and thousands to assure that you were never discovered over 25 years seems,

640
00:48:10,340 --> 00:48:13,340
seems completely implausible to me.

641
00:48:13,340 --> 00:48:21,340
It seems a bizarre thing to question something that so, that is so demonstrably part of history,

642
00:48:21,340 --> 00:48:26,340
just by trying to, trying to, to, to interpret two or three photographs,

643
00:48:26,340 --> 00:48:34,340
when the project was so much deeper than that and affected so many people in, you know, so many ways.

644
00:48:34,340 --> 00:48:37,340
This establishment view, albeit not held by everyone,

645
00:48:37,340 --> 00:48:42,340
misses the point entirely and is not a reason for ignoring these disturbing findings.

646
00:48:42,340 --> 00:48:48,340
The quantity of suspect pictures is not the real issue, it's what these images convey.

647
00:48:48,340 --> 00:48:56,340
These pictures have been presented to the entire world as authentic and actual photographs of this most significant event,

648
00:48:56,340 --> 00:49:00,340
mankind's first steps onto a planet other than his home.

649
00:49:00,340 --> 00:49:07,340
To ignore or dismiss the questions raised by the discovery of even one technically defective photograph,

650
00:49:07,340 --> 00:49:12,340
purporting to be a part of this official record, is to sidestep the issue.

651
00:49:12,340 --> 00:49:20,340
However, we'd like to offer the upholders of this status quo viewpoint yet another major challenge.

652
00:49:20,340 --> 00:49:27,340
In Western Australia, during the live telecast of Apollo 11 in 1969,

653
00:49:27,340 --> 00:49:34,340
many viewers in that region of Australia, including Una Ronald, were to have an extraordinary experience.

654
00:49:34,340 --> 00:49:42,340
When this moon landing was in the offing, either one decided to stay up to watch the live telecast,

655
00:49:42,340 --> 00:49:49,340
and I did, and we saw a lot of activity on the television screen from the control centre,

656
00:49:49,340 --> 00:49:52,340
a lot of anticipation, a lot of excitement.

657
00:49:52,340 --> 00:49:57,340
But before we get to what happens next, we need to know how the TV coverage of Apollo 11

658
00:49:57,340 --> 00:50:00,340
was supposed to have reached our screens.

659
00:50:00,340 --> 00:50:09,340
Just shortly before Armstrong stepped on the moon, you can actually see the switch take place

660
00:50:09,340 --> 00:50:15,340
where it goes from this stark black and white to a little better.

661
00:50:15,340 --> 00:50:22,340
And they stayed with the television signal from Honeysuckle Creek.

662
00:50:22,340 --> 00:50:28,340
So when Armstrong stepped on the surface of the moon, it actually came through Australia.

663
00:50:28,340 --> 00:50:34,340
But at the time, it was reported as being through Goldstone.

664
00:50:34,340 --> 00:50:41,340
The voice came through Goldstone, but the TV pictures came from Australia.

665
00:50:41,340 --> 00:50:45,340
It appears that correct information was apparently withheld at the time

666
00:50:45,340 --> 00:50:49,340
as to what was supposed to be happening with Apollo 11's reception.

667
00:50:49,340 --> 00:50:58,340
As I watched this person walking, a Coke bottle in the lower right quadrant of the screen,

668
00:50:58,340 --> 00:51:02,340
it seemed to be kicked over and rolled across.

669
00:51:02,340 --> 00:51:07,340
And for me, that was just astounding, and I exclaimed aloud at the time,

670
00:51:07,340 --> 00:51:12,340
it's a fake, it's a set up, they're not on the moon at all, look at this, it's a Coke bottle.

671
00:51:12,340 --> 00:51:18,340
And they were going to broadcast the same film again in the morning.

672
00:51:18,340 --> 00:51:21,340
And I phoned several of my friends to watch it, you watch, and they hadn't.

673
00:51:21,340 --> 00:51:24,340
But they were going to watch in the morning.

674
00:51:24,340 --> 00:51:27,340
And I waited, of course, to say, well, did you see it?

675
00:51:27,340 --> 00:51:29,340
But it didn't happen. I watched the second telecast.

676
00:51:29,340 --> 00:51:36,340
There was no Coke bottle, which led me to believe at the time that it must have been edited out.

677
00:51:36,340 --> 00:51:40,340
I was convinced it was fake, but why? Why it should be fake?

678
00:51:40,340 --> 00:51:42,340
Why is it such a set up?

679
00:51:42,340 --> 00:51:45,340
Two or three others of my acquaintance did see it.

680
00:51:45,340 --> 00:51:49,340
Furthermore, there were letters written to the West Australian newspaper.

681
00:51:49,340 --> 00:51:52,340
They mentioned the Coke bottle.

682
00:51:52,340 --> 00:51:54,340
I waited for it to brew up.

683
00:51:54,340 --> 00:51:59,340
I thought, my guns is going to be a glorious ding dong here going on about this Coke bottle.

684
00:51:59,340 --> 00:52:03,340
But suddenly there was nothing, nothing at all.

685
00:52:03,340 --> 00:52:10,340
And I presume that those who saw it denied their own senses, as people will do.

686
00:52:10,340 --> 00:52:15,340
Began to think, well, they couldn't have seen it or perhaps it was there and that was okay.

687
00:52:15,340 --> 00:52:18,340
They'd thrown some rubbish out of the spacecraft or something like that.

688
00:52:18,340 --> 00:52:19,340
It could have been.

689
00:52:19,340 --> 00:52:24,340
People will invent all kinds of solutions to what is not explained.

690
00:52:24,340 --> 00:52:31,340
What Una Ronald and her friends did not know was that Western Australia was a special case

691
00:52:31,340 --> 00:52:35,340
concerning the reception of the initial Apollo images.

692
00:52:35,340 --> 00:52:40,340
Contrary to the procedure for that continent set up by Honeysuckle Creek and Parks,

693
00:52:40,340 --> 00:52:42,340
together with NASA and Australian TV,

694
00:52:42,340 --> 00:52:47,340
the Apollo 11 images were neither sent directly to Western Australia via satellite,

695
00:52:47,340 --> 00:52:52,340
nor was there a broadband link from Sydney in 1969.

696
00:52:52,340 --> 00:52:59,340
These images had to be sent over to Perth from Sydney by other means and then retransmitted locally.

697
00:52:59,340 --> 00:53:04,340
So for an engineer in the loop, aware of the hoaxed live TV coverage,

698
00:53:04,340 --> 00:53:08,340
there was motive for adding further additions to the scene.

699
00:53:08,340 --> 00:53:13,340
Moreover, here was an opportunity for someone in the know to manipulate the material

700
00:53:13,340 --> 00:53:16,340
before transmission across Western Australia.

701
00:53:16,340 --> 00:53:28,340
Bill Kaysing is a science writer and was head of technical publications in the Propulsion Field Labs in California from 1956 to 1963.

702
00:53:28,340 --> 00:53:35,340
He was employed by Rocketdyne, contractors to NASA who built the Saturn V rocket and the command and service module.

703
00:53:35,340 --> 00:53:47,340
I was very much in on testing and edited and wrote technical reports on testing and of course witnessed tests.

704
00:53:47,340 --> 00:53:51,340
So what is Bill Kaysing's view of what actually happened during Apollo?

705
00:53:51,340 --> 00:54:01,340
As I see it, NASA and other connected agencies knew that they couldn't get to the moon and back.

706
00:54:01,340 --> 00:54:03,340
Alright, they had to simulate it.

707
00:54:03,340 --> 00:54:12,340
So to do this, they went to say agencies like ARPA, Advanced Research Projects Agency in Massachusetts.

708
00:54:12,340 --> 00:54:15,340
They're connected with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

709
00:54:15,340 --> 00:54:21,340
I have worked for ARPA and I know that they have the highest level scientists.

710
00:54:21,340 --> 00:54:28,340
So NASA and NSA and other assorted agencies went to MIT and said,

711
00:54:28,340 --> 00:54:33,340
OK, this is a super secret project, tell us how we can simulate it.

712
00:54:33,340 --> 00:54:41,340
To create a simulation is really not all that difficult because if all the input comes from NASA,

713
00:54:41,340 --> 00:54:46,340
and goes to NASA, and you knew that was the case.

714
00:54:46,340 --> 00:54:51,340
All Apollo communications were handled from and to NASA.

715
00:54:51,340 --> 00:54:53,340
So they had complete control.

716
00:54:53,340 --> 00:55:00,340
Once the astronauts had been launched, it was no longer possible to verify the authenticity of any communication.

717
00:55:00,340 --> 00:55:05,340
In the case of major news stories here on Earth, journalists witness and comment on news events

718
00:55:05,340 --> 00:55:09,340
and reports have to be confirmed before going to press.

719
00:55:09,340 --> 00:55:14,340
The Apollo communication links were controlled by none other than NASA itself.

720
00:55:14,340 --> 00:55:18,340
In these circumstances, how could we know for sure that the images from NASA

721
00:55:18,340 --> 00:55:22,340
were those of events that were actually occurring at that moment?

722
00:55:22,340 --> 00:55:26,340
Given the unique distribution method reserved for this region of Australia,

723
00:55:26,340 --> 00:55:31,340
was that Coke bottle incident a very discreet marker on the official record?

724
00:55:31,340 --> 00:55:35,340
A blow on the whistle that at the time would go undetected by Houston?

725
00:55:35,340 --> 00:55:56,340
What was really involved in the lunar surface photography?

726
00:55:56,340 --> 00:56:01,340
How would the Apollo pictures be taken by the astrophotographers?

727
00:56:01,340 --> 00:56:09,340
Typically, they either had a table of settings for certain subjects at certain sun angles,

728
00:56:09,340 --> 00:56:16,340
or it was usually presented as a wheel or a circle, a clock face if you like,

729
00:56:16,340 --> 00:56:23,340
where for a given shutter speed, they would have a series of apertures around the sides of the dial,

730
00:56:23,340 --> 00:56:25,340
instead of one, two, three o'clock, etc.

731
00:56:25,340 --> 00:56:30,340
But how were the necessary adjustments made so they could be sure of obtaining the correct exposures?

732
00:56:30,340 --> 00:56:36,340
They had a lot of practice so they could feel what the setting was,

733
00:56:36,340 --> 00:56:42,340
because once on the lunar surface, in the dress, in the live surface system,

734
00:56:42,340 --> 00:56:44,340
you couldn't see the camera.

735
00:56:44,340 --> 00:56:48,340
They couldn't bend their head that far down to see the scales.

736
00:56:48,340 --> 00:56:54,340
Maybe they could see the aperture scale, which was in the front, but not the rest.

737
00:56:54,340 --> 00:56:59,340
They had no viewfinder, they had to aim by moving their body.

738
00:56:59,340 --> 00:57:03,340
They had to effectively guess where they were pointing the camera,

739
00:57:03,340 --> 00:57:07,340
but since they were using a wide-angle lens on the lunar surface,

740
00:57:07,340 --> 00:57:09,340
it wasn't really too much of a guess,

741
00:57:09,340 --> 00:57:13,340
because broadly pointing the camera fixed to their chest in the direction,

742
00:57:13,340 --> 00:57:16,340
they would encompass the subject in which they were interested.

743
00:57:16,340 --> 00:57:32,340
Our own research has ascertained that composing pictures under these conditions,

744
00:57:32,340 --> 00:57:36,340
and getting the camera pointing in the right direction, isn't actually that easy.

745
00:57:36,340 --> 00:57:39,340
Neil, this is Houston, the field of view is okay,

746
00:57:39,340 --> 00:57:42,340
we'd like you to aim it a little bit more to the right, over.

747
00:57:42,340 --> 00:57:48,340
Here, the TV camera couldn't be lined up on the Apollo 11 LEM without assistance from base.

748
00:57:48,340 --> 00:57:54,340
Even with Houston's essential guidance, lining up the camera is obviously very difficult to achieve.

749
00:57:54,340 --> 00:58:06,340
A little bit too much to the right, can you bring it back left, about 4 or 5 degrees.

750
00:58:06,340 --> 00:58:12,340
Roger, you look okay as far as distance goes, Neil, and we'll line you up again when you finish the panorama.

751
00:58:12,340 --> 00:58:20,340
You're going too fast on the panorama sweep, you're going to have to stop for a final orientation,

752
00:58:20,340 --> 00:58:23,340
we'd like it to come left about 5 degrees, over.

753
00:58:23,340 --> 00:58:28,340
So we wonder how they managed to take such good, well-composed, studio-quality pictures,

754
00:58:28,340 --> 00:58:31,340
using the lunar Hasselblad without a viewfinder,

755
00:58:31,340 --> 00:58:34,340
and without Houston to guide them when lining up the camera.

756
00:58:34,340 --> 00:58:36,340
Back to the right about half as much.

757
00:58:39,340 --> 00:58:40,340
Okay.

758
00:58:42,340 --> 00:58:47,340
Okay, that looks good there, Neil.

759
00:58:47,340 --> 00:58:52,340
Was it intended that they should change lenses, filters, and magazines outside,

760
00:58:52,340 --> 00:58:56,340
with the potential of dropping them into the dust, rendering them unusable?

761
00:58:56,340 --> 00:59:03,340
Once they went out, they had one set for this particular mission,

762
00:59:03,340 --> 00:59:06,340
and then they went back in, changed whatever they needed to change,

763
00:59:06,340 --> 00:59:11,340
for instance, film magazines or lenses, and then they went out again.

764
00:59:12,340 --> 00:59:15,340
Okay, Houston, I'm going to change lenses on you.

765
00:59:17,340 --> 00:59:18,340
Roger, Neil.

766
00:59:18,340 --> 00:59:21,340
But going inside each time is not what actually happened.

767
00:59:21,340 --> 00:59:24,340
These operations took place outside the lens.

768
00:59:24,340 --> 00:59:28,340
Okay, Houston, tell me, get a new picture.

769
00:59:28,340 --> 00:59:31,340
Neil, this is Houston, that's affirmative.

770
00:59:31,340 --> 00:59:32,340
We're getting a new picture.

771
00:59:32,340 --> 00:59:34,340
You can tell it's a longer focal length lens.

772
00:59:34,340 --> 00:59:36,340
I think they got to rush through what we've done.

773
00:59:36,340 --> 00:59:38,340
Okay, magazine dump is working.

774
00:59:38,340 --> 00:59:42,340
And I'm starting with frame count number, oh, about one.

775
00:59:42,340 --> 00:59:43,340
Okay.

776
00:59:43,340 --> 00:59:46,340
There was always a problem with these things, remember,

777
00:59:46,340 --> 00:59:49,340
because they were wearing these very awkward gauntlets.

778
00:59:49,340 --> 00:59:55,340
These already difficult manipulations of the camera equipment, like this, and this.

779
00:59:55,340 --> 00:59:58,340
Wearing these pressurized gauntlets, it would have been virtually impossible

780
00:59:58,340 --> 01:00:04,340
to bend the fingers and grab hold of a magazine slide, change lenses or whatever else.

781
01:00:04,340 --> 01:00:09,340
There were no oversized tabs on the camera to make adjustments and only normal size scales.

782
01:00:09,340 --> 01:00:15,340
The gloves were built that they couldn't grip anything smaller than about an inch.

783
01:00:15,340 --> 01:00:20,340
They had very bad feeling on the fingertips.

784
01:00:20,340 --> 01:00:25,340
Were these thimble tipped pressurized gloves or other gauntlets actually the ones used?

785
01:00:25,340 --> 01:00:32,340
In the TV footage, these gauntlets look totally unpressurized and more like sturdy gardening gloves.

786
01:00:32,340 --> 01:00:38,340
Using unpressurized gardening-type gloves would explain how the astronauts in the TV coverage

787
01:00:38,340 --> 01:00:42,340
managed to manipulate the Hasselblad and imaging equipment.

788
01:00:42,340 --> 01:00:47,340
And even supposing that their gloved fingers dealt efficiently with these technicalities,

789
01:00:47,340 --> 01:00:51,340
remembering that the Apollo 11 moonwalk was very brief

790
01:00:51,340 --> 01:00:54,340
and that the Hasselblad actually had no viewfinder,

791
01:00:54,340 --> 01:00:59,340
how did they manage to get such professionally composed pictures?

792
01:00:59,340 --> 01:01:05,340
Pictures that resemble the classic pack shots we see created by the top advertising agencies.

793
01:01:05,340 --> 01:01:10,340
Here we're into the realms of the seeing eye.

794
01:01:10,340 --> 01:01:17,340
Undoubtedly, there were some of the astronauts who, despite all of the pressures on them

795
01:01:17,340 --> 01:01:24,340
and the fact you're wearing a helmet and a visor and you can't look through a nice screen or viewfinder at all,

796
01:01:24,340 --> 01:01:29,340
could see a picture when it occurred to them.

797
01:01:29,340 --> 01:01:36,340
This picture from Apollo 15 can only be described as a good example of a typical advertising pack shot.

798
01:01:36,340 --> 01:01:39,340
Everything is perfectly arranged to sell the product.

799
01:01:39,340 --> 01:01:42,340
In this instance, that product is NASA's program.

800
01:01:42,340 --> 01:01:48,340
We have the astronaut filled in with light so we don't get a rather disappointing and ghastly silhouette.

801
01:01:48,340 --> 01:01:53,340
He's standing just adjacent to the American flag, beautifully backlit and glowing,

802
01:01:53,340 --> 01:01:58,340
planted so that it slightly overlaps the lem, thus leading the eye across the picture.

803
01:01:58,340 --> 01:02:05,340
And of course the lem just happens to be photographed in such a way that its promotional logo is towards the camera.

804
01:02:05,340 --> 01:02:12,340
The rover itself then slightly overlaps the lem, delivering altogether an excellently composed picture,

805
01:02:12,340 --> 01:02:16,340
in no way consistent with the mere snapshot of random objects.

806
01:02:16,340 --> 01:02:21,340
Such an excellent image would be ideal for future use as general publicity,

807
01:02:21,340 --> 01:02:25,340
and in fact was used subsequently for posters and postcards.

808
01:02:25,340 --> 01:02:30,340
This is emphatically not a casual photograph of a saluting astro colleague,

809
01:02:30,340 --> 01:02:35,340
who just happened to be standing, as luck would have it, in the right place at the right moment.

810
01:02:35,340 --> 01:02:37,340
This is a plan set up in our view,

811
01:02:37,340 --> 01:02:41,340
and would have taken a highly professional photographer several hours to get right

812
01:02:41,340 --> 01:02:43,340
in the fully equipped environment of a studio.

813
01:02:47,340 --> 01:02:51,340
Now let's look at some more inconsistencies in the shadows present in the Apollo imagery.

814
01:02:51,340 --> 01:02:58,340
We are going to consider the shadow allegedly produced by Armstrong when collecting a contingency sample.

815
01:02:58,340 --> 01:03:03,340
The sun angle should have been just over 10 degrees above the horizon during this action.

816
01:03:03,340 --> 01:03:06,340
Compare that image with this Apollo 12 scene.

817
01:03:06,340 --> 01:03:09,340
Here the shadow is much longer than Armstrong's,

818
01:03:09,340 --> 01:03:14,340
but as the sun was at a higher angle of 15 to 16 degrees during their EVA,

819
01:03:14,340 --> 01:03:18,340
the shadow in this picture should actually be shorter than Armstrong's,

820
01:03:18,340 --> 01:03:22,340
had these pictures been taken as claimed in natural sunlight on the moon.

821
01:03:23,340 --> 01:03:25,340
In this TV coverage of Apollo 14,

822
01:03:25,340 --> 01:03:28,340
the astronaut is moving away from the camera,

823
01:03:28,340 --> 01:03:30,340
the thin pole shadow in the foreground.

824
01:03:30,340 --> 01:03:32,340
As he progresses towards his colleague,

825
01:03:32,340 --> 01:03:35,340
watch his shadows do some really strange things.

826
01:03:35,340 --> 01:03:38,340
And the Cubator is open.

827
01:03:38,340 --> 01:03:42,340
Hold a little stiffer than I expected in 160.

828
01:03:42,340 --> 01:03:48,340
Looking good though, Ed, and you all are within nine minutes of the timeline.

829
01:03:48,340 --> 01:03:54,340
These variations in shadow length are consistent with moving away from,

830
01:03:54,340 --> 01:03:57,340
or nearer to, a large super light,

831
01:03:57,340 --> 01:04:00,340
placed close to the subject as we'll show in a moment.

832
01:04:00,340 --> 01:04:03,340
Here again is Apollo 11.

833
01:04:03,340 --> 01:04:06,340
This time it's Armstrong and Aldrin standing together.

834
01:04:06,340 --> 01:04:09,340
But their two shadows grow to completely different lengths.

835
01:04:09,340 --> 01:04:12,340
The nearer one of them moves towards the light source,

836
01:04:12,340 --> 01:04:14,340
the longer their shadow becomes.

837
01:04:14,340 --> 01:04:17,340
Such an effect has nothing to do with their relative heights,

838
01:04:17,340 --> 01:04:21,340
and everything to do with moving to and from a super light.

839
01:04:21,340 --> 01:04:24,340
Remember, the landing site was supposed to have been on flat terrain,

840
01:04:24,340 --> 01:04:27,340
the sea of tranquillity.

841
01:04:27,340 --> 01:04:30,340
Consider carefully the difference in lengths of these two shadows.

842
01:04:30,340 --> 01:04:33,340
To show that this effect is consistent with moving towards,

843
01:04:33,340 --> 01:04:36,340
or away from, an artificial light source,

844
01:04:36,340 --> 01:04:39,340
here's a demonstration we set up in a London studio.

845
01:04:39,340 --> 01:04:54,340
This increase in shadow length cannot occur in natural sunlight on a flat surface.

846
01:04:54,340 --> 01:04:57,340
But also in this scene, the position of the American flag.

847
01:04:57,340 --> 01:04:59,340
We know from the official record,

848
01:04:59,340 --> 01:05:03,340
that the astronauts did not touch the flag again once erected.

849
01:05:03,340 --> 01:05:07,340
We also know that this flag was artificially supported along the top,

850
01:05:07,340 --> 01:05:12,340
in order to give it substance in the airless and motionless lunar environment.

851
01:05:12,340 --> 01:05:15,340
Now look at this flag, later in the same mission.

852
01:05:15,340 --> 01:05:19,340
How can it be that the top edge of the flag is now supported from the mast,

853
01:05:19,340 --> 01:05:22,340
at a totally different and increased angle,

854
01:05:22,340 --> 01:05:26,340
unless it was unofficially altered on the set?

855
01:05:26,340 --> 01:05:32,340
Could these two differing flag positions from Apollo 11 be a form of semaphore,

856
01:05:32,340 --> 01:05:35,340
signalled to us by whistleblowers?

857
01:05:35,340 --> 01:05:38,340
Once again, here is the message of the passage of time,

858
01:05:38,340 --> 01:05:41,340
symbolised by erect and drooping flags.

859
01:05:42,340 --> 01:05:47,340
Undoubtedly, there would have been serious repercussions for future manned space travel,

860
01:05:47,340 --> 01:05:52,340
if the named astronauts were to die, or to be seriously irradiated on the moon.

861
01:05:52,340 --> 01:06:01,340
The discontinuity involving flag set-ups wasn't restricted to Apollo 11.

862
01:06:01,340 --> 01:06:04,340
As you can see in this footage from Apollo 16,

863
01:06:04,340 --> 01:06:09,340
the US flag is being taken out of the LEM before the TV camera pans around to the right,

864
01:06:09,340 --> 01:06:12,340
to follow the astronaut as he proceeds to the site,

865
01:06:12,340 --> 01:06:15,340
chosen for the all-important erection of the flag.

866
01:06:15,340 --> 01:06:19,340
As the camera continues its pan round to the right,

867
01:06:19,340 --> 01:06:22,340
we should expect to see the astronaut fixing the pole into the ground,

868
01:06:22,340 --> 01:06:26,340
and adjusting the stiffened flag to its most attractive angle.

869
01:06:26,340 --> 01:06:30,340
However, when we get there, the flag has already been planted,

870
01:06:30,340 --> 01:06:32,340
and the astronaut is leaving the scene.

871
01:06:32,340 --> 01:06:36,340
You can see his shadow in the bottom right, as he departs from the frame.

872
01:06:39,340 --> 01:06:41,340
Truly a giant leap for all mankind,

873
01:06:41,340 --> 01:06:43,340
for in order to carry out this task,

874
01:06:43,340 --> 01:06:46,340
the astronaut has had to arrive at the location,

875
01:06:46,340 --> 01:06:49,340
select the most likely soft spot in a totally unknown surface,

876
01:06:49,340 --> 01:06:52,340
hammer in the lower part of the flag mast,

877
01:06:52,340 --> 01:06:55,340
insert the upper part of the mast and its attached flag,

878
01:06:55,340 --> 01:06:57,340
perhaps adjust the folds,

879
01:06:57,340 --> 01:07:00,340
and only then remove himself from the scene.

880
01:07:00,340 --> 01:07:03,340
All this while wearing the most cumbersome of gear,

881
01:07:03,340 --> 01:07:05,340
a pressurised spacesuit and the pliss,

882
01:07:05,340 --> 01:07:07,340
the life-supporting backpack.

883
01:07:07,340 --> 01:07:09,340
According to this piece of footage,

884
01:07:09,340 --> 01:07:14,340
Apollo 16 achieved this list of things to do in a mere 69 seconds.

885
01:07:14,340 --> 01:07:17,340
A mere 69 seconds.

886
01:07:17,340 --> 01:07:20,340
This is the setting for the famous jump salute we analysed previously,

887
01:07:20,340 --> 01:07:23,340
with its designer continuity error.

888
01:07:27,340 --> 01:07:31,340
There's that picture,

889
01:07:31,340 --> 01:07:34,340
which I'm sure many people will have seen,

890
01:07:34,340 --> 01:07:37,340
of an astronaut, Jack Schmidt,

891
01:07:37,340 --> 01:07:39,340
I think it's Jack Schmidt as I recall,

892
01:07:39,340 --> 01:07:41,340
with the US flag sloping,

893
01:07:41,340 --> 01:07:44,340
because of the wide-angle effect of the lens somewhat,

894
01:07:44,340 --> 01:07:46,340
pointing towards the Earth,

895
01:07:46,340 --> 01:07:49,340
which is at the point of the triangle.

896
01:07:49,340 --> 01:07:53,340
Now that is an extremely well-observed image.

897
01:07:53,340 --> 01:07:55,340
What's that? I want to get the Earth.

898
01:07:55,340 --> 01:07:57,340
Oh, okay.

899
01:07:57,340 --> 01:07:58,340
Let me get a little...

900
01:07:58,340 --> 01:08:00,340
Get over on this side.

901
01:08:00,340 --> 01:08:01,340
I don't...

902
01:08:01,340 --> 01:08:03,340
I don't think...

903
01:08:03,340 --> 01:08:04,340
It's...

904
01:08:04,340 --> 01:08:08,340
They're a little close, maybe.

905
01:08:08,340 --> 01:08:11,340
They have them both in focus.

906
01:08:11,340 --> 01:08:15,340
That might do it.

907
01:08:15,340 --> 01:08:17,340
This picture is supposedly the outcome,

908
01:08:17,340 --> 01:08:20,340
the instant when the camera clicked.

909
01:08:20,340 --> 01:08:22,340
Remembering that there was no viewfinder,

910
01:08:22,340 --> 01:08:25,340
how was the photographer sure of including the Earth,

911
01:08:25,340 --> 01:08:27,340
the essential element in this photo?

912
01:08:27,340 --> 01:08:30,340
But that is not our prime gripe with this example.

913
01:08:30,340 --> 01:08:32,340
The flag itself is the giveaway.

914
01:08:32,340 --> 01:08:37,340
The loudest whistle-blow is in the manner in which the flag's been adjusted.

915
01:08:37,340 --> 01:08:39,340
We can see quite clearly in this still image

916
01:08:39,340 --> 01:08:42,340
that the edge of the US flag is billowing positive,

917
01:08:42,340 --> 01:08:45,340
that is, bulging towards the stills camera.

918
01:08:45,340 --> 01:08:48,340
And therefore, the edge of the flag should be billowing negative,

919
01:08:48,340 --> 01:08:51,340
or bulging away from the TV camera.

920
01:08:51,340 --> 01:08:53,340
Yet when we view the TV coverage,

921
01:08:53,340 --> 01:08:57,340
this flag is billowing positive towards the TV camera.

922
01:08:57,340 --> 01:08:59,340
Now that situation cannot be correct.

923
01:08:59,340 --> 01:09:02,340
It's a demonstration that this flag has been adjusted

924
01:09:02,340 --> 01:09:05,340
between the creation of the TV sequence and the stills session.

925
01:09:05,340 --> 01:09:09,340
As no such adjustment has been recorded for posterity

926
01:09:09,340 --> 01:09:11,340
by the eyewitness TV camera,

927
01:09:11,340 --> 01:09:13,340
we can only conclude from the evidence

928
01:09:13,340 --> 01:09:16,340
that the TV coverage and photographic pictures

929
01:09:16,340 --> 01:09:18,340
recording this single event from Apollo 17

930
01:09:18,340 --> 01:09:21,340
were actually imaged at different times,

931
01:09:21,340 --> 01:09:24,340
before and after.

932
01:09:24,340 --> 01:09:28,340
Does the intentional rearrangement of this flag

933
01:09:28,340 --> 01:09:30,340
merely indicate the duality of the NASA

934
01:09:30,340 --> 01:09:33,340
never a straight answer records?

935
01:09:33,340 --> 01:09:37,340
Or does another message lie in the subject matter of the picture?

936
01:09:37,340 --> 01:09:40,340
Perhaps this composition of astronaut looking down at the camera

937
01:09:40,340 --> 01:09:43,340
and the flag pointing up to Earth in code,

938
01:09:43,340 --> 01:09:47,340
no departure from Earth for the named astronaut in this photograph?

939
01:09:47,340 --> 01:09:51,340
Returning for a moment to the first mission, Apollo 11,

940
01:09:51,340 --> 01:09:55,340
and that classic image of Aldrin standing on the lunar surface,

941
01:09:55,340 --> 01:09:58,340
a picture often hijacked for commercial purposes,

942
01:09:58,340 --> 01:10:01,340
where then is the Hasselblad portrait of Armstrong,

943
01:10:01,340 --> 01:10:05,340
the very first human being to set foot upon another planet?

944
01:10:05,340 --> 01:10:07,340
Why have we no such picture?

945
01:10:07,340 --> 01:10:10,340
I have it on first-hand account that the question was,

946
01:10:10,340 --> 01:10:12,340
well now let's look at the best, first of all,

947
01:10:12,340 --> 01:10:15,340
for the best set of pictures of Neil.

948
01:10:15,340 --> 01:10:18,340
And then the faces tended to drop somewhat,

949
01:10:18,340 --> 01:10:20,340
and by the end they were saying,

950
01:10:20,340 --> 01:10:24,340
well let's find any picture of Neil.

951
01:10:24,340 --> 01:10:27,340
And in fact there was only one there,

952
01:10:27,340 --> 01:10:30,340
which was Neil Armstrong,

953
01:10:30,340 --> 01:10:32,340
really a fair amount in the distance,

954
01:10:32,340 --> 01:10:34,340
working around the lunar module,

955
01:10:34,340 --> 01:10:36,340
which Buzz Aldrin had taken

956
01:10:36,340 --> 01:10:38,340
during part of a pan sequence,

957
01:10:38,340 --> 01:10:40,340
a geological pan sequence,

958
01:10:40,340 --> 01:10:43,340
which was called for in the photographic plan.

959
01:10:43,340 --> 01:10:45,340
And nobody cottoned on to the fact

960
01:10:45,340 --> 01:10:49,340
that nobody was taking a picture of Neil Armstrong,

961
01:10:49,340 --> 01:10:52,340
so that all the pictures which are seen on the covers of life

962
01:10:52,340 --> 01:10:54,340
and now in the history books,

963
01:10:54,340 --> 01:10:55,340
they're all of Aldrin.

964
01:10:55,340 --> 01:10:56,340
Which, you know, it's fine,

965
01:10:56,340 --> 01:10:58,340
they were super pictures,

966
01:10:58,340 --> 01:11:00,340
but surely that you want the picture also,

967
01:11:00,340 --> 01:11:03,340
at least, of the first man on the moon.

968
01:11:03,340 --> 01:11:04,340
It's just like, you know,

969
01:11:04,340 --> 01:11:06,340
Columbus having an artist,

970
01:11:06,340 --> 01:11:08,340
theoretically,

971
01:11:08,340 --> 01:11:13,340
and the artist busily sketching the palm trees the other way,

972
01:11:13,340 --> 01:11:16,340
when Columbus steps onto the shore of the new world.

973
01:11:16,340 --> 01:11:18,340
History has no record.

974
01:11:18,340 --> 01:11:20,340
It's very hard to believe

975
01:11:20,340 --> 01:11:23,340
that during preparation of the tasks to be performed,

976
01:11:23,340 --> 01:11:27,340
the NASA PR machine ignored this rather major detail,

977
01:11:27,340 --> 01:11:29,340
the planting of the first footprint.

978
01:11:29,340 --> 01:11:32,340
Especially as every single action and image

979
01:11:32,340 --> 01:11:34,340
had been planned in advance

980
01:11:34,340 --> 01:11:36,340
and rehearsed until it became automatic,

981
01:11:36,340 --> 01:11:38,340
surely such a major omission

982
01:11:38,340 --> 01:11:41,340
would have been noticed and corrected before departure.

983
01:11:41,340 --> 01:11:47,340
And in the light of Armstrong's virtually reclusive post-mission behaviour,

984
01:11:47,340 --> 01:11:51,340
we can ask if the astronaut had personal reasons for being camera shy.

985
01:11:51,340 --> 01:11:55,340
Did he then and does he now feel some sort of guilt?

986
01:11:55,340 --> 01:11:59,340
Was he, in fact, never actually on the moon?

987
01:11:59,340 --> 01:12:02,340
He's always been very helpful

988
01:12:02,340 --> 01:12:06,340
but always struck me as being extremely business-like.

989
01:12:06,340 --> 01:12:10,340
He responded to the point, he helped and then that was it.

990
01:12:10,340 --> 01:12:12,340
So, quite typical.

991
01:12:12,340 --> 01:12:15,340
Given the many crucial anomalies and inconsistencies

992
01:12:15,340 --> 01:12:17,340
we're unearthing in the Apollo imagery,

993
01:12:17,340 --> 01:12:21,340
we also have to ask again if Armstrong's central reason for avoiding the lens

994
01:12:21,340 --> 01:12:26,340
has to do with NASA's chosen procedures during the making of Apollo.

995
01:12:26,340 --> 01:12:31,340
He was a very private individual, obviously, and since.

996
01:12:31,340 --> 01:12:36,340
He has always kept himself very much to himself.

997
01:12:36,340 --> 01:12:39,340
During the various celebrations he's tended to appear

998
01:12:39,340 --> 01:12:45,340
but it's as limited as possible in, if you might almost say, decency allows.

999
01:12:45,340 --> 01:12:50,340
Perhaps the Apollo space programme would be better titled The Sound and Light Show

1000
01:12:50,340 --> 01:12:53,340
for what we actually hear or don't hear on the soundtracks

1001
01:12:53,340 --> 01:12:58,340
is often inconsistent with both physics and the facts as presented to us.

1002
01:12:58,340 --> 01:13:04,340
Just listen to this soundtrack as a bobsleigh team races down the famous Samaritz Bob Run.

1003
01:13:04,340 --> 01:13:09,340
You can hear the pilot announcing the names of the corners they're negotiating.

1004
01:13:09,340 --> 01:13:13,340
That is the car called Walt.

1005
01:13:13,340 --> 01:13:18,340
Max will be Snake 1 and Snake 2.

1006
01:13:18,340 --> 01:13:21,340
And now is Annie.

1007
01:13:21,340 --> 01:13:24,340
Mesh and Dixon.

1008
01:13:24,340 --> 01:13:28,340
And then he's having horseshoes.

1009
01:13:28,340 --> 01:13:30,340
Telephone.

1010
01:13:30,340 --> 01:13:32,340
Shadrach.

1011
01:13:32,340 --> 01:13:34,340
Three.

1012
01:13:34,340 --> 01:13:35,340
Eight.

1013
01:13:35,340 --> 01:13:36,340
Nine.

1014
01:13:36,340 --> 01:13:41,340
This is hugely exciting to listen to.

1015
01:13:41,340 --> 01:13:45,340
We feel that we're virtually inside the bobsleigh with the team.

1016
01:13:45,340 --> 01:13:48,340
Yet while this sport is no doubt enjoyable for the participants,

1017
01:13:48,340 --> 01:13:52,340
it's also a highly stressful physical situation.

1018
01:13:52,340 --> 01:13:55,340
Listening to the Bob pilot we can hear the vibration

1019
01:13:55,340 --> 01:14:00,340
and the tension engendered by the sheer speed and potential danger of the situation.

1020
01:14:00,340 --> 01:14:04,340
Now let's listen to the two Apollo 11 astronauts landing on another planet

1021
01:14:04,340 --> 01:14:07,340
for the first time in history.

1022
01:14:07,340 --> 01:14:08,340
Three and a half down.

1023
01:14:08,340 --> 01:14:10,340
Nine forward.

1024
01:14:10,340 --> 01:14:12,340
Three, seventy-five feet.

1025
01:14:12,340 --> 01:14:13,340
That is looking good.

1026
01:14:13,340 --> 01:14:14,340
Down a half.

1027
01:14:14,340 --> 01:14:16,340
Six forward.

1028
01:14:16,340 --> 01:14:17,340
Thirty seconds.

1029
01:14:17,340 --> 01:14:19,340
Lights on.

1030
01:14:19,340 --> 01:14:20,340
Forward.

1031
01:14:20,340 --> 01:14:21,340
Forward.

1032
01:14:21,340 --> 01:14:22,340
Forty feet down.

1033
01:14:22,340 --> 01:14:23,340
Two and a half.

1034
01:14:23,340 --> 01:14:24,340
Picking up some dust.

1035
01:14:24,340 --> 01:14:26,340
Great shadows.

1036
01:14:26,340 --> 01:14:27,340
Four forward.

1037
01:14:27,340 --> 01:14:29,340
Drifting to the right a little.

1038
01:14:29,340 --> 01:14:31,340
Contact light.

1039
01:14:31,340 --> 01:14:34,340
These intrepid men in their lunar module flying machine

1040
01:14:34,340 --> 01:14:37,340
were virtually sitting on top of its descent engine,

1041
01:14:37,340 --> 01:14:39,340
which was roaring away,

1042
01:14:39,340 --> 01:14:42,340
producing up to 10,000 pounds of thrust

1043
01:14:42,340 --> 01:14:46,340
and burning at a temperature of 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

1044
01:14:46,340 --> 01:14:49,340
We also know there was air inside the LEM.

1045
01:14:49,340 --> 01:14:52,340
It was pressurized to one third sea level atmosphere.

1046
01:14:52,340 --> 01:14:58,340
So the incredible roar of the engine would have produced considerable sound and vibration.

1047
01:14:58,340 --> 01:15:01,340
According to some sources, even through their bubble helmets,

1048
01:15:01,340 --> 01:15:05,340
the astronauts in the LEM could hear the noise of the thrusters firing.

1049
01:15:05,340 --> 01:15:09,340
Yet apparently they couldn't hear the roar of this powerful rocket engine.

1050
01:15:09,340 --> 01:15:12,340
That's a little difficult to believe, isn't it?

1051
01:15:12,340 --> 01:15:16,340
Even the space shuttle astronauts popping up into low Earth orbit

1052
01:15:16,340 --> 01:15:19,340
have pointed out the extreme vibration and noise

1053
01:15:19,340 --> 01:15:21,340
when thrusters fire from their craft.

1054
01:15:21,340 --> 01:15:25,340
And the shuttle is very different from that of the flimsy LEM.

1055
01:15:25,340 --> 01:15:30,340
Compare this

1056
01:15:30,340 --> 01:15:35,340
with this.

1057
01:15:35,340 --> 01:15:37,340
So unlike the pilot on the Bob run,

1058
01:15:37,340 --> 01:15:41,340
the astronauts' voices on the Apollo 11 soundtrack sound unbelievably dull.

1059
01:15:41,340 --> 01:15:44,340
There's no impression of vibration whatsoever,

1060
01:15:44,340 --> 01:15:47,340
nor do we hear the roar of the rocket engine beneath them.

1061
01:15:47,340 --> 01:15:51,340
Even more bizarre are the circumstances in this next scene from Apollo 12.

1062
01:15:51,340 --> 01:16:02,340
Just before these astronauts touched down,

1063
01:16:02,340 --> 01:16:05,340
they were apparently able to film the Surveyor 3 craft

1064
01:16:05,340 --> 01:16:09,340
that had landed at that same site in April 67.

1065
01:16:09,340 --> 01:16:11,340
But instead of just catching a fleeting glimpse

1066
01:16:11,340 --> 01:16:13,340
through the LEM's triangular window

1067
01:16:13,340 --> 01:16:16,340
as the LEM continued on its descent path,

1068
01:16:16,340 --> 01:16:19,340
this sequence from the conquest of space,

1069
01:16:19,340 --> 01:16:23,340
using original NASA film, is very suspect.

1070
01:16:23,340 --> 01:16:26,340
This result is wholly consistent with imagery

1071
01:16:26,340 --> 01:16:29,340
that could only be taken with a specially mounted camera

1072
01:16:29,340 --> 01:16:32,340
capable of considerable lateral panning capacity.

1073
01:16:32,340 --> 01:16:34,340
As we run the sequence again,

1074
01:16:34,340 --> 01:16:37,340
notice how the perspective of the grounded Surveyor 3

1075
01:16:37,340 --> 01:16:39,340
changes as the camera moves around it.

1076
01:16:39,340 --> 01:16:42,340
The LEM didn't have that capability.

1077
01:16:42,340 --> 01:16:47,340
To obtain such a shot, we'd actually need a special camera and mount

1078
01:16:47,340 --> 01:16:49,340
to give plenty of sideways movement,

1079
01:16:49,340 --> 01:16:52,340
while the craft, such as a helicopter with the door removed,

1080
01:16:52,340 --> 01:16:54,340
maintained level flight.

1081
01:16:54,340 --> 01:17:01,340
Here is a type of helicopter rig that will be required

1082
01:17:01,340 --> 01:17:04,340
in order to create the resulting question.

1083
01:17:04,340 --> 01:17:07,340
The published imagery is therefore not commensurate

1084
01:17:07,340 --> 01:17:09,340
with the viewpoint from an onboard camera

1085
01:17:09,340 --> 01:17:11,340
at the LEM's triangular window.

1086
01:17:11,340 --> 01:17:16,340
Apollo 12 also had sound and light problems.

1087
01:17:16,340 --> 01:17:20,340
They suffered from what was claimed to be a failed TV camera

1088
01:17:20,340 --> 01:17:22,340
very early on in their moonwalk.

1089
01:17:22,340 --> 01:17:26,340
This failure had the happy effect of turning the transmissions

1090
01:17:26,340 --> 01:17:29,340
into sound only and thus ensuring that millions

1091
01:17:29,340 --> 01:17:32,340
of terrestrial TV sets were switched off.

1092
01:17:32,340 --> 01:17:40,340
This is what viewers saw prior to the TV camera failure.

1093
01:17:40,340 --> 01:17:43,340
By the way, here might be a blow on the whistle

1094
01:17:43,340 --> 01:17:45,340
concerning the lighting at the time.

1095
01:17:45,340 --> 01:17:46,340
Boy, that sun is bright.

1096
01:17:46,340 --> 01:17:51,340
It's just like somebody shining a spotlight in your hand.

1097
01:17:51,340 --> 01:17:53,340
It really is.

1098
01:17:53,340 --> 01:17:57,340
It's just like somebody's got a super bright spotlight in your hand.

1099
01:17:57,340 --> 01:17:59,340
And then a reference to the TV camera.

1100
01:17:59,340 --> 01:18:12,340
As the TV camera is moved, we can see that it is functioning

1101
01:18:12,340 --> 01:18:15,340
because the light source has generated lens flare.

1102
01:18:15,340 --> 01:18:18,340
The camera is being moved around pretty rapidly

1103
01:18:18,340 --> 01:18:22,340
and we can see it is picking up flare and strange striations

1104
01:18:22,340 --> 01:18:24,340
into the lens, which is allegedly the point

1105
01:18:24,340 --> 01:18:26,340
to which the camera is supposed to have failed.

1106
01:18:26,340 --> 01:18:30,340
And here is a clip from an official NASA documentary

1107
01:18:30,340 --> 01:18:32,340
relating to this incident.

1108
01:18:32,340 --> 01:18:34,340
Set to watch the moonwalk on TV,

1109
01:18:34,340 --> 01:18:36,340
controllers were frustrated when the solar rays

1110
01:18:36,340 --> 01:18:38,340
destroyed the camera.

1111
01:18:38,340 --> 01:18:40,340
So according to NASA, the solar rays

1112
01:18:40,340 --> 01:18:43,340
destroyed the Apollo 12's TV camera.

1113
01:18:43,340 --> 01:18:46,340
But in this scene from a later mission, Apollo 15,

1114
01:18:46,340 --> 01:18:48,340
we have precisely the same effect,

1115
01:18:48,340 --> 01:18:51,340
yet the camera continues to operate perfectly satisfactorily.

1116
01:18:51,340 --> 01:19:00,340
Now here, back with Apollo 12, we have flare picked up by the lens,

1117
01:19:00,340 --> 01:19:03,340
which indicates that the camera was actually working.

1118
01:19:03,340 --> 01:19:05,340
It is just pointed at something static.

1119
01:19:05,340 --> 01:19:08,340
However, the camera is not securely locked into position.

1120
01:19:08,340 --> 01:19:10,340
And therefore, over a period of time,

1121
01:19:10,340 --> 01:19:12,340
the camera changes its view as you can see.

1122
01:19:12,340 --> 01:19:18,340
And as you can hear, everyone thinks it is all very funny.

1123
01:19:18,340 --> 01:19:21,340
But as the fixing on its stand is not tight enough,

1124
01:19:21,340 --> 01:19:24,340
the camera is slowly drooping and this fact is demonstrated

1125
01:19:24,340 --> 01:19:27,340
by the changing images captured over a period of time.

1126
01:19:27,340 --> 01:19:29,340
Coming in there now, Al.

1127
01:19:29,340 --> 01:19:32,340
It would not have been possible to see this differential imaging

1128
01:19:32,340 --> 01:19:34,340
if the camera had really been destroyed

1129
01:19:34,340 --> 01:19:36,340
by being pointed for a while directly into the sun,

1130
01:19:36,340 --> 01:19:39,340
the official reason for its failure.

1131
01:19:39,340 --> 01:19:41,340
The operations manual and the handbook

1132
01:19:41,340 --> 01:19:43,340
that accompanied the TV camera

1133
01:19:43,340 --> 01:19:45,340
clearly indicate that the camera

1134
01:19:45,340 --> 01:19:47,340
should never be pointed at any bright source,

1135
01:19:47,340 --> 01:19:52,340
nor directly at the sun.

1136
01:19:52,340 --> 01:19:54,340
Given their intensive training

1137
01:19:54,340 --> 01:19:56,340
and the experiences supposedly acquired

1138
01:19:56,340 --> 01:19:58,340
over the preceding Apollo missions,

1139
01:19:58,340 --> 01:20:02,340
why then did Apollo 16 astronauts need to ask Houston

1140
01:20:02,340 --> 01:20:06,340
if they should point their camera at the sun during a lunar EVA?

1141
01:20:06,340 --> 01:20:09,340
We await the camera, wait for the sun.

1142
01:20:09,340 --> 01:20:11,340
They're all all the way up and down.

1143
01:20:11,340 --> 01:20:12,340
Yeah.

1144
01:20:12,340 --> 01:20:13,340
The camera directly down sun.

1145
01:20:13,340 --> 01:20:15,340
And down at the ground.

1146
01:20:15,340 --> 01:20:16,340
That's right.

1147
01:20:16,340 --> 01:20:18,340
Direct me into the sun.

1148
01:20:18,340 --> 01:20:19,340
Negative.

1149
01:20:19,340 --> 01:20:20,340
Away from the sun.

1150
01:20:20,340 --> 01:20:21,340
And down.

1151
01:20:23,340 --> 01:20:25,340
We leave these sound and light anomalies for the moment

1152
01:20:25,340 --> 01:20:29,340
to discuss one particular mission in April 1970,

1153
01:20:29,340 --> 01:20:32,340
that of the lucky 7th lunar module Aquarius

1154
01:20:32,340 --> 01:20:36,340
and the unlucky 13th command module Odyssey.

1155
01:20:36,340 --> 01:20:38,340
The alleged failure of the Apollo 12 camera

1156
01:20:38,340 --> 01:20:40,340
had been a very good test for NASA

1157
01:20:40,340 --> 01:20:42,340
and an indicator of the level of attention

1158
01:20:42,340 --> 01:20:44,340
that America in particular

1159
01:20:44,340 --> 01:20:45,340
and the world in general

1160
01:20:45,340 --> 01:20:47,340
had towards the space program.

1161
01:20:47,340 --> 01:20:51,340
Perhaps discouraged by Apollo 12's sound only show

1162
01:20:51,340 --> 01:20:54,340
and given other political realities in America,

1163
01:20:54,340 --> 01:20:58,340
the public seemed to have turned its back on space.

1164
01:20:58,340 --> 01:21:02,340
However, Bennett and Percy's research suggests

1165
01:21:02,340 --> 01:21:05,340
that this was an intentionally induced state of boredom

1166
01:21:05,340 --> 01:21:08,340
and was also, among other things, good preparation for the moment

1167
01:21:08,340 --> 01:21:12,340
when NASA intended to switch their audience back on again.

1168
01:21:12,340 --> 01:21:17,340
And during the 13th hour of the 13th day

1169
01:21:17,340 --> 01:21:20,340
of their 13th Apollo mission, very remarkable.

1170
01:21:20,340 --> 01:21:24,340
Just two days out from Earth, they toggled that switch

1171
01:21:24,340 --> 01:21:27,340
and what was said to be an exploding oxygen tank

1172
01:21:27,340 --> 01:21:30,340
jolted the command module and the Apollo story

1173
01:21:30,340 --> 01:21:32,340
back into the media spotlight.

1174
01:21:32,340 --> 01:21:40,340
Here we see the astronauts inside the command module

1175
01:21:40,340 --> 01:21:42,340
delivering a live broadcast.

1176
01:21:42,340 --> 01:21:46,340
They're supposedly nearly 200,000 miles from Earth

1177
01:21:46,340 --> 01:21:49,340
and just eight minutes from their Big Bang or problem,

1178
01:21:49,340 --> 01:21:51,340
as they would delicately put it.

1179
01:21:51,340 --> 01:21:55,340
Remember, the command module was named the Odyssey

1180
01:21:55,340 --> 01:21:57,340
and the lunar module Aquarius.

1181
01:21:57,340 --> 01:21:59,340
Listen to this communication.

1182
01:21:59,340 --> 01:22:02,340
And passing through the time away and are transferred out to the moon.

1183
01:22:02,340 --> 01:22:06,340
And it's rather odd to see it floating like this in, uh,

1184
01:22:06,340 --> 01:22:12,340
in Odyssey while it's playing, uh, the scenes of 2001.

1185
01:22:12,340 --> 01:22:36,340
So shortly before the astronauts signed off,

1186
01:22:36,340 --> 01:22:40,340
the music used in the film 2001 A Space Odyssey

1187
01:22:40,340 --> 01:22:42,340
was playing in the command module.

1188
01:22:42,340 --> 01:22:47,340
It's rather odd to see it floating like this in, uh, in Odyssey.

1189
01:22:47,340 --> 01:22:52,340
In that last comment, the astronaut emphasized the word odd for us.

1190
01:22:52,340 --> 01:22:56,340
And just how apposite was it that moments before the explosion

1191
01:22:56,340 --> 01:23:00,340
and the enforced extracurricular use of the Lamb Aquarius,

1192
01:23:00,340 --> 01:23:03,340
he takes the trouble to mention their sign-off song,

1193
01:23:03,340 --> 01:23:06,340
a song from the musical Hair in which the words

1194
01:23:06,340 --> 01:23:09,340
this is the dawning of the age of Aquarius figure,

1195
01:23:09,340 --> 01:23:14,340
not to mention when the moon was in the seventh house.

1196
01:23:14,340 --> 01:23:17,340
Who exactly is blowing the whistle now?

1197
01:23:17,340 --> 01:23:19,340
And of course, the, uh,

1198
01:23:19,340 --> 01:23:22,340
it would be complete without Aquarius.

1199
01:23:22,340 --> 01:23:47,340
The whole of this scenario has all the hallmarks of a carefully written script.

1200
01:23:47,340 --> 01:23:51,340
Indeed, the words used to announce their accident at Houston,

1201
01:23:51,340 --> 01:23:52,340
we have a problem,

1202
01:23:52,340 --> 01:23:59,340
were first spoken in much the same circumstances in 2001 A Space Odyssey.

1203
01:23:59,340 --> 01:24:03,340
What doesn't come from 2001,

1204
01:24:03,340 --> 01:24:06,340
nor indeed from the Hollywood movie Apollo 13,

1205
01:24:06,340 --> 01:24:11,340
is the bizarre color of deep space in NASA's footage of the Apollo 13 mission.

1206
01:24:11,340 --> 01:24:15,340
When the astronauts have transferred to the LEM some 200,000 miles from Earth,

1207
01:24:15,340 --> 01:24:19,340
we look out of the small observation window and see the color blue,

1208
01:24:19,340 --> 01:24:23,340
not the black of space that NASA's astronauts describe.

1209
01:24:23,340 --> 01:24:32,340
The official NASA footage has the LEM's triangular windows entirely filled with a blue as bright as that of a cloudless summer's day here on Earth.

1210
01:24:32,340 --> 01:24:34,340
It's astonishing!

1211
01:24:34,340 --> 01:24:39,340
If these astronauts really were some 200,000 miles away from Earth,

1212
01:24:39,340 --> 01:24:44,340
surely the windows of the LEM should be entirely filled with the black of deep space.

1213
01:24:44,340 --> 01:24:48,340
Were they too in low Earth orbit,

1214
01:24:48,340 --> 01:24:53,340
as appeared to be the case with the Apollo 11 sequence we saw at the opening of this program?

1215
01:24:53,340 --> 01:24:57,340
Following the accident, the claimed oxygen tank explosion,

1216
01:24:57,340 --> 01:25:00,340
a crew member photographed the supposed damage to the CSN.

1217
01:25:00,340 --> 01:25:03,340
And it's one old ballistic missile!

1218
01:25:03,340 --> 01:25:05,340
This is the damaged Odyssey.

1219
01:25:05,340 --> 01:25:09,340
Now look at this picture of a command and service module,

1220
01:25:09,340 --> 01:25:12,340
with a cover removed from its scientific instrument bay.

1221
01:25:12,340 --> 01:25:15,340
Looks rather similar to the damaged Odyssey, does it not?

1222
01:25:15,340 --> 01:25:19,340
Even supposing, as many experts claim,

1223
01:25:19,340 --> 01:25:23,340
such an explosion would have thrown the spacecraft way off course.

1224
01:25:23,340 --> 01:25:28,340
It seems that the Apollo 13 mission encountered more than just their exploding oxygen tank.

1225
01:25:28,340 --> 01:25:32,340
Apparently, there would have been other problems too.

1226
01:25:32,340 --> 01:25:35,340
Frau Moreau is situated in the southwestern quadrant of the Moon.

1227
01:25:35,340 --> 01:25:40,340
And what is of significance in relationship to the site is the position of the Terminator,

1228
01:25:40,340 --> 01:25:43,340
the line that marks the limit of the sunlit portion of the Moon.

1229
01:25:43,340 --> 01:25:45,340
To be able to land on the Moon successfully,

1230
01:25:45,340 --> 01:25:49,340
the LEM pilots needed to be able to see where they were going.

1231
01:25:49,340 --> 01:25:52,340
And NASA has always emphasized that all landing sites and times

1232
01:25:52,340 --> 01:25:54,340
were selected with this requirement in mind.

1233
01:25:54,340 --> 01:25:57,340
But at the time of the Apollo 13 accident,

1234
01:25:57,340 --> 01:26:01,340
their Frau Moreau landing site was in complete darkness.

1235
01:26:01,340 --> 01:26:05,340
And, most significantly, it was to remain in darkness

1236
01:26:05,340 --> 01:26:09,340
until long after the astronauts had left lunar orbit.

1237
01:26:09,340 --> 01:26:13,340
This fact is clearly apparent from a computer reconstruction.

1238
01:26:13,340 --> 01:26:17,340
And this fact can be checked with the help of a little rudimentary knowledge

1239
01:26:17,340 --> 01:26:19,340
of astronomy and an ephemeris.

1240
01:26:19,340 --> 01:26:22,340
But if you aren't mathematically inclined, don't worry,

1241
01:26:22,340 --> 01:26:25,340
because the maths have been done and the results check out.

1242
01:26:25,340 --> 01:26:28,340
It's also been confirmed by Andrew Chaikin,

1243
01:26:28,340 --> 01:26:31,340
space historian and author of A Man on the Moon,

1244
01:26:31,340 --> 01:26:33,340
which was written with the compliance of NASA,

1245
01:26:33,340 --> 01:26:37,340
that concerning Apollo 13, Chaikin states,

1246
01:26:37,340 --> 01:26:42,340
by Wednesday, April 15th, two and a half days after the accident,

1247
01:26:42,340 --> 01:26:46,340
the Apollo 13 combo had circumnavigated the Moon,

1248
01:26:46,340 --> 01:26:52,340
corrected its trajectory and was already 19,000 miles into its homeward journey.

1249
01:26:52,340 --> 01:26:56,340
The Moon, still close enough to see craters with the unaided eye,

1250
01:26:56,340 --> 01:27:01,340
and Fred Hayes, alone in Aquarius, was looking at it.

1251
01:27:01,340 --> 01:27:05,340
And Chaikin tells us what Hayes saw, or rather, what he didn't see.

1252
01:27:05,340 --> 01:27:08,340
Near the Terminator, just emerging from night,

1253
01:27:08,340 --> 01:27:12,340
he could barely make out the highland region of Fra Moreau.

1254
01:27:12,340 --> 01:27:14,340
So there you have it.

1255
01:27:14,340 --> 01:27:17,340
The Fra Moreau site was in darkness on the date scheduled

1256
01:27:17,340 --> 01:27:20,340
for the landing of this lunar expedition.

1257
01:27:20,340 --> 01:27:24,340
Whatever might be the truth concerning the exact whereabouts of Apollo 13,

1258
01:27:24,340 --> 01:27:28,340
the Sun and the Moon do not alter their dance through space.

1259
01:27:38,340 --> 01:27:40,340
These examples are only just a few of the anomalies

1260
01:27:40,340 --> 01:27:45,340
that researchers Bennett and Percy have discovered concerning Apollo 13.

1261
01:27:45,340 --> 01:27:49,340
However, the sample shown is already enough to enable us to further see

1262
01:27:49,340 --> 01:27:52,340
that something's very wrong with this mission in particular,

1263
01:27:52,340 --> 01:27:55,340
and the Apollo space program in general.

1264
01:27:55,340 --> 01:27:59,340
We certainly have to conclude that the official data concerning this mission

1265
01:27:59,340 --> 01:28:01,340
is unreliable.

1266
01:28:01,340 --> 01:28:04,340
The author's opinion is that Apollo 13 was never designed as a mission

1267
01:28:04,340 --> 01:28:08,340
to actually land, but as an exercise in space rescue systems,

1268
01:28:08,340 --> 01:28:12,340
an exercise held principally for the education and the benefit

1269
01:28:12,340 --> 01:28:16,340
of both crew and mission control, while still fulfilling an integral part

1270
01:28:16,340 --> 01:28:20,340
of the overall space program objectives.

1271
01:28:20,340 --> 01:28:23,340
While these researchers consider that most operatives at Houston

1272
01:28:23,340 --> 01:28:26,340
and their contractors were ignorant of the detail,

1273
01:28:26,340 --> 01:28:29,340
they suspect that, somewhat obviously, the astronauts themselves

1274
01:28:29,340 --> 01:28:35,340
were fully aware of their location, in low Earth orbit and nowhere near the Moon.

1275
01:28:35,340 --> 01:28:38,340
As we know exactly where the Terminator was during the mission,

1276
01:28:38,340 --> 01:28:42,340
why, in the NASA approved Hollywood movie version of Apollo 13,

1277
01:28:42,340 --> 01:28:44,340
which featured Tom Hanks,

1278
01:28:44,340 --> 01:28:49,340
why do the astronauts declare themselves able to see their landing site at Framoreau,

1279
01:28:49,340 --> 01:28:52,340
when approaching the Moon on Tuesday, the 14th of April?

1280
01:28:52,340 --> 01:28:57,340
As we know, it was in complete darkness, so they're apparently pretty clever.

1281
01:28:57,340 --> 01:28:59,340
But they do better than that.

1282
01:28:59,340 --> 01:29:03,340
They are then able to spot, within the next 13 seconds,

1283
01:29:03,340 --> 01:29:08,340
two other sites, Tsiolkovsky Crater and Maui Imbium, in that order.

1284
01:29:09,340 --> 01:29:10,340
Look, it's Framoreau.

1285
01:29:13,340 --> 01:29:15,340
I can see our landing site.

1286
01:29:17,340 --> 01:29:18,340
Wow.

1287
01:29:19,340 --> 01:29:21,340
Look at that Tsiolkovsky Crater.

1288
01:29:23,340 --> 01:29:26,340
I can't believe how bright the ejecta blanket is.

1289
01:29:26,340 --> 01:29:27,340
It's like snow.

1290
01:29:28,340 --> 01:29:29,340
It's beautiful.

1291
01:29:31,340 --> 01:29:32,340
It's Mary Imbrium to the North.

1292
01:29:36,340 --> 01:29:39,340
They must have had X-ray vision, for this observation is a physical impossibility.

1293
01:29:40,340 --> 01:29:43,340
How could they be flying over the dark, far side of the Moon,

1294
01:29:44,340 --> 01:29:46,340
and see Framoreau in darkness on the near side?

1295
01:29:47,340 --> 01:29:50,340
And while the Sea of Tsiolkovsky was on the sunlit portion of the far side,

1296
01:29:51,340 --> 01:29:53,340
it was well over a thousand miles away.

1297
01:29:53,340 --> 01:29:59,340
Then again, Maui Imbrium, on the near side, was mostly in darkness, and again hidden from their view.

1298
01:30:00,340 --> 01:30:06,340
So now, as we run that sequence again, note the trajectory of the spacecraft in relationship to the Moon.

1299
01:30:06,340 --> 01:30:08,340
Look, it's Framoreau.

1300
01:30:09,340 --> 01:30:12,340
I can see our landing site.

1301
01:30:13,340 --> 01:30:14,340
Wow.

1302
01:30:15,340 --> 01:30:17,340
Look at that Tsiolkovsky Crater.

1303
01:30:18,340 --> 01:30:20,340
Look at that Tsiolkovsky Crater.

1304
01:30:23,340 --> 01:30:25,340
I can't believe how bright the ejecta blanket is.

1305
01:30:25,340 --> 01:30:26,340
It's like snow.

1306
01:30:27,340 --> 01:30:28,340
It's beautiful.

1307
01:30:30,340 --> 01:30:31,340
It's Mary Imbrium to the North.

1308
01:30:31,340 --> 01:30:40,340
So here we have even more inaccuracies in the movie account of the Apollo 13 flight.

1309
01:30:41,340 --> 01:30:45,340
However, as a method of discouraging investment in long-term manned space travel,

1310
01:30:46,340 --> 01:30:47,340
this space drama could hardly be faltered.

1311
01:30:48,340 --> 01:30:52,340
Indeed, this accident was later heralded by certain astronauts and other personnel

1312
01:30:52,340 --> 01:30:58,340
as the reason for NASA's curtailment and eventual abandonment of manned deep space flight.

1313
01:31:07,340 --> 01:31:12,340
The prospect of dead astronauts indefinitely looping around our solar system,

1314
01:31:13,340 --> 01:31:16,340
an artificial death star featuring in our night skies for eternity,

1315
01:31:16,340 --> 01:31:22,340
surely was motivation enough for the implementation of the Apollo surrogate program.

1316
01:31:23,340 --> 01:31:27,340
Could it be relevant that the Apollo 13 landing site that never was

1317
01:31:28,340 --> 01:31:31,340
took its name from the 16th century Venetian monk, Framoreau,

1318
01:31:32,340 --> 01:31:34,340
who was the instigator of a map that never was?

1319
01:31:35,340 --> 01:31:39,340
Fram, or brother Moreau, was also a cartographer to the court of Venice

1320
01:31:40,340 --> 01:31:43,340
and at one time he set about producing the perfect map of creation

1321
01:31:43,340 --> 01:31:45,340
without removing himself from his cell.

1322
01:31:46,340 --> 01:31:49,340
He apparently achieved this feat by collating the tales that travelers brought to him,

1323
01:31:50,340 --> 01:31:52,340
yet no trace of his map has ever been found.

1324
01:31:53,340 --> 01:31:55,340
There's only his journal of this experience,

1325
01:31:56,340 --> 01:31:59,340
which was discovered on a Venetian island by author James Cohen,

1326
01:32:00,340 --> 01:32:01,340
who then translated it into English.

1327
01:32:02,340 --> 01:32:06,340
This adventure in mind mapping raises important questions concerning the links

1328
01:32:07,340 --> 01:32:12,340
between representation and imagination and even the nature of reality itself.

1329
01:32:13,340 --> 01:32:18,340
Cohen found that Framoreau's thoughts reveal themselves gradually as an unfolding guessing game

1330
01:32:19,340 --> 01:32:23,340
and that the Venetian monk liked to derive meaning from the perfect use of mystery

1331
01:32:24,340 --> 01:32:28,340
and thus each place he evoked became a symbol.

1332
01:32:29,340 --> 01:32:33,340
We wonder what exactly the Framoreau site symbolized for those in the know at NASA.

1333
01:32:34,340 --> 01:32:39,340
But Cohen's book on Framoreau is apparently a hybrid of history and fiction

1334
01:32:39,340 --> 01:32:44,340
and as such it fits perfectly with our view of NASA's well-scripted Apollo program.

1335
01:32:45,340 --> 01:32:48,340
And with this pause for the consideration of artistic license over,

1336
01:32:48,340 --> 01:32:53,340
we return now to more analysis of the Apollo mission images and shadow inconsistencies.

1337
01:32:53,340 --> 01:32:59,340
Resuming with Apollo 14, here's another one of those shots of an astronaut descending the ladder.

1338
01:33:00,340 --> 01:33:06,340
The shadow side of the LEM has been filled with light in the same way as that of the Apollo 11 LEM during Aldrin's exit.

1339
01:33:06,340 --> 01:33:11,340
Is this for real or is this being simulated on a film set?

1340
01:33:12,340 --> 01:33:13,340
Okay.

1341
01:33:14,340 --> 01:33:16,340
All kinds of freebies in today's simulation.

1342
01:33:17,340 --> 01:33:20,340
Roger, we got the boys in the back room working overtime.

1343
01:33:20,340 --> 01:33:25,340
This terrain where these Apollo 15 astronauts are standing is virtually flat.

1344
01:33:26,340 --> 01:33:30,340
Then, note that the shadow here is somewhat similar in length to the astronaut's height.

1345
01:33:31,340 --> 01:33:32,340
But, as we all know...

1346
01:33:33,340 --> 01:33:35,340
Shadows really make a difference up here.

1347
01:33:36,340 --> 01:33:37,340
Yes, they certainly do.

1348
01:33:38,340 --> 01:33:42,340
So as we move to this next scene, during the same mission on similar terrain,

1349
01:33:43,340 --> 01:33:45,340
the shadow length should not be any different to the previous shot.

1350
01:33:45,340 --> 01:33:51,340
However, we can see that the astronaut's shadow length is now considerably longer than his equivalent height.

1351
01:33:52,340 --> 01:33:57,340
Such anomalies, in our view, are once again due to the presence of a large artificial light source

1352
01:33:57,340 --> 01:33:59,340
that is not always positioned at the same height.

1353
01:34:00,340 --> 01:34:04,340
We have found irrefutable evidence of just such a large light source in some of these images.

1354
01:34:05,340 --> 01:34:09,340
Whether inadvertently or intentionally, we can see evidence of a large source

1355
01:34:09,340 --> 01:34:11,340
mirrored in the astronaut's gold outer visors.

1356
01:34:11,340 --> 01:34:15,340
This is how an artificial super light might have been assembled.

1357
01:34:16,340 --> 01:34:21,340
Comprising a large number of individual light panels, creating a single ultra-powerful source

1358
01:34:22,340 --> 01:34:23,340
and generating one shadow.

1359
01:34:24,340 --> 01:34:27,340
Not unlike the makeup of stadium lights, only very, very much larger.

1360
01:34:28,340 --> 01:34:32,340
Remember, the Shea Stadium in New York had powerful lighting back in the 1960s.

1361
01:34:33,340 --> 01:34:38,340
Here you can see a very large reflection of a large super light in a convex gold helmet visor.

1362
01:34:38,340 --> 01:34:43,340
It is still large despite the fact that the camera is some distance away.

1363
01:34:44,340 --> 01:34:51,340
Now a convex, that is an outwardly curved surface, always considerably reduces the size of whatever is being reflected.

1364
01:34:52,340 --> 01:34:56,340
If this large bright reflection were the sun, given its distance from the subject,

1365
01:34:57,340 --> 01:35:01,340
it would be barely visible when reflected in a visor, nothing more than a tiny pin prick of light.

1366
01:35:01,340 --> 01:35:11,340
Yet in many cases, these convex visors are reflecting a very large light, which indicates the use of a huge artificial light source.

1367
01:35:12,340 --> 01:35:18,340
Let's compare these images depicting the large light reflections with this picture of a space shuttle astronaut during an EVA.

1368
01:35:18,340 --> 01:35:23,340
The space shuttle operates at a distance and near a few hundred miles above the Earth.

1369
01:35:24,340 --> 01:35:30,340
Although this photo was taken close up, we can see the sun reflected in the visor is nothing more than a pin source of light.

1370
01:35:31,340 --> 01:35:34,340
And another example, this is an EVA during a Gemini mission.

1371
01:35:34,340 --> 01:35:47,340
We can only conclude that the large reflections in these Apollo images really are telltale evidence that artificial super lights were used to illuminate these alleged lunar scenes.

1372
01:35:47,340 --> 01:36:03,340
So it would appear that the Apollo images reflect the circumstances surrounding the taking of such pictures, and this means that an artificial super light appears to have been used for the recording of live on the moon TV coverage, as well as the photography.

1373
01:36:04,340 --> 01:36:15,340
Again, we must ask ourselves, if attempting to pass off this reflected light source as the sun is a sign of arrogance, or were the photographers blowing a very clear whistle?

1374
01:36:15,340 --> 01:36:21,340
Why did your alleged whistleblowers get away with all of this, right under NASA's nose?

1375
01:36:21,340 --> 01:36:23,340
And why hasn't all this been noticed before now?

1376
01:36:24,340 --> 01:36:29,340
Well, if you're not suspecting foul play, you're not alerted to the need for proof of foul play.

1377
01:36:30,340 --> 01:36:34,340
As Hitler said, the bigger the lie, the easier it is for people to believe it.

1378
01:36:35,340 --> 01:36:43,340
The authority of NASA was enough for us all to accept its images as the truthful depiction of the exploration of the moon in 1969.

1379
01:36:43,340 --> 01:36:47,340
Because these visors just had to reflect the sun, didn't they?

1380
01:36:48,340 --> 01:36:51,340
Now let's examine a hypothesis that is seemingly ridiculous.

1381
01:36:52,340 --> 01:36:59,340
Could the entirety of the Apollo images have been created in the controlled environment of interior or exterior studio sets?

1382
01:36:59,340 --> 01:37:13,340
As the sheer magnitude of achieving such a task without being discovered or denounced would appear to be beyond the bounds of possibility, most people are quick to laugh this hypothesis off as an example of conspiracy theory run amok.

1383
01:37:13,340 --> 01:37:22,340
Yet before we dismiss it so readily, let's remember that it's initially easier to dismiss outrageous ideas even if they should eventually be proven correct.

1384
01:37:23,340 --> 01:37:29,340
Simply because we might not want to face up to uncomfortable truths, and because to acknowledge that truth would make us look complete fools.

1385
01:37:29,340 --> 01:37:47,340
It is apparently okay to acknowledge the lack of authenticity of the visual information surrounding the world.

1386
01:37:47,340 --> 01:38:05,340
An event safely buried in the relatively distant past, such as the sinking of the Lusitania by three torpedoes.

1387
01:38:05,340 --> 01:38:12,340
This event, which had the effect of bringing America into the First World War, happened out of sight of a British newsroom camera.

1388
01:38:12,340 --> 01:38:22,340
But that detail didn't stop the media creating a fake scene shot on a London pond and presenting the result to the public as the authentic coverage of that incident.

1389
01:38:22,340 --> 01:38:43,340
As an example of the deliberate withholding of information at the turn of the century, we learned that the prime cause of the horrific accident that led to the demise of the Hindenburg was not hydrogen, as ruled after the accident, but was actually the nature of the fabric covering the dirigible.

1390
01:38:43,340 --> 01:38:53,340
It's now clear that this outer fabric was known at the time to have been highly inflammable.

1391
01:38:53,340 --> 01:39:03,340
The fact that the constructors then continued to use a medium known to be potentially lethal is of no surprise to an industry that has spawned its own series of disasters.

1392
01:39:03,340 --> 01:39:13,340
And liftoff, liftoff, liftoff of the 25th space shuttle mission and it has cleared the tower.

1393
01:39:13,340 --> 01:39:20,340
Engine's throttling up, three engines now at 104%. Challenger, go and throttle up.

1394
01:39:20,340 --> 01:39:25,340
Challenger, go and throttle up.

1395
01:39:25,340 --> 01:39:41,340
And as we're finding out, what worked for the past Masters of Aeronautics is seemingly still valid.

1396
01:39:41,340 --> 01:39:45,340
Would it have been possible to pull off the task of faking the record?

1397
01:39:45,340 --> 01:39:52,340
To create a set of stills and the TV coverage on the scale of Apollo would certainly require considerable resources.

1398
01:39:52,340 --> 01:40:00,340
It would also need an exciting storyline full of dramatic events and human interest, requiring scriptwriters, actors and costumes.

1399
01:40:00,340 --> 01:40:05,340
These would then need studios, cameras, lighting and, of course, sets.

1400
01:40:05,340 --> 01:40:12,340
But we suggest that all preparations and making the pre-recorded TV coverage took place over such a long period

1401
01:40:12,340 --> 01:40:16,340
and was so woven into the everyday life of the Apollo space program

1402
01:40:16,340 --> 01:40:22,340
that even though this particular odyssey was made literally under the very noses of innocent employees and contractors,

1403
01:40:22,340 --> 01:40:27,340
the fact that the final cut was phony went undetected at the time.

1404
01:40:27,340 --> 01:40:30,340
Returning to the matter in hand, Apollo and the moonwalkers,

1405
01:40:30,340 --> 01:40:35,340
is there any evidence that mountain backgrounds used in the Apollo imagery

1406
01:40:35,340 --> 01:40:39,340
could possibly have been multiple-use artificial backdrops?

1407
01:40:39,340 --> 01:40:47,340
There appear to be some blatant discrepancies in the location of the LEM in relation to the surrounding landscape in Apollo 17.

1408
01:40:47,340 --> 01:40:52,340
There seem to be some serious multiple uses of mountain backdrops.

1409
01:40:52,340 --> 01:40:58,340
Any given background can be the same size irrespective of the scale of the scene.

1410
01:40:58,340 --> 01:41:03,340
This is often the case despite the varying distances that the photographers, their equipment and the LEM

1411
01:41:03,340 --> 01:41:08,340
were supposed to be from any of these mountain backdrops.

1412
01:41:08,340 --> 01:41:14,340
The EVA route at the Taurus-Littro Valley, the areas where the two astronauts allegedly drove their roving vehicle

1413
01:41:14,340 --> 01:41:22,340
and then walked on foot, extends many miles away from the landing site towards the lower region of this map.

1414
01:41:22,340 --> 01:41:25,340
This is the landing spot at Taurus-Littro.

1415
01:41:25,340 --> 01:41:32,340
As the camera pulls back, we can see that all these mountains are located well away from the LEM's landing site.

1416
01:41:32,340 --> 01:41:41,340
I'd like to draw your attention to some rather peculiar features in the mountains of Taurus-Littro that appear in the record.

1417
01:41:41,340 --> 01:41:48,340
In the background is a rather distinctive mountain with a steepish slope on the left and a gradual slope off to the right.

1418
01:41:48,340 --> 01:41:54,340
Centrally positioned is a light-coloured mound and an interesting mini crater feature inset above it.

1419
01:41:54,340 --> 01:41:59,340
And over to the right is another mound with a larger, darker crater-like feature.

1420
01:41:59,340 --> 01:42:04,340
We will be seeing more of this mountain and the mounds in the sequences that follow.

1421
01:42:04,340 --> 01:42:11,340
Here again is the light-coloured mound on the left and in the centre the second mound with its larger, darker, crater-like feature.

1422
01:42:11,340 --> 01:42:15,340
Notice in the left foreground are some experiment packages.

1423
01:42:15,340 --> 01:42:24,340
And now with the LEM in the foreground, you will recognise the mound with a dark crater-like feature.

1424
01:42:24,340 --> 01:42:30,340
We have confirmation of the LEM's apparent close proximity to this location by way of this image as well.

1425
01:42:30,340 --> 01:42:37,340
Note the two key features, the light-coloured mound on the left and the second mound with a darker feature to the right.

1426
01:42:37,340 --> 01:42:44,340
But when we look again at the wide view of the valley with an astronaut standing by the large, split rock,

1427
01:42:44,340 --> 01:42:52,340
we can see there is no apparent sign whatsoever of the LEM in relation to the scale of the mountains we were looking at in the previous image.

1428
01:42:52,340 --> 01:42:57,340
Here is another view, this time looking over split rock.

1429
01:42:57,340 --> 01:43:02,340
Notice the crater in the centre with no obvious sign of the lunar module at all.

1430
01:43:02,340 --> 01:43:10,340
We now return to the split rock location and an even wider composited image revealing an area to the right of the boulder.

1431
01:43:10,340 --> 01:43:17,340
Surprisingly, this is the area in the centre of the picture where the LEM is supposed to have landed.

1432
01:43:17,340 --> 01:43:22,340
Look how tiny it is in relation to the setting and the surrounding mountain landscape.

1433
01:43:22,340 --> 01:43:27,340
What anomalous scaling compared with the close-up view of the LEM we saw earlier.

1434
01:43:27,340 --> 01:43:35,340
As we bring the centre larger, notice how small the LEM looks in relation to what appear to be absolutely enormous mountains.

1435
01:43:35,340 --> 01:43:43,340
Returning to the footage we saw previously, compare the mountains seen in the TV coverage with those in this still photograph.

1436
01:43:43,340 --> 01:43:50,340
They are virtually identical, yet the LEM is absent from the still image and present in the TV coverage.

1437
01:43:50,340 --> 01:43:58,340
Let's take a closer look at other imaging anomalies at this site and the continuity of the LEM in relation to its backgrounds.

1438
01:43:58,340 --> 01:44:06,340
This wide view is looking across the Taurus-Littro valley with a distinctive mountain, a light-coloured mound and a little feature above it.

1439
01:44:06,340 --> 01:44:12,340
Now as we mix through to the TV coverage, the LEM is clearly at the same location.

1440
01:44:15,340 --> 01:44:22,340
Compare this still image from which the LEM is absent with what is obviously the same location where the LEM is present.

1441
01:44:22,340 --> 01:44:27,340
Although the lighting has changed, the mountain is recognisably the same.

1442
01:44:27,340 --> 01:44:32,340
All very surprising, because earlier we registered that the LEM was absent from this spot.

1443
01:44:32,340 --> 01:44:37,340
We also noted that the LEM had apparently landed well away from these mountains.

1444
01:44:37,340 --> 01:44:43,340
But in this TV freeze, we see exactly the same mountain yet again, with the LEM.

1445
01:44:43,340 --> 01:44:51,340
Have the mountains been moved to suggest a different location between one set of images and another, cost-saving on scenic backgrounds?

1446
01:44:51,340 --> 01:44:53,340
Or has the LEM itself been moved?

1447
01:44:53,340 --> 01:44:56,340
It looks as though the mountains were moved around.

1448
01:44:56,340 --> 01:45:04,340
You see, money was no object with Apollo, so we must conclude that this action is a further example of intentional whistleblowing by those involved.

1449
01:45:04,340 --> 01:45:10,340
I'm now going to run a 360-degree TV panorama sequence at that location.

1450
01:45:10,340 --> 01:45:17,340
Identified as EVA-1, Site-1, it was shot from a rover's TV camera, remotely operated from Mission Control.

1451
01:45:17,340 --> 01:45:30,340
Notice the shadow of the LEM in the foreground, and the pair of mountains in the distance.

1452
01:45:30,340 --> 01:45:33,340
But these appear to be mountains with unique qualities.

1453
01:45:33,340 --> 01:45:42,340
We saw earlier that this distant view, seen on the TV coverage, is the location of the LEM here in the middle distance.

1454
01:45:42,340 --> 01:45:49,340
So how can the same view possibly exclude the LEM?

1455
01:45:49,340 --> 01:45:58,340
As we continue with the panorama, we should return to the point where we started, with the distinctive mountain in the background, and the LEM in the foreground.

1456
01:45:58,340 --> 01:46:11,340
However, that doesn't happen, as you'll see.

1457
01:46:11,340 --> 01:46:23,340
We can state with confidence that this part of the 360-degree panorama that we've extracted from another take, EVA-2, Site-5, is intended to suggest a different location in the valley.

1458
01:46:23,340 --> 01:46:26,340
But here's the distinctive mountain with a lighter-colored mound.

1459
01:46:26,340 --> 01:46:27,340
And the LEM?

1460
01:46:27,340 --> 01:46:28,340
Surprise, surprise!

1461
01:46:28,340 --> 01:46:31,340
There's no sign of the LEM whatsoever this time.

1462
01:46:31,340 --> 01:46:39,340
Either the LEM was moved away, or this is a studio set with movable mountain elements forming the background to the foreground action.

1463
01:46:39,340 --> 01:46:44,340
These continuity discrepancies cannot be explained in any other way.

1464
01:46:44,340 --> 01:46:55,340
The clue to ascertaining what may have actually occurred lies in establishing that the darker markings on the left-hand side of the background mountain are common to all these images.

1465
01:46:55,340 --> 01:47:00,340
NASA would have us believe that these pictures were taken many miles apart.

1466
01:47:00,340 --> 01:47:04,340
But if that were the case, the perspective of the mountains would vary drastically.

1467
01:47:04,340 --> 01:47:09,340
On the contrary, the markings on the left side of the distinctive mountain remain constant.

1468
01:47:09,340 --> 01:47:14,340
They're in the same place in relation to this steepish slope on the left in every case.

1469
01:47:14,340 --> 01:47:22,340
Put another way, in relation to this slope, these markings should move to the right as one moves further to the left of the valley.

1470
01:47:22,340 --> 01:47:30,340
But the only noticeable difference is that this mound to the right changes its position, revealing the mound with a darker inset feature.

1471
01:47:30,340 --> 01:47:35,340
But other elements of the scene do not substantially change in any of these views.

1472
01:47:35,340 --> 01:47:52,340
Despite the fact that the LEM is supposed to have landed well away from any mountains, in the images with astronauts present, the mountain backdrops are never very far away at all.

1473
01:47:52,340 --> 01:47:57,340
So why do images with action in the foreground have backgrounds that appear so close?

1474
01:47:57,340 --> 01:48:02,340
No doubt this situation is the consequence of limitations imposed by working in a studio environment,

1475
01:48:02,340 --> 01:48:07,340
without the benefit of backgrounds miles away, as would have been the case at the true location.

1476
01:48:07,340 --> 01:48:15,340
It was possible, though, to create the illusion of a vast landscape for some of the impressive scene-setting imagery, especially the stills.

1477
01:48:15,340 --> 01:48:19,340
Here again is the TV coverage of the LEM supposed landing site,

1478
01:48:19,340 --> 01:48:26,340
emphasizing that the location is nowhere near the mountains that form the backdrop to the previous images.

1479
01:48:26,340 --> 01:48:34,340
This picture of the LEM, so close to its background, cannot possibly relate to the suggested location of the LEM in this image.

1480
01:48:34,340 --> 01:48:39,340
The distance scaling discrepancies in the various backgrounds gives it all the way,

1481
01:48:39,340 --> 01:48:43,340
yet more examples of inconsistencies in the record.

1482
01:48:43,340 --> 01:48:46,340
Is there any further evidence of mountains being moved around,

1483
01:48:46,340 --> 01:48:50,340
and is it possible to detect any joins in the working area,

1484
01:48:50,340 --> 01:48:57,340
which could show tell-tale breaks, say, between the studio floor, the surface area, and vertical mountain background?

1485
01:48:57,340 --> 01:49:01,340
Yes, in virtually every case, whether stills imaging or TV coverage,

1486
01:49:01,340 --> 01:49:07,340
we can see just such a join line between the key elements, the horizontals and the verticals.

1487
01:49:07,340 --> 01:49:10,340
In our view, had these images been taken in a natural location,

1488
01:49:10,340 --> 01:49:13,340
this obvious join line would not be in evidence.

1489
01:49:17,340 --> 01:49:24,340
And here in this illustration, you can clearly see how the working area and the mountain background with its supports would be separated,

1490
01:49:24,340 --> 01:49:29,340
resulting in just such a join line showing up in the images as an obvious break.

1491
01:49:29,340 --> 01:49:42,340
Rather significantly, in the 1971 James Bond movie, Diamonds Are Forever,

1492
01:49:42,340 --> 01:49:47,340
when Bond penetrates the Willard-White Tektronix site in the desert outside Las Vegas, Nevada,

1493
01:49:47,340 --> 01:49:51,340
he eventually finds himself on an interior moon set,

1494
01:49:51,340 --> 01:49:56,340
surrounded by three separate levels of movable flats depicting lunar mountains.

1495
01:49:56,340 --> 01:50:03,340
You also see the wooden supporting structure of these mountain backgrounds.

1496
01:50:03,340 --> 01:50:08,340
A gallery full of sound, light, and computing equipment,

1497
01:50:08,340 --> 01:50:12,340
as well as actor-naughts practicing slow-mo movements.

1498
01:50:12,340 --> 01:50:17,340
Get him off that machine, that isn't a toy.

1499
01:50:17,340 --> 01:50:23,340
And finally, when Bond escapes on a hybrid of a rover and a Lenn through the flimsy wall of his moon set,

1500
01:50:23,340 --> 01:50:29,340
we see that he's emerging from the Greybone building that looks remarkably like the northern hemisphere of the moon.

1501
01:50:29,340 --> 01:50:34,340
This entire scene is, without doubt, whistleblowing on a very grand scale.

1502
01:50:34,340 --> 01:50:40,340
So, David Percy considers that Bond sequence to be whistleblowing.

1503
01:50:40,340 --> 01:50:44,340
But surely one scene in a film does not a true story make.

1504
01:50:44,340 --> 01:50:49,340
This single scene could be construed as an amused nod of the head on the part of the filmmakers

1505
01:50:49,340 --> 01:50:54,340
to the Apollo hoax theory that was already circulating by 1970.

1506
01:50:54,340 --> 01:51:01,340
That having been said, there's no doubt at all that author Ian Fleming had his finger on the pulse of world events.

1507
01:51:01,340 --> 01:51:07,340
Through his intelligence contacts, he kept abreast with both Soviet and American rocket technology

1508
01:51:07,340 --> 01:51:12,340
and received technical updates and advice from the British Interplanetary Society.

1509
01:51:12,340 --> 01:51:20,340
It is quite clear that Diamonds Are Forever contains information as to how the Apollo, witnessed by the world, was actually staged.

1510
01:51:20,340 --> 01:51:27,340
Either the whole film script was totally inspired, or someone in the know clearly seeded information into the film.

1511
01:51:27,340 --> 01:51:31,340
For although the original book's storyline would have worked very well for the movie,

1512
01:51:31,340 --> 01:51:35,340
new situations were grafted onto Fleming's principal locations.

1513
01:51:35,340 --> 01:51:42,340
This film contains a multitude of relevant, covert references to the anomalies in the Apollo program.

1514
01:51:42,340 --> 01:51:46,340
Another example concerns the dangers of radiation.

1515
01:51:46,340 --> 01:51:51,340
In a very memorable scene, immediately prior to the interior moonset sequence,

1516
01:51:51,340 --> 01:51:55,340
in Diamonds Are Forever, Bond highlights the subject of radiation.

1517
01:51:55,340 --> 01:51:56,340
Hello.

1518
01:51:56,340 --> 01:51:57,340
Hi.

1519
01:51:57,340 --> 01:51:58,340
Haven't seen you here before.

1520
01:51:58,340 --> 01:51:59,340
I'm Klaus Hergesheimer.

1521
01:51:59,340 --> 01:52:00,340
Ah, new here.

1522
01:52:00,340 --> 01:52:01,340
I've been here three years.

1523
01:52:01,340 --> 01:52:02,340
G-section.

1524
01:52:02,340 --> 01:52:04,340
A lot of things in G-section.

1525
01:52:04,340 --> 01:52:09,340
Still the same old grind, you know.

1526
01:52:09,340 --> 01:52:11,340
Checking radiation shields to replace them.

1527
01:52:11,340 --> 01:52:14,340
Hey, by the way, where's yours?

1528
01:52:14,340 --> 01:52:17,340
Uh, I've been waiting a couple of days for you guys to deliver them.

1529
01:52:17,340 --> 01:52:18,340
Gee, I'm sorry.

1530
01:52:18,340 --> 01:52:20,340
You should have given us a phone call.

1531
01:52:20,340 --> 01:52:24,340
Yeah, look, I've got one here.

1532
01:52:24,340 --> 01:52:26,340
Lucky for you, I carry spares.

1533
01:52:26,340 --> 01:52:29,340
Now, you keep that on, you can't be too careful about radiation.

1534
01:52:29,340 --> 01:52:30,340
Absolutely.

1535
01:52:30,340 --> 01:52:31,340
I feel much safer with this on.

1536
01:52:31,340 --> 01:52:32,340
See you around.

1537
01:52:40,340 --> 01:52:41,340
Who are you?

1538
01:52:41,340 --> 01:52:42,340
What do you want?

1539
01:52:42,340 --> 01:52:44,340
Uh, Klaus Hergesheimer, G-section.

1540
01:52:44,340 --> 01:52:46,340
Just, uh, checking on radiation shields.

1541
01:52:46,340 --> 01:52:49,340
Now, let me see, you are, uh...

1542
01:52:49,340 --> 01:52:51,340
Professor Dr Metz, our shields are fine.

1543
01:52:51,340 --> 01:52:52,340
Now get out.

1544
01:52:52,340 --> 01:52:54,340
Thank you very much.

1545
01:52:54,340 --> 01:52:59,340
We will be looking at the hazards of space radiation later in the program.

1546
01:52:59,340 --> 01:53:02,340
The movie Diamonds Are Forever is confirmation, though,

1547
01:53:02,340 --> 01:53:06,340
that some works of fiction can communicate vital clues.

1548
01:53:06,340 --> 01:53:15,340
Producing an Apollo sound and light show in a studio would naturally imply the use of moving image creation and sound recording facilities.

1549
01:53:15,340 --> 01:53:27,340
Using conventional motion picture film for the pre-creation of the live TV coverage would have been very risky as film could easily get scratched or even break during transmission.

1550
01:53:27,340 --> 01:53:30,340
The best material for the purpose would have been videotape.

1551
01:53:30,340 --> 01:53:35,340
This was not widely used in the 60s, but it was in use by NASA and the US government.

1552
01:53:35,340 --> 01:53:41,340
Using an emerging technology would enable the perpetrators of a hoax to pull off the trick with impunity.

1553
01:53:41,340 --> 01:53:47,340
Don't forget, in the 1960s, the networks had to film off TV screens during the transmissions.

1554
01:53:47,340 --> 01:53:53,340
Today, this is an aspect of the Apollo story that many engineers and producers find highly suspect.

1555
01:53:53,340 --> 01:53:59,340
The best result would have been to provide the networks with a direct video feed, but they did not do that.

1556
01:53:59,340 --> 01:54:09,340
So we now have to ask, could early video equipment have been used in the generation of the live TV coverage of Apollo?

1557
01:54:09,340 --> 01:54:26,340
We did use early video tape machines, Ampex VR 660 and later on an Ampex VR 1100, the quad tape machine.

1558
01:54:26,340 --> 01:54:31,340
We kept those tapes on site for quite a long time.

1559
01:54:31,340 --> 01:54:57,340
We received that FM carrier down on the Earth, ran it through an FM demodulator and processed it in an RCA scan converter that took the slow scan picture and converted it to the American standard black and white television signal and then sent that on to Houston.

1560
01:54:57,340 --> 01:55:06,340
When we were converting from slow scan to fast scan, RCA used the disc in the scan recorder as a memory.

1561
01:55:06,340 --> 01:55:16,340
So it played back the same video several times until it got updated video.

1562
01:55:16,340 --> 01:55:21,340
In other words, the incoming signal was recorded onto a magnetic disc for black and white TV.

1563
01:55:21,340 --> 01:55:29,340
And for color, it had first to be recorded onto tape recorder one, then played back on tape recorder two.

1564
01:55:29,340 --> 01:55:32,340
Only then could there be a conventional color TV picture.

1565
01:55:32,340 --> 01:55:46,340
The idea that what we all saw on our screens in July 1969 was actually live from the moon recedes by the minute.

1566
01:55:46,340 --> 01:55:52,340
Are there any indications that the moonwalk sequences were actually filmed on Earth under studio conditions?

1567
01:55:52,340 --> 01:55:58,340
And how difficult would it have been to simulate the moon's one sixth gravity?

1568
01:55:58,340 --> 01:56:10,340
Researchers have noticed that when the rover was filmed driving across the dusty surface, the dust thrown up by the rover's wheels clumps, just as it would if it were driven in a location where there's an atmosphere.

1569
01:56:10,340 --> 01:56:25,340
Had the rover really been performing in a vacuum, the lunar conditions, not only would the dust have sprayed out in a perfect and progressive parabolic arc, but due to the reduced gravity, this arc would have risen up to six times higher than it would have done on Earth.

1570
01:56:25,340 --> 01:56:32,340
This Apollo footage records the dust actually being stopped in its tracks as it encounters an atmosphere.

1571
01:56:32,340 --> 01:56:38,340
The moon has a much lower surface gravity, like it's one sixth of the surface gravity on the Earth.

1572
01:56:38,340 --> 01:56:46,340
So pictures of falling things, you see things moving, falling slowly, and you see people moving about as if they don't weigh very much.

1573
01:56:46,340 --> 01:56:55,340
So faking these motion pictures, and remember that many of the pictures returned from the Apollo project were motion pictures, that really show people operating in an environment where they weigh,

1574
01:56:55,340 --> 01:57:05,340
they and their equipment weighs about one sixth of what it would on the Earth, is really very difficult to fake in a studio on the Earth where the gravity would of course be normal.

1575
01:57:05,340 --> 01:57:11,340
In the 1999 revised edition of Apollo, From the Earth to the Moon, an astronaut is heard to say,

1576
01:57:11,340 --> 01:57:18,340
there's no dust, no dust at all, which is only possible if the exercise is taking place on a hard surface.

1577
01:57:18,340 --> 01:57:22,340
Nine miles an hour. If I can see, I'm going to have to keep my eyes on the road.

1578
01:57:22,340 --> 01:57:26,340
However, there are parting lines through the loose surface coating.

1579
01:57:26,340 --> 01:57:30,340
A little rise. There's no dust, no dust at all. Staring is quite responsive.

1580
01:57:30,340 --> 01:57:38,340
And if there are tracks in the surface coating, then there should also be significant movement of surface material arcing out from under the wheels of the rover.

1581
01:57:38,340 --> 01:57:45,340
In this respect, the new sequence is in direct contrast to the original 16mm Apollo camera footage.

1582
01:57:45,340 --> 01:57:53,340
The statement, there's no dust, doesn't even belong with this action, but with the earlier arrival of the LEM.

1583
01:57:53,340 --> 01:58:03,340
The rewriting of the record, for which there is allegedly already authentic documentation, does not in any way help to preserve the real credentials of the original.

1584
01:58:03,340 --> 01:58:11,340
It only demonstrates that in a probable attempt to avoid the scandal of the millennium, NASA has chosen to support a revised edition of Apollo.

1585
01:58:11,340 --> 01:58:15,340
But in our view, the agency is chosen poorly.

1586
01:58:15,340 --> 01:58:20,340
Astronauts moving in slow motion is another hallmark of the Apollo TV footage.

1587
01:58:20,340 --> 01:58:28,340
There is no evidence at all of any astronaut making a leap or a jump anywhere near a height commensurate with one-sixth-g possibilities.

1588
01:58:28,340 --> 01:58:41,340
But if they were actually simulating EVAs on Earth, they would then need help with their bulky heavyweight suits and backpacks in order to achieve the visual effect of moving around easily in linear gravity.

1589
01:58:41,340 --> 01:58:48,340
So enter wire supports. This is a tried and tested way of relieving weight from performers or even flying an actor.

1590
01:58:48,340 --> 01:58:51,340
Here's a sequence from one of our own productions.

1591
01:58:51,340 --> 01:58:57,340
Excuse me, will I need a car?

1592
01:58:57,340 --> 01:58:59,340
I need a car!

1593
01:58:59,340 --> 01:59:00,340
I need a car!

1594
01:59:00,340 --> 01:59:01,340
I need a car!

1595
01:59:01,340 --> 01:59:05,340
The Black Space will only make a short journey.

1596
01:59:05,340 --> 01:59:09,340
Back to 1969, to the beginning of units.

1597
01:59:09,340 --> 01:59:22,340
Of course, confirmation that wires were used is in the detail.

1598
01:59:22,340 --> 01:59:31,340
Here in this Apollo 14 footage, you can see a ping, a momentary glint.

1599
01:59:31,340 --> 01:59:38,340
And again, run slowly.

1600
01:59:38,340 --> 01:59:39,340
And once more.

1601
01:59:39,340 --> 01:59:44,340
There are other examples too.

1602
01:59:44,340 --> 01:59:47,340
This one is from Apollo 17 during the flag scene.

1603
01:59:47,340 --> 01:59:49,340
You can see the ping at the top of the frame.

1604
01:59:49,340 --> 02:00:04,340
In this footage from Apollo 16, we have tell-tale evidence of a slightly floating or dangling effect at the jump salute location.

1605
02:00:04,340 --> 02:00:10,340
It's as if the weight is being taken off the astronaut's feet just a second or so too soon.

1606
02:00:10,340 --> 02:00:13,340
Compare that sequence with an obvious rehearsal rig.

1607
02:00:13,340 --> 02:00:16,340
The dangling effect is very evident.

1608
02:00:16,340 --> 02:00:26,340
And here again, from the same mission, Apollo 16, we have an astronaut who is about to get up.

1609
02:00:26,340 --> 02:00:27,340
Commissioner.

1610
02:00:27,340 --> 02:00:28,340
Okay, here we come.

1611
02:00:28,340 --> 02:00:29,340
Let me give you a hand, he says.

1612
02:00:29,340 --> 02:00:30,340
There goes a bag.

1613
02:00:30,340 --> 02:00:31,340
There goes a little bag.

1614
02:00:31,340 --> 02:00:32,340
There goes a little bag.

1615
02:00:32,340 --> 02:00:33,340
There goes a little bag.

1616
02:00:33,340 --> 02:00:34,340
Come in.

1617
02:00:34,340 --> 02:00:35,340
Look at it again.

1618
02:00:35,340 --> 02:00:46,340
The astronaut is getting up with the wire taking the weight, relieving him of five-sixths of the Earth's gravity.

1619
02:00:46,340 --> 02:00:47,340
A magic trick?

1620
02:00:47,340 --> 02:00:48,340
No.

1621
02:00:48,340 --> 02:00:50,340
Just the help of a wire man.

1622
02:00:50,340 --> 02:00:55,340
This is a slow motion jump that would have been seen live on TV.

1623
02:00:55,340 --> 02:01:05,340
And here it is at normal speed.

1624
02:01:05,340 --> 02:01:11,340
The well-rehearsed, pre-recorded material was apparently slowed down by 50% when we saw it on TV.

1625
02:01:11,340 --> 02:01:16,340
And yes, we have done the necessary work to establish that percentage.

1626
02:01:16,340 --> 02:01:18,340
How was the slow motion effect achieved?

1627
02:01:18,340 --> 02:01:23,340
Well, creating these one-sixth slow simulations would have been a relatively straightforward process.

1628
02:01:23,340 --> 02:01:31,340
First, the scene would have been photographed and recorded onto video tape at the normal rate in the US, 30 frames per second.

1629
02:01:31,340 --> 02:01:36,340
On playback, the recording would have been slowed down to half speed.

1630
02:01:36,340 --> 02:01:43,340
As each video frame is made up of two different fields, this will give 60 different frames of image per second,

1631
02:01:43,340 --> 02:01:47,340
because each individual field now becomes a frame.

1632
02:01:47,340 --> 02:01:53,340
We must remember that the live TV transmissions were filmed off TV screens for posterity.

1633
02:01:53,340 --> 02:01:59,340
The archiving of the Apollo moonwalks was on 60mm film, just like this.

1634
02:01:59,340 --> 02:02:03,340
Movie film has an entirely different make-up to that of a videotape recording.

1635
02:02:03,340 --> 02:02:06,340
Film only has frames and not fields.

1636
02:02:06,340 --> 02:02:10,340
So when the resulting footage was filmed off a TV screen,

1637
02:02:10,340 --> 02:02:14,340
the fact that the play-out of the original video was slowed down to half speed

1638
02:02:14,340 --> 02:02:18,340
would have gone totally undetected and remained virtually undetectable.

1639
02:02:18,340 --> 02:02:22,340
Now, this is how the jump salute would have looked at normal speed

1640
02:02:22,340 --> 02:02:25,340
before being slowed down by the method just described.

1641
02:02:25,340 --> 02:02:28,340
Looks rather like it would on Earth, does it not?

1642
02:02:28,340 --> 02:02:33,340
The video equipment used in Apollo was early generation.

1643
02:02:33,340 --> 02:02:36,340
Therefore, it would have been recorded onto two-inch tape.

1644
02:02:36,340 --> 02:02:40,340
The state of the art in the 1960s.

1645
02:02:40,340 --> 02:02:44,340
If you remember, there was a beautiful piece of footage from the Apollo 15 mission

1646
02:02:44,340 --> 02:02:48,340
where the astronauts demonstrated the surface gravity on the moon

1647
02:02:48,340 --> 02:02:51,340
by holding a hammer in one hand and a feather in the other.

1648
02:02:51,340 --> 02:02:55,340
Now, it was proved in physics a long time ago that objects fall at the same speed.

1649
02:02:55,340 --> 02:02:57,340
It does not matter how heavy they are.

1650
02:02:57,340 --> 02:02:59,340
And a feather will fall at the same speed as a hammer.

1651
02:02:59,340 --> 02:03:03,340
And the only reason that a feather does not fall at the same speed as a hammer in this room

1652
02:03:03,340 --> 02:03:07,340
is because the resistance of the air in the room slows down the feather.

1653
02:03:07,340 --> 02:03:10,340
If you do this experiment on the moon, they both fall together.

1654
02:03:10,340 --> 02:03:15,340
And this piece of footage that shows this done by the camera pointing at the astronaut

1655
02:03:15,340 --> 02:03:18,340
dropping the hammer and the feather, and sure enough, they both fall together.

1656
02:03:18,340 --> 02:03:22,340
And that proves immediately that this experiment was done in a vacuum.

1657
02:03:22,340 --> 02:03:25,340
So this movie set would have to have been evacuated.

1658
02:03:25,340 --> 02:03:26,340
It would have to be a vacuum.

1659
02:03:26,340 --> 02:03:29,340
But more than that, the two objects fall slowly.

1660
02:03:29,340 --> 02:03:33,340
They fall six times faster on the earth because the gravity is stronger.

1661
02:03:33,340 --> 02:03:36,340
You see them fall slowly on the moon.

1662
02:03:36,340 --> 02:03:39,340
And so we thought we'd try it here for you.

1663
02:03:39,340 --> 02:03:44,340
The feather happens to be appropriately a falcon feather for our falcon.

1664
02:03:44,340 --> 02:03:49,340
And I'll drop the two of them here and hopefully they'll hit the ground at the same time.

1665
02:03:49,340 --> 02:03:53,340
How about that?

1666
02:03:53,340 --> 02:03:56,340
This is also a very difficult image to fake.

1667
02:03:56,340 --> 02:03:59,340
Well, actually, it isn't at all difficult to fake.

1668
02:03:59,340 --> 02:04:05,340
NASA itself would repeat the very same trick, this time officially in the 1999 story

1669
02:04:05,340 --> 02:04:08,340
from the earth to the moon.

1670
02:04:08,340 --> 02:04:14,340
This time the astronaut held the hammer the other way up so that we could see it was not the same fakery as the first time.

1671
02:04:14,340 --> 02:04:24,340
Of course, that original demonstration by Apollo 15 doesn't in any way prove that it had taken place on the moon.

1672
02:04:24,340 --> 02:04:30,340
Before NASA re-enacted the whole thing officially, we had already conducted our own experiment.

1673
02:04:30,340 --> 02:04:37,340
Here we are in our London studio in 1G, complete with an atmosphere and without the benefit of a vacuum chamber.

1674
02:04:37,340 --> 02:04:39,340
There they go.

1675
02:04:39,340 --> 02:04:44,340
As you can see, the feather and the hammer arrive on the ground at the same time.

1676
02:04:44,340 --> 02:04:54,340
Now if we slow it down by the appropriate amount, lo and behold, these two items fall nice and slowly as per a 1 6 G environment.

1677
02:04:54,340 --> 02:04:57,340
This illusion is all about calibration.

1678
02:04:57,340 --> 02:05:09,340
Following their research, Bennett and Percy have arrived at a firm conclusion regarding the reason for the anomalies and inconsistencies found in both the stills and TV coverage of Apollo.

1679
02:05:09,340 --> 02:05:14,340
All the apparent mistakes that we've observed are, in our view, deliberate.

1680
02:05:14,340 --> 02:05:22,340
We think it's very possible that some of those who were involved in the design and execution of the sets, the photography, lighting and production,

1681
02:05:22,340 --> 02:05:29,340
were perhaps very distressed when they realized what they were expected to do under the guise of service to their employers and their government.

1682
02:05:29,340 --> 02:05:36,340
For NASA is a government agency and their contractors grade their staff with security clearances in the same way as the military do.

1683
02:05:36,340 --> 02:05:42,340
It is possible that instead of courting what could be life-threatening danger by standing up and blowing a whistle in public,

1684
02:05:42,340 --> 02:05:51,340
these brave souls encoded their work with deliberate mistakes that will be detected sometime in the future, long after the emotion of the event had cooled.

1685
02:05:51,340 --> 02:05:57,340
What does Una Ronald, who was in Western Australia at the time, think about these attempts at fakery?

1686
02:05:57,340 --> 02:06:09,340
When I saw the coke bottle, for me, the whole moon landing from that point was a fake. It was a set-up.

1687
02:06:09,340 --> 02:06:14,340
And if it was a set-up, it must have been filmed somewhere on Earth.

1688
02:06:14,340 --> 02:06:29,340
And it would have been filmed to my way of thinking in America at some lonely site or alternatively in a huge indoor set.

1689
02:06:29,340 --> 02:06:42,340
Somewhere where they could be private, be secruded, be able to produce this quite passable picture of someone walking on the moon.

1690
02:06:42,340 --> 02:06:50,340
Most of us will recall that famous movie Capricorn One, featuring three astronauts who are hoisted out of the launch rockets at the last minute

1691
02:06:50,340 --> 02:06:54,340
to be informed that the technology won't get them to Mars safely.

1692
02:06:54,340 --> 02:07:01,340
So in the interests of maintaining the space program, they must take part in the simulation of their voyage to Mars.

1693
02:07:01,340 --> 02:07:07,340
Less well known is the fact that one of the originators of this storyline was Bill Kaysing,

1694
02:07:07,340 --> 02:07:12,340
and that the destination of the original story was not Mars, but the moon.

1695
02:07:12,340 --> 02:07:18,340
People at an extremely high level came up with the entire simulation,

1696
02:07:18,340 --> 02:07:27,340
which was then filmed in Las Vegas in Area 51 at the northeast corner of what used to be the Atomic Energy Test Station there,

1697
02:07:27,340 --> 02:07:32,340
and also at Norton Air Force Base in San Bernardino.

1698
02:07:32,340 --> 02:07:38,340
The convincing evidence presented so far in this program strongly suggests that the TV coverage

1699
02:07:38,340 --> 02:07:41,340
and the photographic record of Apollo is faked.

1700
02:07:41,340 --> 02:07:44,340
How does NASA respond to these findings?

1701
02:07:44,340 --> 02:07:53,340
You're coming to NASA, which is the organization that's being accused by this person of having put together the most monumental hopes in the history of humanity.

1702
02:07:53,340 --> 02:08:03,340
I would simply say if this person or any people believe that they have some sort of, you know, stunning, earth-shattering scientific finding that proves we didn't go to the moon,

1703
02:08:03,340 --> 02:08:07,340
they'll bring it to us. Take it to the scientific community. Take it to the Royal Academy.

1704
02:08:07,340 --> 02:08:12,340
The big question must now be why did the Apollo imagery have to be faked?

1705
02:08:12,340 --> 02:08:19,340
Could there have been technological problems in leaving earth orbit and actually arriving at the moon in the first place?

1706
02:08:19,340 --> 02:08:26,340
After that, it would have been necessary to achieve a safe landing, a moonwalk without accidents, a safe departure,

1707
02:08:26,340 --> 02:08:30,340
and an extremely difficult re-entry into earth's atmosphere.

1708
02:08:30,340 --> 02:08:35,340
If all of that was achieved, then splashdown was a relatively minor detail.

1709
02:08:35,340 --> 02:08:42,340
Experts are of the opinion that a serious failure in any one of these phases could have jeopardized not only an individual mission,

1710
02:08:42,340 --> 02:08:45,340
but the entire future of the space program.

1711
02:08:45,340 --> 02:08:49,340
Was there a compelling reason for the faking of the Apollo record?

1712
02:08:49,340 --> 02:08:55,340
Apart from the radiation risks, there are, in all probability, magnetic and gravitational anomalies,

1713
02:08:55,340 --> 02:08:59,340
that make the whole business of landing and taking off from the moon very dangerous indeed.

1714
02:08:59,340 --> 02:09:04,340
And perhaps the consequences of these mass comms, massive concentrations of gravity,

1715
02:09:04,340 --> 02:09:09,340
and other anomalies would have made acceptable visual images difficult to guarantee,

1716
02:09:09,340 --> 02:09:16,340
so that in any event, imagery would have to have been created before and independently of any given mission.

1717
02:09:16,340 --> 02:09:20,340
Some think it's highly likely that surrogate astronauts were actually sent to the moon,

1718
02:09:20,340 --> 02:09:25,340
while the named NASA astronauts were obliged to play out the role of space heroes,

1719
02:09:25,340 --> 02:09:31,340
far nearer to home, remaining in the relative safety of low earth orbit.

1720
02:09:31,340 --> 02:09:37,340
As actors in a drama, the named astronauts represented the great achievement of mankind,

1721
02:09:37,340 --> 02:09:42,340
whilst others unknown travelled beyond the confines of their home planet for the first time,

1722
02:09:42,340 --> 02:09:47,340
to all intents and purposes, naked before creation, as we shall see in a moment.

1723
02:09:47,340 --> 02:09:48,340
That's what we shall see in a moment.

1724
02:09:48,340 --> 02:09:54,340
That's what we shall see in a moment.

1725
02:09:54,340 --> 02:09:55,340
That's a great deal.

1726
02:09:55,340 --> 02:10:19,400
That's what we shall be here at

1727
02:10:19,400 --> 02:10:32,380
Whilst in flight and for the duration of any stay on the lunar surface, the Apollo astronauts

1728
02:10:32,380 --> 02:10:37,680
would have been totally at the mercy of unpredictable solar particle events.

1729
02:10:37,680 --> 02:10:42,960
Solar flares could have affected any moon-bound astronaut at any time.

1730
02:10:42,960 --> 02:10:51,580
A dose of 170 REM could result in vision impairment with a 20-30% probability of death within 60

1731
02:10:51,580 --> 02:10:53,340
days.

1732
02:10:53,340 --> 02:10:59,880
Even a relatively low dose around 70 REM could result in vomiting, nausea and diarrhoea during

1733
02:10:59,880 --> 02:11:01,880
the trip.

1734
02:11:01,880 --> 02:11:07,580
Throwing up into a space suit is not something NASA would wish to be broadcast live on TV.

1735
02:11:07,580 --> 02:11:12,620
There was even the possibility of an astronaut dying on the lunar surface in front of millions

1736
02:11:12,620 --> 02:11:15,120
of viewers back on Earth.

1737
02:11:15,120 --> 02:11:20,300
Therefore sending astronauts to the moon with these risks could be described as playing American

1738
02:11:20,300 --> 02:11:23,260
solar flare roulette.

1739
02:11:23,260 --> 02:11:28,020
With the Naval Research Laboratory, NASA launched the Solrad satellite.

1740
02:11:28,020 --> 02:11:33,420
It too studies the sun's radiation and records the disturbances which can disrupt long-range

1741
02:11:33,420 --> 02:11:37,200
communications and navigation systems.

1742
02:11:37,200 --> 02:11:42,240
This computer-type picture shows the sun's disk and inner corona.

1743
02:11:42,240 --> 02:11:48,680
It was returned by OSO-7, the latest in the orbiting solar observatory series.

1744
02:11:48,680 --> 02:11:53,840
OSO is trying to determine the direct effects solar flares have on the environment, weather,

1745
02:11:53,840 --> 02:11:55,840
and communications.

1746
02:11:55,840 --> 02:12:01,000
Earth is surrounded by the magnetosphere, an enormous teardrop-shaped region formed by the

1747
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:06,240
solar wind, a supersonic stream of particles blowing on the Earth's magnetic field.

1748
02:12:06,240 --> 02:12:15,680
It is in this region that a craft like the small scientific satellite does its job.

1749
02:12:15,680 --> 02:12:20,920
Einstein once presumed to speak for God when he joked, God does not play dice.

1750
02:12:20,920 --> 02:12:26,420
But some would say playing dice with nature is the game NASA played if the agency did indeed

1751
02:12:26,420 --> 02:12:31,860
send insufficiently protected astronauts through the Van Allen radiation belts and onwards to

1752
02:12:31,860 --> 02:12:32,860
the moon.

1753
02:12:32,860 --> 02:12:38,780
So now let's look at this question of radiation and see if and how it posed a serious threat

1754
02:12:38,780 --> 02:12:41,860
to the successful outcome of Apollo.

1755
02:12:41,860 --> 02:12:46,300
What in general terms are the dangers of radiation out in deep space?

1756
02:12:46,300 --> 02:12:51,340
We are not referring to the heat coming from the sun but the effect of solar particle events,

1757
02:12:51,340 --> 02:12:57,980
SPEs, including X-rays and gamma rays on our spacecraft and an unprotected astronaut

1758
02:12:57,980 --> 02:13:02,140
travelling beyond the protected environment of his home planet.

1759
02:13:02,140 --> 02:13:05,660
What actually happens when an astronaut leaves the Earth for the moon?

1760
02:13:05,660 --> 02:13:11,860
A human being leaving Earth for deep space has to travel through the very thick ringed

1761
02:13:11,860 --> 02:13:16,720
doughnut of trapped radiation which permanently encircles our planet.

1762
02:13:16,720 --> 02:13:23,180
This doughnut contains within it two specific natural zones of very intense radiation.

1763
02:13:23,180 --> 02:13:28,720
The whole region is named after Dr. James Van Allen, the scientist who registered this discovery

1764
02:13:28,720 --> 02:13:30,940
in 1958.

1765
02:13:30,940 --> 02:13:37,820
The innermost zone of the two Van Allen belts surrounds us only some 272 miles out from the

1766
02:13:37,820 --> 02:13:39,620
Earth's surface.

1767
02:13:39,620 --> 02:13:46,560
Entering the Van Allen radiation belt from below you would see the radiation levels rising considerably.

1768
02:13:46,560 --> 02:13:52,440
In fact they are higher within the belt than they are above it and much higher than they

1769
02:13:52,440 --> 02:13:54,320
are below it.

1770
02:13:54,320 --> 02:14:00,100
And then as you got above the Van Allen radiation belt the radiation would still be very very high

1771
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:04,100
but lower than this radiation that's trapped within the belt.

1772
02:14:04,100 --> 02:14:13,120
So those form a formidable barrier to the passage of manned spacecraft within these belts.

1773
02:14:13,120 --> 02:14:16,440
This radiation varies year by year.

1774
02:14:16,440 --> 02:14:23,460
The Sun has an 11 year sunspot cycle and every 11 years it appears to repeat.

1775
02:14:23,460 --> 02:14:27,880
And so every 11 years there's a peak of sunspot activity and this is associated with a peak

1776
02:14:27,880 --> 02:14:30,180
of solar radiation.

1777
02:14:30,180 --> 02:14:34,700
These peaks have been charted from the 1800s all the way to the present.

1778
02:14:34,700 --> 02:14:39,520
And one of the recent peaks was in 1958 which is one of the reasons they decided to have the

1779
02:14:39,520 --> 02:14:45,640
International Geophysical Year and one of the reasons that Explorer 1 discovered the Van Allen

1780
02:14:45,640 --> 02:14:49,360
radiation belts and all of this type of phenomena.

1781
02:14:49,360 --> 02:14:55,820
And since then the next peak was in 1969 and 1970 right when the Apollo missions were supposed

1782
02:14:55,820 --> 02:14:58,020
to have flown through them.

1783
02:14:58,020 --> 02:15:03,100
They couldn't have picked the worst time to try to fly a manned flight through this radiation

1784
02:15:03,100 --> 02:15:04,640
field.

1785
02:15:04,640 --> 02:15:12,240
Dr. James Van Allen had pointed out the necessity to shield the astronaut spacecraft adequately

1786
02:15:12,240 --> 02:15:16,920
given that these belts of trapped radiation were dangerous to bio-organisms.

1787
02:15:16,920 --> 02:15:22,880
Since 1962 the Van Allen belts also possess another zone of even more intense radiation which

1788
02:15:22,880 --> 02:15:26,560
was artificially introduced by the American military.

1789
02:15:26,560 --> 02:15:33,640
We suspect that with Operation Starfish Prime, the exploding of a megaton nuclear bomb 248 miles

1790
02:15:33,640 --> 02:15:39,100
above Earth, NASA was trying to force a corridor through this natural danger zone but ended

1791
02:15:39,100 --> 02:15:51,100
up making matters worse.

1792
02:15:51,100 --> 02:15:56,700
Astronomer Sir Bernard Lovell stated at the time that the effects of this explosion were cataclysmic

1793
02:15:56,700 --> 02:16:00,440
both here on Earth and out in space.

1794
02:16:00,440 --> 02:16:06,680
The radiation created by this engineered explosion was trapped into a third belt, over 100 times

1795
02:16:06,680 --> 02:16:09,900
more intense than the two natural belts.

1796
02:16:09,900 --> 02:16:17,200
By 2002 this artificial zone will still be 25 times worse than the most intense zone of radiation

1797
02:16:17,200 --> 02:16:20,900
trapped within the natural belts.

1798
02:16:20,900 --> 02:16:27,480
Had NASA not only failed with Starfish Prime to create a corridor but also increased the

1799
02:16:27,480 --> 02:16:30,360
radiation risk to unprotected astronauts?

1800
02:16:30,360 --> 02:16:34,780
During their research Bennett and Percy have found that the depth of these Van Allen belts

1801
02:16:34,780 --> 02:16:38,600
varies considerably according to the source of reference.

1802
02:16:38,600 --> 02:16:43,660
Despite the fact that numerous probes and the Apollo missions have allegedly traversed these

1803
02:16:43,660 --> 02:16:49,740
zones of intense radiation, there's little or no agreement on the depth of these zones.

1804
02:16:49,740 --> 02:16:55,460
James Van Allen stated that they're at least 64,000 miles deep, whereas NASA claims they're

1805
02:16:55,460 --> 02:16:58,980
only about 24,000 miles deep.

1806
02:16:58,980 --> 02:17:03,640
Less depth equals less travel time through this danger zone, and as NASA maintains that

1807
02:17:03,640 --> 02:17:09,980
the Earth-Moon round trip would involve just about two hours in the belts, the agency could,

1808
02:17:09,980 --> 02:17:16,700
and did, just about avoid the issue of spacecraft shielding by asserting that this was too short

1809
02:17:16,700 --> 02:17:20,440
a time to be of any real danger to its astronauts.

1810
02:17:20,440 --> 02:17:24,980
Such a claim is rather like believing that rain will wet you less if you run through it.

1811
02:17:24,980 --> 02:17:29,140
In reality, whether you move slowly or quickly through rain, you'll tend to get equally as

1812
02:17:29,140 --> 02:17:30,260
wet.

1813
02:17:30,260 --> 02:17:35,020
And so it is with radiation, except that with radiation you cannot dry off and return to the

1814
02:17:35,020 --> 02:17:38,400
state you were before you were irradiated.

1815
02:17:38,400 --> 02:17:42,180
Radiation is present throughout deep space and alters everything that it comes into contact

1816
02:17:42,180 --> 02:17:46,260
with, becomes a part of any bio-organism.

1817
02:17:46,260 --> 02:17:51,960
Our research findings suggest that firstly, on a return journey to the Moon or Mars, an astronaut

1818
02:17:51,960 --> 02:17:56,260
would spend around four hours within the trapped radiation of the Van Allen belts.

1819
02:17:56,260 --> 02:18:00,720
And secondly, that to protect human beings adequately for the duration of such a journey

1820
02:18:00,720 --> 02:18:06,580
in the late 1960s, would require a spacecraft far too heavy for any of Werner Von Braun's

1821
02:18:06,580 --> 02:18:07,580
rockets to launch.

1822
02:18:07,580 --> 02:18:12,940
But we're getting rather ahead of ourselves, we'll come back to Von Braun's Saturn V rocket

1823
02:18:12,940 --> 02:18:13,940
shortly.

1824
02:18:13,940 --> 02:18:20,240
In an interview with researcher Jim Collier in the late 1990s, Dr. James Van Allen said that

1825
02:18:20,240 --> 02:18:24,900
he stood by his evaluation of the depth and danger of the belts.

1826
02:18:24,900 --> 02:18:30,500
There are cosmic rays in space, you have the radiation flux that you have to deal with

1827
02:18:30,500 --> 02:18:31,740
out there.

1828
02:18:31,740 --> 02:18:35,240
We understood that, we monitored the sun very, very carefully.

1829
02:18:35,240 --> 02:18:41,480
We did not send expeditions to the Moon at times when there was the possibility of a particle

1830
02:18:41,480 --> 02:18:42,700
event on the sun.

1831
02:18:42,700 --> 02:18:49,060
We didn't want to subject the astronauts to any radiation that could come flying off the sun

1832
02:18:49,060 --> 02:18:53,240
from a solar flare or a prominence or an event like that.

1833
02:18:53,240 --> 02:18:56,900
We thought it through very carefully and we planned our way through that.

1834
02:18:56,900 --> 02:19:01,000
NASA would have us believe that to send its astronauts through space at the height of solar

1835
02:19:01,000 --> 02:19:04,580
activity was a matter entirely under its control.

1836
02:19:04,580 --> 02:19:11,860
And it's impossible even today to predict when debilitating solar flares are going to occur.

1837
02:19:11,860 --> 02:19:17,080
Predicting earthquakes is virtually impossible too.

1838
02:19:17,080 --> 02:19:24,680
This is the aftermath of the Turkish 1999 quake that came with no warning.

1839
02:19:24,680 --> 02:19:31,340
And again, the Taiwanese 1999 earthquake.

1840
02:19:31,340 --> 02:19:35,960
So if the prediction of solar particle events is impossible, what were the means of protecting

1841
02:19:35,960 --> 02:19:41,340
a crew when traveling through deep space in an unshielded thin-walled rocket ship?

1842
02:19:41,340 --> 02:19:46,740
You could use propellant, structure, other parts of the craft, the heat shield.

1843
02:19:46,740 --> 02:19:51,220
You would design it so that you would maximize the amount of material between you and the

1844
02:19:51,220 --> 02:19:53,160
sun for the flight.

1845
02:19:53,160 --> 02:19:56,460
But try to avoid carrying any material just for the sake of the shielding.

1846
02:19:56,460 --> 02:19:58,460
It would serve a dual purpose.

1847
02:19:58,460 --> 02:20:02,840
With aluminium shielding, it's accepted that the minimum requirement is a thickness of 10

1848
02:20:02,840 --> 02:20:05,720
centimetres all around the craft.

1849
02:20:05,720 --> 02:20:08,480
Was there any attempt to provide such protection?

1850
02:20:08,480 --> 02:20:09,760
No, no.

1851
02:20:09,760 --> 02:20:13,580
The walls of the craft were made as thin and light as possible.

1852
02:20:13,580 --> 02:20:19,480
The Apollo capsule itself was made unusually thin.

1853
02:20:19,480 --> 02:20:26,940
In fact, they couldn't even initially carry enough air inside to be the equivalent to sea

1854
02:20:26,940 --> 02:20:28,100
level air pressure.

1855
02:20:28,100 --> 02:20:31,900
They ran it at reduced pressure in order to be able to make the walls thinner.

1856
02:20:31,900 --> 02:20:37,240
And then the LEM and other parts of the craft were all made out of very thin material, very

1857
02:20:37,240 --> 02:20:41,880
flimsy, almost no protection at all against solar radiation.

1858
02:20:41,880 --> 02:20:45,900
So why not try using a solid shield to protect the astronauts from these dangers?

1859
02:20:45,900 --> 02:20:54,120
Well, they didn't know how to put a shield like you suggest and still be able to make the

1860
02:20:54,120 --> 02:20:59,280
weight capability of the Saturn V and carry everything to the moon.

1861
02:20:59,280 --> 02:21:03,920
I believe that Wernher von Braun's team was basically assigned the task of designing

1862
02:21:03,920 --> 02:21:09,680
a rocket that theoretically could take men to the moon if everything worked and if there

1863
02:21:09,680 --> 02:21:12,700
were no substantial solar radiation.

1864
02:21:12,700 --> 02:21:16,960
But the kind of rocket that they would have had to have in order to take people to the

1865
02:21:16,960 --> 02:21:21,900
moon, taking into account solar radiation, would have been a much more massive vehicle.

1866
02:21:21,900 --> 02:21:25,280
And they just decided that this was not something that they needed to deal with.

1867
02:21:25,280 --> 02:21:32,280
They would just tell everybody that the radiation was okay.

1868
02:21:32,280 --> 02:21:39,080
A spherical structure enables a craft to withstand a greater amount of internal pressure.

1869
02:21:39,080 --> 02:21:44,280
The Soviets knew this simple fact and the designs for their spacecraft were always spherical.

1870
02:21:44,280 --> 02:21:47,280
Here's a typical Vostok capsule.

1871
02:21:47,280 --> 02:21:54,280
Compare this with the American thin wall CSM design.

1872
02:21:54,280 --> 02:22:04,280
If NASA didn't know how to protect astronauts from radiation in deep space, it had not been

1873
02:22:04,280 --> 02:22:06,280
for the want of trying.

1874
02:22:06,280 --> 02:22:11,280
During the Manhattan Project and for years afterwards, the American government subjected nearly a quarter

1875
02:22:11,280 --> 02:22:17,280
of a million Americans, both military and unwitting civilians, to the effects of radiation.

1876
02:22:17,280 --> 02:22:23,280
These enforced tests provided data on how solar radiation might affect future astronauts.

1877
02:22:23,280 --> 02:22:36,280
During the experimental detonations of atomic bombs, American military personnel were ordered

1878
02:22:36,280 --> 02:22:39,280
to walk towards ground zero, totally unprotected.

1879
02:22:39,280 --> 02:22:44,280
They were ordered to walk straight into the radiation zone.

1880
02:22:44,280 --> 02:22:49,280
So that their masters could acquire an extensive information base relating to the injuries and damage

1881
02:22:49,280 --> 02:22:54,280
caused to human tissue by those in close proximity to this radiation.

1882
02:22:54,280 --> 02:23:07,280
The surface of the moon is, of course, above the Van Allen radiation belts, and it's exposed

1883
02:23:07,280 --> 02:23:09,280
to direct solar radiation.

1884
02:23:09,280 --> 02:23:14,280
In 1959, they sent a spacecraft that flew past the moon.

1885
02:23:14,280 --> 02:23:19,280
So that spacecraft could easily have, that one or others that followed it, could easily

1886
02:23:19,280 --> 02:23:23,280
have contained instruments that showed them how lethal the radiation was.

1887
02:23:23,280 --> 02:23:27,280
You don't need a lot of animals to prove that something can't live out there.

1888
02:23:27,280 --> 02:23:32,280
You can just send instruments that will show you that the radiation is beyond what can be

1889
02:23:32,280 --> 02:23:36,280
withstood by animals or humans.

1890
02:23:36,280 --> 02:23:46,280
Solar flares and other storm systems on the sun can create enormous, tremendous surges of radiation.

1891
02:23:46,280 --> 02:23:53,280
Now, that radiation is not only potentially dangerous, it could be lethal to those who are

1892
02:23:53,280 --> 02:23:56,280
outside our atmosphere, which basically protects us.

1893
02:23:56,280 --> 02:24:02,280
All right, it can cause problems with radio storms and the aurora and things like that.

1894
02:24:02,280 --> 02:24:09,280
But with major storms, there is a dramatic threat to those who are outside the Earth's atmosphere.

1895
02:24:09,280 --> 02:24:13,280
And this would have happened with the Apollo missions.

1896
02:24:13,280 --> 02:24:23,280
Of course, if there had been a major solar flare during an Apollo mission to the moon, it would have been extremely serious, to say the least.

1897
02:24:23,280 --> 02:24:31,280
The versatile imp, eighth in a series, is exploring interplanetary space and the outer fringes of the Earth's magnetosphere.

1898
02:24:31,280 --> 02:24:38,280
It also provides warnings of possible solar flare radiation hazards to moon-bound astronauts.

1899
02:24:38,280 --> 02:24:48,280
No major incident occurred, but it could have been potentially very, very bad, very bad, lethal, in fact.

1900
02:24:48,280 --> 02:24:51,280
Remember, solar flares occur all the time.

1901
02:24:51,280 --> 02:24:54,280
It's the degree of their severity that varies.

1902
02:24:54,280 --> 02:25:03,280
One of the most severe solar flares ever recorded occurred in August 1972 between Apollo missions 16 and 17.

1903
02:25:03,280 --> 02:25:16,280
This single flare would have delivered 960 rem of virtually instant death to any inadequately protected astronaut out beyond the Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field.

1904
02:25:16,280 --> 02:25:22,280
Surely reason enough for the space agency to play safe and adopt the surrogate option,

1905
02:25:22,280 --> 02:25:27,280
as prediction of these events is a very inexact science indeed.

1906
02:25:27,280 --> 02:25:35,280
Yet the named astronauts were wandering around on the supposed lunar surface in nothing more than what amounts to a thick linen suit.

1907
02:25:35,280 --> 02:25:43,280
These pressure suits might have allowed for some micro-meteorite protection and possibly maintained an appropriate temperature for the astronaut,

1908
02:25:43,280 --> 02:25:51,280
but they certainly did not qualify as adequate protection against any unexpected burst of debilitating radiation from an SPE.

1909
02:25:51,280 --> 02:25:55,280
And as if that were not enough, despite strict medical instructions,

1910
02:25:55,280 --> 02:26:01,280
in some cases these astronauts neglected to use the protective gold visors to shield their faces.

1911
02:26:01,280 --> 02:26:14,280
Whether this was whistleblowing or sheer arrogance, it is certainly another example of inconsistency in the record,

1912
02:26:14,280 --> 02:26:17,280
over and beyond that of image manipulation.

1913
02:26:17,280 --> 02:26:24,280
Forgetting the astronauts for a moment, what indeed could this solar radiation do to the images?

1914
02:26:24,280 --> 02:26:27,280
We know for example how X-rays can affect film on Earth,

1915
02:26:27,280 --> 02:26:34,280
and we know how the photographs of the damaged Chernobyl nuclear power station were badly fogged from radiation.

1916
02:26:34,280 --> 02:26:41,280
You have an enormous amount of radiation in space, and potentially it affects film, of course,

1917
02:26:41,280 --> 02:26:47,280
and of course, as you will well know, its prime effect is on contrast.

1918
02:26:47,280 --> 02:26:54,280
We took a latent image recorded on the film of a colour test chart and exposed it to 8 MEV X-rays.

1919
02:26:54,280 --> 02:26:59,280
The lowest radiation dose we applied to the film was 25 rem.

1920
02:26:59,280 --> 02:27:04,280
The latent image, if it hadn't been subjected to radiation, would look like this.

1921
02:27:04,280 --> 02:27:09,280
A good quality, high contrast colour transparency.

1922
02:27:09,280 --> 02:27:16,280
After exposure to the 25 rem radiation, the image is almost entirely obliterated.

1923
02:27:16,280 --> 02:27:25,280
This means, in my estimation, a dose as little as 5 rem would seriously undermine the transparency.

1924
02:27:25,280 --> 02:27:30,280
It would look significantly fogged, it would be a very thin image.

1925
02:27:30,280 --> 02:27:38,280
If you look at the results, top quality duplicates, you can see that there appears to be no effect whatsoever.

1926
02:27:38,280 --> 02:27:45,280
It never got to the stage where I heard, at least, that a film had been badly affected by temperature,

1927
02:27:45,280 --> 02:27:48,280
or the pressure differentiation, or radiation.

1928
02:27:48,280 --> 02:27:54,280
I would expect to see, on the transparencies, evidence of small bright dots,

1929
02:27:54,280 --> 02:27:59,280
where a high velocity nuclear particle had impinged on that film.

1930
02:27:59,280 --> 02:28:02,280
I have no evidence whatsoever that this has occurred.

1931
02:28:02,280 --> 02:28:07,280
The good place to look for it is on the regions of the film which haven't been exposed in the camera.

1932
02:28:07,280 --> 02:28:11,280
The black spaces, as it were, between the frames.

1933
02:28:11,280 --> 02:28:18,280
We're protected on Earth by a nice, thick atmosphere, and that, combined with the magnetic field,

1934
02:28:18,280 --> 02:28:23,280
keep these ionising particles away from us, and film, of course.

1935
02:28:23,280 --> 02:28:26,280
In space, you're not offered that protection.

1936
02:28:26,280 --> 02:28:32,280
To prevent an ionising particle, well, very energetic particles that you get in space,

1937
02:28:32,280 --> 02:28:37,280
from damaging the film, you would need a significant thickness of lead protecting that film.

1938
02:28:37,280 --> 02:28:43,280
So, if the film exhibited no signs of radiation damage, then surely the camera itself must have been protected.

1939
02:28:43,280 --> 02:28:48,280
Was the Hasselblad lunar surface camera shielded from radiation?

1940
02:28:48,280 --> 02:28:51,280
Well, the original ones were not protected at all.

1941
02:28:51,280 --> 02:28:55,280
The ones they brought to the lunar surface were painted silver.

1942
02:28:55,280 --> 02:29:00,280
The temperature, of course, is very, very extreme on the lunar surface.

1943
02:29:00,280 --> 02:29:05,280
In the sunlight, you could be easily as high as about 200 degrees Fahrenheit.

1944
02:29:05,280 --> 02:29:12,280
And, of course, in shadow areas, and prolonged shadow, you could be in minus quantities.

1945
02:29:12,280 --> 02:29:16,280
As far as I know, they had no trouble with overheating of the film.

1946
02:29:16,280 --> 02:29:23,280
And I think it worked for them, because I didn't hear any complaints about the film getting too warm.

1947
02:29:23,280 --> 02:29:32,280
On the other hand, they might have had some trouble if the film got too cold, because then it cracked.

1948
02:29:32,280 --> 02:29:41,280
Would any of the problems cited have anything at all to do with Kodak's strange reticence to capitalise commercially on the film used for the lunar surface photography?

1949
02:29:41,280 --> 02:29:52,280
Although various films were tried by NASA, to all intents and purposes, it was only Kodak film which was used during Project Apollo.

1950
02:29:52,280 --> 02:30:01,280
And I think, and one understands it, I think that the corporate management in Rochester was concerned about a monopoly situation.

1951
02:30:01,280 --> 02:30:10,280
I think that was the reason, you know, and it's sad in some ways, because there was an enormous amount could be made of the fact that it was Kodak film being used.

1952
02:30:10,280 --> 02:30:13,280
Okay, let's see, how do I do this?

1953
02:30:13,280 --> 02:30:31,280
That's 11, at 74, hmmm, click, click, click, click, click, click, click, click, click.

1954
02:30:31,280 --> 02:30:38,280
Okay, Tony, do you want me to change the mags on the, uh, 16, it's about empty, click.

1955
02:30:38,280 --> 02:30:39,280
That's affirmative.

1956
02:30:39,280 --> 02:30:41,280
For a second, run this through there.

1957
02:30:41,280 --> 02:30:42,280
Right, go ahead.

1958
02:30:42,280 --> 02:30:43,280
Okay, will do.

1959
02:30:43,280 --> 02:30:44,280
Should be mag R.

1960
02:30:44,280 --> 02:30:45,280
Click.

1961
02:30:45,280 --> 02:30:46,280
Okay.

1962
02:30:46,280 --> 02:30:47,280
Click.

1963
02:30:47,280 --> 02:30:48,280
Click.

1964
02:30:48,280 --> 02:30:49,280
Okay.

1965
02:30:49,280 --> 02:30:54,280
Man, if I get this, top of this and that picture, it's going to be a miracle.

1966
02:30:54,280 --> 02:30:55,280
Click.

1967
02:30:55,280 --> 02:31:00,280
Okay, Tony, during this band, I've moved about two feet down slope, so...

1968
02:31:00,280 --> 02:31:03,280
I don't know what things are going to match up to well and I...

1969
02:31:03,280 --> 02:31:05,280
Uh, we'll make it work.

1970
02:31:05,280 --> 02:31:13,280
And if both the film and camera had problems with heat and cold, then how did the astronauts themselves stay cool?

1971
02:31:13,280 --> 02:31:19,280
It was the job of the life support system, the PLIS, to regulate the body temperatures.

1972
02:31:19,280 --> 02:31:24,280
How did that backpack actually keep an astronaut cool and likewise warm

1973
02:31:24,280 --> 02:31:27,280
when they were working in the cold of the shadow areas?

1974
02:31:27,280 --> 02:31:32,280
Somehow they would have to radiate the heat away, and that's not an easy task

1975
02:31:32,280 --> 02:31:37,280
because the rate that heat is radiated away goes up according to the fourth power

1976
02:31:37,280 --> 02:31:42,280
of the temperature difference between the radiator and the surrounding medium.

1977
02:31:42,280 --> 02:31:47,280
So you have to have a pretty hot radiator to radiate away a substantial amount of heat.

1978
02:31:47,280 --> 02:31:51,280
It would be more likely that you would eject steam

1979
02:31:51,280 --> 02:31:56,280
because in taking the heat away from the astronaut,

1980
02:31:56,280 --> 02:32:00,280
that heat would be used to heat water up and produce steam.

1981
02:32:00,280 --> 02:32:05,280
So you should see venting of steam if they're using water for this purpose, rather than ice actually.

1982
02:32:05,280 --> 02:32:11,280
We never once saw any ice crystals or indeed steam emanating from the vicinity of any astronaut.

1983
02:32:11,280 --> 02:32:14,280
either spasmodically or on a regular basis.

1984
02:32:14,280 --> 02:32:18,280
Not one piece of TV coverage demonstrates such an effect.

1985
02:32:18,280 --> 02:32:27,280
Interestingly, many researchers, including Ralph Rene, also seriously doubt whether the PLIS had enough capacity for the job in the first place.

1986
02:32:27,280 --> 02:32:37,280
In this part of the program, we've looked at the dangers of radiation and the serious problems to have been overcome on any journey to and from the moon.

1987
02:32:37,280 --> 02:32:44,280
Clearly in the 1960s, no one had the ability to deliver a guarantee against astronauts dying in space.

1988
02:32:44,280 --> 02:32:52,280
This reason alone would have been sufficient motive for the falsification of what really happened during Apollo.

1989
02:32:52,280 --> 02:32:57,280
What are you afraid of?

1990
02:32:57,280 --> 02:32:58,280
I don't know.

1991
02:32:58,280 --> 02:33:00,280
Shall I tell you what's out there?

1992
02:33:00,280 --> 02:33:01,280
Yes, please.

1993
02:33:01,280 --> 02:33:02,280
The dragon.

1994
02:33:02,280 --> 02:33:11,280
A beast of such power that if you were to see it whole and all compete in a single glance, it would burn you to cinders.

1995
02:33:11,280 --> 02:33:12,280
Where is it?

1996
02:33:12,280 --> 02:33:13,280
It is everywhere.

1997
02:33:13,280 --> 02:33:14,280
It is everything.

1998
02:33:14,280 --> 02:33:18,280
Its scales glisten in the bark of trees.

1999
02:33:18,280 --> 02:33:21,280
Its roar is heard in the wind.

2000
02:33:21,280 --> 02:33:23,280
And its vault tongue strikes like...

2001
02:33:23,280 --> 02:33:24,280
Blank!

2002
02:33:24,280 --> 02:33:25,280
Whoa!

2003
02:33:25,280 --> 02:33:26,280
Like lightning!

2004
02:33:26,280 --> 02:33:28,280
Yes, that dick!

2005
02:33:28,280 --> 02:33:30,280
How can I...

2006
02:33:30,280 --> 02:33:31,280
What...

2007
02:33:31,280 --> 02:33:32,280
What should I...

2008
02:33:32,280 --> 02:33:33,280
Must...

2009
02:33:33,280 --> 02:33:34,280
Must I...

2010
02:33:34,280 --> 02:33:35,280
Do...

2011
02:33:35,280 --> 02:33:36,280
Be still...

2012
02:33:36,280 --> 02:33:38,280
NASA's biggest headaches.

2013
02:33:38,280 --> 02:33:44,280
How to get the astronauts and their gear up and out into deep space in the first place.

2014
02:33:44,280 --> 02:33:52,280
This segment of our program is the story of the Saturn V and those people who were behind the development of space rocket technology.

2015
02:33:52,280 --> 02:33:57,280
Wernher von Braun was to become one of the Nazis' chief rocket engineers.

2016
02:33:57,280 --> 02:34:04,280
And together with Walter Dornberger of the German army and another older and more experienced rocket scientist, Hermann Obert,

2017
02:34:04,280 --> 02:34:09,280
they would develop the rockets deployed during the Second World War.

2018
02:34:09,280 --> 02:34:19,280
But before that could happen, Hitler needed to be persuaded that the path marked rocket development was the correct way to go and a worthwhile investment.

2019
02:34:19,280 --> 02:34:26,280
All of which takes us back to 1927, when Wernher von Braun was just starting out in his career,

2020
02:34:26,280 --> 02:34:36,280
and Hermann Obert was working on an extremely interesting project which surprisingly would become as relevant to the Apollo program as would the V2.

2021
02:34:36,280 --> 02:34:41,280
In the late 1920s, Hermann Obert was invited to work on the German production,

2022
02:34:41,280 --> 02:34:44,280
Frau in Mond, Woman in the Moon.

2023
02:34:44,280 --> 02:34:46,280
It was a Fritz Lang film.

2024
02:34:46,280 --> 02:34:49,280
With a script credited to Lang's wife, Thier von Habel.

2025
02:34:49,280 --> 02:34:55,280
Frau in Mond was a silent movie with its plot based on manned flight to the moon.

2026
02:34:55,280 --> 02:34:59,280
Obert was responsible to Fritz Lang for the rocket design and flight details.

2027
02:34:59,280 --> 02:35:05,280
It would appear that NASA has followed the principal elements of this virtual blueprint ever since.

2028
02:35:05,280 --> 02:35:08,280
This design is for a multi-step rocket.

2029
02:35:08,280 --> 02:35:15,280
As each stage runs out of fuel, it drops off into space and the next stage takes over, thrusting the craft further onwards.

2030
02:35:15,280 --> 02:35:19,280
Obert's design for the rocket comprise three steps.

2031
02:35:19,280 --> 02:35:23,280
Apollo's launcher, the Saturn V, was a three-stage rocket.

2032
02:35:23,280 --> 02:35:28,280
It was constructed in a vertical position in a huge assembly shed.

2033
02:35:28,280 --> 02:35:32,280
This is the house that Jack built over at the future Cape Kennedy.

2034
02:35:32,280 --> 02:35:38,280
It's called the Vehicle Assembly Building and is very similar to that first German rocket shed.

2035
02:35:38,280 --> 02:35:42,280
Inside, the Saturn V rocket was assembled vertically.

2036
02:35:42,280 --> 02:35:49,280
Lang's rocket was driven out of the shed in a vertical position on a tractor-like transport to the launch location.

2037
02:35:49,280 --> 02:35:53,280
Just as NASA does today using its Call of Vehicle.

2038
02:35:53,280 --> 02:35:58,280
What are you afraid of?

2039
02:35:58,280 --> 02:35:59,280
I don't know.

2040
02:35:59,280 --> 02:36:01,280
Shall I tell you what's out there?

2041
02:36:01,280 --> 02:36:02,280
Yes, please.

2042
02:36:02,280 --> 02:36:03,280
The dragon.

2043
02:36:03,280 --> 02:36:12,280
A beast of such power that if you were to see it whole and all compete in a single glance, it would burn you to cinders.

2044
02:36:12,280 --> 02:36:13,280
Where is it?

2045
02:36:13,280 --> 02:36:14,280
It is everywhere.

2046
02:36:14,280 --> 02:36:15,280
It is everything.

2047
02:36:15,280 --> 02:36:19,280
Its scale glistened in the bark of trees.

2048
02:36:19,280 --> 02:36:21,280
Its roar is heard in the wind.

2049
02:36:21,280 --> 02:36:24,280
And its haut-tongue strike like...

2050
02:36:24,280 --> 02:36:25,280
Blank!

2051
02:36:26,280 --> 02:36:27,280
Whoa!

2052
02:36:27,280 --> 02:36:28,280
Like lightning!

2053
02:36:28,280 --> 02:36:29,280
Here's that thing.

2054
02:36:29,280 --> 02:36:31,280
How can I...

2055
02:36:31,280 --> 02:36:32,280
What...

2056
02:36:32,280 --> 02:36:33,280
What should I...

2057
02:36:33,280 --> 02:36:34,280
Must...

2058
02:36:34,280 --> 02:36:35,280
Must I do?

2059
02:36:35,280 --> 02:36:36,280
Be still...

2060
02:36:36,280 --> 02:36:37,280
Clean.

2061
02:36:37,280 --> 02:36:41,280
The Soviets, however, preferred to construct their rockets horizontally,

2062
02:36:41,280 --> 02:36:46,280
and then deliver them horizontally to the launch pad as the Russians still do today.

2063
02:36:46,280 --> 02:36:52,280
No doubt they recognise that moving a high centre of gravity rocket vertically was contrary to common sense.

2064
02:36:52,280 --> 02:36:59,280
And contrary to some received opinion in the West, the Soviets have in fact always been the world's leaders in rocket development.

2065
02:36:59,280 --> 02:37:07,280
With 21 firsts in space exploration, they had no need to present the world with rampant virility symbols for their journeys into space.

2066
02:37:07,280 --> 02:37:13,280
As for NASA's Apollo launcher, the Saturn V, that rocket may not have been as great as it looked.

2067
02:37:15,280 --> 02:37:20,280
To emphasise the moment before the liftoff, Fritz Lang created the 1098 countdown.

2068
02:37:20,280 --> 02:37:23,280
It was one of the movie's most dramatic features.

2069
02:37:23,280 --> 02:37:29,280
Lang had intended this countdown procedure merely to increase the dramatic tension of the launch.

2070
02:37:29,280 --> 02:37:39,280
Lang said that NASA had inculcated another of his damned touches into its space dramas.

2071
02:37:39,280 --> 02:37:44,280
Lang's actors were strapped to their couches.

2072
02:37:44,280 --> 02:37:48,280
Just as NASA did with Apollo.

2073
02:37:48,280 --> 02:37:54,280
When the rocket motor had burned for a specified duration, we see first and secondary separation.

2074
02:37:54,280 --> 02:38:01,280
As was the case with the Saturn V.

2075
02:38:01,280 --> 02:38:05,280
In order to prevent the occupants from floating around the cabin in microgravity.

2076
02:38:05,280 --> 02:38:09,280
They used a very practical solution of foot grips.

2077
02:38:09,280 --> 02:38:14,280
Later, NASA was to stick everything to the walls with Velcro tape.

2078
02:38:14,280 --> 02:38:23,280
And this attractive and exotic demonstration of the way that water globules will float in microgravity, has also become an industry standard.

2079
02:38:23,280 --> 02:38:36,280
The moon in the foreground and the distant earth.

2080
02:38:36,280 --> 02:38:40,280
A scene first visualised in the 1920s.

2081
02:38:40,280 --> 02:38:48,280
And a lunar landscape, as designed by Lang's artists, with a camera set up ready.

2082
02:38:48,280 --> 02:39:08,280
This look, with its pointed, rather than smooth mountains, is copied exactly by NASA space artists on the decals that depicted the individual Apollo lunar modules.

2083
02:39:08,280 --> 02:39:13,280
As you can see, the Prowermann set matches the Lunar 7 decal very closely.

2084
02:39:13,280 --> 02:39:20,280
As you can see, the Prowermann set matches the Lem 7 decal very closely.

2085
02:39:20,280 --> 02:39:28,280
Remembering that Lem 7 is allocated to Apollo 13's dark moon trip.

2086
02:39:28,280 --> 02:39:38,280
Is it not significant that this decal is the only one of the Apollo Lem series which depicts a Lem actually sitting on a fake lunar surface?

2087
02:39:38,280 --> 02:39:45,280
So all of these NASA procedures had actually been foreseen by a movie director and his colleague in 1927.

2088
02:39:45,280 --> 02:39:57,280
Which is not altogether surprising when that movie director turns out to be the most influential filmmaker of his time and colleague of the most eminent rocket engineer of the 1920s.

2089
02:39:57,280 --> 02:40:14,280
And since all of these individuals later turned up in America, Nazi scientists, von Braun, Dornberger and Oberth, who were employed by the American government, while Lang pursued his career in Hollywood, should we then be surprised that the same methodology appears to have re-emerged?

2090
02:40:14,280 --> 02:40:42,280
Some time between 1929 and 1933, Oberth and von Braun produced a promotional movie designed to convince the German authorities of the viability of their rocket research program.

2091
02:40:42,280 --> 02:40:55,280
They did this by intercutting film of their successful rocket tests together with actual scenes from Frau Immond and presenting the finished product as total fact to Adolf Hitler.

2092
02:40:55,280 --> 02:41:09,280
Greatly impressed, Hitler gave the order for their research to be funded virtually without restraints by bankrolling the development costs, which in turn were of course underwritten by the private financiers of the Third Reich.

2093
02:41:09,280 --> 02:41:16,280
Hitler confirmed Walter Dornberger as the head of the German Army weapons department to oversee the project.

2094
02:41:16,280 --> 02:41:24,280
Dornberger was to say to von Braun that they would all be in trouble if fiction did not soon become fact.

2095
02:41:24,280 --> 02:41:32,280
A new site was soon secured for their expanding research, selected by von Braun on the advice of his mother.

2096
02:41:32,280 --> 02:41:39,280
It had been a wild island used for duck shoots by the Prussian aristocracy including von Braun's relations.

2097
02:41:39,280 --> 02:41:43,280
The place was called Pinamunde.

2098
02:41:43,280 --> 02:41:49,280
Dedicated assembly plant, fuel storage and rocket launch facilities were constructed at Pinamunde.

2099
02:41:49,280 --> 02:41:55,280
The Nazis co-opted thousands of personnel to work on this new technological development.

2100
02:41:55,280 --> 02:42:18,280
But all new technology has to undergo many trials and tribulations before it can be successful.

2101
02:42:18,280 --> 02:42:25,280
and Pinamunde was the site of much experimentation before these rockets were perfected and a successful launch achieved.

2102
02:42:25,280 --> 02:42:48,280
What are you afraid of?

2103
02:42:48,280 --> 02:42:49,280
What are you afraid of?

2104
02:42:49,280 --> 02:42:50,280
I don't know.

2105
02:42:50,280 --> 02:42:52,280
Shall I tell you what's out there?

2106
02:42:52,280 --> 02:42:53,280
Yes please.

2107
02:42:53,280 --> 02:42:54,280
The dragon.

2108
02:42:54,280 --> 02:43:03,280
A beast of such power that if you were to see it whole and all complete in a single glance it would burn you to cinders.

2109
02:43:03,280 --> 02:43:04,280
Where is it?

2110
02:43:04,280 --> 02:43:05,280
It is everywhere.

2111
02:43:05,280 --> 02:43:07,280
It is everything.

2112
02:43:07,280 --> 02:43:12,280
Von Braun presented film footage of the latest launch to Hitler.

2113
02:43:12,280 --> 02:43:18,280
Significantly, this successful launch had a depiction of Frau Imund on the side of the rocket.

2114
02:43:18,280 --> 02:43:37,280
At the end of the film he abruptly said we think to her we have something pretty formidable here.

2115
02:43:37,280 --> 02:43:43,280
And ordered immediately the highest priority to put this thing into quality production.

2116
02:43:43,280 --> 02:43:48,280
What are you afraid of?

2117
02:43:48,280 --> 02:43:49,280
I don't know.

2118
02:43:49,280 --> 02:43:51,280
Shall I tell you what's out there?

2119
02:43:51,280 --> 02:43:52,280
Yes please.

2120
02:43:52,280 --> 02:43:53,280
The dragon.

2121
02:43:53,280 --> 02:44:01,280
A beast of such power that if you were to see it whole and all complete in a single glance it would burn you to cinders.

2122
02:44:01,280 --> 02:44:10,280
April 1943, during full production of the V2, Hitler, following his dreams and instincts, halted all rocket development.

2123
02:44:10,280 --> 02:44:19,280
Desperate to fulfill their dream, the two most influential people at Piedermunde, Dornberger and Von Braun, asked Albert Speer to set up a meeting.

2124
02:44:19,280 --> 02:44:32,280
And it was in July 1943 at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's Rustenburg headquarters, that Von Braun showed Hitler models of proposed underground production facilities to inspire him to resume production.

2125
02:44:32,280 --> 02:44:42,280
Hitler bought Von Braun's idea that he could rocket bomb his way to victory through the production of hundreds of thousands of V2 and V3 rockets.

2126
02:44:42,280 --> 02:44:47,280
The team was so successful with Von Braun in recognition of his achievements.

2127
02:44:47,280 --> 02:44:51,280
Werner Von Braun considered a manned space flight the goal of his life.

2128
02:44:51,280 --> 02:45:09,280
This launch vehicle would become key to the means by which mankind would attempt to reach out into space, but for the Third Reich it was just a transporter of explosive, one tonne per rocket, that would travel a distance of 200 miles before delivering its lethal burden without warning onto its target.

2129
02:45:09,280 --> 02:45:29,280
By August 1943, SS Sturmbannführer Von Braun, photographed here in uniform standing behind Himmler, had his underground facilities.

2130
02:45:29,280 --> 02:45:42,280
Here in southern Bavaria, in the middle work, in appalling conditions, thousands of prisoners were used to slave labourers to manufacture the vast number of components required to fulfil the colossal production targets.

2131
02:45:42,280 --> 02:45:55,280
These V2s were transported to the French and Belgian posts where the Nazis set up launch pads for the rocket bombing of England and elsewhere.

2132
02:45:55,280 --> 02:46:10,280
In the latter part of the war, over 2000 V2s rained down on London. A single V2 delivered a great deal of damage.

2133
02:46:10,280 --> 02:46:38,280
A single V2 delivered a great deal of damage.

2134
02:46:38,280 --> 02:46:44,280
Despite the fact that the Allies attempted to destroy Pina Munda twice, it was essentially spared.

2135
02:46:44,280 --> 02:46:53,280
And this was of course vital if the Allies were to recover the scientists and their essential technology.

2136
02:46:53,280 --> 02:47:00,280
Notice the similarity in overall concept between the original V2 engines and this, the much later Saturn V rocket motor.

2137
02:47:00,280 --> 02:47:12,280
It's alleged that Von Braun and his colleagues gave themselves up to the Americans, although the word rendezvous would appear to be nearer the mark.

2138
02:47:12,280 --> 02:47:23,280
After various interrogations or other meetings, Von Braun and his chosen band of rocketeers were escorted to America, where they were to become the backbone of the space program for several decades.

2139
02:47:23,280 --> 02:47:35,280
Many other leading Nazi rocket engineers were assigned to the Soviet Union and it is to misread history to imagine that the US gained the best of these engineers, quite the contrary.

2140
02:47:35,280 --> 02:47:42,280
The technicians, rockets and spare parts were divided up unequally between these two major powers.

2141
02:47:42,280 --> 02:47:49,280
These operations which had been planned for several years before the end of the war were known as overcast and paperclip.

2142
02:47:49,280 --> 02:48:10,280
How many British people knew, or know even now, that in the latter half of 1945, a prime cause of their recent misery, SS Sturmbannführer von Braun, had not only visited London, but had also been awarded an honorary fellowship by the British Interplanetary Society for his services to rocketry.

2143
02:48:10,280 --> 02:48:17,280
The Soviets did not immediately repatriate their allotted portion of rocket engineers.

2144
02:48:17,280 --> 02:48:24,280
They first worked with them on site in Germany and only subsequently moved everything, including personnel, back to the Soviet Union.

2145
02:48:28,280 --> 02:48:38,280
Stalin fully supported the development of rocketry, and thanks to their methodology, the Soviets progressed faster in their understanding of the new rocket skills than did the United States.

2146
02:48:38,280 --> 02:48:50,280
The Soviets milked their Germans dry of all knowledge, and by the 1950s the Soviet scientists knew as much, if not more, than their erstwhile teachers who were then repatriated to Germany.

2147
02:48:51,280 --> 02:49:01,280
The Americans kept their rocket scientists permanently, played down their Nazi pasts, totally sanitized their records, and after some years granted them American citizenship.

2148
02:49:01,280 --> 02:49:08,280
Research in the US progressed much more slowly than the development of rocket technology did in the Soviet Union.

2149
02:49:08,280 --> 02:49:11,280
and the development of rocket technology did in the Soviet Union.

2150
02:49:11,280 --> 02:49:13,280
Heading up the Soviet rocket program was a man in many ways very similar to von Braun,

2151
02:49:13,280 --> 02:49:14,280
being a soldier of the Soviet Union.

2152
02:49:14,280 --> 02:49:16,280
Heading up the Soviet rocket program was a man in many ways very similar to von Braun,

2153
02:49:16,280 --> 02:49:19,280
being a stickler for organization and a man of great vision.

2154
02:49:19,280 --> 02:49:21,280
But where von Braun was merely an adequate scientist in the Soviet Union,

2155
02:49:21,280 --> 02:49:24,280
was a man in many ways very similar to von Braun.

2156
02:49:24,280 --> 02:49:40,240
Heading up the Soviet rocket program was a man in many ways very similar to von Braun,

2157
02:49:40,720 --> 02:49:43,740
being a stickler for organization and a man of great vision.

2158
02:49:44,580 --> 02:49:46,980
But where von Braun was merely an adequate engineer,

2159
02:49:47,600 --> 02:49:49,380
and there were many men who were better than he,

2160
02:49:50,180 --> 02:49:51,960
Sergei Korolev was a genius.

2161
02:49:51,960 --> 02:49:54,700
The genius of all the rocket scientists.

2162
02:49:55,780 --> 02:49:59,220
Korolev was responsible for the design of the rocket that launched the Sputnik,

2163
02:49:59,700 --> 02:50:01,560
the world's first orbiting satellite.

2164
02:50:13,800 --> 02:50:19,680
Unlike von Braun and Oberth spacecraft, Korolev's concepts appeared to have been inspired by nature.

2165
02:50:19,680 --> 02:50:25,220
His powerful launch rockets emulated the splayed bases that support the giant trees of our planet.

2166
02:50:26,940 --> 02:50:30,280
Despite being divided into several research and development departments,

2167
02:50:30,640 --> 02:50:32,120
each with their own head of operations,

2168
02:50:32,680 --> 02:50:36,760
it would be Sergei Korolev who would hold the entire Soviet space program together,

2169
02:50:37,420 --> 02:50:41,780
until his untimely and unexpected death on the operating table in 1966.

2170
02:50:41,780 --> 02:50:45,320
This is Korolev's home in Moscow.

2171
02:50:45,320 --> 02:50:47,020
Here is his desk.

2172
02:50:47,020 --> 02:50:50,240
And in the whole wardrobe, his hat.

2173
02:50:50,240 --> 02:50:54,240
Just as he left it before going to hospital that fateful day.

2174
02:50:54,240 --> 02:50:58,940
In America, things weren't going too well.

2175
02:50:58,940 --> 02:51:05,000
The film record explains why there were so many uncertainties in the US military with their homegrown rockets.

2176
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:25,740
Back in the USSR, shortly after Sputnik 1, Korolev was launching Laika, the dog, into space.

2177
02:51:25,740 --> 02:51:31,720
However, the Soviets were learning to be economical with the truth concerning their activities in space.

2178
02:51:32,340 --> 02:51:36,800
It was publicly announced that Laika died painlessly when her oxygen supply ran out.

2179
02:51:37,380 --> 02:51:42,680
It was many years later before it was revealed that in fact Laika had died a painful death,

2180
02:51:42,980 --> 02:51:46,720
because the nose cone of the spacecraft ripped away as it reached Earth orbit,

2181
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:51,680
exposing the unprotected portion of Laika's cabin to the searing heat of the sun.

2182
02:51:51,680 --> 02:51:57,180
But the further truth was that the nose cone had been designed to do exactly that.

2183
02:51:57,760 --> 02:52:02,760
So, in the interest of learning how long a bio-organism could withstand such conditions,

2184
02:52:03,380 --> 02:52:08,020
Laika had been knowingly destined for a painful death from the very start of the experiment.

2185
02:52:08,720 --> 02:52:13,680
And the public were not to know what really happened until a comfortable time period had elapsed.

2186
02:52:14,400 --> 02:52:17,940
If it has taken 30 years to get to the truth about a dog,

2187
02:52:17,940 --> 02:52:22,980
how many more years will it take before the truth about the Apollo space program

2188
02:52:22,980 --> 02:52:29,540
is allowed to seep into public consciousness concerning the fate of this planet's surrogate Apollo astronauts?

2189
02:52:32,040 --> 02:52:37,000
The go-ahead for manned flight had been given to Korolev at the end of 1960,

2190
02:52:37,620 --> 02:52:41,380
and so he prepared his cosmonauts for the first manned orbit of Earth.

2191
02:52:41,380 --> 02:52:48,180
At the climax of these preparations, the world was to see the images of a smiling young Yuri Gagarin

2192
02:52:48,180 --> 02:52:50,700
boarding the bus that took him to the launch site,

2193
02:52:51,300 --> 02:52:55,500
accompanied by his backup cosmonaut and staff from the Baikonur cosmodrome.

2194
02:52:58,080 --> 02:52:59,200
History in the making.

2195
02:52:59,880 --> 02:53:03,720
For we were under the impression that these were news images from the Soviet Union,

2196
02:53:03,880 --> 02:53:05,920
and we didn't question the fact. Why should we?

2197
02:53:05,920 --> 02:53:09,920
The Soviet Union would enjoy beating the USA into space,

2198
02:53:10,460 --> 02:53:16,260
and therefore we were absolutely certain that these events were and are recorded for posterity as they happened.

2199
02:53:17,160 --> 02:53:19,280
Well, that turned out not to be the case.

2200
02:53:20,240 --> 02:53:25,140
Our research has found that few of the film images of Gagarin's space trip were shot at the time.

2201
02:53:26,080 --> 02:53:30,100
It seems they were pre-filmed during several different sessions over an extended period.

2202
02:53:30,100 --> 02:53:35,680
These images were then subsequently assembled and then edited to produce a final result,

2203
02:53:36,160 --> 02:53:37,740
certainly not true news gathering.

2204
02:53:40,820 --> 02:53:44,580
That would explain, for example, the continuity errors in the bus sequence.

2205
02:53:49,500 --> 02:53:53,420
Gagarin is embraced by key individuals, including Korolev himself.

2206
02:53:53,420 --> 02:53:59,080
But new information reveals that most of this footage was not shot on the day of the launch.

2207
02:54:09,280 --> 02:54:14,820
Gallantly waving, Gagarin enters the elevator to ascend to the rocket launcher and the Vostok capsule.

2208
02:54:14,820 --> 02:54:35,040
We then see Gagarin getting into the small capsule and sitting inside the sphere

2209
02:54:35,040 --> 02:54:38,400
that was to be his home for this highly significant moment in history.

2210
02:54:38,400 --> 02:54:44,180
The lighting, though, gives away the fact that this was all staged.

2211
02:54:45,420 --> 02:54:47,740
Here we can see the cosmonaut sitting in his seat,

2212
02:54:48,280 --> 02:54:50,860
but there are two shadows, one on each side of his head,

2213
02:54:51,760 --> 02:54:56,000
indicating that lighting was used from two light sources placed either side of the camera.

2214
02:54:56,500 --> 02:55:00,280
The top view shows that there was no lighting inside the capsule itself.

2215
02:55:01,360 --> 02:55:05,780
Nor was there any room inside this small space for the camera and lighting rigs required.

2216
02:55:05,780 --> 02:55:12,180
So how can there possibly be a view of Gagarin taken from the front rather than just from behind his head?

2217
02:55:13,360 --> 02:55:18,880
We must emphasise that there was no space for another person, camera or lights inside this miniature capsule.

2218
02:55:19,620 --> 02:55:23,020
This shot alone demonstrates that he was filmed from a cutaway set-up,

2219
02:55:23,360 --> 02:55:27,120
on another occasion, in another place, in a studio environment.

2220
02:55:28,120 --> 02:55:31,800
Details that have now come to light record that during the launch countdown,

2221
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:34,160
two awkward moments occurred.

2222
02:55:34,160 --> 02:55:39,920
During the first of these, Korolev told the crew on the gantry that the hatch had not closed properly.

2223
02:55:40,520 --> 02:55:43,600
This was news to them as they had closed down all the bolts

2224
02:55:43,600 --> 02:55:47,380
and no signals had activated to indicate any failure of procedure.

2225
02:55:48,020 --> 02:55:51,900
Korolev insisted that the hatch be fully reopened and then re-bolted,

2226
02:55:52,320 --> 02:55:55,560
a task which added another 30 to 40 minutes to the countdown.

2227
02:55:56,240 --> 02:56:01,080
Korolev also insisted that he alone would inform Gagarin of the delay.

2228
02:56:01,080 --> 02:56:05,580
In fact, Korolev forbade the crew from speaking to the cosmonaut,

2229
02:56:05,840 --> 02:56:08,540
who was supposedly listening to music inside the capsule.

2230
02:56:09,140 --> 02:56:14,120
In so doing, he gave himself the opportunity to instruct Gagarin to leave,

2231
02:56:14,400 --> 02:56:17,020
yes, leave the Vostok capsule.

2232
02:56:17,780 --> 02:56:22,400
The second awkward moment occurred during this re-bolting procedure,

2233
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:29,160
when the gantry began to swing away from the side of the rocket as if the countdown had not been halted.

2234
02:56:29,660 --> 02:56:34,060
Obviously, the head of operations inside the launch bunker hadn't been appraised of the situation.

2235
02:56:34,660 --> 02:56:39,860
About to fall off their lofty perch, the gantry crew hurriedly telephoned the launch bunker

2236
02:56:39,860 --> 02:56:44,920
and asked them to return the gantry to the rocket's side, allowing them to complete their task.

2237
02:56:44,920 --> 02:56:48,080
So who was head of operations in the launch bunker?

2238
02:56:48,260 --> 02:56:53,800
Well, actually, it was Sergei Korolev, and he was totally aware of the timing of the countdown,

2239
02:56:54,300 --> 02:56:57,280
since it was he who was responsible for the delay in the first place.

2240
02:56:57,680 --> 02:57:00,920
So why go to the trouble of creating this gantry incident?

2241
02:57:01,180 --> 02:57:08,820
We suggest it was a diversionary tactic, resulting in any observer taking their eye off the ball for a few vital minutes.

2242
02:57:08,820 --> 02:57:16,180
This would ensure that the first publicised manned flight into orbit would not be compromised by a dead cosmonaut,

2243
02:57:16,800 --> 02:57:20,760
and it would have served to cover the moment when Gagarin was removed from the capsule,

2244
02:57:21,380 --> 02:57:27,420
and ultimately, it would keep Korolev's research and development team ahead of their serious competition

2245
02:57:27,420 --> 02:57:30,540
within the Soviet Union's internal space race.

2246
02:57:31,700 --> 02:57:36,060
Was Gagarin removed and then replaced by a surrogate cosmonaut?

2247
02:57:36,060 --> 02:57:40,040
Or did the Vostok capsule go aloft with only a tape machine aboard?

2248
02:57:40,780 --> 02:57:43,400
A technique that the Soviets had already honed to perfection,

2249
02:57:43,940 --> 02:57:51,620
and they had already acclimatised Western listeners to the idea that human voices emanated from probes officially classed as unmanned.

2250
02:57:52,240 --> 02:57:53,520
But that's another story.

2251
02:57:54,380 --> 02:58:00,040
This Vostok capsule landed on a designated site well away from the public gaze.

2252
02:58:00,040 --> 02:58:06,580
In the meantime, Gagarin had apparently ejected himself from the capsule and landed well over a mile away.

2253
02:58:07,180 --> 02:58:13,100
However, his method of landing was kept very quiet, creating confusion in the history books for years to come.

2254
02:58:14,320 --> 02:58:20,160
The Soviets wanted to claim a flight record, and according to aeronautical rules, not astronautical,

2255
02:58:20,880 --> 02:58:27,180
ejecting or bailing out would disqualify the entire flight, so the pilot had to land within his craft.

2256
02:58:27,180 --> 02:58:34,300
Astronaut substitution would have meant that the number of people on the gantry platform would have increased or decreased

2257
02:58:34,300 --> 02:58:37,660
between securing the hatch for the first time and the actual launch.

2258
02:58:38,180 --> 02:58:39,020
Was this the case?

2259
02:58:39,140 --> 02:58:40,020
Oh, yes, it was.

2260
02:58:40,260 --> 02:58:44,300
It took five people to seal the hatch and check the procedures first time around,

2261
02:58:44,660 --> 02:58:48,720
but at the secondary sealing, only three people were employed on this task.

2262
02:58:48,720 --> 02:58:54,400
There was motive, opportunity, and time to accomplish the sleight-of-hand manoeuvre.

2263
02:58:55,080 --> 02:59:00,720
And if such a tactic would ensure that the Soviet space program and their cosmonauts were kept alive,

2264
02:59:01,080 --> 02:59:02,280
then it was worth the candle.

2265
02:59:02,280 --> 02:59:15,900
Lord Bruce Gardine was at that time a journalist with the London Financial Times,

2266
02:59:15,900 --> 02:59:20,380
and until his death expressed grave doubts about the validity of the Gagarin flight.

2267
02:59:21,340 --> 02:59:27,560
Throughout the spring of 61, he'd been in the Soviet Union and was in a Moscow alive with rumours about this event,

2268
02:59:27,560 --> 02:59:30,000
from April the 6th until his departure.

2269
02:59:30,720 --> 02:59:35,820
On his way to the airport on April the 11th, he was informed by his very well-connected minder

2270
02:59:35,820 --> 02:59:40,820
that according to his sources, the flight had already taken place that morning.

2271
02:59:41,360 --> 02:59:46,040
The source of this information had been none other than the chairman of the Soviet Committee of Sciences.

2272
02:59:46,740 --> 02:59:49,640
Bruce Gardine, travelling in Germany the following day,

2273
02:59:49,940 --> 02:59:53,800
was then very surprised to hear the Gagarin flight being announced live

2274
02:59:53,800 --> 02:59:56,460
over the East Berlin Airport Tannoy system.

2275
02:59:57,260 --> 03:00:02,420
Back in England, Jock Bruce Gardine established that NASA initially denied all knowledge

2276
03:00:02,420 --> 03:00:04,440
of the Gagarin flight on the 12th.

2277
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:08,420
This statement was later corrected by the White House.

2278
03:00:09,820 --> 03:00:16,540
But were the Americans, in fact, fully aware that the Soviets did not launch a craft on that day, April the 12th?

2279
03:00:17,060 --> 03:00:20,500
No one's denying that the Soviet Union put the first man in space,

2280
03:00:20,500 --> 03:00:23,600
but was that man's name Yuri Gagarin?

2281
03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:29,420
We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things,

2282
03:00:29,780 --> 03:00:33,100
not because they are easy, but because they are hard.

2283
03:00:33,720 --> 03:00:36,340
The Apollo Project was in part a Cold War exercise.

2284
03:00:36,640 --> 03:00:40,500
It was about competition between the Soviet Union and the United States.

2285
03:00:41,040 --> 03:00:47,260
Kennedy wanted people to get to the moon before the end of the 1960s in order to beat the Soviet Union.

2286
03:00:47,260 --> 03:00:50,480
This was part of it. One part of it had this foreign policy objective.

2287
03:00:50,480 --> 03:00:55,400
The Soviet Union, therefore, had a very strong incentive to discover if this was being faked,

2288
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:57,780
because that would have been a huge propaganda coup.

2289
03:00:59,120 --> 03:01:05,020
And given the espionage capability and the propaganda machine of the Soviet Union as it then was,

2290
03:01:05,360 --> 03:01:12,680
the idea that the faking of the Apollo Project would have escaped their notice also seems just completely implausible.

2291
03:01:12,680 --> 03:01:18,300
Is this business of faking news events new? No, not at all.

2292
03:01:18,300 --> 03:01:20,060
As we saw earlier with the...

2293
03:01:20,060 --> 03:01:27,680
Previous to that event in 1906, footage of the actual San Francisco earthquake was also faked.

2294
03:01:28,400 --> 03:01:32,740
And this totally fabricated film material outsold pictures of the real thing,

2295
03:01:32,740 --> 03:01:36,280
which only showed the aftermath of the earthquake.

2296
03:01:38,360 --> 03:01:40,740
If fakery is offered as the real thing,

2297
03:01:41,300 --> 03:01:44,420
then where is the line drawn between falsifying a few images

2298
03:01:44,420 --> 03:01:47,860
and organizing a fake, safe version of the entire event?

2299
03:01:48,360 --> 03:01:52,520
But at least the Soviets did have the ability to launch a capsule into space.

2300
03:01:53,160 --> 03:01:58,520
Back in the US, all kinds of things were going wrong with the genesis of the Saturn V rocket.

2301
03:01:58,520 --> 03:02:05,820
It would have taken an F-1 to get the Saturn V off, if it were fully loaded.

2302
03:02:06,700 --> 03:02:11,300
But knowing the records that were made of F-1 failures,

2303
03:02:12,080 --> 03:02:15,780
and particularly something known as combustion instability,

2304
03:02:16,280 --> 03:02:19,220
which was a problem right up to the end,

2305
03:02:19,660 --> 03:02:22,560
rocket engines have a great failing.

2306
03:02:23,100 --> 03:02:26,580
In other words, waves can be set up in the jet

2307
03:02:26,580 --> 03:02:33,660
that cause a perturbation that rockets back and forth inside the engine and destroys it.

2308
03:02:34,280 --> 03:02:38,460
And I personally saw rocket engines destroyed in that way.

2309
03:02:42,960 --> 03:02:46,800
The B-1 engine would have been much more reliable

2310
03:02:46,800 --> 03:02:48,760
because it was a lower thrust.

2311
03:02:49,480 --> 03:02:53,040
What observations does Bill Wood have concerning the Saturn V?

2312
03:02:53,040 --> 03:02:57,800
For the first eight feet past the end of the exhaust nozzle of these F-1 engines,

2313
03:02:58,340 --> 03:02:59,380
the exhaust is black.

2314
03:03:00,620 --> 03:03:01,480
It's not glowing.

2315
03:03:01,680 --> 03:03:03,140
It's a black exhaust.

2316
03:03:04,260 --> 03:03:09,740
Just as if you were to have some type of a shroud around the end of the engine

2317
03:03:09,740 --> 03:03:13,640
with maybe kerosene being injected into the exhaust,

2318
03:03:13,640 --> 03:03:17,720
so that when the smaller engine fires down the center of this,

2319
03:03:17,860 --> 03:03:21,520
it ingests air from the inside of the engine compartment

2320
03:03:21,520 --> 03:03:25,020
down into through the nozzle and mixes it with this injected kerosene.

2321
03:03:26,160 --> 03:03:30,500
And it's taking about eight feet for this heated kerosene to mix with air

2322
03:03:30,500 --> 03:03:33,240
before it catches on fire behind the engine.

2323
03:03:33,240 --> 03:03:38,840
And that seems to produce this 800-foot-long fuel-rich flame

2324
03:03:38,840 --> 03:03:43,000
that is flapping in the air behind the Saturn V.

2325
03:03:43,460 --> 03:03:47,620
The flame behind the Saturn V doesn't look very much like the flames

2326
03:03:47,620 --> 03:03:50,920
behind other rockets using the same propellants.

2327
03:03:52,080 --> 03:03:54,380
There's no normal mode of operation

2328
03:03:54,380 --> 03:03:57,520
that would cause an engine like that to produce this dark zone.

2329
03:03:57,520 --> 03:04:00,480
And to do that, it would have to be running so fuel-rich

2330
03:04:00,480 --> 03:04:02,060
that it would be so inefficient

2331
03:04:02,060 --> 03:04:05,780
that it couldn't possibly produce the performance that was claimed for.

2332
03:04:06,040 --> 03:04:08,340
It's possible that they never really did solve

2333
03:04:08,340 --> 03:04:12,720
the combustion efficiency problem with these F-1 engine,

2334
03:04:12,980 --> 03:04:15,600
and they decided that just for show purposes,

2335
03:04:15,840 --> 03:04:18,160
they would produce an engine that produced a giant flame,

2336
03:04:18,320 --> 03:04:19,680
sort of like a huge flamethrower.

2337
03:04:20,520 --> 03:04:23,320
And we all know that flamethrowers don't produce very much thrust.

2338
03:04:27,520 --> 03:04:33,160
As for their lunar lander,

2339
03:04:33,440 --> 03:04:36,120
the Soviets designed a spherical module with four legs.

2340
03:04:40,920 --> 03:04:43,580
The Americans also adopted a four-legged lander,

2341
03:04:43,840 --> 03:04:47,080
but finally agreed upon an angular, tent-like craft.

2342
03:04:47,900 --> 03:04:50,400
Basically, this was an arrangement of two engines

2343
03:04:50,400 --> 03:04:51,720
stacked one on top of the other,

2344
03:04:52,080 --> 03:04:55,120
with additional functions assigned to the angular spaces of the vehicle.

2345
03:04:55,120 --> 03:04:58,900
The lower half of this ungainly but appealing craft

2346
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:00,540
contained the descent engine.

2347
03:05:01,360 --> 03:05:02,460
And after the moon moves,

2348
03:05:02,540 --> 03:05:04,820
this would become the launch pad for the upper part

2349
03:05:04,820 --> 03:05:06,140
that contained the ascent engine.

2350
03:05:08,520 --> 03:05:12,200
The pressurized crew cabin is arranged around the ascent engine housing,

2351
03:05:12,840 --> 03:05:15,900
and the fuel tanks and equipment storage were located around that.

2352
03:05:15,900 --> 03:05:20,760
The LEM proposal was amazingly short.

2353
03:05:21,080 --> 03:05:23,120
This was a 110-page document

2354
03:05:23,120 --> 03:05:26,280
where Grumman proposed the entire LEM program,

2355
03:05:26,420 --> 03:05:28,560
which is a $6.9 billion program.

2356
03:05:29,560 --> 03:05:31,720
And that's an outrageously small document

2357
03:05:31,720 --> 03:05:34,880
for anyone to submit and ask for $6.9 billion.

2358
03:05:35,440 --> 03:05:37,780
There's no way that a reviewer could determine

2359
03:05:37,780 --> 03:05:39,520
whether or not the contractor

2360
03:05:39,520 --> 03:05:41,340
is going to accomplish anything worthwhile

2361
03:05:41,340 --> 03:05:44,500
based on 110 pages of documentation

2362
03:05:44,500 --> 03:05:46,320
for that size program.

2363
03:05:46,960 --> 03:05:50,420
When I checked into 10 other programs of similar size,

2364
03:05:50,540 --> 03:05:53,400
like the C-5A and large submarine orders

2365
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:57,160
or aircraft carrier orders, this type of thing,

2366
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:00,780
all of the proposals were between 5,000 pages

2367
03:06:00,780 --> 03:06:02,440
and 86,000 pages,

2368
03:06:02,700 --> 03:06:04,780
with an average of 38,000 pages.

2369
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:08,000
And yet we see this one standing there all by itself

2370
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:09,180
at 110 pages.

2371
03:06:09,920 --> 03:06:11,160
And it appeared to me

2372
03:06:11,160 --> 03:06:13,820
that this may have been

2373
03:06:13,820 --> 03:06:15,600
a situation where they knew

2374
03:06:15,600 --> 03:06:16,800
that if anyone checked,

2375
03:06:17,480 --> 03:06:18,380
someone would say,

2376
03:06:18,520 --> 03:06:19,800
well, in order to win this,

2377
03:06:19,860 --> 03:06:21,260
you had to submit a proposal, right?

2378
03:06:21,520 --> 03:06:22,780
So let me see the proposal.

2379
03:06:23,320 --> 03:06:24,980
So they had to produce a proposal,

2380
03:06:25,680 --> 03:06:27,000
but they didn't go to the trouble

2381
03:06:27,000 --> 03:06:28,980
of producing one of decent length.

2382
03:06:29,760 --> 03:06:31,060
A 110-page proposal

2383
03:06:31,060 --> 03:06:32,220
is about appropriate

2384
03:06:32,220 --> 03:06:34,440
for a $1.4 million program,

2385
03:06:35,060 --> 03:06:37,100
which is 5,000 times smaller

2386
03:06:37,100 --> 03:06:39,480
than the claimed LEM program.

2387
03:06:40,160 --> 03:06:41,900
Now, you wouldn't need a very much,

2388
03:06:42,020 --> 03:06:43,260
a very long proposal

2389
03:06:43,260 --> 03:06:45,140
if you weren't really going to build

2390
03:06:45,140 --> 03:06:46,680
a LEM that really had to work.

2391
03:06:47,120 --> 03:06:49,160
If you were going to be building LEMs

2392
03:06:49,160 --> 03:06:50,340
that ended up in museums

2393
03:06:50,340 --> 03:06:51,920
or on displays,

2394
03:06:52,640 --> 03:06:55,020
then you could probably do that

2395
03:06:55,020 --> 03:06:56,740
for a few million dollars,

2396
03:06:56,920 --> 03:06:58,060
and that might only require

2397
03:06:58,060 --> 03:06:59,360
a 110-page proposal.

2398
03:06:59,360 --> 03:07:01,960
There were many problems

2399
03:07:01,960 --> 03:07:03,500
for the engineers and astronauts

2400
03:07:03,500 --> 03:07:04,380
during the development

2401
03:07:04,380 --> 03:07:05,220
of the lunar module.

2402
03:07:06,440 --> 03:07:07,160
On one occasion,

2403
03:07:07,500 --> 03:07:08,660
Armstrong was nearly killed

2404
03:07:08,660 --> 03:07:10,020
by the unpredictable trainer.

2405
03:07:22,420 --> 03:07:24,160
After ejecting just in time,

2406
03:07:24,540 --> 03:07:25,360
you can see Armstrong

2407
03:07:25,360 --> 03:07:26,580
descending to safety.

2408
03:07:36,420 --> 03:07:37,700
The LEM's rocket engines

2409
03:07:37,700 --> 03:07:38,840
were designed to perform

2410
03:07:38,840 --> 03:07:40,300
one-off vital tasks.

2411
03:07:40,500 --> 03:07:41,900
The advantage of using

2412
03:07:41,900 --> 03:07:43,380
the fuels chosen for the LEM,

2413
03:07:43,880 --> 03:07:45,160
unlike any other alternatives,

2414
03:07:45,640 --> 03:07:46,640
was that they could be stored

2415
03:07:46,640 --> 03:07:47,720
without special cooling,

2416
03:07:48,300 --> 03:07:48,920
and on-firing

2417
03:07:48,920 --> 03:07:50,020
should ignite instantly.

2418
03:07:50,820 --> 03:07:51,600
When the descent

2419
03:07:51,600 --> 03:07:52,560
or ascent engine

2420
03:07:52,560 --> 03:07:53,300
was activated,

2421
03:07:53,300 --> 03:07:54,600
instant combustion

2422
03:07:54,600 --> 03:07:55,560
would have been a must,

2423
03:07:56,080 --> 03:07:56,900
and the two engines

2424
03:07:56,900 --> 03:07:57,560
had to perform

2425
03:07:57,560 --> 03:07:58,640
without a single hitch.

2426
03:07:59,120 --> 03:08:01,720
The lunar lander descent engine

2427
03:08:01,720 --> 03:08:03,400
as well as the ascent engine

2428
03:08:03,400 --> 03:08:05,180
used a combination

2429
03:08:05,180 --> 03:08:06,940
of hypergolic propellants,

2430
03:08:07,700 --> 03:08:08,300
nitrogen tetroxide

2431
03:08:08,980 --> 03:08:10,100
as the oxidizer,

2432
03:08:10,560 --> 03:08:11,500
and unsymmetrical

2433
03:08:11,500 --> 03:08:12,780
dimethyl hydrazine

2434
03:08:12,780 --> 03:08:13,300
or UDMH

2435
03:08:13,820 --> 03:08:14,680
as the fuel.

2436
03:08:15,200 --> 03:08:15,560
Together,

2437
03:08:15,700 --> 03:08:17,040
they were known popularly

2438
03:08:17,040 --> 03:08:18,800
as aerozine 50.

2439
03:08:19,380 --> 03:08:20,700
When they are mixed,

2440
03:08:21,080 --> 03:08:23,340
they ignite spontaneously,

2441
03:08:23,580 --> 03:08:24,220
and that's why they're

2442
03:08:24,220 --> 03:08:25,720
called hypergolic propellants.

2443
03:08:26,460 --> 03:08:27,460
After ignition,

2444
03:08:27,820 --> 03:08:28,600
they produce

2445
03:08:28,600 --> 03:08:32,240
a dark red opaque gas.

2446
03:08:33,540 --> 03:08:35,380
We also have

2447
03:08:35,380 --> 03:08:36,780
the Apollo footage

2448
03:08:36,780 --> 03:08:38,300
showing, for example,

2449
03:08:38,640 --> 03:08:39,800
the ascent engine

2450
03:08:39,800 --> 03:08:40,800
lifting off

2451
03:08:40,800 --> 03:08:41,960
and being followed up

2452
03:08:41,960 --> 03:08:43,100
by a camera

2453
03:08:43,100 --> 03:08:46,260
and no exhaust gas

2454
03:08:46,260 --> 03:08:47,040
showing.

2455
03:08:53,540 --> 03:08:55,980
The exhaust jet

2456
03:08:55,980 --> 03:08:56,980
coming out

2457
03:08:56,980 --> 03:08:58,440
of the ascent

2458
03:08:58,440 --> 03:08:59,520
or descent engine

2459
03:08:59,520 --> 03:09:00,560
should be

2460
03:09:00,560 --> 03:09:03,220
a tremendous cloud

2461
03:09:03,220 --> 03:09:06,340
of dark red opaque gas

2462
03:09:06,340 --> 03:09:07,780
which spreads out

2463
03:09:07,780 --> 03:09:09,040
almost level

2464
03:09:09,040 --> 03:09:10,740
with the tip

2465
03:09:10,740 --> 03:09:12,040
of the rocket nozzle

2466
03:09:12,040 --> 03:09:13,040
due to the vacuum

2467
03:09:13,040 --> 03:09:13,700
on the moon.

2468
03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:15,000
So that means

2469
03:09:15,000 --> 03:09:16,120
it would have created

2470
03:09:16,120 --> 03:09:17,680
an enormous cloud

2471
03:09:17,680 --> 03:09:18,240
of gas,

2472
03:09:18,580 --> 03:09:19,920
possibly even visible

2473
03:09:19,920 --> 03:09:20,560
from Earth,

2474
03:09:20,640 --> 03:09:21,320
but that's sort of

2475
03:09:21,320 --> 03:09:22,000
a side issue.

2476
03:09:22,360 --> 03:09:24,140
So that's what viewers

2477
03:09:24,140 --> 03:09:25,620
should have seen

2478
03:09:25,620 --> 03:09:28,640
when the ascent module

2479
03:09:28,640 --> 03:09:29,580
took off.

2480
03:09:30,040 --> 03:09:31,060
They should have seen

2481
03:09:31,060 --> 03:09:33,020
a very large

2482
03:09:33,020 --> 03:09:33,980
dark cloud.

2483
03:09:34,820 --> 03:09:35,720
All that is visible

2484
03:09:35,720 --> 03:09:36,400
at the commencement

2485
03:09:36,400 --> 03:09:37,560
of the LEM's ascent

2486
03:09:37,560 --> 03:09:38,620
is not an exhaust

2487
03:09:38,620 --> 03:09:39,980
but only the bursting

2488
03:09:39,980 --> 03:09:41,120
apart of the Mylar

2489
03:09:41,120 --> 03:09:41,660
covering.

2490
03:09:43,640 --> 03:09:44,520
George Pinter

2491
03:09:44,520 --> 03:09:45,500
worked for Grumman

2492
03:09:45,500 --> 03:09:46,720
Aerospace on the LEM

2493
03:09:46,720 --> 03:09:47,920
and was most actively

2494
03:09:47,920 --> 03:09:49,120
involved at top level

2495
03:09:49,120 --> 03:09:49,920
with the development

2496
03:09:49,920 --> 03:09:51,780
of major LEM systems,

2497
03:09:52,560 --> 03:09:53,320
especially the

2498
03:09:53,320 --> 03:09:54,900
supercritical helium supply.

2499
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:56,700
His responsibilities

2500
03:09:56,700 --> 03:09:58,000
involved not only

2501
03:09:58,000 --> 03:09:59,180
the technical supervision

2502
03:09:59,180 --> 03:09:59,840
of specialists

2503
03:09:59,840 --> 03:10:01,100
but also the overall

2504
03:10:01,100 --> 03:10:02,460
management of the project.

2505
03:10:03,020 --> 03:10:03,800
He was a recipient

2506
03:10:03,800 --> 03:10:04,620
of an Apollo

2507
03:10:04,620 --> 03:10:05,500
Achievement Award

2508
03:10:05,500 --> 03:10:06,140
from NASA,

2509
03:10:06,620 --> 03:10:07,720
especially in relation

2510
03:10:07,720 --> 03:10:08,700
to his contribution

2511
03:10:08,700 --> 03:10:10,140
to the Apollo 13

2512
03:10:10,140 --> 03:10:11,600
space rescue mission.

2513
03:10:12,660 --> 03:10:13,720
George was so valuable

2514
03:10:13,720 --> 03:10:14,580
to the creation

2515
03:10:14,580 --> 03:10:15,600
of the LEM's engines

2516
03:10:15,600 --> 03:10:16,980
that he was seconded

2517
03:10:16,980 --> 03:10:18,000
to Rocketdyne

2518
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:19,140
for a brief period

2519
03:10:19,140 --> 03:10:20,180
during their research

2520
03:10:20,180 --> 03:10:21,440
into propulsion systems

2521
03:10:21,440 --> 03:10:22,620
for the descent engine.

2522
03:10:23,900 --> 03:10:24,500
George Pinter

2523
03:10:24,500 --> 03:10:25,080
has stated

2524
03:10:25,080 --> 03:10:26,140
that it was imperative

2525
03:10:26,140 --> 03:10:27,560
that the astronauts

2526
03:10:27,560 --> 03:10:28,940
were able to see

2527
03:10:28,940 --> 03:10:30,500
when landing their LEM.

2528
03:10:31,360 --> 03:10:32,400
So we have to ask,

2529
03:10:32,400 --> 03:10:33,780
how did they accomplish

2530
03:10:33,780 --> 03:10:34,840
that vital task

2531
03:10:34,840 --> 03:10:36,040
when clouds of dense,

2532
03:10:36,260 --> 03:10:37,440
opaque smoke and dust

2533
03:10:37,440 --> 03:10:38,760
were surrounding the craft

2534
03:10:38,760 --> 03:10:39,620
and obscuring

2535
03:10:39,620 --> 03:10:40,660
the astronauts' view?

2536
03:10:40,660 --> 03:10:43,420
Remember how the Apollo 11 crew

2537
03:10:43,420 --> 03:10:44,420
were seeing their way

2538
03:10:44,420 --> 03:10:45,120
to the surface

2539
03:10:45,120 --> 03:10:46,880
only picking up

2540
03:10:46,880 --> 03:10:47,640
a little dust

2541
03:10:47,640 --> 03:10:48,680
according to Armstrong?

2542
03:10:49,640 --> 03:10:50,760
It is not widely known

2543
03:10:50,760 --> 03:10:52,260
that the maneuvering jets

2544
03:10:52,260 --> 03:10:53,040
of the space shuttle

2545
03:10:53,040 --> 03:10:54,400
also use hypergolics

2546
03:10:54,400 --> 03:10:55,740
and this exhaust

2547
03:10:55,740 --> 03:10:56,980
is very clearly visible

2548
03:10:56,980 --> 03:10:57,840
when these thrusters

2549
03:10:57,840 --> 03:10:58,380
are fired.

2550
03:10:59,760 --> 03:11:00,540
And as for not having

2551
03:11:00,540 --> 03:11:01,120
any effect

2552
03:11:01,120 --> 03:11:02,120
on the lunar surface,

2553
03:11:02,620 --> 03:11:03,560
either melting it

2554
03:11:03,560 --> 03:11:04,820
or blowing vast clouds

2555
03:11:04,820 --> 03:11:05,580
of dust away,

2556
03:11:06,040 --> 03:11:07,000
let alone generating

2557
03:11:07,000 --> 03:11:08,200
a crater where they landed,

2558
03:11:08,720 --> 03:11:08,920
well,

2559
03:11:10,480 --> 03:11:11,200
here we can see

2560
03:11:11,200 --> 03:11:12,680
that there is no disturbance

2561
03:11:12,680 --> 03:11:13,940
whatsoever under the LEM.

2562
03:11:14,560 --> 03:11:15,640
A fact, incidentally,

2563
03:11:15,860 --> 03:11:17,080
that nearly all the crews

2564
03:11:17,080 --> 03:11:17,820
felt obliged

2565
03:11:17,820 --> 03:11:19,180
to draw our attention to.

2566
03:11:20,320 --> 03:11:21,520
It's a great deal.

2567
03:11:21,520 --> 03:11:22,780
I didn't think

2568
03:11:22,780 --> 03:11:23,980
any crater at all.

2569
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:27,960
Look at the beef in it.

2570
03:11:28,080 --> 03:11:29,180
It didn't even think of old.

2571
03:11:30,800 --> 03:11:32,300
Prior to 1969,

2572
03:11:32,980 --> 03:11:33,900
all NASA's artists

2573
03:11:33,900 --> 03:11:35,480
depicted the LEM's exhaust smoke

2574
03:11:35,480 --> 03:11:36,300
flaring out

2575
03:11:36,300 --> 03:11:37,180
from beneath the LEM,

2576
03:11:37,800 --> 03:11:38,840
whether it was red smoke

2577
03:11:38,840 --> 03:11:39,620
or white smoke.

2578
03:11:40,240 --> 03:11:40,900
But current,

2579
03:11:41,240 --> 03:11:42,820
post-Apollo space film artists

2580
03:11:42,820 --> 03:11:44,100
now depict simulations

2581
03:11:44,100 --> 03:11:44,800
of the exhaust

2582
03:11:44,800 --> 03:11:45,660
from the rocket engine

2583
03:11:45,660 --> 03:11:47,000
coloured blue,

2584
03:11:47,840 --> 03:11:49,100
playing safe, surely.

2585
03:11:50,440 --> 03:11:51,340
For George Pinter

2586
03:11:51,340 --> 03:11:51,940
of Grumman,

2587
03:11:52,460 --> 03:11:53,140
exhaust smoke

2588
03:11:53,140 --> 03:11:53,940
would have to have

2589
03:11:53,940 --> 03:11:54,740
accompanied the real

2590
03:11:54,740 --> 03:11:55,680
landing and take-off.

2591
03:11:56,260 --> 03:11:57,480
But because the astronauts

2592
03:11:57,480 --> 03:11:58,880
had to see to land,

2593
03:11:59,500 --> 03:12:00,380
how could there possibly

2594
03:12:00,380 --> 03:12:01,460
be any dense,

2595
03:12:01,640 --> 03:12:02,300
opaque smoke

2596
03:12:02,300 --> 03:12:03,220
of any colour?

2597
03:12:04,700 --> 03:12:06,360
Remembering the 10,000 pounds

2598
03:12:06,360 --> 03:12:07,620
of throttleable thrust,

2599
03:12:08,040 --> 03:12:08,700
burning it up to

2600
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:10,140
5,000 degrees Fahrenheit,

2601
03:12:10,800 --> 03:12:11,860
not only should the LEM

2602
03:12:11,860 --> 03:12:13,020
have generated a crater

2603
03:12:13,020 --> 03:12:14,320
beneath the craft on landing,

2604
03:12:14,720 --> 03:12:16,380
but for Apollo 11 at least,

2605
03:12:16,880 --> 03:12:17,900
surely there should have been

2606
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:19,280
a trail of molten dust

2607
03:12:19,280 --> 03:12:19,940
behind it

2608
03:12:19,940 --> 03:12:21,260
as the craft travelled

2609
03:12:21,260 --> 03:12:22,240
over the lunar surface

2610
03:12:22,240 --> 03:12:23,180
on its overshoot

2611
03:12:23,180 --> 03:12:24,520
to the final landing site.

2612
03:12:25,540 --> 03:12:26,600
This is volcanic rock

2613
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:27,280
on Mount Etna,

2614
03:12:27,720 --> 03:12:28,620
which was made molten

2615
03:12:28,620 --> 03:12:29,560
by heat of only

2616
03:12:29,560 --> 03:12:30,760
1,000 degrees Celsius

2617
03:12:30,760 --> 03:12:31,940
before solidifying.

2618
03:12:31,940 --> 03:12:44,520
What happened to all the dust

2619
03:12:44,520 --> 03:12:45,560
that was kicked up

2620
03:12:45,560 --> 03:12:46,280
by the engine?

2621
03:12:46,640 --> 03:12:48,300
Why didn't it fill up

2622
03:12:48,300 --> 03:12:50,120
the landing pads?

2623
03:12:50,620 --> 03:12:52,320
Why didn't it cloud

2624
03:12:52,320 --> 03:12:53,140
to the point

2625
03:12:53,140 --> 03:12:54,740
where you couldn't see anything?

2626
03:12:55,840 --> 03:12:58,460
They probably reasoned it this way,

2627
03:12:58,460 --> 03:12:59,900
that if we create a crater,

2628
03:13:00,040 --> 03:13:00,680
we're going to create

2629
03:13:00,680 --> 03:13:01,500
more questions,

2630
03:13:02,080 --> 03:13:02,860
more problems.

2631
03:13:03,220 --> 03:13:04,300
Let's just say

2632
03:13:04,300 --> 03:13:05,900
that the exhaust nozzle,

2633
03:13:06,060 --> 03:13:07,000
because it was operating

2634
03:13:07,000 --> 03:13:07,680
in a vacuum,

2635
03:13:08,100 --> 03:13:09,180
was dispersed

2636
03:13:09,180 --> 03:13:11,000
over a wide area,

2637
03:13:11,680 --> 03:13:13,400
and that it really didn't

2638
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:14,100
have the strength

2639
03:13:14,100 --> 03:13:14,860
to create a crater.

2640
03:13:15,100 --> 03:13:16,260
Well, that's not true,

2641
03:13:16,340 --> 03:13:17,740
because the main jet

2642
03:13:17,740 --> 03:13:19,080
coming down

2643
03:13:19,080 --> 03:13:21,120
still had to support

2644
03:13:21,120 --> 03:13:23,000
2,300 pounds

2645
03:13:23,000 --> 03:13:24,040
of lunar lander

2646
03:13:24,040 --> 03:13:25,560
in a lunar gravity,

2647
03:13:25,760 --> 03:13:26,880
one-sixth of Earth.

2648
03:13:27,620 --> 03:13:28,980
It had to support that.

2649
03:13:29,220 --> 03:13:29,740
Obviously,

2650
03:13:30,360 --> 03:13:32,160
the power had to be centralized,

2651
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:34,180
not spread out

2652
03:13:34,180 --> 03:13:34,980
in a vacuum

2653
03:13:34,980 --> 03:13:35,920
over, say,

2654
03:13:35,940 --> 03:13:37,740
a 50-foot diameter circle.

2655
03:13:38,340 --> 03:13:39,960
The jet from a rocket engine

2656
03:13:39,960 --> 03:13:41,960
will move large boulders

2657
03:13:41,960 --> 03:13:43,820
as though they were being

2658
03:13:43,820 --> 03:13:45,000
shot out of a cannon.

2659
03:13:46,300 --> 03:13:47,700
Here is a more recent event

2660
03:13:47,700 --> 03:13:50,120
that occurred in the mid-1990s

2661
03:13:50,120 --> 03:13:51,580
with the DC-X rocket.

2662
03:13:53,880 --> 03:13:55,420
The DC-X dug up

2663
03:13:55,420 --> 03:13:56,200
the prepared site

2664
03:13:56,200 --> 03:13:56,740
so badly,

2665
03:13:56,860 --> 03:13:57,500
it dug a crater

2666
03:13:57,500 --> 03:13:58,340
two feet deep

2667
03:13:58,340 --> 03:13:59,760
while it was landing

2668
03:13:59,760 --> 03:14:01,200
on compacted gypsum.

2669
03:14:02,240 --> 03:14:03,400
And it tore that up

2670
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:04,080
and big chunks

2671
03:14:04,080 --> 03:14:05,320
of this gypsum

2672
03:14:05,320 --> 03:14:06,360
broke loose

2673
03:14:06,360 --> 03:14:07,120
and were pelting

2674
03:14:07,120 --> 03:14:08,460
the outside of the craft,

2675
03:14:09,180 --> 03:14:10,320
which was a lot deepier

2676
03:14:10,320 --> 03:14:11,360
than the outside of the limb.

2677
03:14:13,260 --> 03:14:14,100
And finally,

2678
03:14:14,280 --> 03:14:15,540
the last time they flew it,

2679
03:14:15,620 --> 03:14:16,100
it did tip over,

2680
03:14:16,240 --> 03:14:17,540
because one of the four

2681
03:14:17,540 --> 03:14:18,300
landing legs

2682
03:14:18,300 --> 03:14:19,120
didn't come down.

2683
03:14:19,460 --> 03:14:19,900
Of course,

2684
03:14:19,900 --> 03:14:20,620
that would happen

2685
03:14:20,620 --> 03:14:21,440
in 1995,

2686
03:14:21,740 --> 03:14:22,740
but it would never happen

2687
03:14:22,740 --> 03:14:23,900
in six Apollo missions

2688
03:14:23,900 --> 03:14:24,740
on the moon.

2689
03:14:30,380 --> 03:14:30,900
So,

2690
03:14:31,120 --> 03:14:32,260
there are many reasons

2691
03:14:32,260 --> 03:14:32,880
to question

2692
03:14:32,880 --> 03:14:33,800
the Apollo imagery

2693
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:35,080
relating to the claimed

2694
03:14:35,080 --> 03:14:36,320
landings and takeoffs

2695
03:14:36,320 --> 03:14:37,720
from the lunar surface.

2696
03:14:38,640 --> 03:14:39,860
If these moon landing

2697
03:14:39,860 --> 03:14:40,980
images were faked,

2698
03:14:41,060 --> 03:14:42,000
then how did we manage

2699
03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:43,540
to acquire so many rocks?

2700
03:14:44,340 --> 03:14:45,020
Core samples

2701
03:14:45,020 --> 03:14:45,980
and lunar dust

2702
03:14:45,980 --> 03:14:46,600
have been obtained

2703
03:14:46,600 --> 03:14:47,720
by unmanned probes.

2704
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:48,420
The Soviets

2705
03:14:48,420 --> 03:14:49,620
were particularly advanced

2706
03:14:49,620 --> 03:14:50,500
in this technology,

2707
03:14:50,940 --> 03:14:51,960
but there were supposedly

2708
03:14:51,960 --> 03:14:53,360
many samples loaded

2709
03:14:53,360 --> 03:14:54,080
onto limbs

2710
03:14:54,080 --> 03:14:55,320
and returned to Earth.

2711
03:14:55,820 --> 03:14:56,720
The claim is

2712
03:14:56,720 --> 03:14:57,860
that the Apollo program

2713
03:14:57,860 --> 03:14:59,540
collected hundreds

2714
03:14:59,540 --> 03:15:00,140
of pounds

2715
03:15:00,140 --> 03:15:00,960
of lunar rocks,

2716
03:15:01,960 --> 03:15:03,720
something like 750 pounds,

2717
03:15:03,820 --> 03:15:04,700
some large amount

2718
03:15:04,700 --> 03:15:06,120
of lunar rocks

2719
03:15:06,120 --> 03:15:06,980
in the six missions.

2720
03:15:06,980 --> 03:15:09,740
and I think that only a few pounds

2721
03:15:09,740 --> 03:15:11,120
were actually collected remotely

2722
03:15:11,120 --> 03:15:12,560
by ourselves

2723
03:15:12,560 --> 03:15:13,840
and in a similar manner

2724
03:15:13,840 --> 03:15:14,520
by the Russians

2725
03:15:14,520 --> 03:15:16,540
because we had an agreement

2726
03:15:16,540 --> 03:15:17,800
before we went to the moon

2727
03:15:17,800 --> 03:15:20,140
to trade lunar soil samples.

2728
03:15:20,140 --> 03:15:21,600
We would trade soil

2729
03:15:21,600 --> 03:15:23,900
from the sites that we visited

2730
03:15:23,900 --> 03:15:25,400
and they would trade samples

2731
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:26,680
from the sites

2732
03:15:26,680 --> 03:15:28,240
that their robot craft visited

2733
03:15:28,240 --> 03:15:29,540
and compare them.

2734
03:15:30,360 --> 03:15:30,800
And then I think

2735
03:15:30,800 --> 03:15:31,700
the vast majority

2736
03:15:31,700 --> 03:15:32,820
of the hundreds of pounds

2737
03:15:32,820 --> 03:15:33,500
of moon rocks

2738
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:34,600
that we claim to have

2739
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:38,260
are made here on Earth

2740
03:15:38,260 --> 03:15:39,760
and that's why they look

2741
03:15:39,760 --> 03:15:41,220
so similar to Earth rocks.

2742
03:15:41,580 --> 03:15:42,440
That's why they found

2743
03:15:42,440 --> 03:15:43,280
that the composition

2744
03:15:43,280 --> 03:15:44,180
is so similar.

2745
03:15:45,080 --> 03:15:46,220
They can be irradiated

2746
03:15:46,220 --> 03:15:47,540
or exposed to a vacuum

2747
03:15:47,540 --> 03:15:49,800
or modified

2748
03:15:49,800 --> 03:15:51,140
in certain minor ways

2749
03:15:51,140 --> 03:15:53,500
so that they appear

2750
03:15:53,500 --> 03:15:54,260
slightly different

2751
03:15:54,260 --> 03:15:56,060
and then they

2752
03:15:56,060 --> 03:15:58,260
do an analysis

2753
03:15:58,260 --> 03:15:58,600
and say,

2754
03:15:58,720 --> 03:15:58,780
well,

2755
03:15:58,820 --> 03:15:59,780
it's just like Earth rocks

2756
03:15:59,780 --> 03:16:00,700
except for these few

2757
03:16:00,700 --> 03:16:01,460
minor changes.

2758
03:16:01,460 --> 03:16:04,420
and then they hypothesize

2759
03:16:04,420 --> 03:16:05,240
that they were blasted

2760
03:16:05,240 --> 03:16:05,960
by meteorites.

2761
03:16:06,080 --> 03:16:06,200
Well,

2762
03:16:06,260 --> 03:16:07,040
they can be blasted

2763
03:16:07,040 --> 03:16:08,400
by meteorites artificially.

2764
03:16:09,720 --> 03:16:10,640
Paul Jacobs

2765
03:16:10,640 --> 03:16:12,400
was a top

2766
03:16:12,400 --> 03:16:13,820
investigator

2767
03:16:13,820 --> 03:16:14,940
in San Francisco.

2768
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:16,680
I went to see him

2769
03:16:16,680 --> 03:16:17,700
to get his help.

2770
03:16:18,260 --> 03:16:18,600
I said,

2771
03:16:18,680 --> 03:16:18,940
Paul,

2772
03:16:19,100 --> 03:16:19,740
help me

2773
03:16:19,740 --> 03:16:21,900
with my Apollo hoax project.

2774
03:16:22,020 --> 03:16:22,300
He says,

2775
03:16:22,340 --> 03:16:22,680
all right,

2776
03:16:22,700 --> 03:16:23,120
I will.

2777
03:16:23,520 --> 03:16:24,820
I'm flying to Washington

2778
03:16:24,820 --> 03:16:25,740
next week.

2779
03:16:26,040 --> 03:16:27,300
I'll go see the head

2780
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:28,380
of the U.S. Department

2781
03:16:28,380 --> 03:16:29,240
of Geology.

2782
03:16:29,940 --> 03:16:30,840
And he did.

2783
03:16:30,840 --> 03:16:32,280
And he asked

2784
03:16:32,280 --> 03:16:33,140
the geologist,

2785
03:16:33,420 --> 03:16:34,520
did you examine

2786
03:16:34,520 --> 03:16:35,240
the moon rocks?

2787
03:16:35,300 --> 03:16:35,760
Did they really

2788
03:16:35,760 --> 03:16:36,680
come from the moon?

2789
03:16:37,260 --> 03:16:38,080
The geologist

2790
03:16:38,080 --> 03:16:39,480
just laughed.

2791
03:16:40,020 --> 03:16:40,460
Well,

2792
03:16:40,560 --> 03:16:41,520
there's a sad ending

2793
03:16:41,520 --> 03:16:42,340
to this story.

2794
03:16:43,040 --> 03:16:43,800
Paul flew back

2795
03:16:43,800 --> 03:16:44,520
from Washington.

2796
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:45,560
I met with him

2797
03:16:45,560 --> 03:16:47,140
again in San Francisco

2798
03:16:47,140 --> 03:16:48,340
and he told me

2799
03:16:48,340 --> 03:16:49,880
what he had determined,

2800
03:16:50,500 --> 03:16:51,920
that the Apollo project

2801
03:16:51,920 --> 03:16:52,700
was a hoax

2802
03:16:52,700 --> 03:16:53,320
and that people

2803
03:16:53,320 --> 03:16:54,360
at high levels

2804
03:16:54,360 --> 03:16:55,740
were keeping it

2805
03:16:55,740 --> 03:16:56,300
a secret.

2806
03:16:57,120 --> 03:16:57,600
Unfortunately,

2807
03:16:57,960 --> 03:16:59,580
Paul and his wife

2808
03:16:59,580 --> 03:17:00,820
died of cancer.

2809
03:17:00,840 --> 03:17:02,700
within 90 days.

2810
03:17:07,280 --> 03:17:08,560
Lee Galvani.

2811
03:17:08,960 --> 03:17:10,000
He's been in touch

2812
03:17:10,000 --> 03:17:10,380
with me

2813
03:17:10,380 --> 03:17:11,500
for many, many years

2814
03:17:11,500 --> 03:17:12,340
and he says

2815
03:17:12,340 --> 03:17:12,840
that he

2816
03:17:12,840 --> 03:17:15,120
had almost convinced

2817
03:17:15,120 --> 03:17:16,080
James Irwin

2818
03:17:16,080 --> 03:17:16,980
to confess

2819
03:17:16,980 --> 03:17:19,380
and clear his conscience

2820
03:17:19,380 --> 03:17:21,240
of this terrible burden.

2821
03:17:21,980 --> 03:17:23,100
And curiously

2822
03:17:23,100 --> 03:17:24,340
and appropriately,

2823
03:17:24,700 --> 03:17:25,420
James Irwin

2824
03:17:25,420 --> 03:17:26,220
called me

2825
03:17:26,220 --> 03:17:28,640
at my home

2826
03:17:28,640 --> 03:17:30,500
here in Soquel

2827
03:17:30,500 --> 03:17:32,100
and wanted me

2828
03:17:32,100 --> 03:17:33,000
to call him back

2829
03:17:33,000 --> 03:17:34,780
but he was dead

2830
03:17:34,780 --> 03:17:35,460
of a heart attack

2831
03:17:35,460 --> 03:17:36,280
in three days.

2832
03:17:36,280 --> 03:17:50,960
If the Saturn V

2833
03:17:50,960 --> 03:17:51,900
was such a good

2834
03:17:51,900 --> 03:17:52,540
launch vehicle,

2835
03:17:52,680 --> 03:17:53,500
why was it dropped

2836
03:17:53,500 --> 03:17:54,360
after the last

2837
03:17:54,360 --> 03:17:55,040
Apollo mission

2838
03:17:55,040 --> 03:17:55,840
to be replaced

2839
03:17:55,840 --> 03:17:56,800
by the space shuttle?

2840
03:17:56,800 --> 03:17:58,480
Why was a new

2841
03:17:58,480 --> 03:17:59,340
launcher required

2842
03:17:59,340 --> 03:18:00,580
when NASA supposedly

2843
03:18:00,580 --> 03:18:01,380
had a tried

2844
03:18:01,380 --> 03:18:02,600
and tested powerful

2845
03:18:02,600 --> 03:18:03,520
rocket in the form

2846
03:18:03,520 --> 03:18:04,460
of the Saturn V?

2847
03:18:04,960 --> 03:18:05,920
The shuttle weighs

2848
03:18:05,920 --> 03:18:06,660
about three quarters

2849
03:18:06,660 --> 03:18:07,240
as much

2850
03:18:07,240 --> 03:18:08,160
as the Saturn V

2851
03:18:08,160 --> 03:18:09,800
and it only puts

2852
03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:10,620
about one sixth

2853
03:18:10,620 --> 03:18:11,220
as much weight

2854
03:18:11,220 --> 03:18:11,740
into orbit

2855
03:18:11,740 --> 03:18:13,140
and it costs

2856
03:18:13,140 --> 03:18:14,040
about three times

2857
03:18:14,040 --> 03:18:14,460
as much

2858
03:18:14,460 --> 03:18:16,100
as the Saturn V

2859
03:18:16,100 --> 03:18:16,940
to launch.

2860
03:18:16,940 --> 03:18:18,900
It was flown,

2861
03:18:19,040 --> 03:18:19,560
first flown,

2862
03:18:19,680 --> 03:18:20,220
two years

2863
03:18:20,220 --> 03:18:21,140
behind schedule

2864
03:18:21,140 --> 03:18:22,860
and it's cost

2865
03:18:22,860 --> 03:18:23,620
a lot more

2866
03:18:23,620 --> 03:18:24,720
than the Saturn V

2867
03:18:24,720 --> 03:18:25,320
to develop.

2868
03:18:25,960 --> 03:18:26,480
So in almost

2869
03:18:26,480 --> 03:18:27,260
every measure

2870
03:18:27,260 --> 03:18:29,320
of rocket technology,

2871
03:18:29,480 --> 03:18:29,780
the shuttle

2872
03:18:29,780 --> 03:18:30,780
is greatly inferior

2873
03:18:30,780 --> 03:18:31,580
to the claimed

2874
03:18:31,580 --> 03:18:32,080
performance

2875
03:18:32,080 --> 03:18:32,940
of the Saturn V.

2876
03:18:40,620 --> 03:18:41,740
20 seconds

2877
03:18:41,740 --> 03:18:42,360
and counting.

2878
03:18:44,420 --> 03:18:46,040
T-minus 15 seconds.

2879
03:18:46,260 --> 03:18:46,920
Guidance is in

2880
03:18:46,920 --> 03:18:47,340
internal.

2881
03:18:48,140 --> 03:18:51,640
12, 11, 10, 9.

2882
03:18:52,120 --> 03:18:53,780
Ignition sequence start.

2883
03:18:54,060 --> 03:19:00,140
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.

2884
03:19:00,140 --> 03:19:01,540
All engines running.

2885
03:19:01,540 --> 03:19:17,540
If the Saturn V had worked,

2886
03:19:18,020 --> 03:19:18,680
far and away,

2887
03:19:18,760 --> 03:19:20,400
the most logical thing

2888
03:19:20,400 --> 03:19:21,740
to do with that hardware

2889
03:19:21,740 --> 03:19:23,140
that was developed

2890
03:19:23,140 --> 03:19:24,720
with billions and billions

2891
03:19:24,720 --> 03:19:25,300
of dollars

2892
03:19:25,300 --> 03:19:27,540
was to begin producing them

2893
03:19:27,540 --> 03:19:29,380
because then the development

2894
03:19:29,380 --> 03:19:30,680
cost gets amortized

2895
03:19:30,680 --> 03:19:31,400
over the cost

2896
03:19:31,400 --> 03:19:32,600
of all the produced vehicles

2897
03:19:32,600 --> 03:19:34,400
and use it

2898
03:19:34,400 --> 03:19:35,420
to launch the shuttle.

2899
03:19:35,640 --> 03:19:36,260
If they wanted

2900
03:19:36,260 --> 03:19:37,220
to actually have

2901
03:19:37,220 --> 03:19:38,800
an airplane

2902
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:41,000
that goes into orbit,

2903
03:19:41,100 --> 03:19:41,740
they could have put

2904
03:19:41,740 --> 03:19:42,760
a shuttle orbiter

2905
03:19:42,760 --> 03:19:44,520
on top of the second stage

2906
03:19:44,520 --> 03:19:45,440
of the Saturn V

2907
03:19:45,440 --> 03:19:47,620
and flown the whole thing

2908
03:19:47,620 --> 03:19:47,640
and flown the whole thing

2909
03:19:47,640 --> 03:19:48,060
into orbit.

2910
03:19:48,360 --> 03:19:49,220
The first stage

2911
03:19:49,220 --> 03:19:50,040
would have dropped

2912
03:19:50,040 --> 03:19:50,620
into the ocean

2913
03:19:50,620 --> 03:19:51,620
like it normally does

2914
03:19:51,620 --> 03:19:52,540
and the second stage

2915
03:19:52,540 --> 03:19:53,880
and the fully loaded

2916
03:19:53,880 --> 03:19:54,480
shuttle orbiter

2917
03:19:54,480 --> 03:19:55,600
would have made it

2918
03:19:55,600 --> 03:19:56,360
into low-Earth orbit.

2919
03:19:57,080 --> 03:19:59,360
Now, those second stages

2920
03:19:59,360 --> 03:20:00,180
could have been

2921
03:20:00,180 --> 03:20:01,700
assembled in orbit

2922
03:20:01,700 --> 03:20:03,140
to form a space station.

2923
03:20:03,140 --> 03:20:04,460
We could have had

2924
03:20:04,460 --> 03:20:05,400
the first launch

2925
03:20:05,400 --> 03:20:06,840
of the shuttle

2926
03:20:06,840 --> 03:20:08,180
about five years sooner

2927
03:20:08,180 --> 03:20:09,500
at a savings

2928
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:10,500
of about $20 billion

2929
03:20:10,500 --> 03:20:12,180
and by the time

2930
03:20:12,180 --> 03:20:12,560
the shuttle

2931
03:20:12,560 --> 03:20:13,800
was actually launched

2932
03:20:13,800 --> 03:20:14,660
in 1981,

2933
03:20:15,040 --> 03:20:15,540
we could have had

2934
03:20:15,540 --> 03:20:16,020
the beginnings

2935
03:20:16,020 --> 03:20:17,160
of a manned space station

2936
03:20:17,160 --> 03:20:17,540
in orbit.

2937
03:20:18,860 --> 03:20:19,860
If, in fact,

2938
03:20:19,960 --> 03:20:22,000
their acclaimed performance

2939
03:20:22,000 --> 03:20:24,500
was a hoax,

2940
03:20:25,160 --> 03:20:26,580
then there's no reason

2941
03:20:26,580 --> 03:20:27,280
to continue making

2942
03:20:27,280 --> 03:20:27,980
any more of them

2943
03:20:27,980 --> 03:20:30,360
and that's why

2944
03:20:30,360 --> 03:20:31,000
you might want

2945
03:20:31,000 --> 03:20:32,100
to start all over

2946
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:33,280
and develop something

2947
03:20:33,280 --> 03:20:33,980
from scratch

2948
03:20:33,980 --> 03:20:35,880
that is actually

2949
03:20:35,880 --> 03:20:36,420
going to work

2950
03:20:36,420 --> 03:20:38,400
even if it only

2951
03:20:38,400 --> 03:20:39,280
puts up one six

2952
03:20:39,280 --> 03:20:39,980
as much payload

2953
03:20:39,980 --> 03:20:40,880
and costs three times

2954
03:20:40,880 --> 03:20:41,760
as much per launch.

2955
03:20:42,560 --> 03:20:44,020
It is a little known

2956
03:20:44,020 --> 03:20:45,200
fact outside the industry

2957
03:20:45,200 --> 03:20:46,240
that the space shuttle

2958
03:20:46,240 --> 03:20:46,960
is a vastly

2959
03:20:46,960 --> 03:20:48,060
inefficient rocket.

2960
03:20:48,980 --> 03:20:49,540
The allegedly

2961
03:20:49,540 --> 03:20:50,780
recoverable boosters

2962
03:20:50,780 --> 03:20:54,860
are more often lost

2963
03:20:54,860 --> 03:20:56,040
at the bottom of the sea

2964
03:20:56,040 --> 03:20:57,000
than they are recovered

2965
03:20:57,000 --> 03:20:57,860
for reuse,

2966
03:20:58,780 --> 03:20:59,320
which together

2967
03:20:59,320 --> 03:21:00,140
with other issues

2968
03:21:00,140 --> 03:21:01,360
minimizes the claims

2969
03:21:01,360 --> 03:21:02,320
for an economical

2970
03:21:02,320 --> 03:21:03,840
recyclable spacecraft.

2971
03:21:04,780 --> 03:21:05,740
One of the many reasons

2972
03:21:05,740 --> 03:21:07,120
why replacement technology

2973
03:21:07,120 --> 03:21:08,100
is being developed,

2974
03:21:08,260 --> 03:21:08,760
for example,

2975
03:21:09,040 --> 03:21:10,000
the Lockheed Martin

2976
03:21:10,000 --> 03:21:11,500
X-33 shuttle,

2977
03:21:12,780 --> 03:21:13,800
was there ever really

2978
03:21:13,800 --> 03:21:14,660
a space race

2979
03:21:14,660 --> 03:21:15,540
in the true sense

2980
03:21:15,540 --> 03:21:16,120
of the word?

2981
03:21:16,660 --> 03:21:17,300
If we were racing

2982
03:21:17,300 --> 03:21:18,260
the Russians to the moon

2983
03:21:18,260 --> 03:21:19,240
and if we beat them,

2984
03:21:20,200 --> 03:21:21,540
why didn't they do it

2985
03:21:21,540 --> 03:21:22,420
the next year

2986
03:21:22,420 --> 03:21:23,500
or five years later

2987
03:21:23,500 --> 03:21:24,340
or ten years later

2988
03:21:24,340 --> 03:21:25,580
or even 25 years later?

2989
03:21:25,840 --> 03:21:27,040
Why didn't they ever do it?

2990
03:21:27,040 --> 03:21:29,880
And usually the response

2991
03:21:29,880 --> 03:21:30,340
is, well,

2992
03:21:30,400 --> 03:21:31,420
they got so discouraged

2993
03:21:31,420 --> 03:21:32,320
because we beat them

2994
03:21:32,320 --> 03:21:32,780
to the moon

2995
03:21:32,780 --> 03:21:33,580
that they gave up.

2996
03:21:34,340 --> 03:21:35,600
Well, if that were true,

2997
03:21:35,760 --> 03:21:36,940
then why didn't we give up

2998
03:21:36,940 --> 03:21:37,820
when they beat us

2999
03:21:37,820 --> 03:21:39,340
with the first satellite

3000
03:21:39,340 --> 03:21:39,760
into orbit

3001
03:21:39,760 --> 03:21:40,700
or the first man

3002
03:21:40,700 --> 03:21:41,480
or the first woman

3003
03:21:41,480 --> 03:21:42,480
or the first space station?

3004
03:21:42,840 --> 03:21:44,200
Why did we keep struggling

3005
03:21:44,200 --> 03:21:45,400
with them the whole time

3006
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:46,740
and why the very first time

3007
03:21:46,740 --> 03:21:47,220
we beat them

3008
03:21:47,220 --> 03:21:48,020
in something major

3009
03:21:48,020 --> 03:21:49,160
did they give up?

3010
03:21:50,000 --> 03:21:50,960
And why did they give up

3011
03:21:50,960 --> 03:21:51,560
so thoroughly

3012
03:21:51,560 --> 03:21:52,700
that they never went at all?

3013
03:21:52,700 --> 03:21:53,920
Of course,

3014
03:21:54,060 --> 03:21:55,720
we know at a very high level

3015
03:21:55,720 --> 03:21:56,960
the Russians

3016
03:21:56,960 --> 03:21:57,780
and the Americans

3017
03:21:57,780 --> 03:21:59,040
have been in bed together

3018
03:21:59,040 --> 03:22:01,000
for a long time.

3019
03:22:01,780 --> 03:22:01,980
I mean,

3020
03:22:02,000 --> 03:22:02,880
the Russian Revolution

3021
03:22:02,880 --> 03:22:03,920
was financed

3022
03:22:03,920 --> 03:22:04,860
by Wall Street.

3023
03:22:05,220 --> 03:22:06,000
This is known.

3024
03:22:06,720 --> 03:22:08,120
Beginning October 18,

3025
03:22:08,700 --> 03:22:09,920
Soviet cosmodauts

3026
03:22:09,920 --> 03:22:10,980
Andrei Nikolayev

3027
03:22:10,980 --> 03:22:12,500
and Vitaly Sebastianov

3028
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:13,560
toured the U.S.

3029
03:22:13,640 --> 03:22:15,220
and several NASA field centers.

3030
03:22:15,900 --> 03:22:16,900
During that same month,

3031
03:22:17,200 --> 03:22:17,940
the United States

3032
03:22:17,940 --> 03:22:19,060
and the Soviet Union

3033
03:22:19,060 --> 03:22:20,480
agreed to study ways

3034
03:22:20,480 --> 03:22:21,060
that American

3035
03:22:21,060 --> 03:22:22,200
and Russian spaceships

3036
03:22:22,200 --> 03:22:23,880
could meet and join in space.

3037
03:22:25,700 --> 03:22:27,240
During his visit to Russia,

3038
03:22:27,420 --> 03:22:28,120
President Nixon

3039
03:22:28,120 --> 03:22:29,020
signed an agreement

3040
03:22:29,020 --> 03:22:30,160
with Chairman Kosygin

3041
03:22:30,160 --> 03:22:31,000
of the USSR

3042
03:22:31,000 --> 03:22:32,220
to conduct

3043
03:22:32,220 --> 03:22:33,820
an Earth orbital rendezvous

3044
03:22:33,820 --> 03:22:34,480
and docking

3045
03:22:34,480 --> 03:22:35,680
in 1975

3046
03:22:35,680 --> 03:22:37,240
between a U.S.

3047
03:22:37,280 --> 03:22:38,600
and a Russian spacecraft.

3048
03:22:39,380 --> 03:22:40,760
Engineers from both countries

3049
03:22:40,760 --> 03:22:41,760
have already begun

3050
03:22:41,760 --> 03:22:42,400
working out

3051
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:43,740
the details of the mission.

3052
03:22:45,220 --> 03:22:46,360
American astronauts

3053
03:22:46,360 --> 03:22:47,840
and Soviet cosmonauts

3054
03:22:47,840 --> 03:22:48,700
trained this year

3055
03:22:48,700 --> 03:22:49,660
to prepare for a

3056
03:22:49,660 --> 03:22:50,640
joint space mission

3057
03:22:50,640 --> 03:22:51,800
in 1975.

3058
03:22:52,200 --> 03:22:53,340
The two crews

3059
03:22:53,340 --> 03:22:54,320
will meet and join

3060
03:22:54,320 --> 03:22:54,960
their spacecraft

3061
03:22:54,960 --> 03:22:55,880
while in orbit

3062
03:22:55,880 --> 03:22:56,600
around the Earth.

3063
03:22:57,380 --> 03:22:58,840
Beyond the rescue capability

3064
03:22:58,840 --> 03:22:59,840
they will demonstrate,

3065
03:23:00,260 --> 03:23:00,720
it is hoped

3066
03:23:00,720 --> 03:23:01,880
the complex project

3067
03:23:01,880 --> 03:23:03,080
will lead to future

3068
03:23:03,080 --> 03:23:03,800
international

3069
03:23:03,800 --> 03:23:05,200
cooperative programs.

3070
03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:08,800
they have sort of a tacit agreement

3071
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:10,740
that we won't blow the whistle

3072
03:23:10,740 --> 03:23:11,220
on you

3073
03:23:11,220 --> 03:23:12,340
if you won't blow the whistle

3074
03:23:12,340 --> 03:23:12,900
on us.

3075
03:23:13,240 --> 03:23:13,640
Simple.

3076
03:23:13,760 --> 03:23:14,820
That's what I've often said

3077
03:23:14,820 --> 03:23:15,880
on radio and television

3078
03:23:15,880 --> 03:23:17,000
when they say,

3079
03:23:17,120 --> 03:23:18,320
well, how come the Russians

3080
03:23:18,320 --> 03:23:19,180
if they knew

3081
03:23:19,180 --> 03:23:20,080
that we didn't go to the moon

3082
03:23:20,080 --> 03:23:21,340
how come they didn't say anything?

3083
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:23,600
Well, it's better

3084
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:24,860
that they don't say anything.

3085
03:23:25,540 --> 03:23:26,600
It's highly likely

3086
03:23:26,600 --> 03:23:28,260
that only a few individuals

3087
03:23:28,260 --> 03:23:29,640
were privy to the whole plan.

3088
03:23:30,480 --> 03:23:31,880
As with the Manhattan Project

3089
03:23:31,880 --> 03:23:33,020
which involved

3090
03:23:33,020 --> 03:23:33,880
hundreds of thousands

3091
03:23:33,880 --> 03:23:34,800
of people working

3092
03:23:34,800 --> 03:23:35,600
across America

3093
03:23:35,600 --> 03:23:36,340
on the development

3094
03:23:36,340 --> 03:23:37,380
of the United States

3095
03:23:37,380 --> 03:23:38,100
atomic bomb,

3096
03:23:38,740 --> 03:23:40,140
only a relatively small group

3097
03:23:40,140 --> 03:23:40,800
of scientists

3098
03:23:40,800 --> 03:23:42,540
were aware of the actual agenda

3099
03:23:42,540 --> 03:23:43,320
behind the work

3100
03:23:43,320 --> 03:23:43,900
they were doing

3101
03:23:43,900 --> 03:23:46,080
and even fewer masterminds

3102
03:23:46,080 --> 03:23:46,780
were coordinating

3103
03:23:46,780 --> 03:23:47,600
the whole program.

3104
03:23:48,540 --> 03:23:49,560
So in a similar way,

3105
03:23:49,900 --> 03:23:51,100
this assault on space

3106
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:52,040
involved hundreds

3107
03:23:52,040 --> 03:23:53,220
of thousands of people

3108
03:23:53,220 --> 03:23:54,160
working towards,

3109
03:23:54,280 --> 03:23:55,100
in their understanding,

3110
03:23:55,640 --> 03:23:56,860
a race against the Soviets

3111
03:23:56,860 --> 03:23:58,380
to reach the moon first.

3112
03:24:05,720 --> 03:24:07,320
No doubt when it was understood

3113
03:24:07,320 --> 03:24:08,240
that it was going to be

3114
03:24:08,240 --> 03:24:09,220
well nigh impossible

3115
03:24:09,220 --> 03:24:10,660
to do the job safely

3116
03:24:10,660 --> 03:24:12,160
with the available technology,

3117
03:24:12,660 --> 03:24:13,800
only relatively few

3118
03:24:13,800 --> 03:24:14,660
of the core teams

3119
03:24:14,660 --> 03:24:15,740
would have been completely

3120
03:24:15,740 --> 03:24:17,220
in on the alternative plan

3121
03:24:17,220 --> 03:24:18,580
to fake the public record

3122
03:24:18,580 --> 03:24:20,140
of the Apollo moon landings.

3123
03:24:20,620 --> 03:24:21,760
This would become the cover

3124
03:24:21,760 --> 03:24:23,060
for the surrogate program.

3125
03:24:23,820 --> 03:24:25,540
Even fewer key individuals

3126
03:24:25,540 --> 03:24:26,380
would have been in

3127
03:24:26,380 --> 03:24:27,600
on the reasons behind

3128
03:24:27,600 --> 03:24:28,800
the top secret scheme

3129
03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:29,920
to get out into space

3130
03:24:29,920 --> 03:24:30,740
at all costs.

3131
03:24:31,360 --> 03:24:32,340
And with that in mind,

3132
03:24:32,580 --> 03:24:33,860
we propose that the Soviets

3133
03:24:33,860 --> 03:24:34,660
and the Americans

3134
03:24:34,660 --> 03:24:36,700
were at the highest level

3135
03:24:36,700 --> 03:24:38,380
always working together

3136
03:24:38,380 --> 03:24:39,880
on this planet's space program

3137
03:24:39,880 --> 03:24:41,220
right from the start.

3138
03:24:41,580 --> 03:24:42,480
And that the split

3139
03:24:42,480 --> 03:24:43,920
of the Nazi rocket scientists

3140
03:24:43,920 --> 03:24:45,040
into two teams,

3141
03:24:45,400 --> 03:24:46,340
destined for America

3142
03:24:46,340 --> 03:24:47,760
and the then Soviet Union,

3143
03:24:48,120 --> 03:24:50,160
was part of a well-thought-out plan

3144
03:24:50,160 --> 03:24:51,280
up and running

3145
03:24:51,280 --> 03:24:53,060
before the end of World War II.

3146
03:24:53,720 --> 03:24:54,600
A key step

3147
03:24:54,600 --> 03:24:55,680
in any space program

3148
03:24:55,680 --> 03:24:56,800
would be the establishment

3149
03:24:56,800 --> 03:24:58,380
of communication satellites

3150
03:24:58,380 --> 03:25:00,120
in geosynchronous orbit

3151
03:25:00,120 --> 03:25:01,020
around the Earth.

3152
03:25:01,840 --> 03:25:03,380
This network of communications

3153
03:25:03,380 --> 03:25:04,640
and spy satellites

3154
03:25:04,640 --> 03:25:05,580
would also achieve

3155
03:25:05,580 --> 03:25:07,200
the aim of the space program

3156
03:25:07,200 --> 03:25:08,900
as set out by Lyndon Johnson.

3157
03:25:09,760 --> 03:25:10,560
He said,

3158
03:25:10,940 --> 03:25:12,220
Control of space

3159
03:25:12,220 --> 03:25:13,780
means control of the world.

3160
03:25:14,460 --> 03:25:15,140
From space,

3161
03:25:15,500 --> 03:25:16,580
the masters of infinity

3162
03:25:16,580 --> 03:25:17,480
would have the power

3163
03:25:17,480 --> 03:25:18,860
to control the Earth's weather,

3164
03:25:19,360 --> 03:25:20,980
to cause drought and flood,

3165
03:25:21,440 --> 03:25:22,640
to change the tides

3166
03:25:22,640 --> 03:25:23,680
and raise the levels

3167
03:25:23,680 --> 03:25:24,340
of the sea,

3168
03:25:24,920 --> 03:25:26,360
to divert the Gulf Stream

3169
03:25:26,360 --> 03:25:27,860
and change the climates

3170
03:25:27,860 --> 03:25:28,820
to frigid.

3171
03:25:29,860 --> 03:25:30,520
There is something

3172
03:25:30,520 --> 03:25:31,300
more important

3173
03:25:31,300 --> 03:25:32,560
than the ultimate weapon,

3174
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:34,240
and that is

3175
03:25:34,240 --> 03:25:35,580
the ultimate position,

3176
03:25:36,500 --> 03:25:37,320
the position of

3177
03:25:37,320 --> 03:25:39,220
total control over Earth

3178
03:25:39,220 --> 03:25:41,060
that lies somewhere

3179
03:25:41,060 --> 03:25:42,240
in outer space.

3180
03:25:42,240 --> 03:25:44,820
It's entirely possible

3181
03:25:44,820 --> 03:25:45,740
that there was always

3182
03:25:45,740 --> 03:25:46,360
going to be

3183
03:25:46,360 --> 03:25:47,560
a two-pronged program

3184
03:25:47,560 --> 03:25:48,700
for landing on the Moon,

3185
03:25:49,060 --> 03:25:50,520
one executed in secret

3186
03:25:50,520 --> 03:25:51,380
and the other

3187
03:25:51,380 --> 03:25:52,340
played out in public.

3188
03:25:52,840 --> 03:25:53,160
However,

3189
03:25:53,640 --> 03:25:54,400
both the American

3190
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:55,900
and Soviet teams

3191
03:25:55,900 --> 03:25:56,720
in the end

3192
03:25:56,720 --> 03:25:57,580
were at the mercy

3193
03:25:57,580 --> 03:25:58,400
of radiation,

3194
03:25:59,000 --> 03:26:00,360
the biggest showstopper

3195
03:26:00,360 --> 03:26:01,920
in deep space exploration

3196
03:26:01,920 --> 03:26:02,940
to this day.

3197
03:26:03,520 --> 03:26:04,880
Back in the 1960s,

3198
03:26:04,920 --> 03:26:05,580
there is no doubt

3199
03:26:05,580 --> 03:26:06,280
that those who were

3200
03:26:06,280 --> 03:26:07,300
in control of space

3201
03:26:07,300 --> 03:26:08,120
were controlling

3202
03:26:08,120 --> 03:26:08,900
the information

3203
03:26:08,900 --> 03:26:10,120
that encircled the planet.

3204
03:26:10,120 --> 03:26:12,260
So how did they manage

3205
03:26:12,260 --> 03:26:12,840
to overcome

3206
03:26:12,840 --> 03:26:14,040
the technical problems

3207
03:26:14,040 --> 03:26:15,280
inherent in pulling off

3208
03:26:15,280 --> 03:26:15,940
the faking

3209
03:26:15,940 --> 03:26:17,540
of the live TV coverage

3210
03:26:17,540 --> 03:26:18,100
of Apollo?

3211
03:26:18,700 --> 03:26:19,440
I think probably

3212
03:26:19,440 --> 03:26:20,580
the most logical way

3213
03:26:20,580 --> 03:26:21,960
would be to beam signals

3214
03:26:21,960 --> 03:26:22,600
to the Moon

3215
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:24,780
and have an amplifier

3216
03:26:24,780 --> 03:26:25,600
and repeater

3217
03:26:25,600 --> 03:26:26,420
on the Moon

3218
03:26:26,420 --> 03:26:27,640
that would then

3219
03:26:27,640 --> 03:26:28,960
amplify and repeat

3220
03:26:28,960 --> 03:26:29,480
these signals

3221
03:26:29,480 --> 03:26:30,240
and beam them back.

3222
03:26:30,760 --> 03:26:31,360
That way,

3223
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:32,520
anyone who had

3224
03:26:32,520 --> 03:26:33,820
a proper antenna

3225
03:26:33,820 --> 03:26:34,820
pointed at the Moon

3226
03:26:34,820 --> 03:26:35,820
could plainly see

3227
03:26:35,820 --> 03:26:36,620
that they were getting

3228
03:26:36,620 --> 03:26:37,840
signals from the Moon.

3229
03:26:38,420 --> 03:26:39,280
They just wouldn't know

3230
03:26:39,280 --> 03:26:40,060
that those signals

3231
03:26:40,060 --> 03:26:41,520
were bouncing back.

3232
03:26:48,400 --> 03:26:49,440
The Soviets

3233
03:26:49,440 --> 03:26:49,860
had developed

3234
03:26:49,860 --> 03:26:50,740
a very satisfactory

3235
03:26:50,740 --> 03:26:51,600
roving vehicle

3236
03:26:51,600 --> 03:26:52,620
guided from Earth

3237
03:26:52,620 --> 03:26:53,900
called the Lunikod.

3238
03:26:55,160 --> 03:26:56,060
Lunikod was landed

3239
03:26:56,060 --> 03:26:57,120
successfully on the lunar

3240
03:26:57,120 --> 03:26:58,480
surface and travelled

3241
03:26:58,480 --> 03:26:59,720
over considerable distances.

3242
03:27:00,660 --> 03:27:01,640
It had the capabilities

3243
03:27:01,640 --> 03:27:03,160
of soil and rock sampling

3244
03:27:03,160 --> 03:27:04,300
and was equipped

3245
03:27:04,300 --> 03:27:05,340
with TV cameras

3246
03:27:05,340 --> 03:27:06,420
and a laser reflector.

3247
03:27:07,400 --> 03:27:08,100
These items

3248
03:27:08,100 --> 03:27:08,940
had dust covers

3249
03:27:08,940 --> 03:27:09,800
that could protect

3250
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:10,840
the lens and prisms

3251
03:27:10,840 --> 03:27:11,560
respectively.

3252
03:27:15,080 --> 03:27:16,440
The laser reflector

3253
03:27:16,440 --> 03:27:16,940
was useful

3254
03:27:16,940 --> 03:27:17,620
for receiving

3255
03:27:17,620 --> 03:27:18,900
a laser beam from O

3256
03:27:18,900 --> 03:27:20,240
in order to measure

3257
03:27:20,240 --> 03:27:21,400
the precise Earth-Moon

3258
03:27:21,400 --> 03:27:21,780
distance

3259
03:27:21,780 --> 03:27:22,980
at any given moment

3260
03:27:22,980 --> 03:27:23,460
in time.

3261
03:27:23,900 --> 03:27:24,920
One craft

3262
03:27:24,920 --> 03:27:26,020
could have performed

3263
03:27:26,020 --> 03:27:26,940
all of the functions

3264
03:27:26,940 --> 03:27:28,160
that would simulate

3265
03:27:28,160 --> 03:27:29,080
the lunar lander.

3266
03:27:29,080 --> 03:27:30,840
It could land on the Moon

3267
03:27:30,840 --> 03:27:33,160
with its repeater.

3268
03:27:34,540 --> 03:27:35,960
And this craft

3269
03:27:35,960 --> 03:27:36,760
could also

3270
03:27:36,760 --> 03:27:40,320
place a transmitting seismometer

3271
03:27:40,320 --> 03:27:41,820
into the lunar soil

3272
03:27:41,820 --> 03:27:42,800
that could continue

3273
03:27:42,800 --> 03:27:43,700
to transmit back

3274
03:27:43,700 --> 03:27:44,540
lunar quakes

3275
03:27:44,540 --> 03:27:46,120
which we received

3276
03:27:46,120 --> 03:27:47,020
for quite some time.

3277
03:27:47,420 --> 03:27:49,460
This same device

3278
03:27:49,460 --> 03:27:50,300
could also

3279
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:51,660
pop out a

3280
03:27:51,660 --> 03:27:53,680
laser reflector

3281
03:27:53,680 --> 03:27:55,140
onto the Moon's surface

3282
03:27:55,140 --> 03:27:58,020
and it could

3283
03:27:58,020 --> 03:27:59,960
perform all

3284
03:27:59,960 --> 03:28:00,520
of these functions.

3285
03:28:00,800 --> 03:28:01,600
It could also

3286
03:28:01,600 --> 03:28:02,440
have lowered

3287
03:28:02,440 --> 03:28:03,060
a drill

3288
03:28:03,060 --> 03:28:04,540
into the lunar soil

3289
03:28:04,540 --> 03:28:05,800
and dug up lunar soil

3290
03:28:05,800 --> 03:28:06,840
and then

3291
03:28:06,840 --> 03:28:07,820
the return craft

3292
03:28:07,820 --> 03:28:08,740
unmanned

3293
03:28:08,740 --> 03:28:10,040
could bring that soil

3294
03:28:10,040 --> 03:28:10,520
back

3295
03:28:10,520 --> 03:28:12,220
to Earth.

3296
03:28:12,960 --> 03:28:13,680
There really

3297
03:28:13,680 --> 03:28:14,440
isn't a case

3298
03:28:14,440 --> 03:28:14,960
to answer.

3299
03:28:15,520 --> 03:28:16,340
The Apollo project

3300
03:28:16,340 --> 03:28:17,220
had to have happened

3301
03:28:17,220 --> 03:28:18,860
in order to produce

3302
03:28:18,860 --> 03:28:19,440
this data

3303
03:28:19,440 --> 03:28:21,000
and if it hadn't happened

3304
03:28:21,000 --> 03:28:21,500
it would have been

3305
03:28:21,500 --> 03:28:21,920
impossible

3306
03:28:21,920 --> 03:28:23,180
to cover up

3307
03:28:23,180 --> 03:28:24,220
for this

3308
03:28:24,220 --> 03:28:25,220
length of time.

3309
03:28:25,820 --> 03:28:26,700
But people have been

3310
03:28:26,700 --> 03:28:27,280
whistleblowing

3311
03:28:27,280 --> 03:28:28,360
for many years now.

3312
03:28:28,920 --> 03:28:29,760
In this programme

3313
03:28:29,760 --> 03:28:30,880
we've looked very carefully

3314
03:28:30,880 --> 03:28:31,540
at evidence

3315
03:28:31,540 --> 03:28:32,720
which clearly indicates

3316
03:28:32,720 --> 03:28:33,980
that NASA hoaxed

3317
03:28:33,980 --> 03:28:34,520
and faked

3318
03:28:34,520 --> 03:28:35,640
the Apollo record.

3319
03:28:36,120 --> 03:28:37,180
We've looked closely

3320
03:28:37,180 --> 03:28:38,580
at many still photographs

3321
03:28:38,580 --> 03:28:39,340
photographs

3322
03:28:39,340 --> 03:28:40,420
that are seen together

3323
03:28:40,420 --> 03:28:41,600
on one continuous

3324
03:28:41,600 --> 03:28:42,440
roll of film

3325
03:28:42,440 --> 03:28:43,640
where there was no scope

3326
03:28:43,640 --> 03:28:44,600
for retouching

3327
03:28:44,600 --> 03:28:45,500
or the insertion

3328
03:28:45,500 --> 03:28:46,900
of promotion pictures.

3329
03:28:47,580 --> 03:28:48,280
And we have looked

3330
03:28:48,280 --> 03:28:49,560
at the TV coverage

3331
03:28:49,560 --> 03:28:50,040
as well.

3332
03:28:50,760 --> 03:28:51,620
In addition to the

3333
03:28:51,620 --> 03:28:52,600
attempted confession

3334
03:28:52,600 --> 03:28:53,480
by James Irwin

3335
03:28:53,480 --> 03:28:54,320
there's a more recent

3336
03:28:54,320 --> 03:28:55,180
statement from an

3337
03:28:55,180 --> 03:28:56,240
Apollo insider.

3338
03:28:57,000 --> 03:28:58,520
In September 1999

3339
03:28:58,520 --> 03:28:59,840
it was reported

3340
03:28:59,840 --> 03:29:00,580
by journalist

3341
03:29:00,580 --> 03:29:01,620
Graham Birdsell

3342
03:29:01,620 --> 03:29:02,400
that at the first

3343
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:04,040
Pacific UFO conference

3344
03:29:04,040 --> 03:29:04,620
in Hawaii

3345
03:29:04,620 --> 03:29:05,640
the astronaut

3346
03:29:05,640 --> 03:29:06,720
Brian O'Leary

3347
03:29:06,720 --> 03:29:07,700
who worked alongside

3348
03:29:07,700 --> 03:29:08,420
the likes of

3349
03:29:08,420 --> 03:29:09,320
Armstrong and Aldrin

3350
03:29:09,320 --> 03:29:10,060
for many years

3351
03:29:10,060 --> 03:29:10,580
commented

3352
03:29:10,580 --> 03:29:11,980
If some of the film

3353
03:29:11,980 --> 03:29:12,640
was spoiled

3354
03:29:12,640 --> 03:29:14,160
it's remotely possible

3355
03:29:14,160 --> 03:29:15,080
they may have shot

3356
03:29:15,080 --> 03:29:15,740
some scenes

3357
03:29:15,740 --> 03:29:17,380
in a studio environment

3358
03:29:17,380 --> 03:29:18,980
to avoid embarrassment

3359
03:29:18,980 --> 03:29:21,900
For an insider

3360
03:29:21,900 --> 03:29:22,440
to consider

3361
03:29:22,440 --> 03:29:23,040
this faking

3362
03:29:23,040 --> 03:29:23,660
a possibility

3363
03:29:23,660 --> 03:29:24,720
is quite remarkable

3364
03:29:24,720 --> 03:29:26,280
When that individual

3365
03:29:26,280 --> 03:29:27,180
worked for NASA

3366
03:29:27,180 --> 03:29:28,520
in the 1960s

3367
03:29:28,520 --> 03:29:29,160
and specifically

3368
03:29:29,160 --> 03:29:30,280
on the Apollo 11

3369
03:29:30,280 --> 03:29:30,720
mission

3370
03:29:30,720 --> 03:29:32,400
during 67 and 68

3371
03:29:32,400 --> 03:29:33,560
this really is

3372
03:29:33,560 --> 03:29:34,360
some statement

3373
03:29:34,360 --> 03:29:35,880
But the view

3374
03:29:35,880 --> 03:29:37,060
that the still photographs

3375
03:29:37,060 --> 03:29:37,760
have been faked

3376
03:29:37,760 --> 03:29:38,540
whereas the TV

3377
03:29:38,540 --> 03:29:39,300
transmissions

3378
03:29:39,300 --> 03:29:40,120
remain genuine

3379
03:29:40,120 --> 03:29:40,980
just because they were

3380
03:29:40,980 --> 03:29:42,020
live is unacceptable

3381
03:29:42,020 --> 03:29:43,900
Both the TV

3382
03:29:43,900 --> 03:29:45,000
and the still photographs

3383
03:29:45,000 --> 03:29:45,600
were imaged

3384
03:29:45,600 --> 03:29:46,700
in the same settings

3385
03:29:46,700 --> 03:29:48,520
One single

3386
03:29:48,520 --> 03:29:49,780
contradictory example

3387
03:29:49,780 --> 03:29:50,460
would be enough

3388
03:29:50,460 --> 03:29:51,080
to demonstrate

3389
03:29:51,080 --> 03:29:52,220
that there is a problem

3390
03:29:52,220 --> 03:29:53,100
with the integrity

3391
03:29:53,100 --> 03:29:53,960
of the material

3392
03:29:53,960 --> 03:29:55,120
published by NASA

3393
03:29:55,120 --> 03:29:56,920
You've seen many

3394
03:29:56,920 --> 03:29:57,660
such examples

3395
03:29:57,660 --> 03:29:58,360
in this program

3396
03:29:58,360 --> 03:29:59,520
and much else besides

3397
03:29:59,520 --> 03:30:01,640
the lack of continuity

3398
03:30:01,640 --> 03:30:02,960
between the stills

3399
03:30:02,960 --> 03:30:03,880
and TV coverage

3400
03:30:03,880 --> 03:30:04,980
of the same events

3401
03:30:04,980 --> 03:30:06,220
The whistleblowing

3402
03:30:06,220 --> 03:30:07,360
inherent in the lighting

3403
03:30:07,360 --> 03:30:08,120
of these images

3404
03:30:08,120 --> 03:30:10,020
The totally faked setups

3405
03:30:10,020 --> 03:30:11,960
The clues in the dialogue

3406
03:30:11,960 --> 03:30:12,800
of the astronauts

3407
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:14,300
returning to mission control

3408
03:30:14,300 --> 03:30:16,260
And the serious problems

3409
03:30:16,260 --> 03:30:17,640
associated with radiation

3410
03:30:17,640 --> 03:30:18,820
and the technology

3411
03:30:18,820 --> 03:30:21,480
All these matters

3412
03:30:21,480 --> 03:30:23,120
underline one simple fact

3413
03:30:23,120 --> 03:30:25,500
A representative of humanity

3414
03:30:25,500 --> 03:30:26,460
may well have gone

3415
03:30:26,460 --> 03:30:28,200
to the moon in 1969

3416
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:30,360
but the images published

3417
03:30:30,360 --> 03:30:30,960
by NASA

3418
03:30:30,960 --> 03:30:32,340
of a manned lunar landing

3419
03:30:32,340 --> 03:30:33,420
are not the true

3420
03:30:33,420 --> 03:30:34,440
and accurate record

3421
03:30:34,440 --> 03:30:35,420
of such an event

3422
03:30:35,420 --> 03:30:37,340
Bill K. Singh

3423
03:30:37,340 --> 03:30:38,340
has been in contact

3424
03:30:38,340 --> 03:30:39,700
with an electronics technician

3425
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:40,540
who's spoken out

3426
03:30:40,540 --> 03:30:42,100
He was part of the team

3427
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:42,900
at the Goldstone

3428
03:30:42,900 --> 03:30:43,800
tracking station

3429
03:30:43,800 --> 03:30:44,560
in California

3430
03:30:44,560 --> 03:30:45,740
during Apollo

3431
03:30:45,740 --> 03:30:47,780
He strongly suspected

3432
03:30:47,780 --> 03:30:49,180
that Apollo

3433
03:30:49,180 --> 03:30:50,280
was being faked

3434
03:30:50,280 --> 03:30:52,100
that the information

3435
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:52,920
coming in

3436
03:30:52,920 --> 03:30:54,000
was not coming

3437
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:55,080
from a genuine

3438
03:30:55,080 --> 03:30:56,100
command capsule

3439
03:30:56,100 --> 03:30:57,120
it was coming

3440
03:30:57,120 --> 03:30:58,180
from a satellite

3441
03:30:58,200 --> 03:30:59,900
that was transmitting

3442
03:30:59,900 --> 03:31:00,560
the information

3443
03:31:00,560 --> 03:31:01,380
as though it were

3444
03:31:01,380 --> 03:31:02,340
coming from the moon

3445
03:31:02,340 --> 03:31:04,160
My integrity

3446
03:31:04,160 --> 03:31:05,020
is insulted

3447
03:31:05,020 --> 03:31:07,460
by these setups

3448
03:31:07,460 --> 03:31:08,260
these fakes

3449
03:31:08,260 --> 03:31:10,980
and I feel

3450
03:31:10,980 --> 03:31:11,780
very strongly

3451
03:31:11,780 --> 03:31:12,960
that it's time

3452
03:31:12,960 --> 03:31:15,020
that these matters

3453
03:31:15,020 --> 03:31:15,540
were brought

3454
03:31:15,540 --> 03:31:16,720
to public light

3455
03:31:16,720 --> 03:31:17,700
were exposed

3456
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:18,500
so that we can

3457
03:31:18,500 --> 03:31:19,540
each and all of us

3458
03:31:19,540 --> 03:31:20,060
understand

3459
03:31:20,060 --> 03:31:20,440
see

3460
03:31:20,440 --> 03:31:21,340
understand

3461
03:31:21,340 --> 03:31:22,100
as though we are

3462
03:31:22,100 --> 03:31:23,340
human beings

3463
03:31:23,340 --> 03:31:23,900
and not

3464
03:31:23,900 --> 03:31:26,500
a sub-race

3465
03:31:26,500 --> 03:31:27,860
governed by

3466
03:31:27,860 --> 03:31:29,200
an elite

3467
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:30,420
who choose

3468
03:31:30,420 --> 03:31:31,320
what we shall see

3469
03:31:31,320 --> 03:31:31,940
and not see

3470
03:31:31,940 --> 03:31:33,660
this as far as I'm concerned

3471
03:31:33,660 --> 03:31:35,000
is censorship

3472
03:31:35,000 --> 03:31:36,880
of the very worst form

3473
03:31:36,880 --> 03:31:38,180
but if

3474
03:31:38,180 --> 03:31:39,900
as NASA wishes to imply

3475
03:31:39,900 --> 03:31:41,120
if we were so successful

3476
03:31:41,120 --> 03:31:42,080
at getting to the moon

3477
03:31:42,080 --> 03:31:43,380
in the 1960s

3478
03:31:43,380 --> 03:31:44,240
and if we had already

3479
03:31:44,240 --> 03:31:45,280
developed the principal

3480
03:31:45,280 --> 03:31:46,720
technology to do so

3481
03:31:46,720 --> 03:31:48,380
and setting aside

3482
03:31:48,380 --> 03:31:49,460
the purely scientific

3483
03:31:49,460 --> 03:31:50,840
exploration of the moon

3484
03:31:50,840 --> 03:31:52,520
then why hasn't NASA

3485
03:31:52,520 --> 03:31:53,520
practised elements

3486
03:31:53,520 --> 03:31:54,400
of their proposed

3487
03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:55,840
manned Martian voyage

3488
03:31:55,840 --> 03:31:56,820
out, around

3489
03:31:56,820 --> 03:31:57,620
and on the moon

3490
03:31:57,620 --> 03:32:00,260
what was the prognosis

3491
03:32:00,260 --> 03:32:01,460
for manned space travel

3492
03:32:01,460 --> 03:32:02,800
beyond a low earth orbit

3493
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:04,220
after the days of Apollo

3494
03:32:04,220 --> 03:32:06,520
the Ride report

3495
03:32:06,520 --> 03:32:07,400
goes a long way

3496
03:32:07,400 --> 03:32:08,780
to answering that question

3497
03:32:08,780 --> 03:32:10,100
this report

3498
03:32:10,100 --> 03:32:10,600
was written

3499
03:32:10,600 --> 03:32:11,440
by a team

3500
03:32:11,440 --> 03:32:12,200
that was chaired

3501
03:32:12,200 --> 03:32:12,960
by Sally Ride

3502
03:32:12,960 --> 03:32:14,040
former shuttle astronaut

3503
03:32:14,040 --> 03:32:16,560
and they speculated

3504
03:32:16,560 --> 03:32:17,480
in this report

3505
03:32:17,480 --> 03:32:19,260
that if

3506
03:32:19,260 --> 03:32:20,960
NASA were

3507
03:32:20,960 --> 03:32:21,900
fully funded

3508
03:32:21,900 --> 03:32:23,160
on a

3509
03:32:23,160 --> 03:32:24,220
on a mission

3510
03:32:24,220 --> 03:32:24,940
to send men

3511
03:32:24,940 --> 03:32:25,760
back to the moon

3512
03:32:25,760 --> 03:32:27,600
that they could

3513
03:32:27,600 --> 03:32:28,220
if they spent

3514
03:32:28,220 --> 03:32:28,980
billions of dollars

3515
03:32:28,980 --> 03:32:29,360
a year

3516
03:32:29,360 --> 03:32:30,480
starting in 1987

3517
03:32:30,480 --> 03:32:32,320
that they would be able

3518
03:32:32,320 --> 03:32:32,680
to

3519
03:32:32,680 --> 03:32:33,400
they estimated

3520
03:32:33,400 --> 03:32:33,820
they'd be able

3521
03:32:33,820 --> 03:32:34,660
to first land

3522
03:32:34,660 --> 03:32:35,380
men on the moon

3523
03:32:35,380 --> 03:32:37,360
by the year 2010

3524
03:32:37,360 --> 03:32:39,380
which would mean

3525
03:32:39,380 --> 03:32:40,380
23 years

3526
03:32:40,380 --> 03:32:41,780
to land men on the moon

3527
03:32:41,780 --> 03:32:43,800
for the

3528
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:45,040
next time

3529
03:32:45,040 --> 03:32:46,960
and the question being

3530
03:32:46,960 --> 03:32:49,340
since it only took

3531
03:32:49,340 --> 03:32:50,240
supposedly took

3532
03:32:50,240 --> 03:32:50,920
eight years

3533
03:32:50,920 --> 03:32:52,160
from Kennedy's announcement

3534
03:32:52,160 --> 03:32:53,440
until Apollo 11

3535
03:32:53,440 --> 03:32:55,140
why would it take

3536
03:32:55,140 --> 03:32:56,100
so much longer

3537
03:32:56,100 --> 03:32:57,280
and cost so much

3538
03:32:57,280 --> 03:32:57,820
more money

3539
03:32:57,820 --> 03:32:58,960
to do it

3540
03:32:58,960 --> 03:33:00,080
for the seventh time

3541
03:33:00,080 --> 03:33:01,380
than it did

3542
03:33:01,380 --> 03:33:01,780
to do it

3543
03:33:01,780 --> 03:33:02,860
for the first six times

3544
03:33:02,860 --> 03:33:04,240
however

3545
03:33:04,240 --> 03:33:06,160
this stated time period

3546
03:33:06,160 --> 03:33:06,900
was to increase

3547
03:33:06,900 --> 03:33:07,620
fourfold

3548
03:33:07,620 --> 03:33:08,980
in 1999

3549
03:33:08,980 --> 03:33:09,860
Douglas Cook

3550
03:33:09,860 --> 03:33:11,060
director of the

3551
03:33:11,060 --> 03:33:12,120
exploration office

3552
03:33:12,120 --> 03:33:13,080
at Houston's

3553
03:33:13,080 --> 03:33:14,240
Johnson Space Center

3554
03:33:14,240 --> 03:33:15,120
said that his

3555
03:33:15,120 --> 03:33:16,180
primary objective

3556
03:33:16,180 --> 03:33:17,240
for future travel

3557
03:33:17,240 --> 03:33:17,900
to the moon

3558
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:18,920
was to be able

3559
03:33:18,920 --> 03:33:19,940
to test his hardware

3560
03:33:19,940 --> 03:33:20,360
there

3561
03:33:20,360 --> 03:33:21,160
in readiness

3562
03:33:21,160 --> 03:33:21,740
for a trip

3563
03:33:21,740 --> 03:33:22,360
to Mars

3564
03:33:22,360 --> 03:33:24,560
Cook believes

3565
03:33:24,560 --> 03:33:25,280
that humans

3566
03:33:25,280 --> 03:33:26,260
will actually

3567
03:33:26,260 --> 03:33:27,180
return to the moon

3568
03:33:27,180 --> 03:33:28,740
within a hundred years

3569
03:33:28,740 --> 03:33:31,360
in the late 90s

3570
03:33:31,360 --> 03:33:32,080
the UN

3571
03:33:32,080 --> 03:33:33,100
terminated weapons

3572
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:34,200
inspections in Iraq

3573
03:33:34,200 --> 03:33:35,880
in 1999

3574
03:33:35,880 --> 03:33:36,860
a BBC

3575
03:33:36,860 --> 03:33:38,060
panorama documentary

3576
03:33:38,060 --> 03:33:38,780
demonstrated

3577
03:33:38,780 --> 03:33:39,680
that the CIA

3578
03:33:39,680 --> 03:33:40,320
had run

3579
03:33:40,320 --> 03:33:41,280
an unauthorized

3580
03:33:41,280 --> 03:33:42,340
eavesdropping operation

3581
03:33:42,340 --> 03:33:44,000
against the Iraqis

3582
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:44,280
from

3583
03:33:44,280 --> 03:33:45,160
Anscon's office

3584
03:33:45,160 --> 03:33:45,800
in Baghdad

3585
03:33:45,800 --> 03:33:47,140
and that the British

3586
03:33:47,140 --> 03:33:47,900
and the Americans

3587
03:33:47,900 --> 03:33:48,820
hid behind

3588
03:33:48,820 --> 03:33:49,620
the United Nations

3589
03:33:49,620 --> 03:33:50,300
to run this

3590
03:33:50,300 --> 03:33:51,000
spy operation

3591
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:52,120
from headquarters

3592
03:33:52,120 --> 03:33:52,900
in Bahrain

3593
03:33:52,900 --> 03:33:54,940
it appears though

3594
03:33:54,940 --> 03:33:55,780
that instead of

3595
03:33:55,780 --> 03:33:56,660
just looking for

3596
03:33:56,660 --> 03:33:57,620
weapons of mass

3597
03:33:57,620 --> 03:33:58,140
destruction

3598
03:33:58,140 --> 03:33:59,140
they

3599
03:33:59,140 --> 03:34:00,020
Anscon

3600
03:34:00,020 --> 03:34:01,100
were without

3601
03:34:01,100 --> 03:34:01,700
the mandate

3602
03:34:01,700 --> 03:34:02,800
of the United Nations

3603
03:34:02,800 --> 03:34:04,180
actually spying

3604
03:34:04,180 --> 03:34:05,960
therefore it was

3605
03:34:05,960 --> 03:34:06,840
a United States

3606
03:34:06,840 --> 03:34:08,120
not a UN operation

3607
03:34:08,120 --> 03:34:09,660
so it would appear

3608
03:34:09,660 --> 03:34:09,980
that

3609
03:34:09,980 --> 03:34:11,160
the United States

3610
03:34:11,160 --> 03:34:11,800
and Anscon

3611
03:34:11,800 --> 03:34:12,840
claimed they were

3612
03:34:12,840 --> 03:34:13,620
doing one thing

3613
03:34:13,620 --> 03:34:14,480
when in effect

3614
03:34:14,480 --> 03:34:15,080
they were also

3615
03:34:15,080 --> 03:34:16,160
doing something else

3616
03:34:16,160 --> 03:34:17,860
but this tactic

3617
03:34:17,860 --> 03:34:19,120
is by no means new

3618
03:34:19,120 --> 03:34:20,260
here with the

3619
03:34:20,260 --> 03:34:21,100
Anscom operation

3620
03:34:21,100 --> 03:34:22,220
are parallels

3621
03:34:22,220 --> 03:34:22,880
with what we

3622
03:34:22,880 --> 03:34:23,880
maintained happened

3623
03:34:23,880 --> 03:34:25,580
during Project Apollo

3624
03:34:25,580 --> 03:34:27,740
30 years previously

3625
03:34:27,740 --> 03:34:29,480
from the sheer weight

3626
03:34:29,480 --> 03:34:29,960
of evidence

3627
03:34:29,960 --> 03:34:31,040
the firm conclusion

3628
03:34:31,040 --> 03:34:31,980
of this investigation

3629
03:34:31,980 --> 03:34:32,940
has to be that

3630
03:34:32,940 --> 03:34:33,960
in the case of Apollo

3631
03:34:33,960 --> 03:34:35,300
NASA stated

3632
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:36,020
that the agency

3633
03:34:36,020 --> 03:34:36,900
was doing things

3634
03:34:36,900 --> 03:34:37,520
one way

3635
03:34:37,520 --> 03:34:38,280
when in fact

3636
03:34:38,280 --> 03:34:38,760
a hidden

3637
03:34:38,760 --> 03:34:40,120
surrogate program

3638
03:34:40,120 --> 03:34:41,120
proceeded in a very

3639
03:34:41,120 --> 03:34:42,020
different manner

3640
03:34:42,020 --> 03:34:44,240
the total costs

3641
03:34:44,240 --> 03:34:45,060
of Project Apollo

3642
03:34:45,060 --> 03:34:46,100
together with

3643
03:34:46,100 --> 03:34:46,680
the Soviet

3644
03:34:46,680 --> 03:34:47,780
part of the program

3645
03:34:47,780 --> 03:34:48,540
were estimated

3646
03:34:48,540 --> 03:34:49,320
to be at least

3647
03:34:49,320 --> 03:34:51,080
30 to 40 billion

3648
03:34:51,080 --> 03:34:52,240
dollars on each side

3649
03:34:52,240 --> 03:34:54,520
now given this cost

3650
03:34:54,520 --> 03:34:55,020
it's perhaps

3651
03:34:55,020 --> 03:34:55,720
understandable

3652
03:34:55,720 --> 03:34:56,500
that what we were

3653
03:34:56,500 --> 03:34:56,800
shown

3654
03:34:56,800 --> 03:34:57,820
was done

3655
03:34:57,820 --> 03:34:58,400
so as to

3656
03:34:58,400 --> 03:34:59,340
avoid the risk

3657
03:34:59,340 --> 03:35:00,180
of these huge

3658
03:35:00,180 --> 03:35:01,120
levels of funding

3659
03:35:01,120 --> 03:35:02,060
not being made

3660
03:35:02,060 --> 03:35:02,800
available in the

3661
03:35:02,800 --> 03:35:03,400
first place

3662
03:35:03,400 --> 03:35:04,840
and much illusion

3663
03:35:04,840 --> 03:35:06,180
including the space

3664
03:35:06,180 --> 03:35:06,860
race itself

3665
03:35:06,860 --> 03:35:08,020
had to be maintained

3666
03:35:08,020 --> 03:35:09,320
to keep the funds

3667
03:35:09,320 --> 03:35:09,700
flowing

3668
03:35:09,700 --> 03:35:11,980
but what this investment

3669
03:35:11,980 --> 03:35:12,840
did bring

3670
03:35:12,840 --> 03:35:13,880
was ownership

3671
03:35:13,880 --> 03:35:14,620
of the true

3672
03:35:14,620 --> 03:35:15,580
experiences

3673
03:35:15,580 --> 03:35:16,560
encountered by

3674
03:35:16,560 --> 03:35:17,520
any surrogate

3675
03:35:17,520 --> 03:35:18,200
astronauts

3676
03:35:18,200 --> 03:35:19,320
regarding the

3677
03:35:19,320 --> 03:35:20,260
actual conditions

3678
03:35:20,260 --> 03:35:21,220
on and around

3679
03:35:21,220 --> 03:35:21,600
the moon

3680
03:35:21,600 --> 03:35:23,500
the rest of the world

3681
03:35:23,500 --> 03:35:24,500
were never to know

3682
03:35:24,500 --> 03:35:25,200
what motives

3683
03:35:25,200 --> 03:35:26,280
really lay behind

3684
03:35:26,280 --> 03:35:27,260
the first ever

3685
03:35:27,260 --> 03:35:28,640
manned deep space

3686
03:35:28,640 --> 03:35:29,160
program

3687
03:35:29,160 --> 03:35:43,780
Benet and Percy

3688
03:35:43,780 --> 03:35:44,780
the authors of

3689
03:35:44,780 --> 03:35:45,360
Dark Moon

3690
03:35:45,360 --> 03:35:46,280
proposed that our

3691
03:35:46,280 --> 03:35:47,140
planet's basic

3692
03:35:47,140 --> 03:35:48,400
technology for space

3693
03:35:48,400 --> 03:35:49,640
travel needs radical

3694
03:35:49,640 --> 03:35:50,740
conceptual renewal

3695
03:35:50,740 --> 03:35:52,080
the development of a

3696
03:35:52,080 --> 03:35:53,380
totally new form of

3697
03:35:53,380 --> 03:35:54,100
space travel

3698
03:35:54,100 --> 03:35:55,580
and rather than

3699
03:35:55,580 --> 03:35:56,400
sliding around

3700
03:35:56,400 --> 03:35:57,080
on the surface

3701
03:35:57,080 --> 03:35:57,680
of space

3702
03:35:57,680 --> 03:35:58,800
mankind needs

3703
03:35:58,800 --> 03:35:59,580
to create a

3704
03:35:59,580 --> 03:36:00,140
technology

3705
03:36:00,140 --> 03:36:01,440
that enables us

3706
03:36:01,440 --> 03:36:02,160
to travel through

3707
03:36:02,160 --> 03:36:02,880
space within

3708
03:36:02,880 --> 03:36:04,320
realistic time frames

3709
03:36:04,320 --> 03:36:05,700
and without unduly

3710
03:36:05,700 --> 03:36:06,780
endangering our

3711
03:36:06,780 --> 03:36:07,340
astronauts

3712
03:36:07,340 --> 03:36:09,140
as they say

3713
03:36:09,140 --> 03:36:10,300
it's no longer

3714
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:11,280
acceptable to be

3715
03:36:11,280 --> 03:36:12,300
economical with the

3716
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:13,140
truth in order to

3717
03:36:13,140 --> 03:36:14,360
cover a hidden agenda

3718
03:36:14,360 --> 03:36:16,200
as ordinary citizens

3719
03:36:16,200 --> 03:36:17,720
we do not expect

3720
03:36:17,720 --> 03:36:18,800
our space experts

3721
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:19,620
to know everything

3722
03:36:19,620 --> 03:36:20,660
nor should we hold

3723
03:36:20,660 --> 03:36:21,700
today's people at

3724
03:36:21,700 --> 03:36:22,640
NASA responsible

3725
03:36:22,640 --> 03:36:23,520
for their

3726
03:36:23,520 --> 03:36:24,200
predecessors

3727
03:36:24,200 --> 03:36:24,860
decisions

3728
03:36:24,860 --> 03:36:26,200
unless they wish

3729
03:36:26,200 --> 03:36:26,680
to maintain

3730
03:36:26,680 --> 03:36:27,680
the myth of Apollo

3731
03:36:27,680 --> 03:36:28,580
in the face

3732
03:36:28,580 --> 03:36:29,260
of the overwhelming

3733
03:36:29,260 --> 03:36:30,040
new evidence

3734
03:36:30,040 --> 03:36:31,760
in that case

3735
03:36:31,760 --> 03:36:32,480
they will be as

3736
03:36:32,480 --> 03:36:33,480
guilty as these

3737
03:36:33,480 --> 03:36:34,680
first decision makers

3738
03:36:34,680 --> 03:36:36,140
moreover

3739
03:36:36,140 --> 03:36:37,400
incapable of

3740
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:38,100
fulfilling their

3741
03:36:38,100 --> 03:36:38,980
desire to travel

3742
03:36:38,980 --> 03:36:39,960
out into the

3743
03:36:39,960 --> 03:36:40,640
solar system

3744
03:36:40,640 --> 03:36:42,120
these frustrated

3745
03:36:42,120 --> 03:36:43,380
masters of infinity

3746
03:36:43,380 --> 03:36:44,220
will then be

3747
03:36:44,220 --> 03:36:45,220
bent on shoring

3748
03:36:45,220 --> 03:36:45,880
up the edge

3749
03:36:45,880 --> 03:36:46,560
of darkness

3750
03:36:46,560 --> 03:36:48,060
low earth orbit

3751
03:36:48,060 --> 03:36:49,380
with space stations

3752
03:36:49,380 --> 03:36:50,340
and so called

3753
03:36:50,340 --> 03:36:51,220
star wars

3754
03:36:51,220 --> 03:36:51,900
technology

3755
03:36:51,900 --> 03:36:54,340
during the 1986

3756
03:36:54,340 --> 03:36:55,800
presidential commission

3757
03:36:55,800 --> 03:36:56,540
on the shuttle

3758
03:36:56,540 --> 03:36:57,740
challenger disaster

3759
03:36:57,740 --> 03:36:59,300
the eminent physicist

3760
03:36:59,300 --> 03:37:00,260
richard fineman

3761
03:37:00,260 --> 03:37:01,260
found that nasa's

3762
03:37:01,260 --> 03:37:02,320
analysis claims

3763
03:37:02,320 --> 03:37:03,060
and methodology

3764
03:37:03,060 --> 03:37:04,260
were consistently

3765
03:37:04,260 --> 03:37:04,980
incorrect

3766
03:37:04,980 --> 03:37:06,840
fineman said

3767
03:37:06,840 --> 03:37:08,480
nasa owes it to the

3768
03:37:08,480 --> 03:37:09,460
citizens from whom

3769
03:37:09,460 --> 03:37:10,380
it asks support

3770
03:37:10,380 --> 03:37:11,380
to be frank

3771
03:37:11,380 --> 03:37:12,180
honest

3772
03:37:12,180 --> 03:37:13,160
and informative

3773
03:37:13,160 --> 03:37:15,240
and so that these

3774
03:37:15,240 --> 03:37:16,240
citizens can make

3775
03:37:16,240 --> 03:37:17,440
the wisest decisions

3776
03:37:17,440 --> 03:37:18,660
for the use of their

3777
03:37:18,660 --> 03:37:19,540
limited resources

3778
03:37:19,540 --> 03:37:20,620
for a successful

3779
03:37:20,620 --> 03:37:21,360
technology

3780
03:37:21,360 --> 03:37:22,500
reality

3781
03:37:22,500 --> 03:37:24,000
must take precedence

3782
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:25,220
over public relations

3783
03:37:25,220 --> 03:37:26,800
for nature

3784
03:37:26,800 --> 03:37:28,060
cannot be fooled

3785
03:37:28,060 --> 03:37:30,440
if you have an unlimited

3786
03:37:30,440 --> 03:37:31,120
budget

3787
03:37:31,120 --> 03:37:32,140
which is what the

3788
03:37:32,140 --> 03:37:32,980
simulators had

3789
03:37:32,980 --> 03:37:34,620
you can do anything

3790
03:37:34,620 --> 03:37:35,660
you want

3791
03:37:35,660 --> 03:37:38,100
you can create

3792
03:37:38,100 --> 03:37:39,620
the most incredible

3793
03:37:39,620 --> 03:37:40,440
vistas

3794
03:37:40,440 --> 03:37:41,820
people on mars

3795
03:37:41,820 --> 03:37:42,560
or venus

3796
03:37:42,560 --> 03:37:43,680
or planets

3797
03:37:43,680 --> 03:37:45,040
of the nearest star

3798
03:37:45,040 --> 03:37:46,960
money will buy

3799
03:37:46,960 --> 03:37:47,600
anything

3800
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:51,640
except happiness

3801
03:37:51,640 --> 03:38:12,540
during project apollo

3802
03:38:12,540 --> 03:38:14,080
six highly complex

3803
03:38:14,080 --> 03:38:15,520
mancraft landed on the

3804
03:38:15,520 --> 03:38:16,700
moon took off

3805
03:38:16,700 --> 03:38:18,220
and returned to earth

3806
03:38:18,220 --> 03:38:22,380
an 86% success rate

3807
03:38:22,380 --> 03:38:26,640
since project apollo

3808
03:38:26,640 --> 03:38:27,520
25

3809
03:38:27,520 --> 03:38:28,640
simple

3810
03:38:28,640 --> 03:38:29,860
unmanned craft

3811
03:38:29,860 --> 03:38:30,480
have attempted

3812
03:38:30,480 --> 03:38:31,360
to fulfill their

3813
03:38:31,360 --> 03:38:32,320
missions to mars

3814
03:38:32,320 --> 03:38:34,700
only 7 succeeded

3815
03:38:34,700 --> 03:38:38,220
a mere 28% success rate

3816
03:38:38,220 --> 03:38:41,300
was apollo blessed

3817
03:38:41,300 --> 03:38:44,340
the material in this

3818
03:38:44,340 --> 03:38:45,340
production was drawn

3819
03:38:45,340 --> 03:38:46,100
from part 1

3820
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:47,040
of dark moon

3821
03:38:47,040 --> 03:38:48,840
apollo and the

3822
03:38:48,840 --> 03:38:49,700
whistleblowers

3823
03:38:49,700 --> 03:38:51,740
bennett percy

3824
03:38:51,740 --> 03:38:53,220
active

3825
03:38:53,220 --> 03:38:53,640
the

3826
03:38:53,640 --> 03:38:53,960
the

3827
03:38:53,960 --> 03:38:54,660
wedding

3828
03:38:54,660 --> 03:38:55,460
deaths

3829
03:38:55,460 --> 03:38:56,360
are

3830
03:38:56,360 --> 03:39:05,440
already

3831
03:39:05,460 --> 03:39:05,980
in the

3832
03:39:05,980 --> 03:39:06,680
spectacle

3833
03:39:06,680 --> 03:39:07,480
of her

3834
03:39:07,480 --> 03:39:08,020
the

3835
03:39:08,020 --> 03:39:08,840
olsun

3836
03:39:08,840 --> 03:39:09,300
喝

3837
03:39:09,320 --> 03:39:10,160
cs

3838
03:39:10,160 --> 03:39:40,140
Thank you.

3839
03:39:40,160 --> 03:40:10,140
Thank you.