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Well, thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
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It's now my great pleasure to introduce the next speaker.
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Graham Hancock was formerly East Africa correspondent of The Economist and co-editor of New Internationalist
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Magazine.
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He was for several years editor of Africa Guide, Middle East Annual Review, Latin America
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Annual Review and Asia and Pacific Annual Review.
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From 1979 to 1981, he also edited the Traveler magazine published by the World Expeditionary
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Association.
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Graham Hancock's previous books include Journey Through Pakistan, Ethiopia, The Challenge
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of Hunger, AIDS, The Deadly Epidemic, Lords of Poverty, African Ark, Peoples of the Horn
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and the international bestseller The Sign and the Seal, A Quest for the Lost Ark of
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the Covenant.
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In a review of The Sign and the Seal, Graham Hancock was credited by The Guardian newspaper
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with having invented a new jinnia, an intellectual who'd done it by a do-it-yourself sleuth.
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Graham Hancock has appeared on television with Michael Palin in his recent Poll to
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Poll series and on BBC and CNN, as well as the National Geographic's Explorer series
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in stories related to The Sign and the Seal.
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Graham Hancock's most recent book, Fingerprints of the Gods, documents his quest for a lost
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civilisation of antiquity.
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It became an instant bestseller when it was published in Britain on 10 April 1995, spending
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six consecutive weeks at number one in the Sunday Times National Bestseller List, a
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further six weeks at number two, and 23 weeks in the list in total.
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Published in paperback in February of this year, the book immediately jumped again to
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the top of the bestseller list.
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It has been translated into a dozen languages and by March of this year, in addition to
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UK sales of 90,000 copies in hardback and 80,000 copies in paperback, has sold more
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than 50,000 copies in hardback in the United States and, would you believe, 180,000 copies
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in hardback in Japan.
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Graham Hancock is of course also the author, with Robert Bival, of Keeper of Genesis,
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a radical new investigation into the antiquity and function of the Great Sphinx and the
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three great pyramids of Giza.
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Keeper of Genesis was first published in Britain on 7 May 1996 and will appear in the United
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States where it's entitled The Message of the Sphinx on 9 June 1996.
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And as you heard earlier, I'm delighted, I'm sure you are, but not too surprised to discover
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that Graham and Robert's latest work, Keeper of Genesis, has now shot to number one here
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in the United Kingdom's bestseller list.
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Ladies and gentlemen, without further ado, please put your hands together and warmly
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welcome Mr. Graham Hancock.
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Thank you, Graham.
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Thanks.
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I've got volume here, have I?
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Yes.
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Thank you very much indeed for all being here today.
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I was just listening to what Graham Birdsell was saying about my past career, and I was
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thinking how I got into all of this from being a journalist working on The Economist.
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It actually happened because of repeated visits that I made to Ethiopia, and the claim that
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Ethiopia makes to possess the lost Ark of the Covenant.
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This claim was ridiculed by scholars, but as I began to look into it, I found that
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it rests on very solid foundations, and I ended up writing The Sign and the Seal.
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And that book, the research on that book, took me to Egypt because of course the origins
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of the Ark of the Covenant lie in Egypt and in the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt.
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And when I went to Egypt and began looking into that civilization, I realized that I
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was confronted by an extraordinary mystery, a mystery that Egyptologists had never satisfactorily
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explained or at any rate if they tried to, their explanations certainly didn't make
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sense to me.
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I remember reading a book called Archaic Egypt by Professor Walter Emery, now deceased,
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but a great authority on his subject.
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And he drew attention to curious similarities between ancient Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia
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and the Archaic Egyptian civilization.
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And while he could find no strong evidence of a direct influence of ancient Egypt on
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Sumer or of Sumer on ancient Egypt, he found that these similarities couldn't be explained
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away as coincidence, and he put forward an interesting hypothesis.
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He asked, what if an earlier unidentified civilization, a remote third-party civilization,
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had influenced both Egypt and Sumer, passed down a legacy to both of them, and what if
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the similarities between these two cultures were explained by that remote common influence?
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And I thought this was a very interesting idea and one worth pursuing further, and
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in fact more than anything else, it was that seed planted by Professor Walter Emery that
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led me to research and write Fingerprints of the Gods.
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I could not have written that book at all, or indeed developed in the direction that
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I have developed as a writer and researcher if it hadn't been for my partner and wife,
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Santa Fe, whose photographs we're going to be looking at here.
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She's certainly been the most profound influence on my life, and I did some bad stuff back
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in the 1980s, which when I look back on it, I regret it, but we have to live with our
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mistakes, and I'm very grateful to Santa for putting me right.
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Many other people also who I need to thank, and without whom Fingerprints could not have
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been written, researchers, people working in the field of the mystery of the origins
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of civilization over the last hundred years or so, going back as far as Ignatius Donnelly,
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who wrote Atlantis, the Anti-Diluvian World in the 1880s.
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More recently, Professor Giorgio de Santillana of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
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he's now also deceased, did wonderful work on the astronomical content of ancient myths,
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the amazing discovery that in some of the oldest myths relating to global cataclysms
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that have come down to us from remote prehistory, that in those myths is found detailed astronomical
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information relating to the phenomenon that I'll be discussing a little bit during this
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talk known as precession of the equinoxes.
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Professor Charles Hapgood, whose Earth crust displacement theory and whose work on ancient
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maps, again, provides a clue to this lost civilization that exists way back in our past,
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and I'm quite sure that it does exist, and more recently, Rand and Rose Flemeth, who
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have refined Charles Hapgood's theories of Earth crust displacement.
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And John Anthony West, a great man who spent 20 years trying to draw the attention of
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Egyptologists to the erosional features of the great sphinx and the implications of that
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erosion.
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And of course, my friend and colleague Robert Boval, with whom I have co-authored the new
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book Keeper of Genesis, Robert's astronomical work on the Orion correlation between the
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pyramids and the three stars of Orion's belt is, in my view, the single most important
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breakthrough in this field, which has enabled the pyramids mute for four and a half thousand
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years to speak again and to speak in a comprehensible manner.
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I don't propose, in this talk that I'm going to give on fingerprints today, to go at all
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into the astronomical work that Robert and I present in Keeper of Genesis, because Robert
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will be doing that when he talks about Keeper of Genesis.
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But take it from me, the astronomy is really the key to this whole mystery. It's a way
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that some ancient people long ago, far more sophisticated and civilized than our historians
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would ever give credit for, found a way to communicate with the future, a way to wake
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up dormant memories in all of us, memories of that great golden age of mankind that is
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recorded in all our ancient myths.
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I'll start this talk just by looking at a few similarities, a few connections, bearing
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in mind what I said about Walter Emory and the theory of a remote third party civilization.
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Let's extend that out from just the Middle East, from Egypt and Sumer, and let's look
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at connections between Egypt and the Americas, similarities that are ignored by scholars
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but are not explained by them.
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One issue concerns the face of the great sphinx, which we're looking at here. Robert and I
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are of the view, along with many of our colleagues, that the head of the sphinx was re-carved
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by the dynastic Egyptians, that the monument is many thousands of years older than the
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beginning of historic Egyptian civilization, and that it was probably originally lion-headed
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as well as lion-bodied, and that that heavily eroded, millennially ancient, Leonine head
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was re-carved into the face of a god by the early pharaohs of Egypt, perhaps at around
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2500 BC, when Egyptologists think that the monument was actually created.
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What I want to draw attention to here is just a small point. It's pretty clear and well
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established that we're looking at the face of an African individual here, an African
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head, and I'd like to compare that with this African head, which is roughly the same size
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as the head of the sphinx. It's an enormous piece of sculpture. When you stand beside
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it, it towers above you, and it weighs about 40 tons. The only problem with this African
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head is that it doesn't come from Africa at all. It comes from the Gulf of Mexico,
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and indeed was disinterred from the oldest archaeological strata in the Gulf of Mexico,
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in which it had been deliberately buried at around 1300 or 1400 BC. We can say that it
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was buried then because organic material found alongside it has been carbon dated
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to that period. But I suspect the scholars may be making a mistake when they attribute
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this so-called Olmec head, the construction, the carving of the head, to that same period
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of say 1400 BC. It's a mistake in logic to assume that the head dates from the same period
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as the organic material that was buried with it. It's equally possible that it could have
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been a vastly ancient heirloom, a venerated treasure that was passed down over thousands
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of years until the time when this mysterious Olmec civilisation, the supposed mother culture
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of Central America, also venerated it and buried it. I'm intrigued by the similarities
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of features between the face of the sphinx and the face of this African head. I'm not
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sure what the difference is between the face of the sphinx and the face of this head.
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And by the way, we know nothing at all about the Olmecs. Not a single Olmec skeleton has
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ever been found. It's just a name that is applied to them. They're one of those mysterious
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high civilisations of antiquity, the origins of which are quite unknown. This also is an
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Olmec artefact, whoever the Olmecs were. And again, just on this theme of light similarities,
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the headdress that the figure is wearing. And to compare it with this headdress from
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Egypt, this is a fifth dynasty statue found at Saqqara. And I'm intrigued by the similarity
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of the headdress, because we're looking at cultures that are not supposed to have been
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in contact at all. Fifth dynasty Egypt in 2300 BC and the Olmecs in 1400 BC, or perhaps
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much earlier than that. So how do such similarities come about? Is it just a coincidence? Was
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there a contact between these two areas at that time, or could we be looking at the influence
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of a remote third party civilisation? This piece of sculpture is from Ushmal in the
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Yucatan, and it's associated with the Maya. And as you can see, it's a double feline
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figure, two pumas or Leonine animals back to back. Again, we find a very similar device
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in ancient Egyptian iconography, two lions back to back, often joined at the hip, two
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lion sphinxes back to back, as here on this stella that stands between the paws of the
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sphinx. Let's see if I can get that sharp. They were called the Akiru, the gods of yesterday
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and today. And this device of placing two felines back to back, again in my view, is
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too similar to the device found amongst the Maya to be written off entirely as a coincidence.
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Here we're looking at a piece of architecture from the Inca area. Let me just try and get
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this sharp. It's so difficult for me to see with all these lights on me. What I want to
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draw attention to here is the way that the block wraps around the corner. This is a
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supposedly Inca wall just north of Cuzco in Peru. And the blocks form a kind of L
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shape as they wrap around the corner, an unusual architectural device. We find exactly
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the same method of cornering here in the valley temple that stands next door to the great
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sphinx of Giza. Excuse me, I'll get the hang of this in a minute. A method of joining
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two blocks of stone together. This photograph was taken at Tiwanako in Bolivia in the high
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Andes. And Tiwanako is a very mysterious city and I'll be touching on it in a few moments.
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What I want to draw attention to here is this imprint of a metal bar which once joined
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these two huge blocks of stone together. Of course the metal bar has long since been
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removed, vandalised, melted down. But this particular form of architecture is not found
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anywhere else in the Americas. But it is found in Egypt. We find it at Filai, at Elephantine,
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and also here at Dendera in Upper Egypt. The same method of joining stone blocks together.
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And here we're on the island of Suriki in Bolivia on Lake Titicaca looking at a traditional
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method of boat design. It's one of the few places on Lake Titicaca where these boats
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are still built, these reed boats with high curving prowls. And according to local tradition
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the design of these boats was brought to the Andes by the gods, by the viracochas as they
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were called. Gods who were remembered as being tall and pale skinned and bearded, who'd come
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from across the sea to South America in a time of turmoil and darkness after a great
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catastrophe. And who had brought with them this kind of boat design and many, many other
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skills, advanced skills of civilisation. I'd like to compare this high proud boat with
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this design from ancient Egypt. The so called solar boat of Khufu which was found buried
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beside the great pyramid of Egypt off the southern face. It's much bigger than the boats
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in the Andes. But the design is eerily similar. And this design has been studied by marine
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experts and what they've concluded is rather interesting. They conclude that although the
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materials used both in the Egyptian boats and in the Andean boats are not suitable for
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sailing on the open seas, the design that is incorporated in these boats could only
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have been involved by a people with a long and solid tradition of oceanic navigation.
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People who needed boats that could cut through high waves and breakers. And the suggestion
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is could this design be a very ancient legacy that was passed down and received both by the
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Egyptians and by the peoples of the Andes and expressed in the kind of boats that they made.
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In both areas such boats are associated with the gods. The ancient Egyptians called their
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gods the Niteru and they said that they had come from a land far away to the south, a
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land called Tarniteru, across vast expanses of ocean. So whoever they may have been, these
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gods above all else were navigators and seafarers. And navigators and seafarers need maps if
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they're going to sail around the earth. Now this map is a modern map and I picked it up at the
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Library of Congress in the United States. It's an azimuthal equidistant projection centered near
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Cairo. And in common with all modern maps it incorporates a number of advanced features. It
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incorporates highly accurate longitudes and particularly relative longitudes. And it
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incorporates an advanced map projection. It isn't easy to represent a spherical object, the earth,
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on a flat piece of paper and to do so with a considerable degree of accuracy. And this is a
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problem that cartography has had to overcome. So we find good map projections which require advanced
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mathematics and good relative longitudes. Interestingly enough, there's a category of ancient
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map which also shows these modern features and which doesn't fit with the received view of the
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development of human history. One of the most famous of these maps is the Piri Reis map. And I'm
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showing it here because I want to compare the projection of this map with the projection here
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centered on Cairo. Notice the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America. And coming
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down here to the Antarctic Peninsula, tonguing up towards the south of South America. It's that
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precise projection that we find on this 1513 map. Again, there's the west coast of Africa, the east
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coast of South America. And coming down here, we find a representation of the northern Antarctic
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Peninsula. In 1513, when Piri Reis drew the map, Antarctica had not been discovered. In fact, it
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wasn't discovered until 1818 by our civilization. So there immediately is one anomaly on this map.
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And another anomaly is the mathematics used in the map projection. And the third anomaly is that it
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incorporates highly accurate relative longitudes. To do longitudes accurately on maps requires a
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chronometer, a marine chronometer that will keep accurate time at sea. And again, this was something
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that our civilization couldn't do until the late 18th century. So this map, fragmentary though it is,
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appears to incorporate many features that are not supposed to have been known about in 1513. Piri Reis
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explains why in these texts that he wrote on the map. He was a Turkish admiral and he wrote these
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texts on the map. And what they say is that the map is not his own work. It's a work of synthesis.
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It's based on more than 20 earlier source maps. That he put all these maps together and derived his
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own map from these. And unfortunately, the source maps that Piri Reis used have not survived. Is it
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possible that the advanced features of this map originate in those lost source maps, which Piri Reis
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told us went back in some cases to before the time of Christ and had come from the long lost library
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of the
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This is the Mercator map. Mercator is rather famous for his Mercator projection that still dominates most
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atlases today. It's a 16th century map. It's a map that was created by the
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!tacus of the
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This is the Mercator map. Mercator is rather famous for his Mercator projection that still dominates most
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atlases today. It's a 16th century map and it shows Antarctica 300 years before Antarctica was
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discovered. And again, it's based on earlier source maps and again it incorporates accurate relative
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longitudes. So also the Orontius-Finneas map that we're looking at here. Another 16th century map.
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Mercator includes it in one of his atlases. And here we see Antarctica looking a little bit different
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with mountains clearly visible along the coast and rivers running down from those mountains in places
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where great glaciers are known to run today. It looks on this map as though Antarctica is partially
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deglaciated. The center of the continent appears to be featureless and ice covered, but the coast is
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showing these unglaciated features. What might that mean? This is a map by Philippe Bouache, an 18th
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century geographer still a good 100 years before the discovery of Antarctica. And it shows the
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continent as a kind of archipelago. Two major land masses divided by a clear waterway running between
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them. I wonder where he got that idea from. There's a redrawing of the Mercator map and the Orontius-Finneas
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map and the Bouache map. And here to the right, based on seismic surveys conducted in International
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Geophysical Year in 1958, is a view of what Antarctica actually looks like underneath all that ice that
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now covers it. We're looking at the subglacial landscape of Antarctica here. And while I wouldn't
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claim for a moment that the Bouache map is a perfectly accurate representation of the subglacial
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topography of Antarctica, I think it's much too close to the reality to be dismissed entirely. I
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think that much more research needs to be done into these anomalous early maps and into the source
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maps that they rely upon for their information because we just may be looking at the faint
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fingerprints of a lost civilization, of a navigating, seafaring civilization that explored and mapped
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the entire globe long before what we call history began. The issue of the glaciation of Antarctica
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is a controversial one. And most scholars would say that it has been covered with ice in the form
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that we see it today for several millions of years. But there is some contradictory evidence.
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Deep sea cores which bring up soils from the ocean bed, which suggest that rivers carrying fine-grained
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sediments were indeed running down off the coastline of Antarctica until about 10,000 years ago.
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Maybe that's the period we should be looking at. Maybe something happened in the world around then that
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we don't fully understand. And in my view, this whole mystery is intimately connected to the mystery
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of the last Ice Age and what an Ice Age is and why the last Ice Age came suddenly and
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traumatically to an end at around 12 or 14,000 years ago. You have ice sheets, 6 million square miles
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of ice covering Northern Europe, two miles thick, as far south as London. You have a similar
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mass of ice covering much of North America, as far south as the Mississippi Delta, almost into the tropics.
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This ice is stable for 100,000 years. And then suddenly, almost in the blink of an eye, it all melts.
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Within just a thousand or two thousand years, it's all gone. Sea levels have gone up by 400 feet
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around the world and hundreds of animal species have been rendered extinct. No complete explanation for
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why the last Ice Age came so suddenly and dramatically to an end has ever been offered by
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orthodox scholarship. There are clear correlations with astronomical events, including, interestingly,
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the precession of the equinoxes, which I'll be talking about later. Interestingly, because many of the
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ancient myths of global cataclysm that I've analyzed in Fingerprints of the Gods incorporate
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precise information on precession. It's almost as though they're trying to tell us that there's a connection
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between precession and the ending of Ice Ages. And lo and behold, we've known for the last 20 years that there is a
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connection between precession and the end of Ice Ages. It's a correlation. We don't know what causes this ending
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of the Ice Age. I think that this is the period that should be looked at by scholars. This is the period that
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deserves much more detailed research than it's had. A period in which something awful happened to the Earth,
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something that brought about a dramatic, tumultuous change. A period in which the face of the Earth was almost
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literally wiped clean. And a period in which it's perfectly possible, perfectly reasonable, to suppose that a high
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human civilization could have been almost entirely obliterated, leaving only a few survivors and only a few traces
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of itself for us to wonder at in later times. Hmm. Well, I think that's a good point. I think that's a good point.
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There is the Earth, and that's the extended North Pole of the Earth, pointing at the star Polaris in the
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constellation of Ursa Minori. Let me focus this a bit. That is our pole star in the present time. Because of
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the phenomenon of precession, which causes the Earth to wobble very, very slowly in a cycle of 25,920 years,
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the pole star gradually changes. It will not always be Polaris, and it has not always been Polaris. But it's a
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very slow change, about one degree every 72 years, not noticeable in a human lifetime. It also affects the
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positions of all the other stars in the star field. And if you can establish that a monument is aligned to the
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star, and that it is aligned astronomically, or incorporates astronomical symbolism, it's possible to use
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precession to date that monument. And we think that the ancients who left their fingerprints around the world
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used the phenomenon of precession as a deliberate way of communicating information about themselves to the future.
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And I'll give you a little bit in this talk, and Robert will be doing so much more in the talk on Keeper of Genesis
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that he'll be giving after me. This site, Machu Picchu, in Peru, is an extraordinary piece of landscape
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gardening on a gigantic scale. It's dated by Orthodox archaeology to around 500 years ago. It's possible that it's
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much older than that. I won't go into the details here, but astronomers have studied the alignments of some of the
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features of Machu Picchu, and they've concluded that these were laid out thousands and thousands of years earlier than the
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orthodox dating of the site. Another aspect that many of these sites have, in addition to intriguing astronomical
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alignments, is the use of enormous blocks of stone. We're looking here at a wall in a place called Saxehuaman, near
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Cuzco, and the stone that I'm standing beside has been calculated to weigh 361 tons. In layman's terms, that's 500
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Ford Sierra motor cars. It really beggars belief that this kind of work could have been done by a primitive people.
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To put together massive blocks of stone weighing hundreds of tons each to align them to the stars and to join them
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together in these curious jigsaw puzzle formations requires amazing engineering and architectural skills. I think that our
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historians and scholars tend to gloss over the implications of this much too easily. All around the world there are
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monuments like these, undateable by any objective technique, because you can't, as I said earlier, carbon date stone,
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which bear the fingerprints of a high technology in remote antiquity, or if not a high technology, at any rate a
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technology that we do not properly understand today. This is the Altiplano in Bolivia in the high Andes, and I'm showing
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this photograph really to indicate how sparsely populated the Altiplano is, how few people live there at an altitude of more than
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12,000 feet above sea level. It's not the kind of terrain that can support a large population. Crops are grown, but they come out of the
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ground stunted and the yield is extremely low. As a result, very few people live on the Altiplano today. And there's a mystery in that,
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and a problem in that, and it's to do with the city of Tiwanaku, which stands on the Altiplano at an altitude of 12,500 feet above sea
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level. Here's a bit of Tiwanaku. This is the piece of Tiwanaku that's called the Pumapu. It's a piece of stone that's
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called the Pumapu, and it consists of absolutely enormous blocks of stone. I mean, they're just unimaginably large. This piece has
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been calculated to weigh 400 tons. And I can't understand, I just don't see it within orthodox historical explanation, how at this
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altitude above sea level, 12,500 feet, where you cannot grow crops to support a large population who could haul a large
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population, and I don't know if 400 ton blocks could be hauled into place by anybody, how this could have been done at that
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altitude and in that location and why it was done. I think that the city of Tiwanaku is one of the most mysterious sites in the
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world. In a way, it's the New World equivalent of Giza. It's a site about which there are far more questions than answers, and a site about
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which the dating needs to be seriously reexamined. The dating of Tiwanaku by orthodox archaeologists has for a long time been set at
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around 500 AD, just about 1500 years ago. Although more recently, there are some archaeologists working in the area who have daringly
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sought to push that date back, and there are a few who have stuck their neck out and said that Tiwanaku may go back as far as 2000 BC.
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The difference of opinion amongst the scholars in itself shows how little we know about this site. The conventional view that dates it to 500 AD is based on
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the classical study by Professor Max Yule, who's always cited as the great authority on Tiwanaku archaeology. And I think that the
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! I was surprised to discover that his influential book on Tiwanaku had been written without him ever having found the need to actually visit the
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site himself. Another scholar also worked on the site, Professor Arthur Poznansky from La Paz University, and he not only visited Tiwanaku, he lived there.
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He lived there for the best part of 50 years, and he took very careful measurements of every aspect of the site. And he studied in particular the
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astronomical alignments of the site. We're looking at one of the Tiwanaku structures, the Calasasia here, photographed in the afternoon with the sun setting towards the
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west. There's another astronomical phenomenon that can be used for dating monuments, and it's called the obliquity of the ecliptic. The earth has a tilt. The axis of the earth is tilted, and this tilt,
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although not many of us know it, changes very slowly like that. It nods in space in a slow cycle of about 41,000 years. And the effect of this tilt is that the
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effect of the changing obliquity is to cause the position of sunrise at either of the solstices, the longest and shortest days of the year, to change very slowly along the
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horizon. And if you can establish that certain structures were aligned to a solstitial rising of the sun by a people who normally were extremely accurate in what they did, and if that
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alignment is out, it's suggestive of an older date for the site. Poznanski, to howls of derision from his fellow scholars, pointed out that the solstitial alignments of certain
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monuments in Tiwanaku were out. And when he calculated the time when those alignments would have been perfectly exact, he came to around 12,000 years ago. And he was
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suggested, daringly, that Tiwanaku might be the oldest city in the world, that it might originally have been laid out and aligned to the solstitial risings of the sun 12,000 or more years ago.
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And he suggested, daringly, that Tiwanaku might be the oldest city in the world, that it might originally have been laid out and aligned to the solstitial risings of the sun 12,000 or more years ago.
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Of course, his view is not accepted. It's universally ridiculed by our scholars. And yet there are aspects of the Tiwanaku site which strongly support the notion that it's extremely ancient.
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One of them is this monument, known as the Gateway of the Sun. All these names that are given to structures at Tiwanaku are entirely arbitrary because we know nothing about the people who built Tiwanaku.
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When the Spanish first arrived in the Andes, they asked the Incas, did you build these monuments? And the Incas laughed. They said, no way. We didn't build these monuments. These monuments were built thousands of years ago by the gods.
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Well, such ideas are considered to be whimsy by our scholars. And yet they may not be whimsy. Let's have a look on the reverse of the Gateway of the Sun.
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And what I want to draw attention to here is this feature, this frieze that is carved on the reverse of the Gateway of the Sun and this particular aspect of it here.
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I don't think I'm hallucinating. I think that I'm looking at two large ears, two eyes, a trunk and two tusks. In other words, I think that I'm looking at the face of some sort of elephant.
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If I am looking at the face of some sort of elephant, then there's a real problem with the dating of this site because there have not been any elephant-like creatures in the New World for a very long time.
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In fact, you have to go back to around 10,000 BC, around 12,000 years ago, to find a creature that fits that bill. And that creature, here's a biological reconstruction drawing of it, was called Cuvieronius.
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It was one of those great Ice Age mammals that became extinct suddenly and dramatically at the end of the last Ice Age.
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Could we be looking at a drawing, a carving of Cuvieronius done from life long before history began?
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And here, another ancient piece of stone from Tiwanaku, very faded, very worn down. But let's trace out this figure that appears on it.
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There's the two hind legs, the two front legs, the open mouth, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the
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two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs,
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the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two front legs, the two
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human hearts. And the sacrificial victim would have approached this gruesome figure, a
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set of stairs here, would have been marched around behind him, placed on an altar in
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back there, and ritually murdered. I could never come to terms with this memory of human
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sacrifice in Central America. It seems so out of accord with the many beautiful and
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serene aspects of Central American culture. I tried to look into it and to find out why
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it was that people like the Aztecs were so savage in the sacrifices they conducted.
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And the Aztecs would routinely sacrifice up to 80,000 people every year. They believed
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that they were a chosen tribe, that they had a divine mission, and that that mission was
47:00.920 --> 47:07.920
to prevent the end of the world. They believed that there had been four previous epochs of
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the earth, that they called the four previous suns, and that the last one, four atl, had
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been brought to an end by a tremendous earth-destroying deluge. And they believed that we live in the
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fifth sun, or fifth epoch of the earth, and that somehow through a strange distorted reasoning,
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they felt that by offering up human blood and hearts to the sun, they might prevent, or at any
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rate postpone, this prophesied ending of the world in which we live.
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The practice of human sacrifice in Central America was known as paci, and paci means
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to open the mouth. A high priest and four assistants participated in the ritual. A hard
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physical blow, of course, was struck to the body of the sacrificial victim. And it was
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believed that at the moment of death, his soul would rise directly to the heavens and
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become a star in the sky. Oddly enough, in ancient Egypt, Egypt of the pharaohs, there
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was also a ceremony called the opening of the mouth. It was part of the funerary rituals
48:18.920 --> 48:24.920
of the pharaoh, and it was conducted after his death, after his body had been mummified.
48:24.920 --> 48:31.920
A high priest and four assistants participated. A hard physical blow was struck to the mummified
48:31.920 --> 48:36.920
body of the pharaoh. And after the completion of the opening of the mouth ceremony, it was
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believed that the soul of the pharaoh would rise directly to the heavens and become a star in the
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sky. Are we looking at just another amazing coincidence here, or is it possible that an
48:50.920 --> 48:56.920
explanation for these eerie similarities can be found in the notion of a remote third party
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ancestral civilization which influenced both Egypt and its ideas and Central America and its
49:03.920 --> 49:10.920
ideas, which passed down a common legacy to both places, a legacy that was perhaps used very
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differently in both of those places, but which still retained down through thousands of years
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certain common features, particularly this notion of the opening of the mouth and the stellar
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destiny of the soul. The Maya who built this monument, this is the pyramid of Quetzalcoatl or
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Kukulkan, as he was known in the Yucatan at Chichen Itza, were an astonishing civilization, and
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perhaps their greatest achievement or its thought until recently to have been their achievement was their
49:44.920 --> 49:51.920
calendar system, the Mayan calendar. But we know now that the Olmecs, those mysterious predecessors of
49:51.920 --> 49:58.920
the Maya, used precisely the same calendar. So it's clear that the Maya inherited it from the Olmecs,
49:58.920 --> 50:04.920
and is it possible that the Olmecs inherited it from an even earlier and higher civilization, long
50:04.920 --> 50:10.920
lost to history. This is a calendar that incorporates a more accurate length of the solar year that we
50:10.920 --> 50:16.920
use in our Gregorian calendar today. It's based on precise and extremely careful long-term
50:16.920 --> 50:24.920
astronomical observations of the heavens, observations that focused amongst other things on the
50:24.920 --> 50:32.180
synodic return of the planet Venus, and measured that in the
50:32.180 --> 50:40.180
precisely. It's the work of master astronomers. It's this calendar, the Olmec or Mayan calendar, which
50:40.180 --> 50:50.180
most thoroughly enshrines the notion of recurrent destructions of the Earth, that we live in great cycles,
50:50.180 --> 50:57.180
and that each cycle will sooner or later come to an end, and end the world in which we live. And like the
50:57.180 --> 51:03.180
Aztecs, the Maya believed that there had been four previous epochs of the Earth, and that we still live in the
51:03.180 --> 51:10.180
fifth epoch, the fifth sun. But unlike the Aztecs, the Maya, through their calendar, were able to calculate
51:10.180 --> 51:17.180
exactly when the fifth epoch of the Earth would come to an end. When we translate their calendar into our
51:17.180 --> 51:24.180
calendar, we find that they're telling us that all civilization will be in the same place, and that
51:24.180 --> 51:33.180
they're telling us that all civilization will be ended by a great movement of the Earth on the 23rd of December,
51:33.180 --> 51:45.180
2012 A.D. I promise that I'm not running up and down Oxford Street in a sandwich board, crying that the end of
51:45.180 --> 51:53.180
the world is nigh. I sincerely hope that the end of the world is not nigh. I would like my children and all our
51:53.180 --> 52:00.180
children to have a bright and happy future in this garden of experience that we call the Earth, and the opportunity
52:00.180 --> 52:10.180
to learn and to grow and to face challenges just as we have all done. But I don't think that we should write off
52:10.180 --> 52:19.180
the warnings that have come down to us from the past, as though they certainly have no meaning, because these warnings
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have come down to us from wise people, people whose origins we really do not understand. And I'd just like to
52:27.180 --> 52:36.180
mention in passing that all of these warnings also say something else. They say that the destruction of the world
52:36.180 --> 52:46.180
is not entirely an act of God or nature, that in some mysterious manner we ourselves are always involved in it.
52:46.180 --> 52:58.180
That we ourselves, through our actions, through our cruelty, through our materialism, play a role in the destruction
52:58.180 --> 53:05.180
of our environment. And when I look around the world today, at the force of evil that is rampant in the world,
53:05.180 --> 53:11.180
the destruction, the murder, the murder of children, the cruelty, the awful things that human beings do to each other,
53:11.180 --> 53:19.180
as though they're just objects, I can't help getting an eerie shiver of apprehension at that Mayan prophecy
53:19.180 --> 53:28.180
that the end of our civilization may indeed come before too long. Maybe it's not too late. Maybe we can do something
53:28.180 --> 53:35.180
about it. Maybe we can wake up to the spiritual desert that we've created on this planet and look to who and what we
53:35.180 --> 53:42.180
really are. And if we're going to do that, I'm convinced we have to go back to the ancient wisdom and listen to the
53:42.180 --> 53:49.180
voices of the past and listen to that accumulated experience and knowledge of mankind that we so blithely write off
53:49.180 --> 53:57.180
just because we imagine that we're the apex and pinnacle of creation. If civilizations rise and fall, if mankind has
53:57.180 --> 54:03.180
climbed more than once to the pinnacle that we've reached today, then all of this is entirely, entirely possible.
54:03.180 --> 54:14.180
The people who made this monument had an amazing knowledge of astronomy because this monument is what's called
54:14.180 --> 54:23.180
an equinoctial marker. Every year on the spring equinox, the figure of a gigantic feathered serpent is seen to undulate
54:23.180 --> 54:31.180
up and down this stairway for a little bit over three hours. It's an illusion of light and shadow, a trick. But it's a trick
54:31.180 --> 54:40.180
that is achieved by the precise geodetic positioning of this monument. These were a people who had observed the heavens
54:40.180 --> 54:47.180
very, very closely and who had a science of positioning monuments on the ground so that they would signal particular
54:47.180 --> 54:55.180
moments of the year. No mean feat and not something that we should regard as the work of primitives.
54:55.180 --> 55:05.180
We're looking at the great city of Teotihuacan in Mexico, just 35 miles from Mexico City Airport.
55:05.180 --> 55:15.180
Richard Hoagland in his talk earlier on referred repeatedly to the importance of latitude 19.5 degrees north.
55:15.180 --> 55:27.180
Perhaps it should come as no surprise that Teotihuacan stands on latitude 19.5 degrees north. It's an extraordinary
55:27.180 --> 55:35.180
and mysterious place. Very little is known about it. It's thought to be about 2,000 years old. It was already
55:35.180 --> 55:43.180
vastly ancient when the Aztecs came across it overgrown and in ruins. And they, attaching to a thread of ancient
55:43.180 --> 55:51.180
tradition, gave it the name Teotihuacan. And Teotihuacan means the place where men became gods.
55:52.180 --> 55:58.180
Somehow there's a suggestion that these pyramids, the pyramid of the sun here and the pyramid of the moon, as they're
55:58.180 --> 56:06.180
arbitrarily called, were connected or involved in a process that led to the spiritualization of human beings.
56:06.180 --> 56:14.180
And hold that thought because precisely the same idea is connected to the pyramids of Egypt, of far off Egypt.
56:15.180 --> 56:21.180
Mexican tourists looking down the so-called Way of the Dead from the pyramid of the moon at the pyramid of the sun
56:21.180 --> 56:30.180
in Teotihuacan. The Way of the Dead has recently been researched by archaeoastronomers. And they've concluded
56:30.180 --> 56:37.180
that it's a terrestrial diagram of the Milky Way, that it represents the Milky Way on the ground. Also interesting
56:37.180 --> 56:43.180
because in the ancient Egyptian system of ideas, as Robert will be explaining in much more detail later, the
56:43.180 --> 56:50.180
River Nile was seen as the terrestrial counterpart of the Milky Way, the winding waterway in the sky.
56:53.180 --> 56:59.180
And a closer look at the pyramid of the sun. Its base is almost identical in length to the base of the Great
56:59.180 --> 57:04.180
Pyramid of Egypt, but its height is a little bit shorter. But both monuments have a number of things in common
57:04.180 --> 57:12.180
in addition to their pyramidal shape. And what they have most in common is the mathematical value pi.
57:12.180 --> 57:21.180
Pi is a little bit over 3.14. And it's the formula that we need to use in order to calculate the circumference
57:21.180 --> 57:29.180
of any circle or sphere from its radius. If we know the radius of a circle, all we have to do is multiply it by 2 pi
57:29.180 --> 57:37.180
and we'll get a precise printout of the circumference of that circle. In this case, if you take the height of the
57:37.180 --> 57:46.180
pyramid of the sun and multiply it by 4 pi, you get an exact printout of the perimeter of the base, which is odd
57:46.180 --> 57:54.180
because the Central American peoples are not supposed to have had any knowledge of such abstruse mathematical ideas
57:55.180 --> 58:01.180
as pi. Pi is attributed by our scholars to the Greeks. The discovery of pi is attributed to the Greeks.
58:01.180 --> 58:08.180
And the Central Americans and the Egyptians are not supposed to have had any knowledge of this kind of mathematics.
58:08.180 --> 58:17.180
Yet we find pi incorporated with great precision into the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Egypt, the last
58:17.180 --> 58:24.180
surviving wonder of the ancient world, which is at least four and a half thousand years old, perhaps older,
58:24.180 --> 58:33.180
and which long predates any Greek civilization. Egyptologists don't dispute that pi is found in this monument,
58:33.180 --> 58:39.180
and it's found in precisely the ratio that we need to calculate the circumference of a sphere from its radius.
58:39.180 --> 58:48.180
If you take the height of the Great Pyramid and multiply it by 2 pi, you get an exact printout of the perimeter of the base.
58:48.180 --> 58:56.180
The Egyptological theory on this is that it happened by accident, that the Egyptians or whoever built the pyramid
58:56.180 --> 59:03.180
incorporated pi in it by accident. It was just one of those things. And in Egyptological theory, it has to be an accident
59:03.180 --> 59:09.180
because they cannot accept that the pyramid builders had knowledge of advanced mathematics.
59:09.180 --> 59:16.180
I do not think it's an accident, and nor do any of my colleagues working in this field.
59:16.180 --> 59:22.180
And one of the reasons that we don't think it's an accident is to do with this phenomenon of precession,
59:22.180 --> 59:29.180
the wobble on the axis of the earth that I've mentioned to you already, which takes place at a very precise rate.
59:30.180 --> 59:34.180
I'm going to need to explain this in a little bit of detail. It involves some numbers.
59:34.180 --> 59:41.180
When you take the height of the Great Pyramid and multiply it by a particular value, by 43,200,
59:41.180 --> 59:46.180
you get an exact printout of the polar radius of the earth.
59:46.180 --> 59:53.180
And when you take the base perimeter of the Great Pyramid and multiply it by that same value, 43,200,
59:53.180 --> 59:57.180
you get a printout of the equatorial circumference of the earth.
59:57.180 --> 01:00:04.180
We think that one of the many functions of this monument was to serve as a mathematical scale model
01:00:04.180 --> 01:00:11.180
of the northern hemisphere of the earth. And the reason that we think that is the scale used.
01:00:11.180 --> 01:00:19.180
This monument, to use one of Richard Hoagland's phrases, knows where it is on the planet. It knows what it is.
01:00:19.180 --> 01:00:21.180
I'll try and explain why.
01:00:21.180 --> 01:00:29.180
There are four key moments, astronomically speaking, in the year.
01:00:29.180 --> 01:00:36.180
The winter solstice, when the north pole of the earth points most directly away from the sun.
01:00:36.180 --> 01:00:41.180
The summer solstice, the longest day when the north pole points most directly towards the sun.
01:00:41.180 --> 01:00:48.180
And the two equinoxes, spring and autumn, when the earth in its orbit lies broadside on to the sun.
01:00:48.180 --> 01:00:54.180
It's an accident of the cosmos that in the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun,
01:00:54.180 --> 01:00:59.180
which astronomers call the ecliptic, but of course at a vast distance away in space,
01:00:59.180 --> 01:01:06.180
are distributed 12 famous constellations. These are the 12 constellations of the zodiac.
01:01:06.180 --> 01:01:15.180
And because of this phenomenon of precession, the background constellation against which the sun is seen to rise
01:01:15.180 --> 01:01:19.180
at dawn on the spring equinox, very slowly changes.
01:01:19.180 --> 01:01:25.180
The earth reaches this broadside on moment to the sun slightly earlier in its orbit each year.
01:01:25.180 --> 01:01:30.180
It's a difference of one degree every 72 years.
01:01:30.180 --> 01:01:36.180
The effect of this is that the ruling astronomical sign, the ruling constellation of the zodiac,
01:01:36.180 --> 01:01:40.180
which houses the sun on the spring equinox, very slowly changes.
01:01:40.180 --> 01:01:47.180
And it takes 2160 years exactly for the sun to pass entirely through one sign of the zodiac.
01:01:47.180 --> 01:01:52.180
That's what the old song about living in the dawning of the age of Aquarius is to do with.
01:01:52.180 --> 01:01:58.180
Aquarius will soon be housing the sun on the spring equinox as a result of the phenomenon of precession.
01:01:58.180 --> 01:02:07.180
Now if you take 2160 and multiply it by 20, you get 43200,
01:02:07.180 --> 01:02:11.180
which is the scale used in the pyramid earth ratio.
01:02:11.180 --> 01:02:18.180
And we think that it was very deliberately used to signal what this monument is, one of its functions.
01:02:18.180 --> 01:02:26.180
They wanted to build a monument that was very massive and that no reversion to barbarism could destroy,
01:02:26.180 --> 01:02:31.180
and which was a mathematical scale model of the northern hemisphere of the earth.
01:02:31.180 --> 01:02:37.180
They needed a scale on these criteria, somewhere between 1 to 40,000 and 1 to 50,000.
01:02:37.180 --> 01:02:44.180
And they chose 1 to 43,200 because it's a significant scale,
01:02:44.180 --> 01:02:52.180
because their mathematical model of the earth was keyed in to the earth itself by the scale used,
01:02:52.180 --> 01:02:58.180
keyed in to the characteristic signature of the earth, the rate of precession of its axis,
01:02:58.180 --> 01:03:04.180
43200 being connected mathematically to the rate of precession.
01:03:04.180 --> 01:03:10.180
The intention was that in a future time, an astronomically literate civilization would be able to work out
01:03:10.180 --> 01:03:15.180
the cleverness that went into the design of this monument.
01:03:15.180 --> 01:03:21.180
What those ancient pyramid builders did not reckon with was that the site would be monopolized for 150 years
01:03:21.180 --> 01:03:25.180
by a group of intellectual barbarians called Egyptologists,
01:03:25.180 --> 01:03:31.180
who cannot accept under any circumstances that any intelligent behavior of this sort
01:03:31.180 --> 01:03:37.180
could have been connected to the last surviving wonder of the ancient world.
01:03:37.180 --> 01:03:43.180
I'm standing on top of the Great Pyramid here, and that means I'm standing on latitude 30.
01:03:43.180 --> 01:03:49.180
The Great Pyramid stands precisely one third of the way between the equator and the North Pole.
01:03:49.180 --> 01:03:54.180
Egyptologists know this, but again, they regard it as an accident.
01:03:54.180 --> 01:03:58.180
So many accidents are called for by their theory of history,
01:03:58.180 --> 01:04:04.180
that I think it's time we seriously questioned that theory and stopped blindly accepting it.
01:04:04.180 --> 01:04:09.180
This monument weighs six million tons, six million tons,
01:04:09.180 --> 01:04:14.180
and its sides are perfectly oriented to the cardinal directions.
01:04:14.180 --> 01:04:19.180
The north face of the Great Pyramid faces directly towards the North Pole of the earth.
01:04:19.180 --> 01:04:24.180
The deviation is just three-sixtieths of a single degree.
01:04:24.180 --> 01:04:31.180
By the way, the deviation of the Meridian Building of the Greenwich Observatory in London is nine-sixtieths of a degree.
01:04:31.180 --> 01:04:36.180
This monument is more precisely aligned to true north than the Greenwich Observatory in London.
01:04:36.180 --> 01:04:41.180
This monument is the work of master astronomers and master engineers,
01:04:41.180 --> 01:04:46.180
master surveyors, a work of brilliance and genius.
01:04:46.180 --> 01:04:51.180
A work that we should all stand before in awe,
01:04:51.180 --> 01:04:56.180
not with any certainties, but with open minds and open hearts.
01:04:56.180 --> 01:05:02.180
Above all else, Giza is a sacred place. It's a place of mystery and magic,
01:05:02.180 --> 01:05:07.180
a place that works on the imagination, a place that generates questions
01:05:07.180 --> 01:05:12.180
to those who do approach it with humility and with an open mind.
01:05:13.180 --> 01:05:18.180
We're looking at a cross-section of the Great Pyramid here along its meridian axis,
01:05:18.180 --> 01:05:23.180
north to south. And as you can see, it's plentifully equipped with shafts
01:05:23.180 --> 01:05:28.180
and chambers and galleries and narrow corridors.
01:05:28.180 --> 01:05:33.180
All of these features are engineering marvels.
01:05:33.180 --> 01:05:38.180
To create this kind of internal structure in a monument on that scale
01:05:39.180 --> 01:05:44.180
is an unbelievably difficult task.
01:05:44.180 --> 01:05:49.180
Let's take a quick tour around the Great Pyramid. We'll start by going down the descending corridor,
01:05:49.180 --> 01:05:54.180
and then I'll take you to the Queen's Chamber and the Grand Gallery,
01:05:54.180 --> 01:05:59.180
and finally the King's Chamber. But before I do so, I just want to mention a little bit about these four shafts here.
01:05:59.180 --> 01:06:04.180
The southern shaft of the so-called Queen's Chamber
01:06:04.180 --> 01:06:09.180
was found in 1993 to have a little door at the end of it.
01:06:09.180 --> 01:06:14.180
The shaft is eight inches wide and eight inches high, and it was explored with a high-tech robot camera
01:06:14.180 --> 01:06:19.180
in 1993. And as soon as that door was discovered, the research into the shaft
01:06:19.180 --> 01:06:24.180
was stopped in a most sinister and extraordinary manner. And at the end of our
01:06:24.180 --> 01:06:29.180
presentations, Robert and I will be presenting to you the latest information
01:06:29.180 --> 01:06:34.180
about what is happening concerning that door and also concerning a chamber
01:06:34.180 --> 01:06:39.180
beneath the Great Sphinx of Egypt. And very disturbing things, indeed,
01:06:39.180 --> 01:06:44.180
are happening at Giza today, and we want to tell you about this, but we'll come to that later.
01:06:44.180 --> 01:06:49.180
Let's take a quick run around the Great Pyramid now. We'll start by going down the descending corridor.
01:06:49.180 --> 01:06:54.180
The descending corridor is perfectly straight. In fact, it doesn't vary by more than quarter of an inch
01:06:54.180 --> 01:06:59.180
and it's perfectly straight along its entire 350-foot length.
01:06:59.180 --> 01:07:04.180
It's three feet five inches high and three feet five inches wide. And at the bottom of it,
01:07:04.180 --> 01:07:09.180
we find the subterranean chamber, so-called. Now, Egyptologists have a theory about this chamber,
01:07:09.180 --> 01:07:14.180
and everything is theory where the Great Pyramid is concerned, because the monument is uninscribed.
01:07:14.180 --> 01:07:19.180
There's nothing really in it which tells us what the chambers are for. It's all theory.
01:07:19.180 --> 01:07:24.180
The Egyptological theory about this subterranean chamber is based on its
01:07:24.180 --> 01:07:29.180
unfinished appearance, these fins of rock that we find at the western end and the generally
01:07:29.180 --> 01:07:34.180
rough look of it. What they want us to believe is that after quarrying out
01:07:34.180 --> 01:07:39.180
more than 2,000 tons of rock from that perfectly straight descending corridor
01:07:39.180 --> 01:07:44.180
and painstakingly removing them from the bedrock under the Great Pyramid,
01:07:44.180 --> 01:07:49.180
and having finally got down here more than 100 feet below the base of the Great Pyramid
01:07:49.180 --> 01:07:54.180
and having started to carve out this chamber from the bedrock,
01:07:54.180 --> 01:07:59.180
those whimsical ancient Egyptians at the last minute just changed their minds
01:07:59.180 --> 01:08:04.180
and decided to go no further, because the Egyptological theory is that this was
01:08:04.180 --> 01:08:09.180
originally intended to be the burial chamber of Khufu, the pharaoh who they think
01:08:10.180 --> 01:08:15.180
the pyramid was built for. So those ancient Egyptian builders after doing all that
01:08:15.180 --> 01:08:20.180
incredibly precise work, well they just changed their minds and they decided to stick the body of the pharaoh
01:08:20.180 --> 01:08:25.180
somewhere else in the Great Pyramid. Actually the body of the pharaoh has never been found
01:08:25.180 --> 01:08:30.180
in the Great Pyramid. The Great Pyramid was found to be completely empty when it was first opened
01:08:30.180 --> 01:08:35.180
by the Arabs in the 9th century. And we think that this unfinished burial chamber
01:08:35.180 --> 01:08:40.180
routine is a load, excuse me, a load of bollocks. I mean it's just
01:08:41.180 --> 01:08:46.180
absolute nonsense. These people knew exactly what they were doing.
01:08:46.180 --> 01:08:51.180
Everything they did had a purpose. You stand down in the subterranean chamber,
01:08:51.180 --> 01:08:56.180
you can hear somebody sing in the king's chamber 250 feet above you
01:08:56.180 --> 01:09:01.180
through all that mass of solid rock. The acoustic effects of this monument are extraordinary.
01:09:02.180 --> 01:09:07.180
And one thing that our friend John Anthony West has suggested, and I think it's a damn sight
01:09:07.180 --> 01:09:12.180
better theory than the theory of the Egyptologists, is that what they were actually doing with this chamber
01:09:12.180 --> 01:09:17.180
was tuning the pyramid. That they were tuning its acoustic effects. And when they had
01:09:17.180 --> 01:09:22.180
extracted precisely the right amount of rock from under the pyramid to hit precisely
01:09:22.180 --> 01:09:27.180
the right note that they wanted, that's when they stopped. That's why it looks unfinished. It's not unfinished
01:09:27.180 --> 01:09:32.180
at all. It was fulfilling a plan, a function. And everything about this site is
01:09:32.180 --> 01:09:37.180
planned, as Robert will be explaining in more detail when he comes to discuss our
01:09:37.180 --> 01:09:42.180
book Keeper of Genesis. This is the so-called Queen's Chamber.
01:09:42.180 --> 01:09:47.180
We have to use these phrases, so-called, because all these attributions are arbitrary in this anonymous
01:09:47.180 --> 01:09:52.180
monument. And there in the southern wall of the Queen's Chamber, that dark patch is the opening
01:09:52.180 --> 01:09:57.180
to the southern shaft. And it was into that dark place that
01:09:57.180 --> 01:10:02.180
that little robot camera was inserted in 1993, and after a journey of 200 feet,
01:10:02.180 --> 01:10:07.180
reached that mysterious door that we'll be talking about later.
01:10:07.180 --> 01:10:12.180
From the Queen's Chamber, we find ourselves in the Grand Gallery. It's 153 feet long
01:10:12.180 --> 01:10:17.180
and 28 feet high. It's a corbel vault. Each layer of stone
01:10:17.180 --> 01:10:22.180
is laid a little bit closer to the centre line than the layer underneath it. And it bears
01:10:22.180 --> 01:10:27.180
around it millions of tons of pyramid. Remember, this is a monument
01:10:27.180 --> 01:10:32.180
that's at least four and a half thousand years old. I'm sure quite a few people in this room have been
01:10:32.180 --> 01:10:37.180
inside it and have walked up that Grand Gallery. It can be a little claustrophobic,
01:10:37.180 --> 01:10:42.180
but one thing you're sure of when you're in there, you're safe. It's not like
01:10:42.180 --> 01:10:47.180
modern, Jerry building, where buildings fall down after 30 years.
01:10:47.180 --> 01:10:52.180
This is a work of architectural grandeur on an amazing scale,
01:10:52.180 --> 01:10:57.180
of architectural brilliance, to create a monument on this size and scale
01:10:57.180 --> 01:11:02.180
with a wonderful gallery in the heart of it like this, in the middle of an earthquake zone.
01:11:02.180 --> 01:11:07.180
There was a very bad earthquake there in 1992. It didn't touch the Great Pyramid at all.
01:11:07.180 --> 01:11:12.180
It caused massive disasters in Cairo, but the pyramids were unhurt by it.
01:11:12.180 --> 01:11:17.180
So again, we're looking at the work of geniuses when we look at architecture like this.
01:11:17.180 --> 01:11:22.180
Come to the top of the Grand Gallery and you find yourself in the so-called
01:11:22.180 --> 01:11:27.180
King's Chamber, where Egyptologists assume on no evidence that the
01:11:27.180 --> 01:11:32.180
body of Khufu, that fourth dynasty pharaoh, was buried.
01:11:32.180 --> 01:11:37.180
We have to allow this chamber to speak for itself, and the way that it speaks is through the language of mathematics.
01:11:37.180 --> 01:11:42.180
It's a perfect two by one rectangle, for example. It's 34 feet, four inches in length,
01:11:42.180 --> 01:11:47.180
and 17 feet, two inches in width. The half diagonal of the floor
01:11:47.180 --> 01:11:52.180
is equivalent exactly to the height of the chamber.
01:11:52.180 --> 01:11:57.180
So it's a sort of mathematical symphony in solid stone.
01:11:57.180 --> 01:12:02.180
And the stone used, by the way, is granite, which is interesting
01:12:02.180 --> 01:12:07.180
because there is no granite in the area of the Giza Pyramids. The pyramid,
01:12:07.180 --> 01:12:12.180
main body of the pyramid, is made of local limestone, but the granite
01:12:12.180 --> 01:12:17.180
came from far away. The nearest granite is 500 miles to the south, and this
01:12:17.180 --> 01:12:22.180
pink granite came from Aswan in Upper Egypt. There are precisely
01:12:22.180 --> 01:12:27.180
100 blocks making up the wall of the King's Chamber.
01:12:27.180 --> 01:12:32.180
And some of those blocks weigh as much as 70 tons each, brought 500 miles from the
01:12:32.180 --> 01:12:37.180
south and then raised to 150 feet above the ground, supposedly
01:12:37.180 --> 01:12:42.180
by technological primitives. Does it make sense? I don't think it makes sense.
01:12:42.180 --> 01:12:47.180
Again, we're looking at a work of genius here.
01:12:47.180 --> 01:12:52.180
Now then, there I am in
01:12:52.180 --> 01:12:57.180
the supposed sarcophagus of Khufu. I mean, no
01:12:57.180 --> 01:13:02.180
irreverence to Khufu, but I don't think he was ever buried in this
01:13:02.180 --> 01:13:07.180
supposed sarcophagus. I don't think it's a sarcophagus at all.
01:13:07.180 --> 01:13:12.180
Robert and I have studied the meaning and the purpose of the pyramids
01:13:12.180 --> 01:13:17.180
in great depth in our new book, Keeper of Genesis, and we think, and there's a great deal
01:13:17.180 --> 01:13:22.180
of evidence for it, that whatever else they were, these monuments were used by many
01:13:22.180 --> 01:13:27.180
pharaohs in an amazing initiation ceremony that cultivated
01:13:27.180 --> 01:13:32.180
the power of knowledge in their minds and the spiritual
01:13:32.180 --> 01:13:37.180
dimension of their lives. And everything suggests that this plain
01:13:37.180 --> 01:13:42.180
granite box at the western end of that anonymous chamber high up in the body of the Great Pyramid
01:13:42.180 --> 01:13:47.180
was the culminating point of this initiation ceremony when the pharaoh
01:13:47.180 --> 01:13:52.180
sought in his mind to go beyond death, to reach out for the life of
01:13:52.180 --> 01:13:57.180
millions of years that is spoken of in the ancient Egyptian texts.
01:13:57.180 --> 01:14:02.180
What I actually want to draw attention to here is the way that this box was made.
01:14:02.180 --> 01:14:07.180
This box is a very hard stone, as many of us are aware, and anybody who's ever
01:14:07.180 --> 01:14:12.180
worked stone will know that you cannot cut granite with copper tools.
01:14:12.180 --> 01:14:17.180
And the ancient Egyptians of the pyramid age are supposed to have just become familiar with copper.
01:14:17.180 --> 01:14:22.180
More interestingly than that, it's become clear that
01:14:22.180 --> 01:14:27.180
this box and many other granite artifacts like it were not made by using abrasive
01:14:27.180 --> 01:14:32.180
drills, by using abrasion sand to gradually wear away the granite.
01:14:32.180 --> 01:14:37.180
They were made with tubular drills, a drill in the form of a
01:14:37.180 --> 01:14:42.180
tube which cut down into the granite and then the drill core was knocked
01:14:42.180 --> 01:14:47.180
out with a hammer and then another tubular drill was brought down beside it, another drill core was created,
01:14:47.180 --> 01:14:52.180
that was knocked out and so on and so forth. The first real study of this was done by a
01:14:52.180 --> 01:14:57.180
great Egyptologist, Flinders Petrie, at the turn of the century and he found many
01:14:57.180 --> 01:15:02.180
granite drill cores lying around Giza and at other sites in Egypt and he did a
01:15:02.180 --> 01:15:07.180
close examination of these drill cores. You can learn a lot from a drill core
01:15:07.180 --> 01:15:12.180
because the tooth marks of the drill are still embedded in it and
01:15:12.180 --> 01:15:17.180
what he learnt really disturbed him because this was a man with a very
01:15:17.180 --> 01:15:22.180
orthodox conclusion about the origins and nature of Egyptian civilization and
01:15:22.180 --> 01:15:27.180
yet he couldn't explain this. When he analysed the cut marks in those drill
01:15:27.180 --> 01:15:32.180
cores, he found that these tubular drills had been descending into the granite with a
01:15:32.180 --> 01:15:37.180
pressure of more than two tonnes being applied to them from above.
01:15:37.180 --> 01:15:42.180
Now, how do you do that with copper into granite? How do you apply a two tonne
01:15:42.180 --> 01:15:47.180
pressure without the whole mechanism buckling and failing to do the job? It just
01:15:47.180 --> 01:15:52.180
can't be explained in the orthodox view of history. A colleague of ours, Chris
01:15:52.180 --> 01:15:57.180
Dunn, who's a machine tool maker from Danville Metal Stamp in the United States, has been
01:15:57.180 --> 01:16:02.180
re-examining these drill cores quite recently and he's come to an astounding conclusion, which
01:16:02.180 --> 01:16:07.180
I'll simply report to you without going further than that. His analysis of the cut
01:16:07.180 --> 01:16:12.180
marks suggests that whatever drills these people were using were cutting into the granite
01:16:12.180 --> 01:16:17.180
500 times faster than modern power drills. I prefer the
01:16:17.180 --> 01:16:22.180
opinion of a machine tool maker to the opinion of an Egyptologist when it comes to
01:16:22.180 --> 01:16:27.180
drilling matters and I think Chris Dunn's views on this deserve further consideration.
01:16:27.180 --> 01:16:32.180
This is the so-called burial chamber of Menkaura, the third
01:16:32.180 --> 01:16:37.180
of the supposed three pharaohs who built the three great pyramids at Giza. The pyramid of
01:16:37.180 --> 01:16:42.180
Menkaura is the smallest of the three great pyramids, although it's still well over 200 feet tall.
01:16:42.180 --> 01:16:47.180
If we are to follow Egyptological logic, then we must conclude
01:16:47.180 --> 01:16:52.180
that this chamber was built by a certain B. Wilson.
01:16:52.180 --> 01:16:57.180
This is not the pyramid of Menkaura, it's the pyramid of B. Wilson.
01:16:57.180 --> 01:17:02.180
And the reason that we have to conclude that is because they apply that logic to the single
01:17:02.180 --> 01:17:07.180
piece of writing that was found inside the great pyramid of Egypt. Above the
01:17:07.180 --> 01:17:12.180
King's chamber there are four so-called relieving chambers and in those some graffiti
01:17:12.180 --> 01:17:17.180
was found, very crudely daubed graffiti. And some of that graffiti
01:17:17.180 --> 01:17:22.180
bears the name Khufu and also another name Khnum Khufu. And like
01:17:22.180 --> 01:17:27.180
drowning men leaping at straws, Egyptologists have concluded that
01:17:27.180 --> 01:17:32.180
because that graffiti is there, it means that the great pyramid was built by
01:17:32.180 --> 01:17:37.180
Khufu. I don't think that a little piece of graffiti in a chamber
01:17:37.180 --> 01:17:42.180
hidden away inside the great pyramid is a very solid piece of evidence to attribute
01:17:42.180 --> 01:17:47.180
such an important monument to a particular pharaoh. As a matter of fact, those graffiti may well have
01:17:47.180 --> 01:17:52.180
been a forgery, but even if they, by the original discoverer, Howard Weiss, but even if
01:17:52.180 --> 01:17:57.180
they aren't forgeries, it's just not enough for us to attribute the
01:17:57.180 --> 01:18:02.180
monument to Khufu on the basis of such slim evidence. Where B. Wilson wrote his
01:18:02.180 --> 01:18:07.180
name, we see a curved roof. It's a sort of barrel vault and these are granite
01:18:07.180 --> 01:18:12.180
blocks that form the ceiling and they were hollowed out from underneath.
01:18:12.180 --> 01:18:17.180
It doesn't look very prepossessing, but when you get above it, you begin to realize the construction
01:18:17.180 --> 01:18:22.180
problems that were involved in making this roof. There I am
01:18:22.180 --> 01:18:27.180
on the top end of those ceiling beams. This is how they look above. And I want to make clear,
01:18:27.180 --> 01:18:32.180
there's no way that these blocks were lowered down from above because this is an entirely
01:18:32.180 --> 01:18:37.180
subterranean chamber. And the only way it can be reached is through a long corridor system that
01:18:37.180 --> 01:18:42.180
finally culminates in the chamber. So all of these blocks were brought in through that long corridor
01:18:42.180 --> 01:18:47.180
system. They weigh 20 tons each. And as you can see, there's hardly
01:18:47.180 --> 01:18:52.180
room for me to crouch in the area where they've been placed.
01:18:52.180 --> 01:18:57.180
There just isn't enough room to position blocks of that size and weight in the way that
01:18:57.180 --> 01:19:02.180
we see them there. So again, like it or not, we're looking at the evidence of a building
01:19:02.180 --> 01:19:07.180
technology that we don't understand. And quite often when we go to Giza, we pass over, pass
01:19:07.180 --> 01:19:12.180
by things like this without realizing what they really mean.
01:19:12.180 --> 01:19:17.180
If I can get it into focus, we're looking down on the Great
01:19:17.180 --> 01:19:22.180
Sphinx of Egypt from the side of the Great Pyramid. The Great Sphinx, as Robert will
01:19:22.180 --> 01:19:27.180
explain, faces perfectly due east. It's oriented precisely to due east.
01:19:27.180 --> 01:19:32.180
And it was made by cutting it out of solid bedrock. It's 240 feet
01:19:32.180 --> 01:19:37.180
long and 70 feet high. And it was carved out of solid bedrock. The core body was
01:19:37.180 --> 01:19:42.180
isolated by removing this trench of rock around it. And those rocks that were cut away
01:19:42.180 --> 01:19:47.180
from the core body were then sawn up into blocks. And those blocks were erected in front of
01:19:47.180 --> 01:19:52.180
the Sphinx in these two so-called temples, the Valley Temple and the Sphinx Temple.
01:19:52.180 --> 01:19:57.180
They're also entirely anonymous monuments like the Sphinx. And actually, to be honest,
01:19:57.180 --> 01:20:02.180
we don't really know what their function is. But the interesting thing is the size of
01:20:02.180 --> 01:20:07.180
the blocks used in making those structures. We're looking at a side
01:20:07.180 --> 01:20:12.180
view of the Valley Temple here. And you can see the problem.
01:20:12.180 --> 01:20:17.180
These blocks of stone weigh 200 tons each. And there's hundreds
01:20:17.180 --> 01:20:22.180
of them. And they were put into position at the same time that the Sphinx was made. I'll be briefly
01:20:22.180 --> 01:20:27.180
outlining later on the geological evidence, which indicates that the Sphinx may be
01:20:27.180 --> 01:20:32.180
at least 12,000 years old. Since we know that this temple was made at the same time
01:20:32.180 --> 01:20:37.180
as the Sphinx, if it is 12,000 years old and the astronomical evidence that Robert will be
01:20:37.180 --> 01:20:42.180
covering also corroborates that, then it means that 12,000 years ago there were people
01:20:42.180 --> 01:20:47.180
on this planet who had the ability to lift and manipulate 200 ton blocks
01:20:47.180 --> 01:20:52.180
of stone. And this is a serious problem for the Orthodox view of history because 12,000 years ago
01:20:52.180 --> 01:20:57.180
we were supposed to have been in an extremely primitive stage, living in caves.
01:20:57.180 --> 01:21:02.180
There's one other place in Egypt where you find these bare stone
01:21:02.180 --> 01:21:07.180
anonymous monuments using vast blocks, very similar to those of the Valley
01:21:07.180 --> 01:21:12.180
of the Apes. And this is the Osirion in upper Egypt near
01:21:12.180 --> 01:21:17.180
Abydos. It lies at a level 50 feet below surrounding
01:21:17.180 --> 01:21:22.180
temples. But because there is a temple of Seti I nearby, albeit
01:21:22.180 --> 01:21:27.180
50 feet above it, archaeologists have deduced with their characteristic brilliance
01:21:27.180 --> 01:21:32.180
that this amazing structure must have been made by Seti I. There's no evidence
01:21:32.180 --> 01:21:37.180
on the contrary. All the evidence suggests that it belongs to the same category of
01:21:37.180 --> 01:21:42.180
architecture as those mysterious temples at Giza, and that it may be as
01:21:42.180 --> 01:21:47.180
old as they are, that we may be looking at a 12,000 year old monument here.
01:21:47.180 --> 01:21:52.180
And that's why it's interesting that it was always called the Osirion. It was associated
01:21:52.180 --> 01:21:57.180
with Osiris, with the high god Osiris, who the ancient Egyptians
01:21:57.180 --> 01:22:02.180
remembered as having come to their country in a remote period that they called
01:22:02.180 --> 01:22:07.180
Zeph-Tepi, the first time thousands of years before history
01:22:07.180 --> 01:22:12.180
began, bringing the gifts of civilization with him. There are many
01:22:12.180 --> 01:22:17.180
images of Osiris in Egypt. Here's one that's actually carved in that Seti I temple that I just talked about.
01:22:17.180 --> 01:22:22.180
As you can see, he's a conspicuously bearded figure. In fact, Osiris
01:22:22.180 --> 01:22:27.180
and the symbolism of Osiris has much in common, and I've gone into this in some depth in
01:22:27.180 --> 01:22:32.180
Fingerprints of the Gods, with the symbolism of Viracocha and of Quetzalcoatl.
01:22:32.180 --> 01:22:37.180
My bet is, in all these figures, we're looking at memories of the survivors
01:22:37.180 --> 01:22:42.180
of a great lost civilization who settled in various parts of the world,
01:22:42.180 --> 01:22:47.180
and whose mission was to keep the light of their knowledge burning, and to find
01:22:47.180 --> 01:22:52.180
a way over millennia of barbarism, to pass that knowledge down to the future,
01:22:52.180 --> 01:22:57.180
perhaps even to our own time, perhaps even to us today.
01:22:57.180 --> 01:23:02.180
As I said, Osiris was remembered by the ancient Egyptians as having
01:23:02.180 --> 01:23:07.180
come in the first time, long before history began. You talk to
01:23:07.180 --> 01:23:12.180
Egyptologists about Egyptian history, and they will tell you that
01:23:12.180 --> 01:23:17.180
they know far more, far, far more about the history of Egypt
01:23:17.180 --> 01:23:22.180
than the ancient Egyptians did themselves. This arrogant
01:23:22.180 --> 01:23:27.180
statement has been made in print by several Egyptologists, and yet
01:23:27.180 --> 01:23:32.180
the Egyptological chronology of ancient Egypt is based entirely on
01:23:32.180 --> 01:23:37.180
ancient Egyptian records, records such as these. This is the king list of
01:23:37.180 --> 01:23:42.180
the kings of Egypt, who ruled before their time, together with
01:23:42.180 --> 01:23:47.180
the lengths of their reigns. And the notion that we have of
01:23:47.180 --> 01:23:52.180
30 dynasties of Egyptian pharaohs is based on this king list and on other
01:23:52.180 --> 01:23:57.180
king lists like these. On the opposite wall of the same temple is
01:23:57.180 --> 01:24:02.180
another list, which again is matched by many other lists that the ancient Egyptians passed on.
01:24:03.180 --> 01:24:08.180
And this is a list of a mysterious group of beings called the Shemsu
01:24:08.180 --> 01:24:13.180
Hor, the followers of Horus, who were believed by the ancient Egyptians to have
01:24:13.180 --> 01:24:18.180
ruled in Egypt for thousands of years before the first pharaoh of the first
01:24:18.180 --> 01:24:23.180
dynasty took the throne. The followers of Horus, who retained a memory of the
01:24:23.180 --> 01:24:28.180
divine origins of their civilization, whose mission was to pass that memory
01:24:28.180 --> 01:24:33.180
throne to the future, and who were attributed by the ancient Egyptians
01:24:33.180 --> 01:24:38.180
themselves as the guardians of the wisdom legacy that
01:24:38.180 --> 01:24:43.180
ancient Egypt inherited. These references
01:24:43.180 --> 01:24:48.180
to the first time, to the followers of Horus, to this remote prehistoric
01:24:48.180 --> 01:24:53.180
period when the gods came to Egypt, are found again and again in the oldest
01:24:53.180 --> 01:24:57.180
!
01:24:57.180 --> 01:25:02.180
These are called the pyramid texts, and they were
01:25:02.180 --> 01:25:07.180
compiled roughly in the epoch of 2500 to 2300 BC.
01:25:07.180 --> 01:25:12.180
They contain repeated references to this mysterious period the first time.
01:25:12.180 --> 01:25:17.180
And I'll leave it to Robert in his talk on our book Keeper of Genesis
01:25:17.180 --> 01:25:22.180
to really bring out what the first time means. It's difficult to see in this light,
01:25:22.180 --> 01:25:27.180
but on the ceiling of this chamber there are hundreds of stars,
01:25:27.180 --> 01:25:32.180
and the pyramid texts are full of references to the stars and to the heavens,
01:25:32.180 --> 01:25:37.180
very precise and very specific references. What
01:25:37.180 --> 01:25:42.180
we think is that astronomy can be used to arrive at a
01:25:42.180 --> 01:25:47.180
precise date for the first time, as Robert will be showing you.
01:25:47.180 --> 01:25:52.180
Astronomy relating to these monuments on this profoundly
01:25:52.180 --> 01:25:57.180
astronomically aligned site. This photograph was taken at the winter solstice with the sun
01:25:57.180 --> 01:26:02.180
overhead the pyramid of Menkaura.
01:26:02.180 --> 01:26:07.180
And just a little bit on the Sphinx. When we say
01:26:07.180 --> 01:26:12.180
the word Sphinx, we're actually speaking the ancient Egyptian language,
01:26:12.180 --> 01:26:17.180
because Sphinx is a corruption through Greek of the ancient Egyptian phrase
01:26:17.180 --> 01:26:22.180
and means living image,
01:26:22.180 --> 01:26:27.180
but the question is whose living image does the Sphinx represent?
01:26:27.180 --> 01:26:32.180
Egyptologists think they know the answer to this question, and their
01:26:32.180 --> 01:26:37.180
theory about who the Sphinx represents and about the age of the Sphinx,
01:26:37.180 --> 01:26:42.180
and their opinion on this matter is falsely presented as fact
01:26:42.180 --> 01:26:47.180
in all our textbooks and all our encyclopedias. You look up the Sphinx of Egypt
01:26:47.180 --> 01:26:52.180
in the Encyclopedia Britannica or any other text of that nature, and you'll be told
01:26:52.180 --> 01:26:57.180
without any question mark over the matter that it was built by the pharaoh Khafre
01:26:57.180 --> 01:27:02.180
in his own image in around 2500 BC.
01:27:02.180 --> 01:27:07.180
And yet the great Sphinx, like the pyramids, is an entirely
01:27:07.180 --> 01:27:12.180
anonymous monument, and since it's carved from raw stone, we have no objective
01:27:12.180 --> 01:27:17.180
way of dating it. What we're dealing with with that attribution to Khafre is purely
01:27:17.180 --> 01:27:22.180
and simply Egyptological opinion. And as Robert and I have gone on with our work
01:27:22.180 --> 01:27:27.180
into Giza and into the monuments of Giza, we have come to trust
01:27:27.180 --> 01:27:32.180
the Egyptological opinion on these matters less and less. In fact,
01:27:32.180 --> 01:27:37.180
we don't think that the Egyptological opinion on these matters is right at all.
01:27:37.180 --> 01:27:42.180
We think the Egyptologists have got it totally and utterly wrong. Perhaps you agree with us.
01:27:42.180 --> 01:27:47.180
Perhaps you don't. But one thing is for sure.
01:27:47.180 --> 01:27:52.180
It's very bad scholarship that the opinion of scholars should be presented as fact
01:27:52.180 --> 01:27:57.180
when it isn't fact. Let's see what the Egyptological opinion about the identification
01:27:57.180 --> 01:28:02.180
of the Sphinx really rests on. One thing it rests on is the face of the Sphinx.
01:28:02.180 --> 01:28:07.180
Egyptologists tell us that this anonymous monument looks like Khafre.
01:28:07.180 --> 01:28:12.180
And they say that because there are a few statues of Khafre
01:28:12.180 --> 01:28:17.180
that have survived which actually have Khafre's name on them. And so they compare
01:28:17.180 --> 01:28:22.180
the face of the Sphinx with the face of a known statue of Khafre like this one
01:28:22.180 --> 01:28:27.180
which is in the Cairo Museum. And they tell us that the two faces are
01:28:27.180 --> 01:28:32.180
identical. Well, we don't see it that way. We don't think that the two faces
01:28:32.180 --> 01:28:37.180
look similar at all. We think they look very different. But don't take our word for it.
01:28:37.180 --> 01:28:42.180
And don't take the word of Egyptologists for it. The person who really is an authority
01:28:42.180 --> 01:28:47.180
on faces is somebody like a police forensic artist, somebody who's made a lifetime
01:28:47.180 --> 01:28:52.180
study of the similarities and differences between faces. And back in the early
01:28:52.180 --> 01:28:57.180
1990s, colleagues of ours led by John Anthony West brought a police
01:28:57.180 --> 01:29:02.180
forensic artist to Giza, Lieutenant Frank Domingo of the New York Police Department with 20 years
01:29:02.180 --> 01:29:07.180
on the force. And he did a very careful point by point identikit comparison of the face
01:29:07.180 --> 01:29:12.180
of the Sphinx and the face of Khafre. And here are some of his drawings.
01:29:12.180 --> 01:29:17.180
What he concluded is that he just couldn't understand why
01:29:17.180 --> 01:29:22.180
Egyptologists were under the impression that the Sphinx looked like Khafre. He saw no resemblance
01:29:22.180 --> 01:29:27.180
between the two faces at all. And when he compared key angles of the faces,
01:29:27.180 --> 01:29:32.180
he concluded, he swore an affidavit to this effect, that whoever the Great Sphinx's
01:29:32.180 --> 01:29:37.180
face represents, it certainly does not represent the face of Khafre.
01:29:37.180 --> 01:29:42.180
The angles of the face are completely different. And he, in fact, concluded that the Great Sphinx
01:29:42.180 --> 01:29:47.180
represented an individual of an entirely different race from Khafre.
01:29:47.180 --> 01:29:52.180
Okay, so that dismisses the facial similarity view that Egyptologists wish to foist on us.
01:29:52.180 --> 01:29:57.180
What else do they base their attribution of the Sphinx to Khafre on? They tell us that there are
01:29:57.180 --> 01:30:02.180
certain texts around Giza which say that the Sphinx was built by Khafre.
01:30:02.180 --> 01:30:07.180
Let's look briefly into this issue. Let's start with a text that was found at Giza,
01:30:07.180 --> 01:30:12.180
which says very definitely that the Sphinx was not built by Khafre.
01:30:12.180 --> 01:30:17.180
This is the so-called inventory stela, which stands neglected in a corner
01:30:17.180 --> 01:30:22.180
of the Cairo Museum today. According to Egyptologists,
01:30:22.180 --> 01:30:27.180
the inventory stela is a work of fiction. It's an ancient Egyptian novel,
01:30:27.180 --> 01:30:32.180
which we have to ignore. And why do we have to ignore it?
01:30:32.180 --> 01:30:37.180
The reason we have to ignore it is because it doesn't fit their theory. The inventory stela
01:30:37.180 --> 01:30:42.180
tells us that the Sphinx was already standing and already remotely
01:30:42.180 --> 01:30:47.180
ancient when Khufu, the predecessor of Khafre, came to the throne.
01:30:47.180 --> 01:30:52.180
And if the inventory stela is correct, then the Egyptologists must be wrong and Khafre could not
01:30:52.180 --> 01:30:57.180
have built the Sphinx. But, say the Egyptologists, the inventory stela
01:30:57.180 --> 01:31:02.180
doesn't date from the same period as the Sphinx. And this is true. The inventory stela dates from about
01:31:02.180 --> 01:31:07.180
1200 years after the orthodox dating for the Sphinx. The orthodox dating for the Sphinx is
01:31:07.180 --> 01:31:12.180
2500 BC and this stela belongs to the period of 1200 BC or perhaps a little bit later.
01:31:12.180 --> 01:31:17.180
They say, since it's not contemporary with the Sphinx, we don't need to pay attention to it.
01:31:17.180 --> 01:31:22.180
But yet, with that amazing double standard for which
01:31:22.180 --> 01:31:27.180
Egyptologists are the world leaders, they base their attribution
01:31:27.180 --> 01:31:32.180
of the Sphinx to Khafre on another piece of text, which also is not contemporary
01:31:32.180 --> 01:31:37.180
with the Sphinx and in which in fact dates from the same period as the inventory stela.
01:31:37.180 --> 01:31:42.180
They base the attribution of the Sphinx to Khafre on this stela,
01:31:42.180 --> 01:31:47.180
which is called the Dream Stela and it was put up by Theroth at Moses IV
01:31:47.180 --> 01:31:52.180
to commemorate a restoration campaign that he undertook on the Sphinx. And on this stela,
01:31:52.180 --> 01:31:57.180
amongst many other interesting texts which Robert will review, there is
01:31:57.180 --> 01:32:02.180
one single syllable, kaaf.
01:32:02.180 --> 01:32:07.180
And because of that single syllable and nothing else, the monument is attributed
01:32:07.180 --> 01:32:12.180
to Khafre by Egyptologists. They wish us to believe that
01:32:12.180 --> 01:32:17.180
Moses was telling us that Khafre had built the Sphinx, that he was commemorating
01:32:17.180 --> 01:32:22.180
the building of the Sphinx by Khafre. He might equally well have been telling us that Khafre
01:32:22.180 --> 01:32:27.180
was an earlier restorer of the Sphinx or he might not have been referring to
01:32:27.180 --> 01:32:32.180
Khafre at all because it's just a single syllable kaaf. So on such flimsy
01:32:32.180 --> 01:32:37.180
foundations, perhaps the most important monument of the ancient world has been
01:32:37.180 --> 01:32:42.180
attributed for the last century or so to a particular pharaoh in a particular
01:32:42.180 --> 01:32:47.180
epoch. We think that it's vastly, vastly older than that.
01:32:47.180 --> 01:32:52.180
And I'm not going to go into the details of that. Robert will give all the details in his talk on
01:32:52.180 --> 01:32:57.180
the Sphinx.
01:32:57.180 --> 01:33:02.180
But what I will briefly mention is the geology. Between 1991 and 1993, the Sphinx was
01:33:02.180 --> 01:33:07.180
studied by Professor Robert Schock of Boston University, a leading geologist and one of the
01:33:07.180 --> 01:33:12.180
world's recognized specialists in the weathering of limestone. And he was brought to the
01:33:12.180 --> 01:33:17.180
site by our colleague John Anthony West, who had noticed these curious erosional
01:33:17.180 --> 01:33:22.180
erosions on the surface of the rock. And particularly prominently on the trench of bedrock
01:33:22.180 --> 01:33:27.180
out of which the Sphinx is cut, which obviously was made at the same time as the Sphinx.
01:33:27.180 --> 01:33:32.180
These undulating, this undulating profile,
01:33:32.180 --> 01:33:37.180
this scalloped undulating profile and these vertical fissures that run down through the rock
01:33:37.180 --> 01:33:42.180
could not have been caused by sand erosion and they could not have been caused
01:33:42.180 --> 01:33:47.180
by the erosion. They could only have been caused by one thing. And that is
01:33:47.180 --> 01:33:52.180
exposure to a very, very, very long period of heavy rainfall.
01:33:52.180 --> 01:33:57.180
And Professor Robert Schock has put his reputation on the line
01:33:57.180 --> 01:34:02.180
and he's subsequently been endorsed in this matter by hundreds of fellow geologists
01:34:02.180 --> 01:34:07.180
and opposed by very few when he says that what we're looking at on the Sphinx, these, by the way,
01:34:07.180 --> 01:34:12.180
are later restoration blocks. What we're looking at on the Sphinx and on the surrounding trench
01:34:12.180 --> 01:34:17.180
is classic precipitation-induced weathering. The problem is that in
01:34:17.180 --> 01:34:22.180
2500 BC, when the Sphinx is supposed to have been built, Egypt was as bone
01:34:22.180 --> 01:34:27.180
dry as it is today. The climate conditions did not exist then and they have not
01:34:27.180 --> 01:34:32.180
existed since to cause this kind of weathering around the Sphinx. The last
01:34:32.180 --> 01:34:37.180
time that sufficient rains fell in the eastern Sahara to have caused such
01:34:37.180 --> 01:34:42.180
weathering when the Sahara Desert was still green was around the end
01:34:42.180 --> 01:34:47.180
of the last Ice Age, focusing us back again towards that period,
01:34:47.180 --> 01:34:52.180
that mysterious period when the Ice Age came suddenly to an end around 12,000
01:34:52.180 --> 01:34:57.180
years ago. Sooner or later,
01:34:57.180 --> 01:35:02.180
as you go around the world, as I did, looking at these sites,
01:35:02.180 --> 01:35:07.180
at the myths, at the monuments, at the memories that have been passed down,
01:35:07.180 --> 01:35:12.180
at the fingerprints of what becomes more and more real
01:35:12.180 --> 01:35:17.180
as a great lost civilization, you have to begin to ask yourself
01:35:17.180 --> 01:35:22.180
if I'm finding the fingerprints, where is the body? Where is the rest of this
01:35:22.180 --> 01:35:27.180
civilization? Why do we find so little? And I'm convinced that the answer
01:35:27.180 --> 01:35:32.180
to this question lies in the cataclysm that brought the last Ice Age
01:35:32.180 --> 01:35:37.180
to an end. And as I said earlier, the ending of the last Ice Age
01:35:37.180 --> 01:35:42.180
is an enormous geological mystery and we do not really understand what brought it to an end.
01:35:42.180 --> 01:35:47.180
But when you have millions of square miles of two mile thick ice melting in just
01:35:47.180 --> 01:35:52.180
a couple of thousand years, you are by definition looking at a cataclysm.
01:35:52.180 --> 01:35:57.180
We live on a planet that revolves around a star.
01:35:57.180 --> 01:36:02.180
In fact, the Earth is revolving around the sun at 66,600
01:36:02.180 --> 01:36:07.180
miles per hour, which means that we've traveled
01:36:07.180 --> 01:36:12.180
well over 70,000 miles tonight while I've been talking.
01:36:12.180 --> 01:36:17.180
If you stand on the equator of the Earth, you're spinning with the rotation of the Earth
01:36:17.180 --> 01:36:22.180
at a thousand miles per hour and our planet is subjected to the gravitational pull of the moon
01:36:22.180 --> 01:36:27.180
that circles around it and of neighboring planets in the solar system and of the sun itself.
01:36:27.180 --> 01:36:32.180
With all this
01:36:32.180 --> 01:36:37.180
massive rotational centrifugal activity, once you become conscious of it,
01:36:37.180 --> 01:36:42.180
you begin to realize how fragile our environment may really be.
01:36:42.180 --> 01:36:47.180
And back in the 1950s, a radical theory was proposed
01:36:47.180 --> 01:36:52.180
to explain the end of the last Ice Age by Professor Charles Hapgood in the United States.
01:36:52.180 --> 01:36:57.180
And Hapgood's theory of Earth crust displacement was endorsed fully at the time
01:36:57.180 --> 01:37:02.180
as to its physics by Albert Einstein.
01:37:02.180 --> 01:37:07.180
This theory has never been accepted by orthodox geologists and I'm not sure if it's right,
01:37:07.180 --> 01:37:12.180
but I think it's worth consideration. Broadly what Hapgood and Einstein were arguing
01:37:12.180 --> 01:37:17.180
is that from time to time, the entire outer crust of the Earth
01:37:17.180 --> 01:37:22.180
can move, shift in one piece around the body of the Earth.
01:37:22.180 --> 01:37:27.180
And when this happens, land that is in cold parts of the planet,
01:37:27.180 --> 01:37:32.180
close to one or other of the poles and thus naturally covered by ice,
01:37:32.180 --> 01:37:37.180
is moved cataclysmically into warmer parts of the planet and thus naturally melts
01:37:37.180 --> 01:37:42.180
very, very rapidly. And at the same time, land that's in warm parts of the planet is shifted
01:37:42.180 --> 01:37:47.180
into colder parts of the planet. And as I said earlier on, the work on
01:37:47.180 --> 01:37:52.180
Earth crust displacement that Hapgood and Einstein did has subsequently been refined in a very interesting
01:37:52.180 --> 01:37:57.180
book, The Earth Crust Displacement Theory, by Rand and Rose Flemeth in Canada, whose book When the Sky Fell,
01:37:57.180 --> 01:38:02.180
I would urge everybody to read because it's the most detailed analysis of the Earth crust displacement
01:38:02.180 --> 01:38:07.180
theory. What this theory offers is an explanation for the sudden ending
01:38:07.180 --> 01:38:12.180
of the ice age. Broadly speaking, it happened, Einstein said, because of the asymmetrical
01:38:12.180 --> 01:38:17.180
distribution of ice around the poles, the massive buildup of ice at the poles,
01:38:17.180 --> 01:38:22.180
the spinning rotational forces, sooner or later a trigger moment is reached and the processional
01:38:22.180 --> 01:38:27.180
wobble of the Earth comes into it, which causes all that asymmetrically deposited
01:38:27.180 --> 01:38:32.180
ice, that massive weight of ice, to exert sufficient thrust on the crust of the Earth
01:38:32.180 --> 01:38:37.180
to set the whole crust in motion. And such an idea does
01:38:37.180 --> 01:38:42.180
explain how we lose a whole civilization, indeed how we lose a whole continent on which
01:38:42.180 --> 01:38:47.180
such a civilization might have grown up. Because according to the Earth crust displacement theory,
01:38:47.180 --> 01:38:52.180
the continent of Antarctica, which features in all those ancient maps,
01:38:52.180 --> 01:38:57.180
was not 17,000 years ago where it is today. Prior to the displacement
01:38:57.180 --> 01:39:02.180
of the crust, it was much further north and the Antarctic peninsula would have been
01:39:02.180 --> 01:39:07.180
entirely deglaciated and would have offered a comfortable environment for a high civilization to grow up.
01:39:07.180 --> 01:39:12.180
Then this shifting of the crust, which brings the so-called ice age to an end,
01:39:12.180 --> 01:39:17.180
moves Antarctica dead center onto the Antarctic Circle and gradually the ice begins
01:39:17.180 --> 01:39:22.180
to build up over that continent, burying the remains, the body,
01:39:22.180 --> 01:39:27.180
of that great lost civilization. As I say, I don't know if the Earth crust
01:39:27.180 --> 01:39:32.180
displacement theory is correct. All I do know is that something
01:39:32.180 --> 01:39:37.180
awful happened to the Earth at the end of the last ice age. Maybe it isn't
01:39:37.180 --> 01:39:42.180
Earth crust displacement. Maybe it's some kind of more radical pole flip which involves the whole
01:39:42.180 --> 01:39:47.180
Earth moving in space. Maybe it's something to do with our cosmic environment.
01:39:47.180 --> 01:39:52.180
Recent evidence has come out of a giant comet striking the Earth at around that period,
01:39:52.180 --> 01:39:57.180
at around the 10th millennium BC. And such a comet,
01:39:57.180 --> 01:40:02.180
scientists are now seriously arguing, may have been at the root of
01:40:02.180 --> 01:40:07.180
the worldwide traditions of deluge and disaster that I review in
01:40:07.180 --> 01:40:12.180
Fingerprints of the Gods. And, well, if we're not all
01:40:12.180 --> 01:40:17.180
busy exploring Australia from 599 pounds, many of us might have been
01:40:17.180 --> 01:40:22.180
aware that an enormous meteor recently whizzed by the Earth at a very close
01:40:22.180 --> 01:40:27.180
range. Such a meteor were it to strike our planet would have the capacity
01:40:27.180 --> 01:40:32.180
to set in motion a nuclear winter, to end civilization as we know it,
01:40:32.180 --> 01:40:37.180
to force us all to begin again, those of us who survived.
01:40:37.180 --> 01:40:42.180
The earliest surviving mention of the lost continent of Atlantis
01:40:42.180 --> 01:40:47.180
was passed down to us by the Greek philosopher Plato.
01:40:47.180 --> 01:40:52.180
And Plato got his information, he said, in the Timaeus from Solon,
01:40:52.180 --> 01:40:57.180
an earlier Greek philosopher. And Solon, in turn, and Lawmaker, got his
01:40:57.180 --> 01:41:02.180
information from an Egyptian priest, a priest of Sice in the
01:41:02.180 --> 01:41:07.180
Delta. And what that priest said, referring to records
01:41:07.180 --> 01:41:12.180
going back more than 9,000 years before his time, was this.
01:41:12.180 --> 01:41:17.180
He said that our Earth is periodically visited by a gigantic
01:41:17.180 --> 01:41:22.180
cataclysm, and that every time this happens,
01:41:22.180 --> 01:41:27.180
mankind is forced to begin again like children,
01:41:27.180 --> 01:41:32.180
with no memory of what went before.
01:41:32.180 --> 01:41:37.180
And I suspect, I really do, that that's what we are. We are a species
01:41:37.180 --> 01:41:42.180
with amnesia. We're children who've forgotten our own parents.
01:41:42.180 --> 01:41:47.180
But those parents who were destroyed in that great
01:41:47.180 --> 01:41:52.180
cataclysm at the end of the last Ice Age, I'm now certain that some of
01:41:52.180 --> 01:41:57.180
them did survive, and that they settled in places like the High Andes,
01:41:57.180 --> 01:42:02.180
and most prominently of all, in Giza, where the three great
01:42:02.180 --> 01:42:07.180
pyramids and the great Sphinx stand. And they,
01:42:07.180 --> 01:42:12.180
Robert and I, are now convinced, found a way
01:42:12.180 --> 01:42:17.180
to pass down the memory of who they were,
01:42:17.180 --> 01:42:22.180
and of the special, wondrous knowledge that they had to the future.
01:42:22.180 --> 01:42:27.180
They found a way to wake us up again. They created a kind of alarm clock
01:42:27.180 --> 01:42:32.180
for the planet, a beacon that would draw people towards it, and that the right time
01:42:32.180 --> 01:42:37.180
when conditions were right, would wake us up. And when I look around the world today,
01:42:37.180 --> 01:42:42.180
amidst all the turmoil and killing and disaster, I also see
01:42:42.180 --> 01:42:47.180
a sign of hope. I see a great awakening of consciousness amongst open-minded
01:42:47.180 --> 01:42:52.180
people everywhere. I think that ancient beacon is working.
01:42:52.180 --> 01:42:57.180
I think the message that it has sent down the ages is beginning to come through,
01:42:57.180 --> 01:43:02.180
loud and clear. And what Robert and I have tried to do in Keeper of Genesis is get
01:43:02.180 --> 01:43:07.180
to grips with the beginning of that message, begin to decode it, as Robert will be
01:43:07.180 --> 01:43:12.180
telling you when he gives his talk in about ten minutes' time. Thank you very much indeed.
01:43:12.180 --> 01:43:17.180
Mr. Graham
01:43:17.180 --> 01:43:22.180
Mr. Graham Hancock, ladies and gentlemen.
01:43:47.180 --> 01:43:52.180
.
01:44:17.180 --> 01:44:22.180
.
01:44:22.180 --> 01:44:27.180
.
01:44:27.180 --> 01:44:32.180
.
01:44:32.180 --> 01:44:37.180
.
01:44:37.180 --> 01:44:42.180
.