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I expect to find in Peru the answers to some of the many enigmas of the megalithic engineering
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that's found in the Andes Mountains.
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What has really struck me about the sites in Peru at Tehuanaco Machu Picchu is the
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enormous stonework that the ancients actually created.
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I've been fascinated with it.
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I'm absolutely enamored with Machu Picchu.
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On previous trips to Peru, I have seen what are amazing enigmas with giant megalithic
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blocks, perfectly cut and articulated, what seems to be high-tech engineering, far beyond
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what the ancient enigmas were capable of doing.
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There's multiple aspects involved here.
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Step one is how do you cut this stuff thousands of years ago.
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How and with what.
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And then once you get it cut for whatever reason, they've got precise corner breaks
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and fillet radiuses down lengths that are unexplained, but they obviously had something
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inspect these characteristics to ensure things were parallel, to ensure they were perpendicular.
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And that goes out into another branch that just gets people thinking.
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As we go around and we see places, we'll be advancing the theory that Incas didn't
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build these walls and that they were already here in Inca times.
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Incas lived in these buildings, but they didn't build them.
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They were already standing here.
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This is the most famous stone in Cusco.
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It's the stone of the twelve angles.
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It's the stone that appears on the Cusco beer.
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And to a lot of people, this is like the symbol of Cusco.
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This stone particularly.
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This is the famous street in Cusco, Intiquiu.
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It goes down to the Cori Concha, the Sun Temple of the Incas, which is now a Catholic
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church.
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You'll see here what is called Royal Inca architecture.
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Just as today Spanish are living inside these buildings, but they didn't build them.
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It may well be that the Incas also, though they lived in these buildings, didn't build
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them.
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This wall here is interesting because it shows how the stonemasons like to have fun.
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You have level rows of very perfectly fitting blocks, and then you get to this stone where
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they've decided to join the blocks diagonally this way.
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And it's kind of a unique block in this whole wall right here, which is actually still
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quite stable and has been through quite a few earthquakes.
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It's interesting to always look at some of the different walls that you see around
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Cusco.
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This one has some of the so-called primitive Inca construction, and then we see other
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large blocks put in here of certain patchwork.
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Kind of curious reconstruction of this wall.
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And one of the questions that you have to ask is why would anybody go to such extreme
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effort to build with such giant stones?
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It's not necessary.
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I mean, they could be building with much smaller stones, but here they're building with giant
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stones and it's...
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Well, they didn't have to put in as much effort as we would, that's why.
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I think that's it.
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Yeah.
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And so the reason why they are building with such giant stones is because it was easy for
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them, not because it was hard.
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This is a particularly unique rock here, and many people think that it has to do with
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the Kundalini serpent energy that's taught in ancient India, and that this whole figure
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here is of a snake, and we see pictures of snakes carved in the stones in Cusco.
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This one is particularly unusual because it's very deep and large, carved into this granite,
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and then you have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven chakras.
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It's thought that this corresponds to the Kundalini energy in your spine going up through
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your chakras here.
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What we find right here at the seed of the Inca here at Sacsayhuaman is that this seed
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right here is magnetized, and by bringing our compass along this stones right here,
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the compass is spinning.
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So there's a curious magnetic anomaly right here, some strong magnetic field that's either
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naturally in the rock or has somehow been artificially placed here.
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It's possible that this magnetic field actually has something to do with the moving of these
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giant stones.
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We're looking at a processes or machine tools, tool bits anyway, that's common to the builders
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of this facility, for want of a better word, the builders of this site and what they were
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doing in Inca's.
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Supposedly the Inca's are building this 1300 AD, 1400 AD, even right up to Spanish conquest
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was really 1532.
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At 1430 or something, they're building all this stuff.
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It's crazy.
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When we go to Yonte Tambo, you'll see it's even more ridiculous.
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On that site, that's where you can totally prove it.
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It's just ridiculous, as they're saying.
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But right over here is the Inca slide and stuff.
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We'll see more of these weird smooth rocks here.
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They've carved little notches on it and stuff.
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It's bizarre.
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If this was actually carved by a glacier that was smoothing it out, you have to wonder
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why you're going to have these rough parts here.
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If there had been a glacier actually carving this, it would have smoothed out this entire
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stone and you wouldn't have these rough nods like this.
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You wouldn't really have that.
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Look at this curious stone and how it has a channel going through it.
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It's almost as if at one point there was some aqueduct kind of thing here and this big
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stone is all that's left.
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Maybe water was being channeled down and then through here and then would have come out
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this area.
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Why would there just be a solitary stone like this?
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There must have been other blanques fitted up against it.
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Here you can see how the water channeled.
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This block here is curious with its again precision corners and then these scoops out.
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It's theorized by some people that these scoops were used in the construction of ramming
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holes and stuff in here to hold up blocks while they're carefully chiseling them out.
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Yet not all the blocks have that, only some.
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Others, rather than having scoops, have knobs instead.
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Like there you can see a couple of knobs up there.
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The theory is that these scoops and knobs were somehow used in the handling of the blanques.
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But again, exactly how they would have done it, it's a mystery.
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It's thought that it was just brute force.
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One of the strange things too with blocks like this is that in the traditional idea
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that they're constantly chiseling away to make it perfect, but that meant moving the
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blocks away, chiseling it a little bit, putting it back, seeing how it fit, moving it again,
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chipping it more, putting it back, and this constant trial and error of trying to get
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the blocks to fit right.
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It's really one of the great mysteries of how they were such incredible stone masons
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that they would just make all of the blocks fit perfectly.
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And it was definitely part of their technique that this perfect fitting was very much their
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style and they just weren't going to do it any other way.
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We're here at the top of Sacsayhuaman above Cusco, and this is the area where there used
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to be several tall towers.
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We only can see the bases of these towers now.
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They were destroyed by the Spanish.
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But it's kind of interesting that originally here at Sacsayhuaman there were two very tall
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towers.
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We'll also find a tower like these at Machu Picchu.
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So here at Kenko, we have this curious carving of this granite hill carved into steps and
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notches.
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It almost makes no sense.
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It would seem as if it was like a practice area for the stone masons to come and practice
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their techniques of carving and stone masonry.
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One of the stories too about Sacsayhuaman is that there are tunnels going all down
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through Sacsayhuaman that have been closed up by the Spanish.
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But according to the legends, the Incas hid this treasure from the Sun Temple in Cusco
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down inside this labyrinth of tunnels that goes deep under Sacsayhuaman and Cusco.
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These tunnels too are carved out of solid rock.
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They have different passageways going off to the side.
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We've got stories as well of people who've gone into these tunnels and disappeared for
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weeks.
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When they finally appeared, they had gold peanuts and corn stalks made out of gold
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and other treasures that came out of the Coricancha, the Sun Temple in Cusco.
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Here at Kenko, the blocks are all carved and steps are carved into solid rock.
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There's areas for rivulets to go down for blood or water.
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It's thought that Yamas, alpacas were sacrificed here and then the blood allowed to flow down
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along the stones.
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This was the main road going to the Sacred Valley.
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So as you were going to the Sacred Valley, you would stop here at Tambohamashai and
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then go on up this Inca road here up over the mountains.
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And then you would come back down into the Sacred Valley to the towns of Pizak, Urubamba,
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and then you would walk all the way down to Tambohamashai.
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This gigantic block of granite, probably weighing several hundred tons, came from
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the quarry high above Ollantay Tamboh and across the river.
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It was squared, it was moved quite the distance towards the ruins, which are now just up
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here, but for some reason, this gigantic block never made it to the Sun Temple at Ollantay
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Tamboh.
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Behind me is the town of Ollantay Tamboh and up this direction is the massive Sun
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Temple.
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In Inca times, there were only three megalithic cities that were inhabited during Inca times
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and are still inhabited today.
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Cuzco is one of them, another town is called Chinchero, and the third is this town of Ollantay
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Tamboh.
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People are still living in the ancient buildings as they did in Inca times.
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This is one of the giant andesite blocks that comes from the top of the Sun Temple up there.
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It's been quarried, it's got even some drill holes here.
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It probably has fallen down from the top in the cataclysm that destroyed the Sun Temple
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in ancient times.
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This is part of the ramp that goes up the west side of the Sun Temple of Ollantay Tamboh,
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where they apparently dragged these massive stones.
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The lazy stones that never made it up to the temple that we just looked at are back down
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behind me over there.
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This is the very top of the main wall of the Sun Temple of Ollantay Tamboh.
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You can see how the narrow slivers of granite and the big blocks are perfectly fitted together
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up on top.
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There's a corresponding wall here.
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We know that this is only some small portion of the gigantic building that was originally
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here.
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These giant blocks of red granite are exactly as they were in Spanish times and in Inca
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times as well.
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None of these blocks has probably moved an inch for hundreds if not thousands of years.
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We see giant squared blocks of red andesite here.
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We see other blocks of red andesite there.
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This one probably weighing several hundred tons.
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But then we see this poor construction here.
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We see more of this poor construction here.
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We see this stone has been notched right here for another giant block.
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It's quite clear to me really that this is Inca construction here, while these giant
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blocks on either side are the megalithic pre-Inca construction that we're looking for.
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This is the main wall of the Sun Temple at Ollantay Tamboh.
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It consists of six giant slabs of andesite.
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Between them are these thin slivers of granite.
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You see here these giant knobs like this one.
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These are curious knobs.
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And then here we have part of an Andean cross on this side of this slab.
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We also see here these knobs.
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More of these thin slivers of granite.
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Other knobs here.
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Some have been chipped away.
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And then we come here to the edge of this massive wall.
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And we have this curious stone lying here.
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It appears to have been a lintel of a huge doorway that's fallen straight down.
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These giant blocks of red andesite granite didn't come from this site here that we're
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at.
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In fact, they came from this mountain on the other side of the river that's many miles
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away.
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The quarry on this mountain up here is massive blocks of granite that have come down from
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the mountain.
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Almost like they've been blasted off of this granite mountain.
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Many of them are squared high up in the mountain.
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And then brought by trails down for many miles.
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And then they have to cross the river.
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Then come back up this mountain here at the Sun Temple of Ollantay Tamboh.
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And then are put into place.
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This is an engineering feat that is perhaps unequaled in mankind.
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Bringing massive blocks of granite many miles and across a river up another mountain.
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And then perfectly placed where we see them today.
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It's almost a superhuman effort.
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This block is particularly interesting because it has what we call keystone cuts on it.
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Keystone cuts are these T-shaped cuts in the stone.
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And then another stone is fitted against this with a corresponding T-shaped cut.
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And then a copper clamp or some other metal is poured into these grooves forming what's
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called a keystone cut.
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We find these unusual keystone cuts also at Teoanaco in Bolivia.
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Which is an admittedly pre-Inca building.
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We also find keystone cuts like this in ancient Egypt, in ancient Turkey, in ancient Greece
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and in other parts of the world.
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When you're talking about a later culture coming in and working with these blocks, that's
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the technology they had.
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Very, very small elements.
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Easy to handle.
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I mean, you see it today.
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That's how they build their houses.
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That's right.
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So, I mean, that's part of the point here is that someone was able to build with giant
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blocks of stone.
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Oh yeah, very easily.
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Yeah, and it wasn't hard for them.
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But that probably wasn't the Incas doing that.
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Well, if this is Inca, again, if the lower part is Inca, then this isn't.
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This giant block of andesite appears to have been standing up and was pushed over onto
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this platform that was made for it.
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Here we see flabs that are still in place.
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They're weighing hundreds of tons.
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Perfectly fitted together.
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Flabs are perfect.
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We have this curious raised bit of stone here in the central part.
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More knobs here and more fitting here.
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But what this wall was originally, we really have no idea.
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Here again, we have one of the unusual keystone cuts that's been cut into this block.
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And of course, naturally, another giant block would have been fitted against it with a corresponding
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keystone cut on this side.
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The Incas were really not known for building with keystone cuts.
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This is something that instead we find at Teoanaco.
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This wall right here at the Sun Temple of Ollantaytombu is actually extremely important.
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You see these quite large blocks of andesite here.
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You see the poor construction of filler right here.
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This is the Inca construction.
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But most importantly, we see this keystone cut here on this block.
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We only have one half of a keystone cut.
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And this is extremely important because there's no way that the original builders of this
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wall would ever have cut a keystone cut here and not have another wall attached to it
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with a corresponding keystone cut.
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In fact, this block had to originally have been horizontal because a keystone cut cannot
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be poured on a vertical block like this.
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It's absolutely clear to me that this wall itself has been destroyed and reconstructed
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all in prehistory before the Spanish.
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Probably the builders who reconstructed this wall were even pre-Inca themselves.
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And later the Incas came in and filled in with this mud mortar construction we see here.
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Yeah, this wall right here is one of the most perfect walls.
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It's very famous here at Ollantay Tombow.
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Has a lot of the polygonal jigsaw cutting and fitting of the blocks.
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One of the reasons for this is it provides more surface area for the blocks to lock in
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together and creates a great deal more stability for these gigantic walls.
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You have to wonder too why they wanted this.
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They clearly as they built such walls like this, this was important to them that they
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had these little notches and corners that were fitting in together.
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It was to keep them from being uniform and by providing extra surface area, the blocks
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held together better during the many Andean earthquakes that are so severe.
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This great doorway here is also quite interesting.
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It's built out of quite large blocks of granite weighing many tens of tons.
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And then here you see the articulation of the blocks coming in, very uniform coming
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down to the corners.
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This is extremely fine construction, some of the finest construction ever in the world.
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These fine granite blocks here at Ollantay Tombow are also curious for this corner here
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where the blocks have actually been carved around this corner and then notched and fitted
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here perfectly.
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This is quite curious construction and something we also see in Egypt at the Valley Temple
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of Kefran and at the Osirion and other areas of Egypt that are thought to be pre-Inca.
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Okay, this stone right here, while it does not actually display the extreme precision
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that we find on the stones in Egypt, it's still a considerable amount of work to create
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this.
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It's fairly flat along the surface and they went through a considerable amount of time
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and work putting this notch in.
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For what reason?
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That's a mystery.
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We check the corner radius on that other block and I also, we find the same condition of
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the same radius in this one.
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And again, the thing to really point out is that these were used for construction purposes.
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The kind of precision that we find in Egypt, they must have had a much higher purpose,
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a technological purpose.
32:45.060 --> 32:51.780
Even though we may say, okay, for water management or hydraulic management, that is a technological
32:51.780 --> 33:03.100
purpose and these blocks may have had some function in a hydraulic device, then precision,
33:03.100 --> 33:06.380
you don't need that kind of precision for hydraulics.
33:14.540 --> 33:25.820
I get the impression that we have a lot of anomalous carving on the face of the mountain.
33:25.820 --> 33:30.860
You see these niches cut into the mountain.
33:30.860 --> 33:32.860
For what reason?
33:32.860 --> 33:34.420
I don't know.
33:34.420 --> 33:39.380
But if you take it into consideration with what we find in Egypt, where there was an
33:39.380 --> 33:44.980
advanced acoustic technology, it's almost like they were carving the mountain out to
33:44.980 --> 33:49.540
tune it to particular frequencies.
33:49.540 --> 33:57.420
And perhaps these were acoustic horns that were left in the face of the rock.
33:57.420 --> 34:04.420
But for what, what other reason, I mean what reason would they have to do this work?
34:09.380 --> 34:35.380
Well, to get a corner radius like this, you would have to use a tool that has a dimension
34:35.380 --> 34:40.380
of 5 eighths of an inch because what we have is a 5 sixteenths radius.
34:40.380 --> 34:51.340
So typically if you were working with stone to create these artifacts, the work that
34:51.340 --> 34:55.900
it would take to actually go from a larger radius, which obviously you would have to
34:55.900 --> 35:00.940
use a larger tool to start with, and then come down to the smaller radius, there would
35:00.940 --> 35:05.700
have to be some significant purpose in order to do that because the amount of work involved
35:05.700 --> 35:08.220
is tremendous.
35:08.220 --> 35:17.020
And that's not to say that they couldn't have done it, but I have my doubts.
35:17.020 --> 35:22.620
I mean the volume of work that we see around here certainly indicates that they had a
35:22.620 --> 35:29.620
very efficient way of performing this work.
36:22.620 --> 36:49.540
We're on the trail going up to the megalithic quarry high above Ollante Tombaugh where
36:49.540 --> 36:52.220
the big blocks of granite are.
36:52.220 --> 36:53.820
This is our guide Mario.
36:53.820 --> 36:59.860
He speaks pretty good English and of course fluent in Quechua.
36:59.860 --> 37:14.020
He's from the village of Ollante Tombaugh and he's studying to be a tourist guide.
37:14.020 --> 37:18.660
According to Mario, this is one of the tired stones.
37:18.660 --> 37:23.100
One of the stones coming from the quarry up on the mountain that was supposed to go
37:23.100 --> 37:28.820
down to the river and then up the other side to the Sun Temple at Ollante Tombaugh.
37:28.820 --> 37:30.740
For some reason this one didn't make it.
37:30.740 --> 37:36.240
It's one of the smaller stones actually, but it still weighs many tons.
37:36.240 --> 37:43.620
So you have to wonder why would the Incas or even the pre-Inca stonemasons want to come
37:44.620 --> 37:54.060
of this mountain and then quarry these hundred ton, two hundred ton, five hundred ton blocks
37:54.060 --> 38:02.340
of granite and then with some superhuman effort just drag them miles down this mountain across
38:02.340 --> 38:06.980
a river and then up the mountain on the other side to the Sun Temple.
38:07.980 --> 38:17.020
It makes you think, could it have been actually easy for them to do this rather than so incredibly
38:17.020 --> 38:21.300
difficult as it would appear?
38:21.300 --> 38:28.540
So this giant block of granite here in the quarry has already been partially split open.
38:28.540 --> 38:32.460
They're trying to separate this part of the rock.
38:32.460 --> 38:39.220
This giant block right here has also been cut or chipped away and moved.
38:39.220 --> 38:44.700
Here you see the splitting of the rock here.
38:44.700 --> 38:48.060
It's part of the quarrying process.
38:48.060 --> 38:54.060
Here are several very large pieces of granite that have been quarried here.
38:54.060 --> 38:59.220
They've obviously been squared into big long rectangles.
38:59.220 --> 39:04.220
They're probably weighing ten or fifteen tons.
39:04.220 --> 39:10.220
For some reason the stonemasons never moved these rocks down to the bottom.
39:10.220 --> 39:17.500
We've walked over four hours up here to this giant granite quarry.
39:17.500 --> 39:24.060
Here's another one of the stones that's been roughly squared, ready to be moved.
39:24.060 --> 39:30.380
You just have to wonder, why would they go through such difficult process?
39:30.380 --> 39:35.540
What motivated them to move such giant blocks of stone?
39:35.540 --> 39:39.940
They could have easily have built with much smaller blocks, which would have been much
39:39.940 --> 39:42.180
more easy to move.
39:42.180 --> 39:48.860
But as we've seen, they wanted to build with giant megalithic blocks.
39:48.860 --> 39:52.820
According to many archaeologists, the Incas didn't know about the wheel and they didn't
39:52.820 --> 39:54.980
have writing.
39:54.980 --> 40:01.100
But here we find actually a giant stone wheel with a hole in the middle.
40:01.100 --> 40:02.900
What was it used for?
40:02.900 --> 40:07.300
Was it actually part of moving the giant blocks?
40:07.300 --> 40:14.260
One of the mysteries here at the quarry.
40:14.260 --> 40:19.980
This is one of the giant blocks of granite that's been hewn here at the quarry.
40:19.980 --> 40:22.900
This one weighs many hundreds of tons.
40:22.900 --> 40:30.380
And in fact, we can see a saw mark here where the stonemasons were beginning to cut pieces
40:30.380 --> 40:31.740
of this block away.
41:19.980 --> 41:37.660
Through this megalithic doorway lies the lost city of Machu Picchu.
41:37.660 --> 41:41.380
It's a secret city built high on top of a mountain.
41:41.860 --> 41:57.740
It's a megalithic city.
41:57.740 --> 42:02.340
According to many archaeologists, Machu Picchu was built only a few hundred years before
42:02.340 --> 42:04.260
the Spanish conquest.
42:04.260 --> 42:08.140
But there is evidence that Machu Picchu was a pre-Inca city.
42:08.140 --> 42:09.140
Let's go look for the evidence.
42:38.140 --> 43:04.220
Here at Machu Picchu, Chris and I will be looking for precision engineering.
43:04.220 --> 43:08.260
Much of the city is really not precise engineering or construction.
43:08.260 --> 43:26.980
But there are certain parts of Machu Picchu that are especially interesting.
43:26.980 --> 43:31.020
Machu Picchu is high up on a mountain above the Urubamba River.
43:31.020 --> 43:33.340
It's a megalithic city.
43:33.340 --> 43:35.300
It's a secret city.
43:35.300 --> 43:39.380
It's the lost city of the Incas.
43:39.380 --> 43:44.300
Here's some of the quarry here at Machu Picchu.
43:44.300 --> 43:50.980
The Incas, or whoever constructed Machu Picchu, had a ready supply of granite blocks right
43:50.980 --> 43:52.960
up here on the mountain.
43:52.960 --> 43:59.220
They left many of them in place, but others were no doubt quarried and cut right here
44:00.100 --> 44:04.340
moved into a place where we see them today.
44:04.340 --> 44:12.140
These parts of Machu Picchu are very similar to Ayonte Tombo and other areas that we've
44:12.140 --> 44:18.140
identified as pre-Inca construction.
44:18.140 --> 44:20.620
The walls are megalithic.
44:20.620 --> 44:23.120
They're perfectly fitted together.
44:23.120 --> 44:30.680
The blocks of stone are 10, 20, 30, 50 tons apiece.
44:30.680 --> 44:38.880
Here we actually see these walls being pulled apart by earthquakes.
44:38.880 --> 44:44.600
This is the famous room of three windows right here.
44:44.600 --> 44:45.600
It's megalithic.
44:45.600 --> 44:48.640
It's perfectly fitted together.
44:49.160 --> 44:56.000
This is the kind of construction we see at the Valley Temple of Cephron in Egypt, similar
44:56.000 --> 44:58.800
to what's in Abydos.
44:58.800 --> 45:05.440
It's also very similar to what we saw in Ayonte Tombo.
45:05.440 --> 45:07.320
Let's look at this wall here.
45:07.320 --> 45:12.440
Again, another megalithic granite block.
45:12.440 --> 45:16.200
These smaller blocks are still perfectly fitted.
45:16.200 --> 45:22.360
As you go higher to each tier here, the method of construction doesn't change.
45:22.360 --> 45:29.520
It's clear that the same engineer and stone masons have made this entire wall.
45:29.520 --> 45:34.200
There's nothing inferior about any part of it.
45:34.200 --> 45:52.040
Yeah, here we have bedrock, living rock, massive piece of granite.
45:52.040 --> 46:01.680
And now we have quarried stone perfectly fitted in with it.
46:02.160 --> 46:12.640
It's this tremendous, perfect kind of construction that we want to see, which is really indicative
46:12.640 --> 46:23.400
of the ancient builders and the pre-Inca builders that we're talking about.
46:23.400 --> 46:29.800
Even just the lichen patches on these rocks is indicative of great age.
46:29.920 --> 46:36.120
The lichen patches are on the inside, meaning this wall has been pulled apart by earthquakes
46:36.120 --> 46:38.360
for a long time.
46:38.360 --> 46:44.940
In fact, I would say that this wall that's pulling apart here, this has been going on
46:44.940 --> 46:50.080
for thousands of years, not a few hundred.
46:50.080 --> 46:54.600
And in fact, no doubt, even at the time of the Spanish conquest or the time of the Incas,
46:54.600 --> 46:56.600
this wall already looked like this.
47:00.600 --> 47:15.040
Here's one of the perfectly made megalithic walls here at Machu Picchu.
47:15.040 --> 47:23.640
Notice again the notching, some of the knobs, the perfectly cut blocks, perfectly fitted
47:23.640 --> 47:25.480
together.
47:25.480 --> 47:29.040
You can't even get a piece of paper in here.
47:29.280 --> 47:36.280
It's really precise construction, very large lichen patches.
47:44.280 --> 47:54.520
Here are also these small niches, huge granite ashlars here as a base.
47:54.520 --> 47:55.720
Very fine construction.
47:56.400 --> 48:05.480
Look at this corner down here with a very precise cut corner locking these stones together,
48:05.480 --> 48:06.480
quite unusual.
48:08.480 --> 48:10.480
There's a lot of neat stuff in here.
48:10.480 --> 48:28.000
Yeah, this is the highest part of Machu Picchu here.
48:28.000 --> 48:35.640
That's part of the hitching post of the sun.
48:35.800 --> 48:41.440
Here they would, at the summer solstice and stuff, they would hitch the sun and draw
48:41.440 --> 48:42.440
it.
48:42.440 --> 48:46.840
Part of it was broken a couple of years ago.
48:46.840 --> 48:53.520
But this is the highest part of Machu Picchu right here.
48:53.520 --> 49:00.080
And this giant block of granite, which was probably carved right in situ from bedrock
49:00.080 --> 49:01.080
actually.
49:01.520 --> 49:06.520
This is thought to be the most important spot of Machu Picchu.
49:12.520 --> 49:21.640
Look at the top of this wall right up here, how it appears to be zigzag, it's also locked
49:21.640 --> 49:22.640
in together.
49:22.640 --> 49:23.640
Yeah, it's interlocked.
49:23.640 --> 49:24.640
Interlocked.
49:24.640 --> 49:25.640
That's fascinating.
49:26.200 --> 49:31.440
That's a pretty curious construction technique, wouldn't you say?
49:31.440 --> 49:37.160
Well, I mean, they're building the tops of the blocks the same way they are the faces.
49:37.160 --> 49:40.360
The faces in the jigsaw polygonal thing.
49:40.360 --> 49:43.240
Increasing the surface contact between the blocks.
49:43.240 --> 49:48.440
Okay, right, the surface contact between the blocks is increased, so that makes them more
49:48.440 --> 49:49.440
secure and...
49:49.440 --> 49:50.440
Okay.
49:51.240 --> 49:59.520
But this is a particularly unusual room, you know, I always stop talking about it.
49:59.520 --> 50:02.040
This giant block right here.
50:02.040 --> 50:06.800
I mean, that is weighing hundreds of tons right there.
50:06.800 --> 50:11.680
It's got the giant knobs down at the bottom.
50:11.680 --> 50:18.120
It would have originally been perfectly fitted right there, but now earthquake and settling
50:18.120 --> 50:24.240
is pulling this whole megalithic wall apart.
50:24.240 --> 50:29.320
The idea that there's different levels of construction here is what I'm saying.
50:29.320 --> 50:33.920
Some archaeologists actually believe that the Incas never really knew about Machu Picchu
50:33.920 --> 50:37.120
either, and that everything in Machu Picchu is pre-Inca.
50:37.120 --> 50:38.120
Ah, okay.
50:38.120 --> 50:44.120
Well, there's certainly two different styles of construction here, that's for sure.
50:44.120 --> 50:49.680
Okay, and that's what I've wanted to show you, is that, yeah, there's definitely a
50:49.680 --> 50:56.120
pre-Inca, megalithic, perfect fitting type construction, and then a later construction.
50:56.120 --> 51:02.120
That's, you know, much poorer in construction, really.
51:03.520 --> 51:07.600
In my mind, this door is a good example of different levels of construction.
51:07.600 --> 51:13.320
Here you see an earlier level of megalithic construction, but though it's not so perfect
51:13.320 --> 51:14.720
as some of the other things.
51:14.720 --> 51:15.720
That's right.
51:15.720 --> 51:19.720
So maybe this is then the second level of megalithic construction.
51:19.720 --> 51:22.120
Right.
51:22.120 --> 51:25.720
But it's still a pretty good construction, and using big stones.
51:25.720 --> 51:32.360
But once you get up to this level here, and right above the door, you're into some pretty
51:32.360 --> 51:34.440
crummy poor construction.
51:34.440 --> 51:41.520
I mean, this is really your Inca construction up here, and this is your pre-Inca construction.
51:41.720 --> 51:44.720
Because they didn't even pretend to get that flat.
51:44.720 --> 51:48.320
You know, I mean, you can tell just by looking at it, it's just not flat.
51:48.320 --> 51:51.120
I wouldn't even put a straight edge on that, because it's obvious.
51:51.120 --> 51:53.720
Uh-huh, okay, yeah, right.
51:53.720 --> 51:57.720
But it's still pretty good construction, and it's megalithic, really.
52:11.720 --> 52:17.720
It's one of the mysteries of Machu Picchu, is why they built this megalithic city high
52:17.720 --> 52:19.720
up in the Andes here.
52:19.720 --> 52:26.020
In many ways, it's like a control city for the Urubamba and the lower jungle.
52:26.020 --> 52:32.120
Any tribes coming up from the lower jungle of the Amazon would have to pass through
52:32.120 --> 52:35.520
the loop of the Urubamba and Machu Picchu here.
52:35.520 --> 52:40.920
It's like a secret city, but also like a guard post to the upper highlands and the
52:40.920 --> 52:42.920
sacred valley.
52:46.920 --> 52:53.720
Machu Picchu was first discovered by the Yale historian Hiram Bingham in 1911.
52:53.720 --> 52:59.120
He was moving down the Urubamba River, looking for the final capital of the Incas, called
52:59.120 --> 53:01.520
Vilcabamba.
53:01.520 --> 53:07.320
He asked some locals if they knew where there was a lost city in the vicinity, and by paying
53:07.320 --> 53:12.520
one fifty cents, he was able to find Machu Picchu.
53:12.520 --> 53:18.320
He was suddenly pointed up, and a guide took him here to the top of Machu Picchu, where
53:18.320 --> 53:23.520
he discovered the fabulous ruins, which are today the most popular tourist spot in all
53:23.520 --> 53:24.520
of South America.
53:31.520 --> 53:47.520
While the Incas were excellent road builders, it is pretty much an established fact that
53:47.520 --> 53:53.520
many, if not most, of the roads in western South America were actually pre-Inca.
53:53.520 --> 54:06.520
The Incas used their many roads throughout the Inca Empire to pass messages.
54:06.520 --> 54:11.720
These messages were in the form of kipus, knotted ropes with different colors and different
54:11.720 --> 54:17.520
kinds of knots and different numbers of knots in a string.
54:17.520 --> 54:40.720
These kipus held coded messages that only the royal Incas themselves could read.
54:40.720 --> 54:45.520
We're here at the end of the butterfly trail that goes to the Inca Bridge, just above Machu
54:45.520 --> 54:46.960
Picchu.
54:46.960 --> 54:52.960
Right here, the trail ends with this Inca bridge with wooden planks across it on this
54:52.960 --> 54:53.960
cliff.
54:53.960 --> 54:59.280
Those wooden planks could be moved so that people couldn't cross that bridge.
54:59.280 --> 55:01.360
But then, imagine this.
55:01.360 --> 55:07.200
The trail then, in ancient times, went up here and then along this green part on these
55:07.200 --> 55:09.520
sheer granite cliffs.
55:09.520 --> 55:16.740
Incredibly, in ancient times, there was actually a trail there that was allowing Inca runners
55:16.740 --> 55:19.260
to pass along here.
55:19.260 --> 55:23.940
There must have been, in fact, some kind of structure coming out.
55:23.940 --> 55:28.340
It could have just been wooden beams sticking out from the wall.
55:28.340 --> 55:32.700
There would have been holes there in the granite cliff.
55:32.700 --> 55:39.400
And then another trail of wood and flat stones laid across so that runners and yamas could
57:09.500 --> 57:18.840
This is the entrance to the megalithic city of Pizac.
57:18.840 --> 57:23.600
It's also in the Sacred Valley, like Ollantay-Tombo.
57:23.600 --> 57:28.400
Many archaeologists think that it, too, was built by the Incas, although we may find
57:28.400 --> 57:35.400
evidence that it is also a pre-Inca city.
57:35.400 --> 57:49.720
We're climbing up to the highest part of Pizac, and in fact, part of the trail makes us go
57:49.720 --> 57:51.760
through this ancient tunnel.
57:51.760 --> 57:56.720
It's quite impressive, really, and goes all the way through this rock face.
57:57.440 --> 58:00.160
It may have been built by the Incas, or it may actually be pre-Inca.
58:00.160 --> 58:02.440
All right, let's go through it.
58:06.440 --> 58:08.720
Yeah, you start coming through here.
58:08.720 --> 58:15.440
This is all a man-made tunnel, and it gets pretty good inside here.
58:15.440 --> 58:16.440
The walls are rough.
58:16.440 --> 58:24.640
It could have easily been made by the Incas, although it's a pretty impressive bit of engineering.
58:25.560 --> 58:29.600
Well, there must have been quite a bit of effort just to cut through all this rock
58:29.600 --> 58:33.600
so that it can make the trail go through here.
58:33.600 --> 58:38.600
It's possible that this was some kind of aqueduct, also, in the past.
58:42.600 --> 58:43.600
Quite impressive.
58:43.600 --> 58:46.840
We're right at the beginning of the Sacred Valley of the Incas.
58:46.840 --> 58:53.840
Pizac is here at one end, and then Ollantay-Tombo is at the far end of the Sacred Valley.
58:54.840 --> 59:00.840
There's an amazing little trail here.
59:00.840 --> 59:03.840
The drop-off is virtually sheer.
59:24.840 --> 59:30.840
So here's the city of Pizac.
59:30.840 --> 59:36.640
We've come through a tunnel along various cliffs, and now we're at this hilltop city
59:36.640 --> 59:39.880
of Pizac.
59:39.880 --> 59:46.800
Pizac is similar to Machu Picchu, in that it's on top of a mountain, looking out, in
59:46.800 --> 59:49.800
this case, over the Sacred Valley of the Incas.
59:54.800 --> 01:00:01.800
Now, if you look at the buildings in this royal section of Pizac, you'll notice that
01:00:02.240 --> 01:00:06.480
the stonework is very good stonework.
01:00:06.480 --> 01:00:13.000
But then we have this one building that is here, kind of in the middle, which is obviously
01:00:13.000 --> 01:00:15.880
of inferior stonework.
01:00:15.880 --> 01:00:22.120
Now mainstream archaeologists are saying that this inferior building is the oldest building
01:00:22.280 --> 01:00:24.680
within this complex.
01:00:24.680 --> 01:00:30.640
And naturally then, the fine stonework building came later.
01:00:30.640 --> 01:00:34.120
But what I'm saying is exactly the opposite.
01:00:34.120 --> 01:00:40.360
That building with the inferior stonework is clearly the latest building in this complex.
01:00:40.360 --> 01:00:45.800
It was built by the Incas, while the other, finer stonework, is much older, and is in
01:00:45.800 --> 01:00:48.480
fact pre-Inca.
01:00:48.480 --> 01:00:51.480
Let's go down now and look at the evidence.
01:01:22.480 --> 01:01:24.480
Extremely well-made.
01:01:24.480 --> 01:01:28.480
Notice the large lichen patches that we see.
01:01:28.480 --> 01:01:34.480
Much of the buildings have apparently been dismantled, possibly even in pre-Inca times.
01:01:34.480 --> 01:01:38.480
These walls here are also extremely well-made, fitted together.
01:01:38.480 --> 01:01:43.480
Notice the rounded corners here, kind of like Sasse-Wamen.
01:01:43.480 --> 01:01:47.480
Other large lichen patches on these blocks.
01:01:47.840 --> 01:01:51.840
The inside blocks here too, indicating they've been dismantled for quite a while.
01:01:51.840 --> 01:01:57.840
So when you look at this building here, you can clearly see that it's of inferior stone
01:01:57.840 --> 01:02:00.080
masonry.
01:02:00.080 --> 01:02:05.200
Most archaeologists today are saying that this is the oldest building of Pisaq, and
01:02:05.200 --> 01:02:09.320
was built before the fine megalithic stones that we see here.
01:02:09.320 --> 01:02:13.200
In my mind, this area is wrong.
01:02:13.200 --> 01:02:19.480
In fact, I think that this building here with the inferior stonework is the latest
01:02:19.480 --> 01:02:23.680
building here at Pisaq, and it was probably built by the Incas.
01:02:23.680 --> 01:02:29.560
These structures here, with the megalithic walls and the perfect stonework, they're
01:02:29.560 --> 01:02:33.560
actually pre-Inca, and they are the oldest structures here at Pisaq.
01:02:43.200 --> 01:02:56.360
This gate is on the trail just below Pisaq.
01:02:56.360 --> 01:02:59.720
This wall is also made of finely fitted blocks.
01:02:59.720 --> 01:03:02.960
It appears to be pre-Inca, in fact.
01:03:02.960 --> 01:03:07.320
Here we see Inca construction over here.
01:03:07.320 --> 01:03:13.840
This very large granite block is probably weighing 20 or 30 tons.
01:03:13.840 --> 01:03:18.000
Apparently it was a lintel above this wall.
01:03:18.000 --> 01:03:22.960
But this has all been dismantled many hundreds of years ago, and it's quite possible that
01:03:22.960 --> 01:03:26.800
Even in Inca times, this gate looked exactly like this.
01:03:52.960 --> 01:04:19.200
We're here at the Chulpas of Siustani, just a few kilometers from the shore of Lake Titicaca.
01:04:19.200 --> 01:04:25.600
This is a known pre-Inca site with these unusual megalithic towers.
01:04:25.600 --> 01:04:27.160
Much of it has been destroyed.
01:04:27.160 --> 01:04:31.960
The megalithic blocks tumbled down all around me.
01:04:31.960 --> 01:04:37.240
There's quite a mystery at this site.
01:04:37.240 --> 01:04:42.440
Archaeologists believe that they were towers for burying the dead.
01:04:42.440 --> 01:05:02.520
Their actual purpose remains a mystery.
01:05:02.520 --> 01:05:05.920
Notice how the walls are leaning out on this tower.
01:05:05.920 --> 01:05:11.080
They lean out on all the towers, which is the most curious part of it.
01:05:11.080 --> 01:05:16.360
All these towers seem to be flat towards the top and then curl in.
01:05:16.360 --> 01:05:24.960
And, you know, traditionally for stability in construction, you would not have a wall
01:05:24.960 --> 01:05:26.560
leaning out.
01:05:26.560 --> 01:05:31.720
So there had to be some unique reason why they did that.
01:05:31.720 --> 01:05:34.040
Okay, I see what you mean.
01:05:34.040 --> 01:05:35.360
I never thought of that before.
01:05:36.360 --> 01:05:43.640
Yeah, for them to build going out like that, they wanted that.
01:05:43.640 --> 01:05:49.480
So why would they want that then?
01:05:49.480 --> 01:05:55.120
Would it be like these were some acoustic things and they wanted a certain sound to
01:05:55.120 --> 01:05:56.120
come out of these towers?
01:05:56.760 --> 01:05:59.040
That would be something to ponder, I would think.
01:06:09.360 --> 01:06:16.840
This is one of the unusual square towers or chulpas here at Siostani.
01:06:16.840 --> 01:06:18.080
It's been torn apart.
01:06:18.120 --> 01:06:26.200
These are massive blocks here, weighing hundreds of tons probably in some cases.
01:06:26.200 --> 01:06:34.680
And behind it we see actually what was apparently an Inca-type tower that was built on the
01:06:34.680 --> 01:06:39.480
inside of this already destroyed square structure.
01:06:43.480 --> 01:06:47.400
Look at the size of these blocks right here.
01:06:47.400 --> 01:06:53.920
This is a tremendous, tremendous feat of engineering and lifting.
01:06:53.920 --> 01:06:56.920
And where they brought them from, that's another question.
01:06:56.920 --> 01:07:04.200
But the size of this one alone must weigh over a hundred tons.
01:07:04.200 --> 01:07:07.920
It's just incredible work, incredible work.
01:07:07.920 --> 01:07:15.800
No machine precision again, but definitely a tremendous feat, which obviously was lost.
01:07:16.800 --> 01:07:17.800
Obviously.
01:07:20.200 --> 01:07:24.200
Behind me is one of the towers at Siostani.
01:07:24.200 --> 01:07:28.840
This one is pretty much as it probably looked in ancient times.
01:07:28.840 --> 01:07:38.320
It came up, flaring outward, had a band near the top, and then it curved at the top.
01:07:38.320 --> 01:07:43.420
This megalithic tower is mysterious to archaeologists.
01:07:43.420 --> 01:07:46.660
Some think that it was used as a burial tower.
01:07:46.660 --> 01:07:52.900
Others think that it was an acoustic machine, and that wind blowing across the tops of
01:07:52.900 --> 01:08:00.420
these towers created a constant whistling sound, much like the Andean flutes or panpipes.
01:08:03.220 --> 01:08:10.100
This rather unique stone circle here at Siostani, near Tlaetite Cauca, was probably used for
01:08:10.100 --> 01:08:17.100
archaeo-astronomical purposes, such as marking the equinox and the solstice.
01:08:17.100 --> 01:08:24.580
In many ways, this is very much like Stonehenge in England, used for at least very much the
01:08:24.580 --> 01:08:25.580
same purpose.
01:08:40.100 --> 01:09:10.020
So this is the door of Amaru-Muru, sometimes called the Stargate, or the Devil Gate.
01:09:10.020 --> 01:09:11.020
This is the Devil's Door.
01:09:11.020 --> 01:09:19.180
It's carved into solid sandstone, here in one of these odd rock formations right along
01:09:19.180 --> 01:09:22.540
the western shore of Lake Tlaetite Cauca.
01:09:22.540 --> 01:09:31.980
You've got this inner door here, just about six feet tall.
01:09:31.980 --> 01:09:36.140
Then you've got the greater outer door up there.
01:09:37.020 --> 01:09:42.420
Looks like it's about 24 feet high.
01:09:42.420 --> 01:09:47.180
This is most probably pre-Inca.
01:09:47.180 --> 01:09:49.220
May have been carved many thousands of years ago.
01:09:49.220 --> 01:09:53.780
The lichen patches right here are huge.
01:09:53.780 --> 01:09:58.060
That's usually indicative of quite a great age.
01:09:58.060 --> 01:10:01.860
What the purpose of this structure is, we don't really know.
01:10:01.860 --> 01:10:09.020
You have to wonder whether, at some time, other walls were somehow connected to this.
01:10:09.020 --> 01:10:14.460
It's possible that giant stone blocks were interlocked into this giant door.
01:10:14.460 --> 01:10:17.380
Well, we really don't know.
01:10:17.380 --> 01:10:23.060
One of the interesting things about this door, too, is that it's essentially a false door.
01:10:23.060 --> 01:10:26.180
A door going nowhere.
01:10:26.180 --> 01:10:30.460
This is something that we also see in ancient Egypt, where the Egyptians were known to
01:10:30.460 --> 01:10:36.900
build false doors, put them in tombs around the Giza Plateau, in the Valley of the Kings,
01:10:36.900 --> 01:10:38.580
other places in Egypt.
01:10:38.580 --> 01:10:40.980
We see these false doors.
01:10:40.980 --> 01:10:46.940
Okay, interesting.
01:10:46.940 --> 01:10:54.580
What José is saying is that the different legends are, one is that this is a star gate,
01:10:54.580 --> 01:10:58.260
a gate to other dimensions.
01:10:58.260 --> 01:11:04.620
By projecting your mind through this door, you can enter different dimensions.
01:11:04.620 --> 01:11:09.940
Another legend that he's saying is that this is the devil's door, and that through this
01:11:09.940 --> 01:11:15.220
door you go to the devil's church, and that this is, of course, a bad thing.
01:11:29.260 --> 01:11:34.220
We're standing on the western side of Lake Titicaca.
01:11:34.220 --> 01:11:38.540
Right out there is the famous Island of the Sun, and to the right of it is the Island
01:11:38.540 --> 01:11:39.940
of the Moon.
01:11:39.940 --> 01:11:45.020
According to ancient Inca legend, this is where the first Incas appeared.
01:11:45.020 --> 01:11:51.500
The first Inca king, Manco Capac, and his wife, Mama Oclo, and also other brothers and
01:11:51.500 --> 01:11:53.940
sisters of them.
01:11:53.940 --> 01:12:00.580
They magically appeared on the Island of the Sun, allegedly coming through tunnels
01:12:00.580 --> 01:12:02.340
underneath the lake.
01:12:02.340 --> 01:12:06.620
And in fact, legend says that there is a tunnel beneath the lake that connects the Island
01:12:06.620 --> 01:12:09.900
of the Sun and the Island of the Moon.
01:12:09.900 --> 01:12:15.660
So after the Incas had first appeared on the Island of the Sun and the Island of the Moon,
01:12:15.660 --> 01:12:22.460
they then came ashore here on Lake Titicaca to tell the people who lived around here,
01:12:22.460 --> 01:12:29.420
the Aymaras, the Coyas, the Wari, that they had been sent from the Sun God to civilize
01:12:29.420 --> 01:12:36.500
them to build Cuzco and to build a great empire of the Sun.
01:12:36.500 --> 01:12:41.060
One of the mysteries of the Incas is that the time period of them is actually very near
01:12:41.060 --> 01:12:43.280
to the conquest.
01:12:43.280 --> 01:12:48.060
When the first Inca, Manco Capac, allegedly appeared on the Island of the Sun, the year
01:12:48.060 --> 01:12:52.700
was only about 1100 A.D.
01:12:52.700 --> 01:12:59.300
In the next 400 years, suddenly the great Inca Empire appeared, and many archeologists
01:12:59.300 --> 01:13:07.300
say that Cuzco and Sacsayhuaman, Ollantaytambo, Machu Picchu, and other areas were all built
01:13:07.300 --> 01:13:09.900
during this period of time.
01:13:09.900 --> 01:13:17.900
But there's a mystery here, because all around Lake Titicaca are pre-Inca ruins such as Tiwanaco.
01:13:17.900 --> 01:13:20.580
These buildings were megalithic in scope.
01:13:20.580 --> 01:13:22.340
They had keystone cuts.
01:13:22.340 --> 01:13:27.300
They were giant granite buildings and pyramids.
01:13:27.300 --> 01:13:29.900
We know they were pre-Inca.
01:13:29.900 --> 01:13:35.740
Is it possible that some of the buildings attributed to the Incas are actually pre-Inca,
01:13:35.740 --> 01:13:38.180
like Tiwanaco?
01:13:38.180 --> 01:13:40.380
We're going to investigate that and find the answers.
01:13:47.900 --> 01:14:17.820
Here in the sunken temple, there is supposed
01:14:17.820 --> 01:14:43.340
to be a
01:15:13.340 --> 01:15:23.740
Here at this main temple here at Tiwanaco, living archeologists have actually re-erected
01:15:23.740 --> 01:15:26.580
most of these walls that you see.
01:15:26.580 --> 01:15:28.140
Just blocks were lying around.
01:15:28.140 --> 01:15:30.900
Look at these giant stones here.
01:15:30.900 --> 01:15:32.420
They were already sitting here.
01:15:32.420 --> 01:15:35.980
Notice how incredibly worn they are.
01:15:35.980 --> 01:15:39.980
They certainly weren't originally quarried and cut this way.
01:15:39.980 --> 01:15:42.800
They would have been square blocks.
01:15:43.120 --> 01:15:48.040
The weathering on them is so incredible.
01:15:48.040 --> 01:15:54.960
It's as if they've been exposed for thousands of years even.
01:15:54.960 --> 01:16:02.000
Some of this weathering must have been wave action, possibly from the shore of Lake Titicaca,
01:16:02.000 --> 01:16:10.560
washing across these giant blocks for hundreds, if not thousands, of years.
01:16:10.560 --> 01:16:14.600
This block here is original, standing where it's always stood.
01:16:14.600 --> 01:16:21.940
In fact, originally Tiwanaco just existed of these giant slabs of stone.
01:16:21.940 --> 01:16:25.680
Look up at this one here, how it's notched up here.
01:16:25.680 --> 01:16:28.680
Other giant stones would have been fitted to this.
01:16:28.680 --> 01:16:40.480
These walls might have been twice as high as they are now originally.
01:16:40.480 --> 01:16:45.740
This is the backside of the Pons Monolith, one of the most famous statues of Tiwanaco.
01:16:45.740 --> 01:16:46.740
Look at the top.
01:16:46.740 --> 01:16:48.720
He's wearing a turban.
01:16:48.720 --> 01:16:55.780
He appears to have braided hair coming down his back.
01:16:55.780 --> 01:16:59.440
This is also how Etruscans wore their hair.
01:16:59.440 --> 01:17:07.280
He has hieroglyphs and a Viracocha sun god carved on his back.
01:17:07.280 --> 01:17:13.240
The trousers he's wearing has different hieroglyphs and symbols on it.
01:17:13.240 --> 01:17:25.060
And then he's wearing some kind of jewelry on his ankles, but he's in fact barefooted.
01:17:25.060 --> 01:17:30.120
This is another of the unusual monolith statues at Tiwanaco.
01:17:30.120 --> 01:17:32.240
Notice the goggle eyes.
01:17:32.240 --> 01:17:35.420
He also has tears coming down.
01:17:35.420 --> 01:17:40.260
Some say he's crying for the Redland or for Atlantis.
01:17:40.260 --> 01:17:42.680
He's wearing a turban.
01:17:42.680 --> 01:17:50.280
He's holding two odd devices in his hands, possibly some kind of jade scepters showing
01:17:50.280 --> 01:17:52.120
his authority.
01:17:52.120 --> 01:17:56.860
Once again, he has what we say is two left hands.
01:17:56.860 --> 01:18:03.340
His right hand is in a position that's completely unnatural and impossible to actually have.
01:18:03.340 --> 01:18:07.320
This is thought to be a kind of Egyptian type motif.
01:18:07.320 --> 01:18:12.640
He's wearing a belt that seems to have crabs on it.
01:18:12.640 --> 01:18:18.820
And then his pants also have these unusual symbols or hieroglyphs on them.
01:18:18.820 --> 01:18:31.600
He also has some kind of chain around his feet and he's barefooted.
01:18:31.600 --> 01:18:35.920
So here's your standard keystone cuts here at Tiwanaco.
01:18:35.920 --> 01:18:42.360
You see the T cuts here and there's one on the corresponding side.
01:18:42.360 --> 01:18:44.020
You see more here.
01:18:44.020 --> 01:18:50.400
You always have two corresponding keystone cuts on each side.
01:18:50.400 --> 01:18:54.760
And in fact, this is exactly what we see at Oyonte Tombow.
01:18:54.760 --> 01:19:00.980
This is also a pre-Inca kind of construction.
01:19:00.980 --> 01:19:06.560
We know that Tiwanaco was built at least a thousand years, if not more, before the
01:19:06.560 --> 01:19:08.980
Incas existed.
01:19:08.980 --> 01:19:16.620
In many ways, these keystone cuts are proof that the Incas were not building Oyonte Tombow
01:19:16.620 --> 01:19:27.520
or the other buildings that we've seen around Cusco.
01:19:27.520 --> 01:19:31.960
This is the famous Gate of the Sun here at Tiwanaco.
01:19:31.960 --> 01:19:40.400
You can see how this megalithic piece of andesite has been split by an earthquake.
01:19:40.400 --> 01:19:45.640
In fact, this gate isn't really from this part of Tiwanaco.
01:19:45.640 --> 01:19:51.500
This gate is from the Puma Punku section of Tiwanaco, which is several kilometers over
01:19:51.500 --> 01:19:52.500
that way.
01:19:53.260 --> 01:19:59.000
If you look up here, you can see the sun god Viracocha.
01:19:59.000 --> 01:20:02.380
He's holding two staffs on either side.
01:20:02.380 --> 01:20:06.540
These may have been jade sceptres of authority.
01:20:06.540 --> 01:20:13.080
Notice too that he has tears coming down his cheeks.
01:20:13.080 --> 01:20:15.260
He seems to be crying.
01:20:15.260 --> 01:20:18.600
These are sometimes called the tears of the sun.
01:20:18.600 --> 01:20:23.120
Gold is often called the tears of the sun here in South America.
01:20:23.120 --> 01:20:29.960
This is something of an indication that Tiwanaco was a massive metallurgical plant, processing
01:20:29.960 --> 01:20:34.920
ores and creating gold, silver, and copper.
01:20:34.920 --> 01:20:41.800
Some people say too that Viracocha is crying for the red land, for Atlantis, the land
01:20:41.800 --> 01:20:44.600
that's been destroyed and no longer exists.
01:20:49.600 --> 01:20:54.400
This is the backside of the famous gate of the sauna, Tiwanaco.
01:20:54.400 --> 01:20:59.680
And if you look at this, it's quite clear that it's been articulated to be part of
01:20:59.680 --> 01:21:02.080
other giant walls.
01:21:02.080 --> 01:21:08.800
It's the line on this right side is coming down, but then it curves in, and then comes
01:21:08.800 --> 01:21:10.360
straight down again.
01:21:10.360 --> 01:21:15.480
It would have had another giant wall fitted up against it.
01:21:15.480 --> 01:21:20.240
In fact, we know that this is not the original position that the gate of the sun was in,
01:21:20.240 --> 01:21:24.240
and even how it got to where it is is something of a mystery.
01:21:31.240 --> 01:21:34.240
This is the famous gate of the moon.
01:21:34.240 --> 01:21:39.440
It's on the east side of Tiwanaco.
01:21:39.440 --> 01:21:44.920
Smaller than the gate of the sun, it may well have also come from Pumapunku, which is several
01:21:45.360 --> 01:21:49.720
kilometers here to our west.
01:21:49.720 --> 01:21:51.360
Notice the large lichen patches.
01:21:51.360 --> 01:21:56.400
It does have some patterns and hieroglyphics in the center.
01:21:56.400 --> 01:22:01.760
It's carved out of one solid piece of andeside granite.
01:22:01.760 --> 01:22:06.800
Nicely articulated, although it's been heavily weathered.
01:22:06.800 --> 01:22:13.160
Creating a door out of completely solid rock like this is extremely difficult, and it makes
01:22:13.160 --> 01:22:16.520
you wonder why they would even want to do that.
01:22:16.520 --> 01:22:21.280
Be much easier just to have two pillars and then a lintel across.
01:22:21.280 --> 01:22:27.000
But the builders of Tiwanaco actually wanted doors that were completely made out of one
01:22:27.000 --> 01:22:30.000
piece of solid rock.
01:22:34.000 --> 01:22:39.120
In this part of Pumapunku at Tiwanaco, we have what's called the typical trenching
01:22:39.120 --> 01:22:41.200
by archaeologists.
01:22:41.240 --> 01:22:47.760
What they've uncovered here is like a sluice actually, probably for water.
01:22:47.760 --> 01:22:54.200
Part of this whole water complex that was all over Tiwanaco and Pumapunku.
01:22:54.200 --> 01:23:00.160
And on these blocks here, we see the very clear keystone cuts that we were talking
01:23:00.160 --> 01:23:04.760
about at Oyonte Tombaugh and other places.
01:23:04.760 --> 01:23:11.320
Here we see exactly how they are used with a keystone cut on either side of the block.
01:23:11.320 --> 01:23:18.440
And then liquid metal is poured into these cuts here, forming a clamp.
01:23:18.440 --> 01:23:25.640
It's a very unusual way of fitting large stones together.
01:23:25.640 --> 01:23:27.560
And we see it all over the world.
01:23:27.560 --> 01:23:30.860
In Egypt, in ancient Turkey, in ancient Greece.
01:23:30.960 --> 01:23:37.060
We see it at Oyonte Tombaugh in Peru, and we see it here at Tiwanaco in Bolivia.
01:23:39.060 --> 01:23:45.380
Here on the east side of Pumapunku, we see how this whole structure has been destroyed
01:23:45.380 --> 01:23:51.580
by some giant tidal wave from Lake Titicaca or something.
01:23:51.580 --> 01:23:58.900
Massive blocks of sandstone and granite are just sitting exactly as they fell.
01:23:58.940 --> 01:24:05.700
We have several feet of mud and muck from the tidal wave from Lake Titicaca that apparently
01:24:05.700 --> 01:24:13.100
destroyed this building and filled up the blocks with mud and stone here that we see.
01:24:17.100 --> 01:24:25.200
So here we can see how the water conduits were originally fabricated here at Tiwanaco.
01:24:25.200 --> 01:24:31.500
They were covered like this with another piece of granite.
01:24:31.500 --> 01:24:35.720
Water poured through these conduits.
01:24:35.720 --> 01:24:41.000
It's a fascinating aspect here of Tiwanaco that this was like a water city.
01:24:41.000 --> 01:24:46.120
Water was pouring everywhere, out the walls, it was coming underground.
01:24:46.120 --> 01:24:52.760
The whole city today is, even we can see it during these new excavations, had tremendous
01:24:52.760 --> 01:24:58.960
amounts of water flowing throughout the city.
01:24:58.960 --> 01:25:05.240
Right now we are looking around Tiwanaco and the Pumapunku section for a stone that
01:25:05.240 --> 01:25:10.960
will satisfy Chris that there was really ancient machining here in South America.
01:25:22.760 --> 01:25:25.960
952.
01:25:52.960 --> 01:25:57.560
And we have the same dimensions, similar dimensions here.
01:25:57.560 --> 01:26:07.560
So the cutter, or the tool, passed along this surface cutting this step here and then
01:26:07.560 --> 01:26:11.260
another one cut this surface.
01:26:11.260 --> 01:26:15.760
Now the interesting thing is that we have a very sharp corner here which is extremely
01:26:15.760 --> 01:26:20.960
difficult to do, especially in stone.
01:26:20.960 --> 01:26:26.460
You don't do this with little balls, it just doesn't happen.
01:26:26.460 --> 01:26:29.960
And a toothpick and a grain of sand isn't going to work either.
01:26:29.960 --> 01:26:51.960
If we were to consider a more simple way of making this, such as using Dolarite pounders,
01:26:51.960 --> 01:27:00.660
or using sand and wood, or sand and stone, we would not find the features that we find
01:27:00.660 --> 01:27:01.660
on this thing.
01:27:01.660 --> 01:27:07.960
And basically what we have are rough surfaces.
01:27:07.960 --> 01:27:14.160
And to create the kind of precision that we have on the stone would mean that a person
01:27:14.360 --> 01:27:22.060
would have to lap the stone and continue to lap it and lap it and lap it, which would
01:27:22.060 --> 01:27:28.160
take away a lot of the surface irregularities that we see on the stone.
01:27:28.160 --> 01:27:32.760
What I see indicates to me that this was cut with a machine and the tool just ploughed
01:27:32.760 --> 01:27:35.760
through the material.
01:27:35.760 --> 01:27:40.160
And it didn't need to be polished, but it is certainly very precise.
01:27:44.160 --> 01:27:55.260
Well, I've taken measurements between the holes to the edge of the stone to see what
01:27:55.260 --> 01:27:58.160
the distance is.
01:27:58.160 --> 01:28:02.840
And I've taken a measurement between each hole where I've been able to, some areas have
01:28:02.840 --> 01:28:05.860
been broken, I've been unable to measure.
01:28:06.560 --> 01:28:20.760
Essentially it's running between 2.605 to 2.616.
01:28:20.760 --> 01:28:29.560
So considering that I'm really measuring the start of a groove to an edge that is kind
01:28:29.560 --> 01:28:36.260
of broken in a way, that's within ten thousandths of an inch.
01:28:36.260 --> 01:28:43.260
I should imagine that statistically that would be perfectly straight with that edge.
01:28:49.160 --> 01:28:56.160
As you can see the surface on this is absolutely incredibly, incredibly precise.
01:28:59.660 --> 01:29:01.660
David, come here.
01:29:03.660 --> 01:29:04.660
What have you found?
01:29:04.660 --> 01:29:08.660
Okay, I think we've found something here.
01:29:08.660 --> 01:29:18.660
I think we've found something that speaks of a high technology.
01:29:18.660 --> 01:29:24.660
This stone has all the characteristics of being machined.
01:29:24.760 --> 01:29:30.760
Do you think there are ancient times with what we would call modern machining techniques?
01:29:30.760 --> 01:29:34.760
Yes, I think we've found the holy grail here.
01:29:34.760 --> 01:29:41.760
What this indicates to me is that this piece was put on a machine.
01:29:41.760 --> 01:29:53.760
It was planed on one side, and using this surface as a reference, this groove was cut.
01:29:53.860 --> 01:29:58.860
A precise dimension from this surface.
01:29:58.860 --> 01:30:07.860
There is no way that this groove could have been created just by chiseling it out.
01:30:07.860 --> 01:30:13.860
Or even rubbing it out using a piece of bone or sand.
01:30:13.860 --> 01:30:20.860
It's impossible to do that and achieve the characteristics that we have.
01:30:20.960 --> 01:30:24.960
We have to find a very smooth surface on the inside of the groove.
01:30:24.960 --> 01:30:30.960
What we would find if this was done by hand and painstakingly slow using bone and sand,
01:30:30.960 --> 01:30:34.960
you would find a very smooth surface on the inside of the groove.
01:30:34.960 --> 01:30:38.960
But we don't find a smooth surface on the inside of the groove.
01:30:38.960 --> 01:30:45.960
It's almost like a tool went through that and just plowed through the material.
01:30:46.060 --> 01:30:50.060
The things that we see are natural to any manufacturing process.
01:30:50.060 --> 01:30:54.060
So are you all just saying that to create a block like this,
01:30:54.060 --> 01:31:02.060
you would have to have electricity and metal tools with diamond saws and things like that?
01:31:02.060 --> 01:31:04.060
Yes.
01:31:04.060 --> 01:31:12.060
I think, David, we have to remember that this is a civilization that suffered a tremendous cataclysm.
01:31:12.160 --> 01:31:16.160
The whole culture was totally wiped out.
01:31:16.160 --> 01:31:23.160
And everything that supported the infrastructure, that supported the building of this,
01:31:23.160 --> 01:31:25.160
disappeared long ago.
01:31:25.160 --> 01:31:27.160
It could be actually under our feet.
01:31:27.160 --> 01:31:29.160
Over there, over there.
01:31:29.160 --> 01:31:31.160
We don't know.
01:31:31.160 --> 01:31:37.160
But it's obvious that this particular site has been covered over
01:31:37.260 --> 01:31:43.260
by huge mudslides and uplifted of the plates of the earth.
01:31:43.260 --> 01:31:49.260
A tremendous cataclysm that destroyed the civilization that created these.
01:31:51.260 --> 01:31:55.260
Okay, now in your opinion, do you think that the same civilization
01:31:55.260 --> 01:31:58.260
that was creating what we see here at Tiwanaku
01:31:58.260 --> 01:32:02.260
also made what we saw at Ollantay Tombo in Peru?
01:32:02.260 --> 01:32:06.260
I strongly believe that, yes.
01:32:06.360 --> 01:32:10.360
So you would say then that Ollantay Tombo was not built by the Incas,
01:32:10.360 --> 01:32:14.360
but was built by the same people who built Tiwanaku?
01:32:14.360 --> 01:32:20.360
If not the same people, they possessed the same technology.
01:33:06.360 --> 01:33:10.360
How were these megalithic balls in Costa Rica built, and what were they for?
01:33:10.360 --> 01:33:13.360
What was the purpose of the pyramids?
01:33:13.360 --> 01:33:18.360
How were the megalithic walls of the Andes constructed?
01:33:18.360 --> 01:33:21.360
Join me, David Hatcher Childress, as we go around the world
01:33:21.360 --> 01:33:24.360
in search of lost cities and ancient mysteries.